mass transfer: diffusion
TRANSCRIPT
Mass Transfer:Diffusion
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Fick’s First LawFluxes
dzdCDJ A
ABAZv
dzdxCDJ A
ABAZM
dzdDJ A
ABAZm
Flux relative to the volume average velocity
Flux relative to the molar average velocity
Flux relative to the mass average velocity
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Mass and molar concentrations
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Fick’s First Law
n
ii
n
iii
m
1
1
vi =velocity of the ith species wrt a stationary coordinate
n
ii
n
iii
M
c
c
1
1
)(1 i
in
iiiv M
Mass average velocity
Molar average velocity
Volume average velocity
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Mass average and molar averages velocity
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Molecular mass and molar fluxes
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Molecular mass and molar fluxes
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Summary of mass and molar fluxes
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Flux relative to a stationary Acoordinate, N
)( BAAAZMA NNxJN
)( BAAA
ABA NNxdz
dxCDN
For a binary system:
Total flux of A relative to a stationary point
Diffusion flux of A relative to the moving fluid
Convective flux of A relative to a stationary point
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Definition of transfer coefficients in onephase. Some examples
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion Cases
1
2
11
lnA
AABA x
xz
CDN
Unimolar diffusion (Diffusion of A through stagnant , non-diffusing B)
Liquid A
Gas B (stagnant, non-diffusing)
z1
z2
NB=0
NA
xA1
xA2
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion Cases
)(12 AA
ABA xx
zCDN
Equimolar counter diffusionGas B
Liquid A
z1
z2
NA
NB
NA = -NBxA1
xA2
)(12 BB
BAB xx
zCDN
DAB = DBA
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion Cases
1
2
lnA
BA
A
ABA
A
BA
AABA
xNN
N
xNN
N
NNN
zCDN
Steady-state diffusion
NA NB 0
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion IN Gases
1
2
11
lnA
AABA x
xz
CDN
Case I: Unimolar diffusion
But C = PT/RT
1
2
11
lnA
AABTA x
xzRT
DPN
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion IN Gases
12 AA
ABA xx
zCDN
Case II: Equimolar counter diffusion
But C = PT/RT
12 AA
ABTA xx
zRTDPN
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion Coefficients of A IN Gas (B)I. Experimental diffusivity data
Table 6.2-1 (Geankoplis)
II. Prediction using correlation
Correction of DAB
75.1''
''''
75.1
''
' TPD
TPD ABAB
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion Coefficients of A IN Gas (B)
23/13/1
2/175.1 11001.0
BA
BAAB
vvP
MMT
D
Fuller-Schettler-Giddings Correlation
vA = sum of structural volume increments (Table 6.2-2)
MA, MB = molecular weights of A and B
DAB [=] cm2/sSemnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
of Diffusivities
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Theory of diffusion in gases at low density
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Chapman-Enskog
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Homework1.Evaluate the diffusion coefficient of CO2 in air at
20 C and atmospheric pressure. Compare thevalue with the reported experimental data.
2.An open circular tank 8 m in diameter containsbenzene at 22C exposed to the atmosphere insuch a manner that the liquid is covered withstagnant air film estimated to be 5 mm thick.The concentration of benzene beyond thestagnant film is negligible. The vapor pressureof benzene at 22 C is 100 mmHg. How muchbenzene is lost from this tank per day?
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion in Liquids
1
2
11
lnA
AABAVA x
xzDCN
22
2
1
1
MMM
CAV
AV
Case I: Unimolar diffusion
where
Case II: Equimolar counter diffusion
12 AA
ABAVA xx
zDCN
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion Coefficients of A in LiquidsI. Experimental diffusivity data
Table 6.3-1 (Geankoplis)
II. Prediction using correlation
Correction of DAB
''
''''''
' TD
TD AB
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion Coefficients of A in Liquids
6.02/116 )(10173.1
ABBAB V
TM xD
Wilke-Chang Correlation
= association parameter
MB = molecular weights of solvent B
DAB [=] m2/s
VA = solute molar volume at the boiling point (Table 6.3-2)
B = viscosity of B [=] Pa-s or kg/m-s
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion in SolidsCase I: Fickian Diffusion
(No network f pore openings is present for the solid to travel)
Assumption: bulk flow term is small
General equation for gas/liquid diffusing in solid
zCCDN AA
ABA
12
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion in SolidsFor Gases in Solids:
)( 12 AAM
A PPZ 22.414
PN
)(414.22 12 AA
ABA PP
z SDN
In terms of permeability : PM = DAB S
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion in SolidsCase II: Non-Fickian Diffusion
(Porous solids that have pores or interconnected voids in the solid)
General equation for gas/liquid diffusing in solid
)( 12 AAAB
A CCz
D N
= tortuosity (actual path length)
= porosity (open void fraction)
DAeff = DAB / [=] m2/s
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion in Solids
MRT
P
2
2.3
Case III: Knudsen Diffusion
(Diffusion in small pores , mean free path,, > diameter)
= average distance traveled by 2 molecules before collision
rNKn 2
Knudsen number:
Average pore radius
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion in Solids
10KnN
1001
KnN
2/1
0.97
AKA M
TrD
Case 1: Fickian (Fick’s Law)
Case 2: Knudsen diffusion
Knudsen diffusivity
dzdCDN A
KAA
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi
Diffusion in Solids
B
A
NN
1
101001
KnNCase 3: Transition region (both Fickian and Knudsen)
KA
ABA
KA
ABA
TABA
DDx
DDx
z RT PDN
1
2
1
1ln
where
Semnan University , Chemical Engineering Department A.Haghighi