mass spectrometry interpretation...14 100 7 n 14 0.38 oxygen 8 o 16 100 8 o 17 0.04 8 o 18 0.20...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mass Spectrometry Interpretation
![Page 2: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MS vs NMR
Ab
so
rban
ce
aspirin
EI-MS NMR
![Page 3: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
MS vs. NMR
• MS peaks are narrower than NMR peaks
• MS is much more (104 x) more sensitive than
NMR (among most sensitive tools)
• MS allows one to analyze much larger molecules
(>50 kD) than NMR
• MS samples are more difficult to prepare
• MS is not particularly quantitative
• MS instruments cost a little less than NMR
![Page 4: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Appearance of the Spectrum
• molecular ion
– highest mass ion except for isotope peaks
– molecular weight
• Nitrogen Rule (even-odd rule)
– compounds with 0 or even numbers of N atoms
have even molecular weights and fragments of
odd mass
– compounds with an odd number of N atoms
have odd molecular weights
![Page 5: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Interpretation of Mass Spectra
Select a candidate peak for the molecular ion
(M+)
Examine spectrum for peak clusters of
characteristic isotopic patterns
Test (M+) peak candidate by searching for other
peaks correspond to reasonable losses
Look for characteristic low-mass fragment ions
Compare spectrum to reference spectra
![Page 6: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Exact Masses
Element Symbol Exact mass
hydrogen 1H1
1.00783
carbon 6C12
12.00000
nitrogen 7N14
14.0031
oxygen 8O16
15.9949
![Page 7: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Molecular Weight Determination
Compounds with nominal mass 28. Exact mass
exact
mass
CO 27.9949
N2 28.0062
C2H4 28.0312
![Page 8: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Natural Isotopic Abundance Ratios
Element M+ M+1 M+2
hydrogen 1H1
100 1H2
0.016
carbon 6C12
100 6C13
1.08
nitrogen 7N14
100 7N14
0.38
oxygen 8O16
100 8O17
0.04 8O18
0.20
sulfur 16S32
100 16S32
0.78 16S32
4.40
chlorine 17Cl35
100 17Cl37
32.5
bromine 35Br79
100 35Br81
98.0
![Page 9: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Molecular Weight Determination
Compounds with nominal mass 28. Isotope Clusters
M M+1 M+2
CO 100% 1.12 0.2
N2 100% 0.76 0.00
C2H4 100% 2.23 0.01
![Page 10: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Halogen Isotope
Clusters
![Page 11: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Position Intensity
135 0%
133 0%
124 0%
123 3%
122 0%
121 30%
120 1%
119 96%
118 1%
117 100%
116 0%
![Page 15: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fragmentação • Governada pela estabilidade do íon produzido
• consideração
regra do octeto
deslocalização por ressonância
polarizabilidade e hiperconjugação
eletronegatividade
• Regra de Stevenson:
Para quebra de uma ligações simples, o fragmento com o
potencial de ionização mais baixo fica com a carga
(em outras palavras, forma-se o íon mais estável)
![Page 17: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Regras Gerais de
Fragmentação
Quebra de Uma Ligação (Quebras-a)
Quebra de Duas Ligações
• Eliminação de H-X
• retro Diels-Alder
• Rearranjo de McLafferty
![Page 18: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The mass spectra of simple hydrocarbons have peaks at m/z values corresponding to
the ions produced by breaking C-C bonds. Peaks can occur at ...
m/z 15 29 43 57 71 85 etc.
CH3+ C2H5
+ C3H7+ C4H9
+ C5H11+ C6H13
+
• the stability of the carbocation formed affects its abundance
• the more stable the cation the higher the peak
• the more alkyl groups attached to the carbocation the more stable it is
most stable tertiary 3° > secondary 2° > primary 1° least stable
alkyl groups are electron releasing and stabilise the cation
ALKANES
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
![Page 19: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Alkane Fragmentation • Long chains give homologous series of m/z = 14
units
• Long chains rarely lose methyl radical
• Straight chain alkanes give primary carbocation
• branched alkanes have small or absent M+
• enhanced fragmentation at branch points
Cycloalkanes
• loss of side chain
• loss of ethylene fragments
![Page 20: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
octane
![Page 21: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2 CH2 CH3
m/z = 114
8571574329
linear alkane pattern
sequential peaks 14 mass units apart
![Page 22: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
isooctane
![Page 23: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CH3 C CH2 CH CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
m/z = 114
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
CH2 CH CH3
CH3
C CH2 CH CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
m/z = 57 m/z = 99
branched alkane - formation of most stable carbocation
![Page 24: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Alkene Fragmentation
• Fairly prominent M+
• fragment ions of CnH2n+ and CnH2n-1
+
• terminal alkenes lose allyl cation if possible
Cycloalkenes
• prominent molecular ion
• retro Diels-Alder cleavage
![Page 25: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1-butene & 2-butene
mass spectra are identical - not a good method for alkene isomers
![Page 26: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Alkyne Fragmentation
• Molecular ion readily visible
• terminal alkynes readily lose hydrogen atom
• terminal alkynes lose propargyl cation if
possible
![Page 27: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Fragmentation
• Molecular ion usually strong
• alkylbenzenes cleave at benzylic carbon
tropylium ion formation
• McLafferty rearrangement of aromatics
need g-hydrogens
![Page 28: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
benzene
![Page 29: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
m/z = 78C6H6
ei+ e
closed shell(paired electrons)
open shell(odd electron ion)
![Page 30: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
toluene
![Page 31: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
CH3
- H+
C7H7
tropylium ion
m/z = 91m/z = 92
![Page 32: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
n-propylbenzene
![Page 33: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
m/z = 92
+
CH2H
H
CH2CH2-+H
+CH2CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
- +
C7H7
tropylium ion
m/z = 91m/z = 120
![Page 34: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
isopropylbenzene
![Page 35: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
m/z = 120 m/z = 105
-
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH CH3
+
![Page 36: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
o-xylene
![Page 37: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
m-xylene
![Page 38: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Halide Fragmentation
• Loss of halogen atom
• Elimination of HX
• alpha-cleavage
• 1,4-rearrangement
![Page 39: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
chloroethane
![Page 40: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
CH3 CH2 Cl CH3 CH2 Cl
CH3 CH2Cl
m/z 64
m/z 29 (loss of 35)m/z 49
CH2 ClCH3
(lossof 15)
![Page 41: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
bromoethane
![Page 42: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
bromohexane
![Page 43: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
m/z = 164
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2 Br
- Br
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2+
85
Br
Br
- CH2CH3
135
+
![Page 44: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Alcohol Fragmentation
• Molecular ion strength depends on substitution
primary alcohol weak M+
secondary alcohol VERY weak M+
tertiary alcohol M+ usually absent
• Dehydration fragmentation
thermal vs. 1,4-dehydration of M+
• Loss of alkyl group
largest R group lost as radical
![Page 45: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
1-butanol
![Page 46: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
74a-cleavage
- CH3CH2CH2 CH2 OH+
31
- H2O
C4H9+
56
![Page 47: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
2-butanol
![Page 48: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
74a-cleavage
- CH3CH2 CH OH
CH3
+
- H2O
C4H9+
56
CH2 CH OH
CH3
CH3
59
a-cleavage
- CH3
CH2 CH OHCH3
+
45
![Page 49: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
t-butanol
![Page 50: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
benzyl alcohol
![Page 51: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
CH2
OH
- H CH2
O+
108 107
-CH2O
+
77O
H H
H- CO
+
H H
+
79
![Page 52: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
o-cresol
![Page 53: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Carbonyl Compounds
Dominant fragmentation pathways:
a-cleavage
b-cleavage
McLafferty rearrangement
![Page 54: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cleavage of bonds next to the carbonyl group (C=O) is a characteristic fragmentation
of aldehydes and ketones. A common fragment is carbon monoxide (CO) but as it is
a molecule and thus uncharged it will not produce a peak of its own. However, it will
produce an m/z drop of 28 somewhere in the spectrum.
The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group
the more stable the acylium ion RCO+, the more abundant it will be and
the more abundant the species the taller its peak in the mass spectrum
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
![Page 55: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group.
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
Aldehydes and ketones
O
CH3 C C4H9
MOLECULAR ION
has m/z = 100
• +
![Page 56: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group.
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
Aldehydes and ketones
O
CH3 C C4H9
O
C4H9 C+
CH3•
O
C4H9 C• CH3+
m/z = 15
m/z = 85
MOLECULAR ION
has m/z = 100
Breaking the bond between the methyl
group and the carbonyl group
produces two possible ions,
depending on how the bond breaks.
Two peaks at m/z values 15 and 85 will
appear in the mass spectrum.
• +
![Page 57: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group.
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
Aldehydes and ketones
O
CH3 C C4H9
O
CH3 C+
C4H9•
O
CH3 C• C4H9+
m/z = 57
m/z = 43
MOLECULAR ION
has m/z = 100
• +
Breaking the bond between the butyl
group and the carbonyl group
produces two further ions, depending
on how the bond breaks.
Two peaks at m/z values 43 and 57 will
appear in the mass spectrum.
![Page 58: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The position of the carbonyl group influences the fragmentation pattern because the
molecular ion fragments either side of the carbonyl group.
FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS
Aldehydes and ketones
O
CH3 C C4H9
O
CH3 C+
C4H9•
O
CH3 C• C4H9+
m/z = 57
m/z = 43
O
C4H9 C+
CH3•
O
C4H9 C• CH3+
m/z = 15
m/z = 85
MOLECULAR ION
has m/z = 100
• +
A further peak occurs at m/z = 72 (100-28) due to loss of CO
Example;
![Page 59: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
2-butanone
![Page 60: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
CH3 C
O
CH2 CH3CH3 C
OCH2 CH3
+-
72 43
-
C
O
CH2 CH3+
57
CH3
a-cleavage
favor loss of larger radical
![Page 61: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
2-octanone
![Page 62: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
McLafferty Rearrangement
58
O
C
H
CH3
O
C
H
CH3
113
43
128
CH3 C
O
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
![Page 63: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
butyraldehyde
![Page 64: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
butyric acid
![Page 65: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
p-anisic acid
![Page 66: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
methyl butyrate
![Page 67: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
McLafferty Rearrangement
74
O
C
H
CH3O
O
C
H
CH3O
71
59
102
O C
O
CH2CH2CH3CH3
M+
C
O
CH2CH2CH3+- CH3O - CO
CH2CH2CH3+
71 43
![Page 68: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
methyl benzoate
![Page 69: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
metastable
m* = (m
m
2
1
)2
m1+
m2+ + neutral
![Page 70: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
acetophenone
![Page 71: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
C
O
CH3
120
105
43
77
metastable peaks at 91.9, 56.4, 33.8
![Page 72: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
m* = (m
m
2
1
)2
m* = (105
120
).
2
91875 4.49120
)(77 = *m
2
m* = (77
105
).
2
56 47 m* = (51
77
).
2
338
120 105 77 51
timing of fragmentation
![Page 73: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
ethylamine
![Page 74: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
CH3 CH2 NH2 CH2 NH2
- CH3 +
45 30
a - cleavage
ab
![Page 75: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
diethylamine
![Page 76: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
CH3 CH2 NH
CH2
CH3
- CH3
73
a - cleavage
ab
CH2 NH
CH2
CH3
+
58
NHH+
- C2H4
NHH+
30
![Page 77: Mass Spectrometry Interpretation...14 100 7 N 14 0.38 oxygen 8 O 16 100 8 O 17 0.04 8 O 18 0.20 sulfur 16 S 32 100 16 S 32 0.78 16 S 32 4.40 chlorine 17 Cl 35 100 17 Cl 37 32.5](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013020/5ea39260ea729c19fe1a0d71/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
triethylamine