mass-eviction and resettlement of urban poor communities in the philippines
DESCRIPTION
For any inquiries regarding this research, feel free to contact Ryan Letada at [email protected] or twitter: @rletada. How do we view evicted urban poor communities as assets and rather than liabilities in the economic development of the Philippines? This study attempts to answer this critical question. This research explores the mass-eviction and resettlement of urban poor communities (commonly referred to as "squatters") due to infrastructure development and commercial estate development in metro-manila. Through policy reviews, extensive mapping of resettlement sites, and interview with local experts, this research begins to explore the role of urban planning, entrepreneurship, and community-based efforts in creating sustainable relocated communities.TRANSCRIPT
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WHAT IS A HOME?
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SHIFTING PARADIGMS: Eviction and Resettlement in Metro-Manila
Ryan Onell Letada (US Fulbright Scholar)
Photo courtesy of Urban Poor Associates
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88.57M Total population of the Philippines in 2007
2.04% Average annual rate of growth from 2000 to 2007
11.55M Total population of Metro Manila in 2007
DEMOGRAPHICS
53% Filipino Families in Metro Manila or National Capital Region who considered themselves as Mahirap or Poor
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0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Po
pu
lati
on
(in
th
ou
san
ds)
Year URBAN
RURAL
URBAN-RURAL POPULATIONS
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World
Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup
53,032,000
78,595,000
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33 35.6 37.543
48.854
58.562.7
66.469.6 72.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Per
cen
tage
urb
an
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World
Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup
PERCENTAGE URBAN
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TWO WORLDS
COLLIDE
Urban Poor
vs.
Urban Rich
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Push Factors
Skyrocketing Prices of Real Estate
Increase Demand for Shopping Malls, Condominiums, Recreation, etc.
Need to Develop Urban Infrastructure
Drive towards Environmentally Balanced or “Green” Cities
MMDA’s METRO GWAPO Program
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AYALA LAND TAKEOVER
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5000families face eviction according to MMIAC
Buting ∙ Pasig ∙ Santolan ∙ Mindanao Avenue ∙ Balintawak ∙ Quiapo ∙ Nissan Tatalon ∙Pasay ∙ Estero de Paco ∙ R-10 Navotas ∙
Market 3 Fishport of Navotas ∙ Sta. Cruz.
Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer: 5,000 Metro-Manila face
eviction
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Evictions are like physical amputations… [current]
relocations plans never make up for the lost limbs or home.
- Dennis MurphyUrban Poor Associates
RE.IMAGINEPH
[Youtube Channel]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xqBklA2H-k
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Impoverishment Risk Model (Michael
Cernea)
Joblessness Marginalization Homelessness Morbidity/Mortality Social Disarticulation Food Insecurity Landlessness Loss of Access to Common Property
Demolition of Entire Communities:
• Wipes out Informal Markets • Demolishes Employment Opportunities• Dismantles Social Capital
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For every case of demolition, two goes unreported. This is equivalent to more than 240,000 families.
Source: Urban Poor Associates (UPA)
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Violation: Urban Development Housing Act (1992)
1. 30 Day Notice prior to the date of eviction and demolition2. Consultation on the matter of resettlement3. Presence of local government officials4. Proper Identification of all persons taking part in the demolition5. Eviction or Demolition during office hours, and good weather6. No Use of Heavy Equipment7. Proper uniforms for members of the Philippines National Police8. Adequate Relocation
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Violation: Article 25 United Nations Declaration of Human Rights
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his
family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services…
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Violation: Section 10, Article XIII 1987 Philippine Constitution
Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evictednor their dwelling demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.
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EVICTION LEADS TO A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE QUALITY OF LIFE
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Eviction
RelocationRemigration
UNSUSTAINABLE: VICIOUS CYCLE
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KASIGLAHAN VILLAGE: Montalban RizalCase Study
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Pasig River Environmental Management and Rehabilitation Sector Development Program (SDP) implemented by the Philippine Government through the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC), assisted by the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
10m wide Environmental Preservation Areas along Riverbanks and Esteros
Principal Relocation Site: Other sites include Trece Martires and General Trias in Cavite for the approximately 10,000 informal settlers that will be relocated.
Relocation started 1999
Origins of Resettled Peoples: Pasig River, Payatas Garbage Landslide Victims, Quiapo, Valenzuela, Tatalon, etc.
1hr 15min from Ateneo
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Post-Location
Kunting Bato, Kunting Cemento, Cementerio..- Doc Miranda
Unprepared Site (Infrastructure, basic services – barely or non-existent)
Dislocated from their source of livelihood and income
Crime, Gangwars…
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Present
“Masmaganda na ng buhay dito”- Doc Miranda
Infrastructure and basic services improved significantly
Diseconomies such as crime, gang wars and theft have decreased, but still exists
Community Needs: Livelihood opportunities (Hanapbuhay) and improved Peace and Order.
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“What Sapang Palay did in 30-40 years, KV1 did in 10 Years…”
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Leadership with Vision Higher Standards of Resettlement
Resettlement Action PlanThe People
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RESEARCH FOCUS:
Identify milestones in the development of KasiglahanVillages’ economy
Identify economic hubs and its effect on the economy of the resettlement site.
Determine risk management strategies adopted by “relocatees” to restore or increase income levels.
Determine role of “relocatees” in the economic development of Kasiglahan Village
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Research Methods
Cognitive Mapping (Spatial Approach)Quantitative SurveyQualitative Interviews“Non-standardized Interviews”
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Economic Hubs and History:
Step 1
Step 2
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Pamantasan Ng Montalban (College)
30
90
Businesses were established to cater to the needs of the students. Instant Entrepreneurs.
Employment opportunities were generated
Developed Human Capital Absorbed unemployed members of the community Improved integration with local communities
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Jeepney TerminalBefore:Tricycle and Jeepney Ride to Quezon City: 106P (Roundtrip)
Now:Tricycle and Jeepney ride to Quezon City: 36P (Roundtrip)
66% Decrease in Transportation Cost
Decrease in the cost of livingNoticeable drop in commodity prices sold in the market and community Better Access to Market and employment opportunities outside KV1Facilitated Community Integration
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Private Market
212Employed in the Private Market
84%
of workers reside in Kasiglahan Village
•Instantly created an economic hub, or area for commerce•Overtime, the private market generated employment opportunities•Private Market absorbed unemployed community members•Improved Integration with Local Community•Sign of Economic Growth
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Lessons Learned…
Address Transportation Cost from the onset. Integrate into Resettlement Action Plan.
Using RAP as the foundation, design communities with the intent of creating strategically-placed economic hubs.
Leverage “economic hub” framework to avail basic services and community amenities.
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RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: OPPORTUNITIES FOR STIMULATING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND GROWTH
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80%
1% 3%1%
7%
1%0% 1%
2%0%
1%
3%
Sari Sari Store
Internet Café
Restaurant, Turo Turo, Carenderia
Utility, Electricity, Coal
Mixed (Mixture of all the other business)
Beauty Products, Barbershop, Salon
Tailor
Home Improvement, Plumbing, Hardware
Agri-Business
Micro Businesses
552Home-based Businesses
68%Started with Savings 62%
Relocated Peoples
80%Are Sari-SariStores
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Sari Sari Store Start Up: 4500-6000Pesos
Market: Depends on Location Primarily Neighbors
Daily Net Profits: 350-1000Pesos
Reasons:
• Related to Previous Employment Vendors• Low Start-Up• Source of Income for “stay-at-home” family member• Low Risk: Open to possibility of Bankruptcy: Consumable Products• “Low Batt” – “Close Open”
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552Home-owners stimulating economy
68%Are investing their savings into Enterprises
342 Relocatees are economically active
Moving Forward:
Expose to alternative business models –Identify low risk, mid-high return businessesSupport high risk, high return business through micro-credit
Use data to identify area needs Economically stimulate areas through the establishment of community facility
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ORGAN Market
Market: Middle East,China, and Upper Class Filipinos
Blood 500cc: 500P
Kidney: 90,000-175,000P
Case Study 1: Kidney Seller (rare story)
Price: 175,000PMonthly Stipend: P5000Purchaser: Transplant Service Foundation (St. Luke)What did she do with the money? Bought Appliances and Computer. Invested in Sari-Sari store and padjak. Home Improvement
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Bio: Lola 82 Year OldLives with sick daughter.No electricity.
3-4 Days per SackSack = 40Pesos
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ENTREPRENEUR
Rizalina Rose
Sells mice, colorful chicks, and ducklings…Works across from church…300-600P/per day –One of her source of income
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Luzvininda Flores (Pasig Relocatee May 2001): Sold Ukay Ukay, Siomai, Bag, and Divisoria Products in Municipal Building. Sold School Supplies. Started Sari-Sari Store and Carenderia in Commercial Strip. Invested in 2 Stalls in Public Market.
HARDWORKERER
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Community Entrepreneurship
The Repackaging
Business Model
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Aling Yolanda
CREATIVE
ENTREPRENEUR
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Building Sustainable Communities driven by resettled people