1. 1. Mass communication Itcomprises the institutions and techniques by which specialized group of people, employee, the technological devices (press, radio and TV) to disseminate the symbolic content to the large number and widely spread heterogeneous audience. OR Transmission of messagefromsourceto the reciepients Two major components of production: Editorial Aspects- Script-keeping in view the ideology of the script Technological Aspects- to make any communication effective by the use of techniques. Television Production Types 1. Basic televisionsystem-Theequipmentwhich converts the optical images and actual sounds into electrical energy and the people who operates it. e.g Camera,Microphone,Taperecorder 2. The expandedstudiotelevisionsystem- Selection of various pictures and sounds,Recording/Playback and transmission of pictures, integration of additional video and audio sources and more complex procedures. Sources of expanded television: Multimedia: No of mediums in one medium is called muti media or mediums of media is also called multi media. Multimedia: 1. Text 2. Graphics
2. 2. 3. Animations 4. Audio 5. Video Mass media: Overall media( is in mass media. Hint: Two types of audience: Potential/Active audience General/Passive audience Sourceoriented approach. Reciever oriented approach. Equipments of expanded TV: Sound,Microphone,Camera,Audio Mixer(Console), Video Switcher, Video tape recorder, Integration of additional videos and audio sources and multi media. IDEA===> Proper useof Equipments===> Proper viewers===>Effective communication Radio directs the individuals and it is conversational. Stages In order to know the potential of medium, you mustknow whatis technically possible, the more you know the right useof right equipments,the more technicalities of programproducing will become sub-survientto your editorial decisions. Pre-Production
3. 3. Production Post-Production Sound The study of sound is called Acaustics. OR Sound is the combination of various waves(Frequency). Unit is HERTZ. Major Objectives: To maintain the originality and genuineness of sound. To create a desireeffect in the perception of your viewers. (Relationship of sound and video). Importance of sound: As a TV and film professional, oneshould know how to maintain the relation of sound and picture. Factors: Sound manuplating by own wish by changing these four factors. Frequency(HERTZ) Amplitude(Loudness of sound)
4. 4. Tones(Timber) Sound envelope Change in amplitude and frequency TYPES OF FREQUENCY High frequency(40-80 Hertz) Mid-Frequency(20-50 Hertz) Low-Frequency(10-20 HERTZ) ProductionElements of sound: Speech(Basic Information) Actuallity of sound(Effects) Music Silence EFFECTS: Photochemical Effects Photoelectrical Effects (Human Eye looks 3D while TV is in 2D) MICROPHONE Microphoneis the transducer which covnverts theactual sound into electrical energy. Types: ProfessionalMicrophone- 3D
5. 5. Semi-ProfessionalMicrophone-2D Non-ProfessionalMicrophone-Solo Electronic characteristics of Microphones: Sound generating of elements- there are 3 types of microphones to generate the sound. 1) Carbon and dynamic microphone 2) Capacitor or Condensor Microphone.(Studio Productions) 3) Ribbon Microphone Senstivity: Senstivity of carbon and ribbon are less than capacitor microphone. Capacitor is highly sensitive. Carbon or dynamic are sensitive Ribbon is more sensitivebut less than carbon. Pick-uppatternof microphones: A territory pattern of pic and sound relationship, there are 3 types of microphones on the basis of Pick-up pattern. 1) Uni-directional Microphone.(Fromsingleside) 2) Bi-Directional Microphone.(2 sides) 3) Omni-Directional Microphone.(allsides) Physical Appearance of microphones: 1)Moving microphones 2)Stationary microphones.
6. 6. Special features of microphones: 1) Impedence-Resistance 2) Sound Quality- 3) Frequency response 4) Senstivity-Condensor 5) Pick-up pattern 6) Directions 7) Physicalfeatures of Mic Asthetic Factors: 1) Envirnoment Factor(Surround Factor). 2) Perspective Factor-Theway we percieve the things. 3) Figure ground Factor(Fore-ground,Mid-ground,Back-ground). 4) Continuity factor-Reportis a detail analysis of news,mentalgap-advertisement. 5) Energy factor(Compositeeffect). CAMERA Camera is the tranducer which converts the optical images to electrical images. TYPES: 1) Consumer Camcoder(Pictureand audio)-Used normally in home or in phones. 2)Camcoder(Semi-Professional)-Radio,Outdoorshooting and broadcasting. 3)ProfessionalCamera/Studio Camera-Used in studio with extended TV
7. 7. Camera Functions: Parts: Microphone Lens hood Aperture ring Focus ring Zoom ring Manual zoomcontrol White balance Gain control(View finder) View finder(Brightness/Contrastetc) Tele lights Cam Connectors Audio/Video connectors Battery Pack Audio input control LED moniter/ view finder Auto-manualON/OFF LENS Itcapture the light waves and projectit on imaging device TYPES: 1)Normal Lens
8. 8. 2)Wide angle Lens-Difference/dimensions-Cannotassumedepth 3)Narrowangle Lens-Shortens thedistances 4)MacroLens 5)Ultra-wide angle lens(Fish eye-180degree) Hint: Electronic zooming for mobiles and optical zooming for camera. SDHC-(Securedigital Hard capacity) SDXC-(Securedigital extended capacity) Low End-NonProfessional HighEnd-Professional 1)Low End-Non Professional: 2)HighEnd-Professional: Size: Small Big Setting: Auto setting Manual/Auto setting Lenses: Fix Lens Lens can be changed FrameSpeed: Fix Framesetting Setting can be changed Imagesensor: Senstivity cannot be changed Senstivity can be changed Imageresolution: Fix Resolution Resolution can be changed Pixels: Pixel stands for picture element. Modes of highend camera: 1) Moving camera
9. 9. 2) Still Camera 3) Playback camera DEFINITIONS Depthof field: A range in which a camera is capable of focusing is called depth of field. OR The portion of a scene that appears to be sharp if the aperture is very small,the depth of field is very large and the depth of field is small when the aperture is large. FOCAL LENGTH: Distance between lenses content "zoomin/zoomout" and image sensor is called focal length. SHUTTER SPEED: the length of time a shutter remain open in order to allow light to reach at CCD or image sensing device is called shutter speed. OR the longer exposure(1 sec) give much more light to the film than a 1/1000 of as sec exposure.So, even though the number may look bigger,dontbe decieved. F-STOP:(Fixing of aperture): Before light reaches the film it mustpass through an opening called an aperture, the aperture is like a pupil. you can control the aperture by setting the aperture opening also known as F-STOP. HINTS: Under-exposes---lightdim Over exposes-----lighthighly bright Well exposed----brightlight Smaller F-Stop number is directionaly propotional to larger openings=More light White Balance: colours mustbe seen in the actual form.
10. 10. LIGHT Light is very important for making a picture technically effective. A light is in the formof rays. Human EYE= Stereoscopic-Illusion of Z-Axis. Lightning Factors: By using techniques we haveto make camera as stereotype(2 eyes). TYPES OF LIGHT: 1) Soft light: makes no shadow 2) Hardlight: makes shadow 3) Day light: 4) Tungstonlight: 5) Florescent light: Properties of light: 1) Intensity of light: Refers to the amount of light or strength of light on a givenb area (to visualisetexture,shape,size,intensity of light is directly propotional to effect on object) 2) Colour quality: Refers to the kind of light being used to eliminate the subjector object. 3) Dispersion: Refers to the hardness and softness to the light,we can make it soft by using bouncer or diffuser. 4) Direction: Basically means it is the angle and hight at which the light is placed.
11. 11. 3 Points lightening: Key light= right or left side of camera Fill light= Oppositeto key light Back Light= will differentiate the difference between subjectdetached. 5) Light effect the Picture composition: Frame:All the visualelements placed in a frame Composition: Arrangements of all the visual elements is called picture composition. TYPES: Fore-ground Mid-Ground Back-ground Question: how will you create the illusion of Z-Axis by applying the techniques. Answer: 1)Choiceof lens 2)Position of object and light 3)Depth of field-Types: Shallow(Fore-ground or background) , Greater depth of field 4)Light-intensity of light on frontaudience and back light is dim 5)Colour- sharp colours with combination of dim colours