MASONRYMASONRY

Construction of building units like foundations Construction of building units like foundations ,walls,c ,walls,columns.etc using bricks or stones which are olumns.etc using bricks or stones which are bonded together with mortar.bonded together with mortar.

Used for construction of foundations, walls, Used for construction of foundations, walls, columns etc. columns etc.

FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS To support floors and roofTo support floors and roof To divide the spaceTo divide the space To provide acoustic and thermal insulationTo provide acoustic and thermal insulation To provide shelter from weathering agenciesTo provide shelter from weathering agencies

WALL CLASSIFICATIONWALL CLASSIFICATION

a)a) Load Bearing WallLoad Bearing Wall Carry the load from above (own weight & Carry the load from above (own weight &

load from roof) and transfer it to the load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation.foundation.

b)b) Non Load Bearing WallNon Load Bearing Wall Carry self-weight only.Carry self-weight only.

Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall)Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

Masonry WallMasonry Wall

Retaining Wall (Load Bearing Wall)Retaining Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

NON LOAD BEARING WALLNON LOAD BEARING WALL

a) Hollow Concrete Blocka) Hollow Concrete Block b) Hollow Bricksb) Hollow Bricks c) Brick Wallc) Brick Wall

Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall)Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall)

Hollow Concrete Block Wall Hollow Concrete Block Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)(Non Load Bearing Wall)

BRICK MASONRYBRICK MASONRY

stretcherstretcher Brick laid with its length Brick laid with its length

parallel to the direction of a parallel to the direction of a wallwall

Header Header Brick laid with its length Brick laid with its length

perpendicular to the direction of a perpendicular to the direction of a wallwall

THREE QUARTER BAT

QUEEN CLOSER

KING CLOSER

BEVELLED BAT

BEVELLED CLOSER

HALF BAT

LAP

HEADER COURSE

STRETCHER COURSE

BED JOINTS

CLOSER

PERPEND

QUOIN

BRICK MASONRY – BOND BRICK MASONRY – BOND Stretcher BondStretcher Bond Header bondHeader bond English BondEnglish Bond Flemish BondFlemish Bond Raking BondRaking Bond Zigzag bondZigzag bond Garden wall bondGarden wall bond

Diagonal bond

Herring-bone bond

English garden wall bond

Flemish garden wall bond

Stretcher BondStretcher Bond All bricks laid as stretchersAll bricks laid as stretchers Thickness of wall is half of the full brick length Thickness of wall is half of the full brick length Used for partition wallsUsed for partition walls

Header BondHeader Bond All bricks are laid as headers All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall.towards the face of the wall.Useful for curved brick works.Useful for curved brick works.

English BondEnglish Bond Alternative courses of headers and stretchersAlternative courses of headers and stretchers One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.

Essential featuresEssential features Alternate courses will show either headers or Alternate courses will show either headers or

stretchers in elevation.stretchers in elevation. There is no continuous vertical joint.There is no continuous vertical joint. Alternate headers placed centrally above each Alternate headers placed centrally above each

stretcher.stretcher. If the thickness of the walls is an odd multiple of half If the thickness of the walls is an odd multiple of half

brick (eg:1.5, 2.5), the same course will present brick (eg:1.5, 2.5), the same course will present stretchers on one face and headers on the other.stretchers on one face and headers on the other.

For even multiple of half brick, same appearance on For even multiple of half brick, same appearance on both faces.both faces.

Flemish BondFlemish Bond Alternate bricks are placed as headers and stretchers Alternate bricks are placed as headers and stretchers

in every course. in every course. Not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thickNot as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick

Essential featuresEssential features In each course, headers and stretchers are In each course, headers and stretchers are

alternatively placed in both the facing and backing.alternatively placed in both the facing and backing. The facing and backing have same appearance.The facing and backing have same appearance. Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header.Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header. In walls having thickness equal to odd multiples of In walls having thickness equal to odd multiples of

half bricks, brick bats are used.half bricks, brick bats are used.

Comparison of English bond and Comparison of English bond and Flemish bondFlemish bond

English bond is more compact and stronger than English bond is more compact and stronger than double Flemish bond for walls having thickness double Flemish bond for walls having thickness greater than 1.5 bricks.greater than 1.5 bricks.

Double Flemish bond have better appearance in the Double Flemish bond have better appearance in the facingfacing

For the construction of Flemish bond , good For the construction of Flemish bond , good workmanship and careful supervision is required.workmanship and careful supervision is required.

DFB is economical as brick bats are utilized.DFB is economical as brick bats are utilized.

Raking BondRaking BondDiagonal bondDiagonal bond

Bricks are arranged at 45° Bricks are arranged at 45°

Raking BondRaking BondHerring bone bondHerring bone bond

Bricks arranged at 45° in two opposite directions Bricks arranged at 45° in two opposite directions from the centre of the wallfrom the centre of the wall

Zigzag bondZigzag bond Bricks laid in a zigzag wayBricks laid in a zigzag way Mainly used for paving brick floorsMainly used for paving brick floors

English Garden Wall BondEnglish Garden Wall Bond An alternative version of English bond with less An alternative version of English bond with less

number of headers number of headers Header courses being inserted at every fourth or Header courses being inserted at every fourth or

sixth course. sixth course.

Flemish Garden Wall BondFlemish Garden Wall Bond one header is placed after every third stretcherone header is placed after every third stretcher

Usual causes for failure of wall are as follows:Usual causes for failure of wall are as follows: - Overloading the wall, deflection of beam - Overloading the wall, deflection of beam above the wall will effect the wall below.above the wall will effect the wall below. - Foundation failure - Foundation failure - Earthquake- Earthquake - Poor workmanship (improper brickwork) - Poor workmanship (improper brickwork)

Brick Wall CrackBrick Wall Crack

Brick Wall Failure At The Roof LevelBrick Wall Failure At The Roof Level

Cracked WallCracked Wall

Failure In Brick WallFailure In Brick Wall

Dry Rot On Timber Wall PanellingDry Rot On Timber Wall Panelling

Wall Failure Due To EarthquakeWall Failure Due To Earthquake

Termite Damage To The Timber WallTermite Damage To The Timber Wall

STONE MASONRYSTONE MASONRY

Materials usedMaterials used1.1. StonesStones2.2. MortarMortar

Classification of stone masonryClassification of stone masonry

Rubble masonryRubble masonry Ashlar masonryAshlar masonry

Rubble MasonryRubble Masonry

Un-coursed random rubble masonryUn-coursed random rubble masonry Coursed random rubble masonryCoursed random rubble masonry Dry rubble masonryDry rubble masonry

Un-coursed random rubble Un-coursed random rubble masonrymasonry

Roughest and cheapest form of stone Roughest and cheapest form of stone masonrymasonry

Stones of different sizes and shapes are usedStones of different sizes and shapes are used Vertical joints are staggeredVertical joints are staggered Undressed stone blocks are usedUndressed stone blocks are used

Uncoursed random rubble Uncoursed random rubble masonrymasonry

Coursed random rubble masonryCoursed random rubble masonry

Stone work is brought into courses of Stone work is brought into courses of thickness varying from 30 to 45 cmthickness varying from 30 to 45 cm

All courses are not of same heightAll courses are not of same height

Coursed random rubble masonryCoursed random rubble masonry

Ashlar masonryAshlar masonry

Comparison between brick and Comparison between brick and stone masonrystone masonry

StoneStone

1.1. Higher strength, durability Higher strength, durability and weather resistant and weather resistant

2.2. Higher crushing strengthHigher crushing strength

3.3. Used for heavy Used for heavy monumental building monumental building worksworks

4.4. More water tightMore water tight5.5. Needs no pretreatment Needs no pretreatment

and plastering and plastering

BrickBrick

1.1. Less strength, durability Less strength, durability and weather resistant and weather resistant

2.2. Higher crushing Higher crushing strength than stonestrength than stone

3.3. Used for light Used for light ornamental works of ornamental works of lesser importancelesser importance

4.4. Less water tightLess water tight5.5. Should be concealed by Should be concealed by

plasteringplastering

StoneStone

6.6. Not damaged by chemicals Not damaged by chemicals present in the environment present in the environment and salt present in the and salt present in the waterwater

7.7. Complicated lifting Complicated lifting appliances are required to appliances are required to handle stone blockshandle stone blocks

8.8. Time required for dressing Time required for dressing and handling of stones is and handling of stones is moremore

9.9. Less fire resistantLess fire resistant10.10. More skilled labourers are More skilled labourers are

requiredrequired11.11. Less frequently usedLess frequently used

BrickBrick

6.6. Exposed brick masonry reacts Exposed brick masonry reacts and get disintegratedand get disintegrated

7.7. Bricks can be conveniently Bricks can be conveniently moved by manual labermoved by manual laber

8.8. Time and labour involved is Time and labour involved is lessless

9.9. More fire resistantMore fire resistant10.10. Less skilled labourers are Less skilled labourers are

requiredrequired11.11. More frequently usedMore frequently used