maseei-1(module 4)
TRANSCRIPT
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What is Organizational Culture?
A system of shared values, assumptions, beliefs, and
norms that unite the members of an organization.
Reflects employees views about the way things are
done around here.
The culture specific to each firm affects howemployees feel and act and the type of employee
hired and retained by the company.
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Do Organizations Have Uniform
Cultures?
Core
Values
Subcultures
Dominant
Culture
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Culture & Subcultures
Dominant culture -- most widely shared valuesand assumptions
Subcultures Located throughout the organization
Can enhance or oppose (countercultures) firms dominant culture
Are countercultures useful? Provide surveillance and critique, ethics
Source of emerging values
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Elements
of
OrganizationalCulture
The
Artefacts of
Org. Culture
Culture
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Organizational Culture Profile
Org CultureDimensions Dimension Characteristics
InnovationExperimenting, opportunity seeking, risk taking, fewrules, low cautiousness
StabilityPredictability, security, rule-oriented
Respect for people Fairness, tolerance
Outcomeorientation
Action oriented, high expectations, results oriented
Attention to detail Precise, analytic
Team orientation Collaboration, people-oriented
Aggressiveness Competitive, low emphasis on social responsibility
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Artifacts of Organizational Culture
Observable symbols and signs of culture
Physical structures, ceremonies, language, stories
Maintain and transmit organizations culture
Not easy to decipher artifacts -- need many of them
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ArtifactsStories & Legends
Social prescriptions of desired (undesired) behavior
Provides a realistic human side to expectations
Most effective stories and legends:
Describe real people
Assumed to be true
Known throughout the organization
Are prescriptive
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ArtifactsRituals & Ceremonies
Rituals
Programmed routines
(eg., how visitors are greeted, marking attendance,
call for meeting etc)
Ceremonies Planned activities for an audience
(eg., award ceremonies, celebrating occassions etc)
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ArtifactsOrganizational Language
Words used to address people, describe
customers, etc.
Leaders use phrases and special vocabulary as
cultural symbols
Language also found in subcultures
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ArtifactsPhysical Structures
Building structure -- may shape and reflect
culture
Office design conveys cultural meaning
Furniture, office size, wall hangings
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Strength of Organizational Culture
How widely and deeply employees hold thecompanys dominant values and assumptions
Strong cultures exist when:
Most employees understand/embrace the dominantvalues
Values and assumptions are institutionalized throughwell-established artifacts
Culture is long lasting -- often traced back to founder
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BUSINESS
CULTURE
ORGANIZATIONCULTURE
OCCUPATIONALCULTURE
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HofstedesCultural Dimensions
Finds national culture dimensions meaningful tobusiness
Basis:
Work related values not universal
National values may persist over MNC efforts to createcorporate culture
Home country values often used to determine HQ policies
MNC may create morale problems with uniform moral norms
Purpose: understanding of business situationsacross-cultures
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HofstedesCultural Dimensions
Geert Hofstedesampled 100,000 IBMemployees 1963-1973
Compared employee attitudes and values across
40 countries Isolated 4 dimensions summarizing culture:
1. Power distance
2. Individualism vs. Collectivism3. Uncertainty avoidance
4. Masculinity vs. Feminity
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Power Distance
Degree of social inequality considered normalby people
Distance between individuals at differentlevels of a hierarchy
Scale: from equal (small power distance) toextremely unequal (large power distance)
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Individualism Vs. Collectivism
Degree to which people in a country prefer to
act as individuals rather than in groups
Describes the relations between the individual
and his/her fellows
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Uncertainty Avoidance
Degree of need to avoid uncertainty about thefuture
Degree of preference for structured versus
unstructured situations Structured situations: have tight rules may or may not be
written down
High uncertainty avoidance: people withmore nervous energy (Vs. easy-going), rigidsociety, "what is different is dangerous."
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Masculinity Vs. Feminity
Division of roles and values in a society
Masculine values prevail: Assertiveness, success, competition
Feminine values prevail: Quality of life, maintenance of warm personal
relationships, service, care for the weak, solidarity
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