martin if ap 7 ch 52 revised
TRANSCRIPT
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Fundamentals ofFundamentals of
AnatomyAnatomy && PhysiologyPhysiologyFrederic H. MartiniFrederic H. Martini
Unit
2Support and MovementSupport and Movement
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PoerPointPoerPoint!! "ecture #lides prepared by"ecture #lides prepared by
Pro$essor %lbia &ugger, 'iami(&ade College, 'iami, )"Pro$essor %lbia &ugger, 'iami(&ade College, 'iami, )"
Pro$essor *obert *. #peed, Ph.&., +allace Community College, &othan, %"
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Chapter 5:The Integumentary System
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What are the structuresand functions of the
integumentary system?
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Size of the Integument
• The integument is the largest system
of the ody!
" #$% of ody &eight
" #.' to 2 m2 in area
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(arts of the Integument
• The integument is made up of
2 parts!
#. cutaneous memrane )s*in+
2. accessory structures
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(arts of the
Integumentary System
Figure '"#
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(arts of the
,utaneous Memrane• -uter epidermis!
" superficial epithelium )epithelial tissues+
• Inner dermis!
" connective tissues
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ccessory Structures
• -riginate in the dermis
• /0tend through the epidermis to s*in
surface!
" hair
" nails
" multicellular e0ocrine glands
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,onnections
• ,irculatory system!
" lood vessels in the dermis
• 1ervous system!
" sensory receptors for pain touch and
temperature
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What is the relationshipbetween the integumentand subcutaneous layer?
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The Sucutaneous 3ayer
• Sucutaneous layer )superficial fascia
or hypodermis+!
" loose connective tissue
" elo& the dermis
" location of hypodermic in4ections
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Functions of S*in
• Protects underlying tissues and organs
• Excretes salts &ater and organic
&astes )glands+
• Maintains ody temperature )insulation
and evaporation+
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Functions of S*in
• Synthesizes vitamin 56
• Stores lipids
• Detects touch pressure pain and
temperature
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What are the mainstructures and functions
of the epidermis?
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/pidermis
• vascular stratified s7uamous
epithelium
• 1utrients and o0ygen diffuse fromcapillaries in the dermis
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-rganization of the /pidermis
Figure '"2
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,ells of the /pidermis
• 8eratinocytes!
" contain large amounts of *eratin
" the most aundant cells in the epidermis
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Thin S*in
• ,overs most of the ody
• Has 9 layers of *eratinocytes
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Thic* S*in
• ,overs the palms of the hands and
soles of the feet
• Has ' layers of *eratinocytes
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Structures of the /pidermis
• The ' strata of *eratinocytes in thic*
s*in
Figure '"6
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3ayers of the /pidermis
• From asal lamina to free surface!
" stratum germinativum
" stratum spinosum
" stratum granulosum
" stratum lucidum
" stratum corneum
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Stratum :erminativum
• The ;germinative layer
" has many germinative )stem+ cells or asal
cells" is attached to asal lamina y
hemidesmosomes
" forms a strong ond et&een epidermisand dermis
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Structures of
Stratum :erminativum• /pidermal ridges )e.g., fingerprints+
• 5ermal papillae )tiny mounds+!
" increase the area of asal lamina
" strengthen attachment et&een epidermis
and dermis
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=idges and 5ucts
Figure '"9
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,ells of Stratum :erminativum
• Mer*el cells!
" found in hairless s*in
" respond to touch )trigger nervous system+
• Melanocytes!
" contain the pigment melanin
" scattered throughout stratumgerminativum
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Stratum Spinosum
• The ;spiny layer
" produced y division of stratum
germinosum" >"#? layers of *eratinocytes ound y
desmosomes
" cells shrin* until cytos*eletons stic* out)spiny+
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,ells of Stratum Spinosum
• ,ontinue to divide increasing
thic*ness of epithelium
• ,ontain 3angerhans cells active inimmune response
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Stratum :ranulosum
• The ;grainy layer<
• Stops dividing starts producing!
" *eratin!
• a tough firous protein
• ma*es up hair and nails
" *eratohyalin • dense granules
• cross@lin* *eratin fiers
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,ells of Stratum :ranulosum
• (roduce protein fiers
• 5ehydrate and die
• ,reate tightly interloc*ed layer of
*eratin surrounded y *eratohyalin
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Stratum 3ucidum
• The ;clear layer
" found only in thic* s*in
" covers stratum granulosum
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,ells of Stratum 3ucida
• Flat
• 5ense
• Filled &ith *eratin
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Stratum ,orneum
• The ;horn layer
" e0posed surface of s*in
" #' to 6? layers of *eratinized cells
" &ater resistant
" shed and replaced every 2 &ee*s
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8eratinization
• The formation of a layer of dead
protective cells filled &ith *eratin
• -ccurs on all e0posed s*in surfacese0cept eyes
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S*in 3ife ,ycle
• It ta*es #'"6? days for a cell to move
from stratum germinosum to stratum
corneum
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(erspiration
• Insensile perspiration!
" interstitial fluid lost y evaporation
through the stratum corneum• Sensile perspiration!
" &ater e0creted y s&eat glands
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Aater 3oss Through S*in
• 5ehydration results!
" from damage to stratum corneum e.g.,
urns and listers )insensile perspiration+" from immersion in hypertonic solution
e.g., sea&ater )osmosis+
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Aater :ain Through S*in
• Hydration!
" results from immersion in hypotonic
solution e.g., fresh&ater )osmosis+" causes stretching and &rin*ling s*in
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What causes differentskin colors?
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S*in ,olor
• S*in color depends on!
" the pigments carotene and melanin
" lood circulation )red cells+
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,arotene
• -range@yello& pigment
• Found in orange vegetales
• ccumulates in epidermal cells and
fatty tissues of the dermis
• ,an e converted to vitamin
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Melanin
• Bello&@ro&n or lac* pigment
• (roduced y melanocytes in stratum
germinativum
• Stored in transport vesicles
)melanosomes+
• Transferred to *eratinocytes
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Function of Melanocytes
• Melanin protects s*in from sun damage
• Ultraviolet )UC+ radiation!
" causes 51 mutations and urns &hich
lead to cancer and &rin*les
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Melanocytes
Figure '"'
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Melanocytes
• S*in color depends on melanin
production not numer of
melanocytes
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,apillaries and S*in ,olor
• -0ygenated red lood contriutes to
s*in color!
" lood vessels dilate from heat s*inreddens
" lood flo& decreases s*in pales
http://www.concertshots.com/Aug%2003%20Images/cs-BlueManGroup4-Atlanta82303.JPG
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,yanosis
• Dluish s*in tint
• ,aused y severe reduction in lood
flo& or o0ygenation
http://www.concertshots.com/Aug%2003%20Images/cs-BlueManGroup4-Atlanta82303.JPG
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Illness and S*in ,olor
• Eaundice!
" uildup of ile produced y liver
" yello& color
• ddisons disease!
" and other diseases of pituitary gland
" s*in dar*ening
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Illness and S*in ,olor
• Citiglio!
" loss of melanocytes
" loss of color
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Citamin 5
• /pidermal cells produce cholecalciferol
)vitamin 56+!
" in the presence of UC radiation
• 3iver and *idneys convert vitamin 5
into calcitriol!
" to aid asorption of calcium andphosphorus
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Citamin 5
• Insufficient vitamin 5!
" can cause rickets
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/pidermal :ro&th Factor )/:F+
• Is a po&erful peptide gro&th factor
• Is produced y glands )salivary and
duodenum+
• Is used in laoratories to gro& s*in
grafts
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Functions of /:F
• (romotes division of germinative cells
• ccelerates *eratin production
• Stimulates epidermal repair
• Stimulates glandular secretion
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KEY CONCEPT
• The epidermis!
" is a multilayered fle0ile self@repairing
arrier" prevents fluid loss
" protects from UC radiation
" produces vitamin 56" resists arasion chemicals and pathogens
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What are the structures and functions of the dermis?
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The 5ermis
• Is located et&een epidermis and
sucutaneous layer
• nchors epidermal accessory structures)hair follicles s&eat glands+
• Has 2 components!
" outer papillary layer
" deep reticular layer
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The (apillary 3ayer
• ,onsists of areolar tissue
• ,ontains smaller capillaries
lymphatics and sensory neurons• Has dermal papillae pro4ecting
et&een epidermal ridges
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The =eticular 3ayer
• ,onsists of dense irregular connective
tissue
• ,ontains larger lood vessels lymphvessels and nerve fiers
• ,ontains collagen and elastic fiers
• ,ontains connective tissue proper
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5ermatitis
• n inflammation of the papillary layer
• ,aused y infection radiation
mechanical irritation or chemicals)e.g., poison ivy+
• ,haracterized y itch or pain
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,haracteristics of 5ermis
• Strong due to collagen fiers
• /lastic due to elastic fiers
• Fle0ile )s*in turgor+
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S*in 5amage
• Sagging and &rin*les )reduced s*in
elasticity+ are caused y!
" dehydration" age
" hormonal changes
" UC e0posure
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S*in ,ancer
Figure '"$
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Stretch Mar*s
• Thic*ened tissue resulting from!
" e0cessive stretching of s*in due to!
• pregnancy• &eight gain
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3ines of ,leavage
• ,ollagen and elastic fiers in the
dermis!
" are arranged in parallel undles" resist force in a specific direction
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,linical Importance
• 3ines of cleavage estalish important
patterns!
" a parallel cut remains shut heals &ell" a cut across )right angle+ pulls open and
scars
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3ines of ,leavage
Figure '"G
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5ermal ,irculation
Figure '">
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rteries
• ,utaneous ple0us!
" a net&or* of arteries along the reticular
layer• (apillary ple0us!
" capillary net&or* from small arteries in
papillary layer
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Ceins
• Cenous ple0us!
" capillary return deep to the papillary
ple0us• ,ontusion!
" damage to lood vessels resulting in
;lac* and lue< ruising
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1erves
• 1erve fiers in s*in control!
" lood flo&
" gland secretions" sensory receptors
• Tactile dis*s monitor Mer*el cells
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KEY CONCEPT
• The dermis!
" provides mechanical strength fle0iility
and protection" is highly vascularized
" contains many types of sensory receptors
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What are the structures
and functions of thesubcutaneous layer?
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The Hypodermis
• The sucutaneous layer or hypodermis!
" lies elo& the integument
" stailizes the s*in" allo&s separate movement
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Structure of the Hypodermis
• The sucutaneous layer is!
" made of elastic areolar and adipose
tissues" connected to the reticular layer of
integument y connective tissue fiers
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,linical Importance
• Sucutaneous layer!
" has fe& capillaries and no vital organs
" is the site of sucutaneous in4ections usinghypodermic needles
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dipose Tissue
• 5eposits of sucutaneous fat!
" have distriution pattern determined y
hormones" are reduced y cosmetic liposuction
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Integumentary
ccessory Structures• Hair hair follicles seaceous glands
s&eat glands and nails!
" are derived from emryonic epidermis" are located in dermis
" pro4ect through the s*in surface
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What determines hair growth,texture, and color?
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3ocation of Hair
• The human ody is covered &ith hair
except!
" palms" soles
" lips
" portions of e0ternal genitalia
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Functions of Hair
• (rotects and insulates
• :uards openings against particles and
insects• Is sensitive to very light touch
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The Hair Follicle
• Is located deep in dermis
• (roduces nonliving hairs
• Is &rapped in a dense connective@tissue sheath
• Dase is surrounded y sensory nerves
)root hair ple0us+
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Structures of Hair and Follicles
Figure '"a
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ccessory Structures of Hair
• rrector pili!
" involuntary smooth muscle
" causes hairs to stand up" produces ;goose umps<
• Seaceous glands!
" luricate the hair" control acteria
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=egions of the Hair
• Hair root!
" lo&er part of the hair
" attached to the integument• Hair shaft!
" upper part of the hair
" not attached to the integument
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Inside the Follicle
Figure '"
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8eratin
• s hair is produced it is *eratinized!
" medulla contains fle0ile soft *eratin
" corte0 and cuticle contain stiff hard*eratin
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Hair :ro&th ,ycle
• :ro&ing hair!
" is firmly attached to matri0
• ,lu hair!" is not gro&ing
" is attached to an inactive follicle
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Hair :ro&th ,ycle
• 1e& hair gro&th cycle!
" follicle ecomes active
" produces ne& hair" clu hair is shed
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Types of Hairs
• Cellus hairs!
" soft fine
" cover ody surface• Terminal hairs!
" heavy pigmented
" head and eyero&s" other parts of ody after puerty
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What are the skin glandsand secretions?
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/0ocrine :lands
• Seaceous glands )oil glands+!
" holocrine glands
" secrete seum• S&eat glands!
" merocrine glands
" &atery secretions
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Types of Seaceous :lands
• Simple ranched alveolar glands!
" associated &ith hair follicles
• Seaceous follicles!" discharge directly onto s*in surface
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Seaceous :lands
Figure '"#?
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Seum
• ,ontains lipids and other ingredients
• 3uricates and protects the epidermis
• Inhiits acteria
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What are the functionsof sweat glands?
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Types of S&eat :lands
• pocrine!
" found in armpits around nipples and
groin• Merocrine!
" &idely distriuted on ody surface
" especially on palms and soles
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pocrine S&eat :land
Figure '"##a
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pocrine S&eat :lands
• Merocrine secretions not apocrine
• ssociated &ith hair follicles
• (roduce stic*y cloudy secretions
• Drea* do&n and cause odors
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Merocrine S&eat :lands
• lso called eccrine glands!
" coiled tuular glands
" discharge directly onto s*in surface" sensile perspiration
" &ater salts and organic compounds
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Merocrine S&eat :land
Figure '"##
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Functions of Merocrine S&eat
• ,ools s*in
• /0cretes &ater and electrolytes
• Flushes microorganisms and harmfulchemicals from s*in
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-ther Integumentary :lands
• Mammary glands!
" produce mil*
• ,eruminous glands!" protect the eardrum
" produce cerumen )ear&a0+
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Homeostasis
• Thermoregulation!
" is the main function of sensile
perspiration" &or*s &ith cardiovascular system
" regulates ody temperature
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KEY CONCEPT
• S*in plays a ma4or role in controlling
ody temperature!
" acts as a radiator" removes heat from dermal circulation
" &or*s y evaporation of sensile
perspiration
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What is the structure of nails,and how do they grow?
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1ail Functions
• 1ails protect fingers and toes!
" made of dead cells pac*ed &ith *eratin
" metaolic disorders can change nailstructure
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Structure of a 1ail
Figure '"#2
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How does injured skinrespond and repair itself?
=epair of 3ocalized In4uries
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=epair of 3ocalized In4uries
to the S*in! Step #
• Dleeding occurs
• Mast cells trigger
inflammatoryresponse
Figure '"#6 )Step #+
=epair of 3ocalized In4uries
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=epair of 3ocalized In4uries
to the S*in! Step 2
• sca stailizes
and protects the
area
Figure '"#6 )Step 2+
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The Inflammatory =esponse
• :erminative cells migrate around the
&ound
• Macrophages clean the area• Firolasts and endothelial cells move
in producing granulation tissue
=epair of 3ocalized In4uries
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=epair of 3ocalized In4uries
to the S*in! Step 6
• Firolasts
produce scar
tissue• Inflammation
decreases clot
disintegrates
Figure '"#6 )Step 6+
=epair of 3ocalized In4uries
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=epair of 3ocalized In4uries
to the S*in! Step 9
• Firolasts
strengthen scar tissue
• raised *eloid forms
Integumentary RepairPLAYPLAY
Figure '"#6 )Step 9+
http://05integrepairna_swf.mov/http://05integrepairna_swf.mov/http://05integrepairna_swf.mov/
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=ule of 1ines
• To estimate urn
damage surface
area is dividedinto multiples of
Figure '"#9
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What are the effectsof aging on the skin?
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/ffects of ging
• /pidermal thinning
• 5ecreased numers of 3angerhans cells
• 5ecreased vitamin 56 production• 5ecreased melanocyte activity
• 5ecreased glandular activity )s&eat
and oil glands+
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/ffects of ging
• =educed lood supply
• 5ecreased function of hair follicles
• =eduction of elastic fiers• 5ecreased hormone levels
• Slo&er repair rate
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How does the
integumentary system workwith other systems?
Importance of the
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Importance of the
Integumentary System
• (rotects and interacts &ith all organ
systems
• ,hanges in s*in appearance are used todiagnose disorders in other systems
Interactions &ith the
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Interactions &ith the
Integumentary System
Figure '"#'
SUMM=B )# f #2+
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SUMM=B )# of #2+
• 5ivision of!
" integument into epidermis and dermis
" epidermis into thin s*in and thic* s*in
SUMM=B )2 f #2+
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SUMM=B )2 of #2+
• 3ayers of the epidermis!
" stratum germinosum
" stratum spinosum" stratum lucidum
" stratum corneum
SUMM=B )6 f #2+
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SUMM=B )6 of #2+
• =oles of epidermal ridges and dermal
papillae
SUMM=B )9 f #2+
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SUMM=B )9 of #2+
• Functions of specialized cells!
" 3angerhans cells
" Mer*el cells
SUMM=B )' f #2+
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SUMM=B )' of #2+
• S*in pigments!
" carotene
" melanin
SUMM=B )$ f #2+
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SUMM=B )$ of #2+
• Metaolic functions of epidermis!
" vitamin 56
" epidermal gro&th factor
SUMM=B )G f #2+
-
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127/132
SUMM=B )G of #2+
• 5ivisions of the dermis!
" papillary layer
" reticular layer
SUMM=B )> f #2+
-
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SUMM=B )> of #2+
• Moility of the dermis!
" stretch mar*s
" lines of cleavage
SUMM=B ) f #2+
-
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129/132
SUMM=B ) of #2+
• Dlood supply of the dermis!
" cutaneous ple0us
" papillary ple0us
SUMM=B )#? f #2+
-
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SUMM=B )#? of #2+
• =ole of the sucutaneous layer
• Structure of hair and hair follicles
SUMM=B )## f #2+
-
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SUMM=B )## of #2+
• :lands of the s*in!
" seaceous
" s&eat" ceruminous
-
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