martens human trafficking in conflict
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Trafficking in Trafficking in Persons in Persons in
Conflict ZonesConflict Zonesby
Jonathan MartensProgramme SpecialistMigration Management DepartmentGeneva, Switzerland
May 19, 2009 – Geneva
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1.1. Overview of IOM.Overview of IOM.2.2. Introduction to Trafficking in Introduction to Trafficking in
PersonsPersons3.3. Trafficking in Persons in Conflict Trafficking in Persons in Conflict
ZonesZones4.4. IOM’s Approach to Countering IOM’s Approach to Countering
TraffickingTrafficking
OUTLINEOUTLINE
1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP
2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT
ZONESZONES
4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP
IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH
5ENDEND
IOMIOM
IOM is…IOM is…THE MIGRATION AGENCYTHE MIGRATION AGENCY
The global, intergovernmental The global, intergovernmental organization dealing with the entire organization dealing with the entire range of migration issues.range of migration issues.
125 member states and 89 observer 125 member states and 89 observer statesstates
420 field locations in more than 120 420 field locations in more than 120 countriescountries
Approx. 6,000 staffApprox. 6,000 staff Approx. 2,000 programmes – Approx. 2,000 programmes – about about
1/5 of which have related to 1/5 of which have related to trafficking in personstrafficking in persons
1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP
2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT
ZONESZONES
4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP
IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH
5ENDEND
WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP
2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT
ZONESZONES
4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP
IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH
5ENDEND
Human Trafficking is…Human Trafficking is… A ProcessA Process that is that is
commonly described commonly described by 3 steps:by 3 steps:
1.1. RecruitmentRecruitment
2.2. TransportationTransportation
3.3. ExploitationExploitation……of a personof a person..
An organized An organized crime;crime;
A violation of A violation of human rights;human rights;
A business which A business which earns organized earns organized criminal groups criminal groups approximately approximately $32bn/year;$32bn/year;
A problem which A problem which may affect may affect between 600,000 between 600,000 and 4 million and 4 million people annually.people annually.
Root Causes and Root Causes and Contributing FactorsContributing Factors
Push Factors – egs.Push Factors – egs. Relative disparityRelative disparity Socio-political Socio-political
instabilityinstability Discriminatory Discriminatory
cultural practices and cultural practices and attitudesattitudes
Environmental Environmental degradationdegradation
Pull Factors – eg.Pull Factors – eg.
Desire for better Desire for better opportunities – incl. opportunities – incl. education, education, employment and employment and personal freedomspersonal freedoms
Root Causes:
Profit motive
Demand for cheap labour and services, including sexual services
Q: Is human Q: Is human trafficking a new trafficking a new problem?problem?
NoNo!! Related Instruments Related Instruments
19041904 International Agreement for the Suppression of the International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave TrafficWhite Slave Traffic
19261926 Slavery Convention Slavery Convention19301930 C29 Forced Labour Convention C29 Forced Labour Convention19331933 International Convention for the Suppression of Traffic International Convention for the Suppression of Traffic
in Women of Full Agein Women of Full Age19491949 Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons19561956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery,
the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to SlaverySlavery
1957 ILO Convention No.105 concerning the Abolition of 1957 ILO Convention No.105 concerning the Abolition of Forced LabourForced Labour
1973 ILO Convention No.138 concerning Minimum Age for 1973 ILO Convention No.138 concerning Minimum Age for Admission to EmploymentAdmission to Employment
19891989 Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Rights of the Child19991999 C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention2000 Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime,
andand Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons (most recent)Trafficking in Persons (most recent)
TIP Protocol DefinitionTIP Protocol Definition
Art 3(a):Art 3(a): “Trafficking in persons” “Trafficking in persons” shall mean shall mean
……the recruitment, the recruitment, transportation, transfer, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of harbouring or receipt of personspersons
……by by meansmeans of force or other of force or other forms of coercion, of forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the benefits to achieve the consent of a person having consent of a person having control over another control over another person, person,
……for the for the purposepurpose of of exploitation.” exploitation.”
3 key elements:
→ Action…Action…
→ Means…Means…
→ Purpose…Purpose…
TIP Protocol TIP Protocol Definition: Definition:
ExploitationExploitation ……Exploitation shall Exploitation shall
include, include, at a at a minimumminimum, the , the exploitation of the exploitation of the prostitution of prostitution of others, or other others, or other forms of sexual forms of sexual exploitation, exploitation, forcedforced labourlabour or services, or services, slaveryslavery or or practicespractices similar to slaverysimilar to slavery, , servitude or the servitude or the removal of organs...removal of organs...
TIP in conflict zones TIP in conflict zones have have similar similar characteristicscharacteristics as as elsewhere.elsewhere.
But, conflicts can…But, conflicts can…
Amplify pressure of Amplify pressure of push factors in push factors in particularparticular
Undermine traditional Undermine traditional support structuressupport structures
Encourage high risk Encourage high risk migrationmigration
Create favourable Create favourable conditions for organized conditions for organized criminal groups to criminal groups to expandexpand
Create new markets for Create new markets for traffickers (eg. traffickers (eg. Peacekeepers)Peacekeepers)
Increase challenge of Increase challenge of identifying and identifying and protecting victimsprotecting victims
1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP
2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT
ZONESZONES
4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP
IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH
5ENDEND
the Challenge of the Challenge of IdentificationIdentification
How do you think you How do you think you would feel if you would feel if you were:were:
1.1. Relocated to an environment Relocated to an environment where you didn’t understand where you didn’t understand the language, customs ?the language, customs ?
2.2. Deprived of all your Deprived of all your identification documents ?identification documents ?
3.3. Debt bonded for $100,000 ?Debt bonded for $100,000 ?
4.4. Confined to one room or one Confined to one room or one house for 6 months ?house for 6 months ?
5.5. Beaten and otherwise Beaten and otherwise assaulted ?assaulted ?
6.6. Knew that the safety of your Knew that the safety of your family depended on your family depended on your cooperation ?cooperation ?
7.7. Saw your abuser’s best Saw your abuser’s best friends wearing police friends wearing police uniforms ?uniforms ?
? How likely would you be to seek assistance?
? Would you cooperate with law enforcement officials?
Identifying Victims is Identifying Victims is Not EasyNot Easy
Trafficked persons…Trafficked persons…2.2. May not speak local May not speak local
languagelanguage3.3. May not see themselves May not see themselves
as victimsas victims4.4. May feel responsible for a May feel responsible for a
family debt family debt 5.5. May not trust policeMay not trust police6.6. Fear their traffickersFear their traffickers7.7. May suffer “Stockholm May suffer “Stockholm
Syndrome”Syndrome”8.8. May have PTSD & Memory May have PTSD & Memory
loss loss 9.9. May be in transit, or May be in transit, or
confused with migrant confused with migrant smuggling…smuggling…
Desire to please; easily influenced; inability to assert self or personal preferences; regular complaining; reluctance to accept assistance or advice
Dependence, Subservience or Defensiveness
Sadness, depression, disengagement from others and activities, lethargy; self-absorbed; believing no one can understand
Isolation, Loneliness
Unwillingness to respond or answer questions; altering past events; Inability to recall details or entire passages of time
Memory Lapses; Dissociation
Hostility towards support personnel; self-inflicted physical harm; overreacting; unwillingness to participate
Anger
Difficulty in expressing oneself; reluctance to undergo physical exams or participate in group therapy
Self-blame, Guilt, Shame
Passivity; difficulty trusting one’s decisions or planning for future; hyper-sensitivity to outside influences
Mistrust of Self; low self esteem
Reluctance to disclose information; giving false information
Mistrust of Others
Reluctance to meet people, to go outside, to be alone; trembling or heart racing, insomnia or nightmares
Fear, Insecurity, Anxiety
How Reactions may be ManifestCommon Reactions in Service Setting
IOM’s Approach IOM’s Approach to Counter Traffickingto Counter Trafficking
IOMIOM has been working has been working actively to counter actively to counter trafficking since trafficking since 1996/7.1996/7.
Implemented approx. Implemented approx. 500 projects in 85 500 projects in 85 countriescountries
Provided direct Provided direct assistance to approx. assistance to approx. 20,000 trafficked 20,000 trafficked personspersons
Pursue a Pursue a comprehensive comprehensive approachapproach to trafficking to trafficking in persons within a in persons within a broader context of broader context of managing migration.managing migration.
Consists of…:Consists of…:
Research and Data Research and Data CollectionCollection
PreventionPrevention
Institutional Capacity Institutional Capacity BuildingBuilding
Victim Protection and Victim Protection and AssistanceAssistance
1OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF IOM AND TIPIOM AND TIP
2 3 TIP IN TIP IN CONFLICT CONFLICT
ZONESZONES
4INTRO TO TIPINTRO TO TIP
IOM’S IOM’S APPROACHAPPROACH
5ENDEND
Thank You!Thank You!For more information, please For more information, please
contact:contact:
Jonathan MartensJonathan MartensIOM GenevaIOM Geneva
[email protected]@[email protected]@iom.int
International Organization for International Organization for Migration (IOM)Migration (IOM)
17 Route des Morillons17 Route des MorillonsCH-1211 Geneva 19 – SwitzerlandCH-1211 Geneva 19 – Switzerland
www.iom.intwww.iom.int