marshland rehabilitation with plantsmarshland rehabilitation with plants ravindhar. s 1, school of...
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Marshland Rehabilitation with Plants Ravindhar. S1, School of Architecture, Dr.M.P.Chocalingam2
BIST, Bharath Institute of higher education and Research, Bharath University
Introduction
Recovery actions with the aim to conserve a
rare and endangered species of Indian
marshland is successfully undergoing in
Srilanka.
Sri Lanka lies in the south-eastern part of the
Indian subcontinent in the Indian Ocean
between 6° and 10° northern latitude and
79° and 82° eastern longitude. The highest
elevation in the central mountain area is the
Pidurutalagala (2,524 metres above sea
level). The island is characterised by a
tropical climate and affected by the
monsoon[1-9]. The mean annual
temperature is about 22°C in higher areas,
rising to 33°C in the coastal regions. From
about 1.900 metres above sea level
temperatures can drop.
Manuscript
This is a brief summary of a manual that
provides a comprehensive basic guide to
these six steps, in order to make the
methodology accessible to coastal managers
and mangrove restoration practitioners. It
must be stressed that restoring mangroves is
only a solution if protection of the remaining
mangrove ecosystems is initiated, before too
much precious habitat is irretrievably lost.
The compiled six steps describe the
requirements of appropriate and successful
on-site. It is important to work together with
communities, organizations and local
government. A successful program must
reach beyond planting seedlings and
consider natural water flows to increase the
success rate for restoring large areas of
degraded mangrove forest.
Mangrove Action Project is promoting six
critical steps for appropriate ecological
mangrove restoration.
A 6-step method of actual natural on-site
mangrove rehabilitation that engages
local public participation.
1. Recognize both the autecology
(individual species ecology) and
community ecology of the naturally
occurring mangrove species at the
site, in particular the patterns of
reproduction, distribution, and
successful seedling establishment;
2. Identify the normal hydrologic
(water) patterns that control the
distribution and successful
establishment and growth of targeted
mangrove species;
3. Assess the modifications of the
mangrove environment that occurred
and that currently prevent natural
secondary succession;
4. Select appropriate restoration areas
through application of steps 1-3
above that are both likely to succeed
in rehabilitating a forest ecosystem,
and are cost effective, given the
available/ likely funds and
manpower to carry out the projects,
including adequate monitoring of
their progress towards meeting
quantitative goals established prior to
restoration[10-18]. This step includes
resolving land ownership/use issues
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 118 No. 18 2018, 433-444ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu
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necessary for ensuring long-term
access to and conservation of the site
and associated wildlife;
5. Design the restoration program at
appropriate sites selected in step 4
above to restore the appropriate
hydrology and utilize natural
volunteer mangrove recruitment for
natural plant establishment; and
6. Only utilize actual planting of
seedlings as an integral part of the
rehabilitation program after
determining through steps 1-5 above,
that natural recruitment will not
provide the quantity of necessary
established plants, rate of
stabilization, or rate of growth as
required for project success.
Usually, the local community does plant
some propagules or seedlings as a symbolic
and educational exercise whether such
planting is or is not necessary as part of the
restoration regime to: feel physically
engaged, increase community stewardship,
raise attention to the area (on site activity)
and promote growth of well liked species
such as Rhizophora over regular natural
colonizers such as Avicennia or Sonneratia.
Reaching far beyond just planting of
seedlings, our program which restores
natural water flows, greatly increases the
overall success rate for restoring large areas
of degraded mangrove forests[20].
Usually, the local community does plant
some propagules or seedlings as a symbolic
and educational exercise whether such
planting is or is not necessary as part of the
restoration regime to: feel physically
engaged, increase community stewardship,
raise attention to the area (on site activity)
and promote growth of well liked species
such as Rhizophora over regular natural
colonizers such as Avicennia or Sonneratia.
Reaching far beyond just planting of
seedlings, our program which restores
natural water flows, greatly increases the
overall success rate for restoring large areas
of degraded mangrove forests.
The described six steps above for successful
ecological mangrove restoration must be
seen as basic information as this cannot be a
comprehensive guide to mangrove
restoration[19]. The techniques outlined
below, should therefore be tailored to each
unique region in which restoration is being
attempted. Management objectives of
mangrove restoration should be translated
into specific actions by developing
implementable management plans. Based on
the management plan, realistic operational
plans should be developed that are suitable
for local implementation, simple, practical,
transparent and include clear objectives. For
optimal management it is necessary to
review and adjust periodically the
management plans.
Preparations:
It’s always useful to check whether there
were any mangrove restoration programs in
the chosen area of interest before. If so, it is
helpful to gather information regarding
criteria of success and failure and to learn
from former consolidated findings. Inform
yourself about geologic parameters and look
for historical photographs, literature about
mangroves on site and their distribution as
well as tidal conditions. It is useful to have a
reference mangrove site for examining
normal hydrology for mangroves in the
particular area[21]. Additionally it is
important to select appropriate restoration
areas that might succeed in rehabilitating a
forest ecosystem and are cost effective,
given the available funds and manpower to
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
434
carry out the projects.This should include
adequate monitoring of their progress
towards meeting quantitative goals
established prior to restoration. This step
includes resolving land ownership and land
use issues necessary for ensuring long-term
access to and conservation of the site and
associated wildlife.Understanding the
normal hydrologic patterns that control the
distribution and successful establishment
andgrowth of mangrove species is one of the
most important attributes of targeted
planning[22]. It is therefore indispensableto
define three important points concerning the
tides: the height and depth of the area that
shall berestored and the duration and the
frequency of the tidal currents. Each
mangrove species thrives for example at
adifferent substrate level which in some part
dictates the amount of exposure the
mangrove will have to tidal waters. It is
necessary to study the tidal activities and
consequently the frequency of inundation as
well as dryness that influence the forest.
There are various tide-classifications to
distinguish, like those that are inundated by
all high tides, those by all medium-high
tides, or those by normal tides. In addition
there are those inundations that only happen
during spring tides or equinoctial tides. If a
nearby healthy mangrove forest exists, it is
helpful to imitate the slope and topography
of the substrate[23].
Step 1: Autecology
In order to understand the patterns of
reproduction, propagule distribution and
successful
seedling establishment, it is necessary to
have a look at the individual species ecology
of
the mangroves, their autecology.
Mangrove Reproduction
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After flowering and pollination, many
mangroves develop viviparous seeds called
propagules. Vivipary is a characteristic in
which the propagules develop early and
germinate while still on the parent tree. This
strategy keeps the propagule healthy for a
long time after they have fallen into the
wate[24]r. Like the coconut palm, the
mangroves propagules can float.
Propagules are designed to float with the
tides until coming to rest in a suitable place
to grow. As soon as the propagules come to
rest they put down roots into the mud and
use the stored energy to grow quickly into a
young mangrove tree. Because of their
various shapes and sizes, propagules float
differently. Smaller ones float far on normal
tidal currents and can easily reach new
areas. Larger ones may have difficulties to
enter into areas where normal tidal exchange
has been blocked due to shrimp ponds or
fish traps, for example.
Zonation
Mangrove forests are often characterized by
a plant zonation. Typical zones are
groupings of the same species within the
mangrove forest. This zonation often occurs
because different mangrove species need
particular conditions to grow, for example in
the variety of water provided by tides,
salinity of the soil or the amount of fresh
water available.
Step 2: Hydrology
The most important factor in designing a
successful mangrove restoration project is to
understand the normal hydrologic patterns
that influence the distribution and growth of
existing natural mangrove plant
communities in the area you wish to restore.
This comprises the determining factors such
as depth, duration and frequency of tidal
inundation and tidal flooding[25]. It is
essential to note and monitor the critical
periods of inundation and dryness that
influence the health of the mangrove forest.
Step 3: Eliminate Disturbances
It must be determined whether the target
area for an intended restoration was a
mangrove area in the past. It is then
important to understand and possibly
remove disturbances that might prevent the
natural succession of mangrove forest in that
area[26]. Potential stresses on the location
should be investigated and, if possible,
eliminated. It is crucial to involve the local
communities in this process to determine
how mangrove areas have changed and why.
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Step 4: Select an Appropriate Restoration
Site
Often there are a number of different sites
available for possible restoration, so it’s
important to start by selecting one that has a
fairly good chance of achieving your
restoration objectives. For example it should
be a site that contained mangroves in the
recent past or presently contains degraded
mangroves. Also like any project one
undertakes you should have the capacity and
resources, including people, equipment, time
and finances to see it thorough to
completion. Ownership or user rights issues
are critical to have worked out at this stage
before any physical work begins. There may
be an opportunity to bring the planned
restoration area under legal community or
co-management arrangements which often
can take time but may be important for long
term success.
Step 5: Hydrological Rehabilitation
Design
A basic theory behind hydrological
rehabilitation is the recreation of natural
slope and substrate height, which will
support normal tidal flow, and the natural re-
establishment and growth of mangrove
seedlings. Tidal streams run through
mangrove areas from the terrestrial edge to
the sea. Their unhindered flow is important,
because tidal streams are fed from the inland
side by ground water, springs, runoff and
streams and are connected to the sea thus
facilitating the exchange of tidal waters in
and out of the mangrove area.
When tidal streams are disturbed, a
mangrove may dry out, and die over time.
For the restoration one option is to level dike
walls of disused shrimp ponds. If you cannot
level dike walls entirely, opening strategic
breaches in the right places may be enough
to support the exchange of tidal waters and
should lead to further degradation of the
dike walls over time. The „right places“ are
usually the mouths of historic tidal creeks. A
second option is to backfill an excavated
area, to create a target restoration site with
the same general slope, and the exact tidal
elevations relative to the benchmark
reference site, thus insuring that the
hydrology is correct.
If you are planning nurseries, it is
indispensable to scrutinise the conditions of
the potential location. There is a reason why
mangroves are not already there or were not
there in the recent past or have disappeared
recently (see step 3)[27-29]. Once you find
out why, see if you can correct the
conditions that currently prevent natural
colonization of the selected mangrove
restoration site. If you cannot correct those
conditions, pick another site.
Step 6: Mangrove Planting
If seedlings have established in the
rehabilitation area, but at lower densities
than hoped for, you may consider planting.
It’s important to only plant mangrove
species that occurred naturally on the site
previously in the correct zone[30-35]. If an
adequate area for a mangrove nursery is
identified, it is recommended to create a
table that includes criteria such as species,
type of seed, months of seed collection,
indicators of maturity, seed selection, seed
storage, sowing, shading, watering and pest
control.
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When you plant mangroves seedlings it is
important to raise them without compost or
fertilizer.
Supplementary nutrients only discourage the
roots from spreading to find nutrients. With
regard to distribution it is necessary to
emulate natural growth patterns, i.e. not
planting seedlings in straight rows.
Dissemination of Seedlings
There are four sources of propagules for
mangroveplanting to be distinguished. The
first is raising
seedlings in a nursery from local seed
sources. Thesecond option is direct planting
of propagules. Thethird is direct planting of
wild seedlings. The fourthis broadcast
sowing on the water surface duringincoming
tides. Even if mangroves survive for
severalyears in the rehabilitation area, they
may howeverremain stunted or even die out
unless hydrologicalconditions are truly
supportive of mangrove growth.The
collection and distribution by hand onto the
water’s surface of seeds or seedlings from
natural collection areas stimulates natural re-
growth of mangroves.
Propagules and seeds suitable for collection
are commonly found along high-tide lines. If
an area lacks natural seed sources, seeds
may be collected from another similar area
that has a lot of seeds, transported to the
restoration site, and as the tide turns and
flows into the restoration site, the seeds are
broadcast onto the water and allowed to
float and find their own suitable location for
germination[35-36]. It is a good idea to do
this on a series of different tides, such as the
neap, the spring, and several inbetween
during the month of maximum availability
of the seeds.
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