Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area (WMA) Management Plan

Ecosystem Management[ENVR 4050 K01, GEOG 4050 K01]

GROUP MEMBERS:Melinda KinLeah MontsionRiley UngerChris HayKaren Price

University of ManitobaClayton H RiddellFaculty of Environment, Earth and ResourcesDepartment of Environment and Geography

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................3

Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................................4

Part One: Mars Hill’s Role as a Wildlife Management Area.....................................5

1.1 Site Description...............................................................................................................5

1.2 Ecology and the Species at Risk................................................................................5

1.3 Primary and secondary stakeholders....................................................................6

1.4 Economic activities and traditional uses for the Wildlife Management Area.............................................................................................................................................. 7

Part Two: Management Strategy Overview, Goals and Objective........................9

2.1 Vision....................................................................................................................................9

2.2 Boundary distinction.....................................................................................................9

2.3 Goals and Objectives...................................................................................................10

Natural Values Management.......................................................................10

Human Uses Management...........................................................................10

Part Three: Management Implementation and Measurements..........................10

3.1 Implementation and Measurements indicators.............................................10

3.2 Funding Options...........................................................................................................21

Appendix..................................................................................................................................... 23

References..................................................................................................................................25

Executive Summary

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The purpose of this document is to propose a management strategy for the Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area. The long-term vision for this management plans are to primarily maintain and improve ecological integrity of the wildlife management area while facilitating compatible human uses. Currently there is no management strategy in place, and the province of Manitoba has so far implemented a default ‘management plan’ according to ICUN IV protection category. Because of the lack of a clear management strategy; certain human elements have taken advantage of the WMA which poses a risk to the ecological integrity to the WMA.

The following proposal is divided into 3 parts:

Mars Hill’s role as a Wildlife Management AreaThis section provides a description of the Mars Hill Wildlife Area and lists the various ecological, social and environmental attribute associated with the WMA. This section provides a factual and scientific background for the WMA. Relevant stakeholders and their concerns can be found in this section. Lastly economic activities and traditional uses for the WMA are listed here.

Management Strategy Overview, Goals and ObjectiveThe proposal’s management goals and objectives are listed in this section. Areas of concern range from natural ecological concerns to how the recreational use of the WMA should be accomplished or balanced.

Natural Value goals focus mainly on biodiversity and wildlife protection. Most notably, this proposal will focus on the monitoring and assessment of the species at risk; Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) and American Bugseed (Corispermum americanum). Overall the plan will aim to improve overall habitat quality for all the species that reside within the WMA, through protection strategies or attempting to reduce ecological threats.

The human use goals are more diverse. The goals cover issues and concerns that range from stakeholders considerations, to how the space should be used and to who should be allowed to use it and lastly, introducing the prohibition of certain undesirable behaviours and activities that occurs within the WMA.

Management Implementation and Measurements This section comprises the majority of this document. A significant portion of this section is dedicated to outlining and detailing the management plan’s goals and objectives. Furthermore this section explores how the desired goals and objectives could be achieved and most importantly, how to measure the changes to determine if management plan has made a positive contribution to the ecological integrity to the Mars Hill WMA. Lastly this document will consider some funding options to cover many of the costs that will be associated with the many proposed changes.

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Acknowledgments

The authors of this document would like to give full recognition to the following people

who have been essential in contributing valuable input to the contents of this document:

Erin McCance; University of Manitoba

C-Jae Breiter: University of Manitoba

Peggy Kasuba; Founder; Mars Hill Forest Alliance

Dennis Brannen; Biologist; Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship

Carolyn Litnott; Recreation Chair; Manitoba Horse Council

This management plan is the result of a collaborative group effort. Throughout the term,

each group member has focused on what individual strengths we can offer to the plan and

have worked together on summaries and presentations as well as the final management

plan proposal. More detailed information outlining each group member’s roles during this

process is listed below:

Melinda Kin: Economic activities and traditional uses of the WMA, All-Terrain

Vehicle (ATVs) goals, objectives, measures and implementation strategy, and the

assembly/organization of final document

Leah Montsion: Introduction, species at risk table, ecology section (wildlife),

protection of species at risk (goal, objective, implementation, grants), elimination

of illicit and nuisance activities (goals, objectives and implementations)

Riley Unger: Stakeholder section (goals, objectives and implementation)

Christopher Hay: Outlining WMA boundary and buffer zone (map/ boundaries),

vegetation/non-wildlife components for ecology (goal, objective, implementation)

Karen Price: Implementation/Modification of trail system within the WMA section,

elimination of illicit and nuisance activities (illegal dumping section) and

assembly/organization of final presentation.

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Part One: Mars Hill’s Role as a Wildlife Management Area

The Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area is an IUCN Category IV area, meaning that habitat and species management are the top priorities. This categorization ensures that specific species or habitats within the management area receive continuous protection compared to the natural land surrounding it (ICUN 2013).

This management plan was created in 2013 as part of the Ecosystem Management course at the University of Manitoba. The creation of our objectives was guided by the overall idea of maintaining ecological integrity and facilitating compatible human uses. This plan will discuss important stakeholders and the history of the area. The plan will outline a vision for the area, and accomplish it with goals that include: increasing knowledge and management of biodiversity, protecting species at risk, monitoring for invasive species, increasing stakeholder involvement, implementing new trails, controlling motorized vehicle activity, eliminating illicit activities and finally improving management of authorized activities.

1.1 Site Description

Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area (WMA) is a designated conservation area currently managed by Manitoba Conservation, with full public access. It is located approximately 70 kilometers northeast of Winnipeg and has an area of 3,315 hectares (Manitoba Conservation 2013).

The Mars Hill WMA is classified as an end-moraine ridge and is a unique area in the region, being hilly and elevated above the surrounding Agassiz clay plain. Vegetation is not well rooted, and the area itself is environmentally sensitive due to its light, sandy soil. The Mars Hill WMA consists of a few scattered bog areas across the lowland, open meadows containing an abundance of wildflowers, as well as tall-grass prairie grassland areas. Mars Hill is home to numerous mammal species. Ecologically, this WMA provides important habitat for large mammals and is recognized as one of the top birding sites in Manitoba.

1.2 Ecology and the Species at Risk

There are a number of different community types in the WMA (Appendix B). Mixedwood forest make up the majority of the land cover, with aspen and jack pine forests covering most of the remaining areas. Black spruce is represented only in a small, low-lying area near the Libau Bog border. Grasslands make up a small total area and are scattered throughout the WMA in fragments of varying quality (McMahon et al., 2000).

This WMA provides important habitat for mammals such as; White-tailed deer, black beer and wolves (a more compressive list can be found in Appendix B). The WMA is recognized as being one of the top birding sites in Manitoba due to the fact that a variety of Neotropical birds that

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migrate, nest and raise their young in the area. There are seventy-eight different bird species found within the wildlife area, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act legally protects two of the species found (McMahon et al., 2000).

It has been confirmed that two species at risk currently reside in the WMA. These species are of interest because their habitats require special management action that will be addressed further in management proposal.

Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) IUCN Red List: Least Concern COSEWIC: Threatened Manitoba Endangered Species Act: Threatened status

American Bugseed (Corispermum americanum) S2 imperilled status in Manitoba

1.3 Primary and secondary stakeholders

Below is a list of stakeholders, whom have interests, issues and concerns with regards to the Wildlife Management area.

Primary StakeholdersBrokenhead ReserveUse the WMA for hunting, and collection medicinal plants with the occasionally use for ceremonial purposes.Brokenhead Riders All-Terrain Vehicle ClubArea is extensively used for off-road vehicle use, and recreational use.Brokenhead Trail Blazers Snowmobile ClubArea is extensively used as part of a popular snowmobile trail networkLocal Residents (from nearby Beausejour, Lac Du Bonnet and Selkirk Communities)Many people use the area for recreation. Also, there has been concern over damage done to farmer’s fields when ATV riders drive to the area. Manitoba ConservationAre the official managers of the Mars Hill WMA. As part of its ‘Protected Areas Initiative’, Manitoba Conservation’s goal is to balance the environmental, social, and economic needs of the area.Mars Hill Forest Alliance (MHFA)A conservation group that wants to protect the forest in Mars Hill. MHFA are particularly concerned with damage caused by ATV’s.

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Secondary Stakeholders Brokenhead Fish & Game Association125 members use the area for hunting and fishing. ATVs are used to remove their kill from the landscape, but the slow pace with which they drive insignificantly impacts the WMA.Manitoba Horse CouncilHorse owners use the WMA for; trail riding, equine conditioning, preparation for competitions, competitions and fun activities.Mars Sand Hills Golf Course and ResortLocal business that is dependent upon the tourism to the region.Sandhill Pines Campground & RV ParkLocal business that is dependent upon the tourism generated by the WMA.The Department of National DefenseUses the area for survival and winter camping training programsTrails ManitobaThe 110 km Red River North Trail crosses through Mars Sand Hills.Rural Municipality of BrokenheadLocal community that may have a vested interest in the WMA

1.4 Economic activities and traditional uses for the Wildlife Management Area

The WMA has historically been identified as a space for both conservation and recreational enjoyment. Prior to 1990, the area was classified as an ‘extensive recreational area and mineral extraction area’. In the early 1980s recreational use of the land began and in the late 1990s the WMA was established (McMahon et al., 2000).

According to the Use of Wildlife Lands Regulation [77/99] section 23.1 of The Wildlife Act [C.C.S.M .c. W130]:

23.1 Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area No person shall engage in(a) Hydro-electric exploration or development;(b) Logging or commercial forest harvesting;(c) Mineral exploration or extraction; or(d) Any other activity that significantly and adversely affects habitat;

[I]n the following portions of the Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area;(e) in Township 14, Range 7 East and being the north half of Section 19, the north half of the north half of the southwest quarter, the northwest quarter and the east half of Section 20, legal subdivision 15 and the northwest quarter of Section 21, the south half of the north half and the south half of Section 29, and the east half of Section 30;

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Other historical economic activities include (McMahon et al., 2000):Commercial activities

AgricultureHistorically, agricultural operations proved to be ineffective and economically unproductive. The natural features, of the WMA are agriculturally incompatible. The poor soil quality is ‘loose’, and lacks the necessary nutrients needed to sustain a profitable crop harvest. Furthermore there is insufficient moisture retention capacity within the WMA. The few available small water collection sites function as ‘watering holes’ for residing wildlife species but does not function as an essential ecological service. A significant ‘water body’ resides in the Northwestern section of the area in the form of a ‘peat bog complex’. However this bog should be regarded as an unreliable source for agricultural irrigation or (drinking) water purification intentions (Tyler, 1988).

ForestryCommercial opportunities are few and restricted within the WMA. The area is dominated by ‘Softwood’ tree species. Effectively the WMA could only support local subsistence forestry activities to meet local demands.

MiningMining and gravel extractive activities had historically taken place within the area. In 1988, the area was classified as an ‘Extensive Recreational Are and Mineral Extraction Area”. Several depleted gravel pits in the WMA have been rehabilitated, while others continue to be mined. At present there are 13 gravel extraction areas that have undergone a natural rehabilitation process.

Manitoba HydroCurrently there are hydro transmission lines located in the southern sector of the WMA. These transmission lines are part of the Manitoba Hydro Pointe du Bois generation station operations located on the Winnipeg River. The Mars Hill WMA is also part of the environmental assessment area for the Pointe du Bois Spillway Replacement Project.

Hunting, trapping and gatheringTraditional economic activities of hunting, trapping of wildlife and gathering of plants and berries are permitted within the WMA. Popular game include; wild boar, deer, moose and grouse. The hunting of certain species (At Risk or Threatened) is restricted as permitted per provincial legislation; The Wildlife Act or federal hunting regulations.

Recreational activities Walking/Hiking/Trails/Skiing

The WMA offers an extensive network of seasonal trails and bush road. The WMA presents an opportunity to connect with nature, bird watching, learn and observe natural processes or experience an educational environmental space in the summer and fall seasons. In the winter and early spring seasons; cross country skiing occurs within the WMA trail network

Equestrian trailsEquestrian riders have historically used the area for horse riding. Prior to the area’s designation as a WMA, the area was extensively used as a popular horse trail.

Motorised vehicle usage When motorised vehicles were first introduced to the commercial market in the 1970s and 1980s, it was never conceived nor considered that these vehicles would have a significant impact within the WMA. Snowmobiling is still a popular activity within the area. The introduction and increased

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popularity of All-Terrain-Vehicles (ATVs) has since placed an ecological pressure within the WMA (Broatch 2011).

Part Two: Management Strategy Overview, Goals and Objective

2.1 Vision

Mars Hill WMA was established to maintain its unique diversity of wildlife and has a history of human usage. Therefore the long-term vision for the management plans is to primarily maintain and improve ecological integrity of the wildlife management area, and secondarily facilitate compatible human uses.

2.2 Boundary distinction

This management plan is based on two boundaries: the WMA area of jurisdiction (34km2) and a wider management boundary (126km2) (as found in Appendix A). The wider buffer of approximately two miles contains adjacent continuous wild lands, including the Mars Sand Hills Resort and Golf Course, Libau Bog Ecological Reserve, and a privately owned campground area. There are several reasons why the buffer area only includes lands of natural vegetation and why the buffer is two miles wide. The landscape of the area surrounding the WMA consists mostly of either croplands or land retained in a more natural state (for cattle grazing or private values). These uses are fairly easy to distinguish using satellite imagery. While croplands management may be related to some of our plans (eg. invasive species control), they largely are not involved as much as natural lands (which would have similar wildlife habitat to that within the WMA and face similar management concerns such as trail usage and off-road vehicle damage). The buffer width of two miles encapsulates as much non-WMA land that is natural to the east and west (before hitting croplands). This two-mile boundary was then similarly applied to the north and south (where natural lands extend much further) as cut-off to create an area that is realistic to manage with the resources needed for our plans.

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2.3 Goals and Objectives

Natural Values Management

Goal 1: Increase knowledge of biodiversity present in the WMA. Goal 2: Protect species at risk by improving habitat quality and decreasing threatsGoal 3: Monitor for invasive species and prevent their spread into the WMA

Human Uses Management

Goal 4: Increase stakeholder involvementGoal 5: Implementation/Modification of trail system within the WMAGoal 6: Control motorized vehicle activity in the WMAGoal 7: Elimination of illicit and nuisance activitiesGoal 8: Improve management of authorized activities and encourage sustainable uses

Part Three: Management Implementation and Measurements

3.1 Implementation and Measurements indicators

Goal 1: Increase knowledge of biodiversity present in the WMA1.1 Sub-Goal: Improve and increase records of species present in the WMA(a) Objective: Complete and ensure organized records exist of birds, mammals, and vascular plants.(b) Objective: Begin compiling records of other organisms (such as fungi, insects, and nonvascular plants).Implementation

Both objectives (a) and (b) will be carried out with little to no funding required. Mars Hill Forest Alliance (MHFA) will use partnerships with taxonomic experts through museums and universities and use traditional knowledge through Brokenhead First Nation and nature hobby groups to document species records. MHFA will coordinate these volunteers and process resulting data into organized lists.Measuring Success

Objective (a) is already mostly completed through MHFA and their partnerships as well as through baseline documentation (such as McMahon & Gifford 2000). Data simply needs to be brought together, organized, and referenced (and some remaining data still collected). Objective (b) only requires the initiation of some data collection on lesser known groups and so is easy to meet as long as list(s) are started. These objectives should be met within three years of implementation, after which new objectives may be created.

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Goal 2: Protect species at risk by improving habitat quality and decreasing threats2.1 Sub-Goal: Focus on the status of the Eastern Whip-poor-will

Mars Hill WMA is an island of biodiversity; therefore one of our goals is to protect species at risk by improving habitat quality and decreasing threats. We plan to implement this with a monitoring program, as well as a cleanup program. The Eastern Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus) resides in the area, and currently its habitat is being used as a garbage and hazardous waste dump site by locals, and as a practice range for firearm target shooting (Kasuba, pers. comm.). (a) Objective: Monitoring Program

Management strategies will restore existing natural features in the Eastern Whip-poor-will’s habitat, so that it meets its requirements for breeding and habitation. An objective for this will be a monitoring program, to ensure that people do not continue to degrade the area.

Implementation To ensure that illicit activities and illegal dumping are not occurring in the area and degrading the Eastern Whip-poor-will’s habitat, as well as scaring away top predators, natural resource officer will sporadically monitor the area, whom are already funded by the Manitoba Provincial Government. The management of wildlife within the Mars Hill WMA, particularly for the species at risk, will be carried out in close collaboration with Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship’s Wildlife Branch whose mandate is to protect wildlife resources while ensuring the conservation of species and ecosystems. We will also consult with the Mars Hill Forest Alliance, as well as other key stakeholders when there are broader implications. To effectively monitor the Wildlife Management Area, an approach that contributes to habitat recovery and control of unauthorized activities will be carried out. Specific monitoring needs are as follows:

- Monitor distribution and abundance of the main species at risk, specifically the Eastern whip-poor will.

- Monitor the distribution and extent of the top predators in the WMA, and track population size by species over time

- Monitor for invasive species in the 13 gravel pit areas, as well as for purple loosestrife in the Libau Bog

- Monitor the trails to ensure people are not going off-course- Monitor the area, in select locations, to ensure no illegal target practice is occurring

Measuring Success To measure success, a monitoring program will be conducted sporadically for at least ten

days from May to early-June at designated location near this habitat. We will record the number of fines assessed for illicit activities to determine whether this is still occurring or not. Sightings of the Eastern whip-poor-will as well as top predators such as wolves will be recorded to determine whether the bird is still residing in its preferred habitat, and whether the range of the top predators are shifting.

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(b) Objective: Cleanup habitat and protect from further litter Cleaning up the habitat, as well as protecting it from further litter is also a key objective in

this plan. This will improve habitat quality and restore its natural features.

Implementation:Restoration and management of important habitats for the wildlife within Mars Hill is a

main goal of the management plan. This can be achieved by implementing a new trail system that would improve degraded habitat throughout the area. By implementing a new trail system and reducing its density throughout the WMA, motorized vehicles will be travelling throughout less of the area leaving fewer habitat areas to degrade and pollute with litter. The banning of illegal target shooting will also be implemented, due to the excessive amounts of empty shell casings and litter found where people are practicing. This will protect the area from further litter, as well as reduce noise pollution from the extensive amount of shooting.Measuring Success

Success will be measured by setting specific dates in which the objective should be completed. For example, the habitat of the Eastern whip-poor-will will be cleaned up of all garbage and litter by October 2014.

2.2 Sub-Goal: Manage old gravel pit areas for american bugseed ( Corispermum americanum ). (a) Objective: Old gravel pits where American bugseed are present should maintain a low level of disturbance (eg. from motorized vehicles) and should not be revegetated.

American bugseed is a herbaceous vascular plant that requires open, sandy areas for habitat, such as decommissioned gravel pits (Robson 2010). Surprisingly, such habitat is rare and decreasing. This plant plays an important role in stabilizing soils and is imperilled in Manitoba and much of south/ central Canada.Implementation

To maintain its habitat, the bugseed actually requires a small amount of disturbance. Motorized vehicle trails will be planned to have access to some of the decommissioned gravel pits to maintain disturbance of these sites. Plans to revegetate decommissioned gravel pits may still be beneficial but would require further discussion with stakeholders and careful consideration given the potential losses of American bugseed habitat.Measuring Success

This objective will be considered a success if motorized vehicles are successfully given trail access to at least some of the gravel pits and if evidence of motorized vehicle use is found in these areas. There is concern about creating too much disturbance, which will be addressed in the motorized vehicles goal section. (b) Objective: Document presences with photos and GPS points and make the mines branch of Manitoba government aware of its presence (in case if further mining is planned).Implementation

Mars Hill Forest Alliance will undertake this objective as part of a number of ecological monitoring programs they already conduct or will be conducting (eg. while monitoring for invasive species in gravel pits). This objective should be completed annually, and a short report should be compiled to submit to the mines branch within one year of implementation. Thereafter further

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reports do not need to be submitted unless if plans to continue mining are undertaken (in which case action regarding presences of this species must be discussed and undertaken).

Measuring SuccessThis objective will be considered met if complete records of this species are collected from

all 13 gravel pits annually and an initial report is submitted to the mines branch. Future management plans can use these records to attempt to increase abundance or reduce losses.

Goal 3: Monitor for invasive species and prevent their spread into the WMA3.1 Sub-Goal: Monitor for invasive species in sensitive areas and across the WMA(a) Objective: Check each of 13 gravel pit areas for presence of invasive plant species annually.Implementation

Mars Hill Forest Alliance will undertake this objective (similarly to conducting American bugseed surveys) in consultation with the Invasive Species Council of Manitoba.Measuring Success

The focus of this objective is to mainly record presences (GPS and photo) and prevent spread (for example through the removing flowering heads) until the best method of removal is determined (future management plans). Therefore success is only measured by if the extent of monitoring is met. (b) Objective: Check for presence of purple loosestrife in Libau Bog at least once per year during flowering season.Implementation

Brokenhead First Nation and Manitoba Conservation will be the stakeholders involved in undertaking this survey as they are most involved in management of this site. The bog is outside of the WMA and has limited access, so monitoring is minimal and only to find purple loosestrife before it becomes established. As with objective (a), further management should this invasive species be found must be considered in consultation with Invasive Species Council of Manitoba.Measuring Success

Success will be measured by whether or not either of these stakeholders has annually visited the bog and maintained records of their monitoring (whether purple loosestrife is found or not is irrelevant to meeting this objective). (c) Objective: Monitor trails and generally across the WMA through incidental observations from visitors.

ImplementationManitoba Conservation must be aware of potential invasive species while conducting their

activities in the WMA and when communicating with other stakeholders who use the site Manitoba Conservation must include communications about whether invasive species have been seen.

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Measuring SuccessSuccess will be measured by whether Manitoba Conservation staff on the site are able to

identify potential invasive species (Canada thistle, purple loosestrife, leafy spurge) and by whether stakeholder communications include questions regarding invasive species observations. 3.2 Sub-Goal: Prevent spread of invasive species into WMA from outside areas(a) Objective: Increase awareness with nearby landowners of invasive species in the area and how best to manage them.Implementation

Manitoba Conservation, with help and resources from Invasive Species Council Manitoba, will be responsible to send pamphlets on invasive species that may enter the WMA (Canada thistle, purple loosestrife, leafy spurge) to all landowners within the buffer area of this plan. This must only be done once, within two years of implementation of the plan. Again, stakeholder communications should include a portion regarding invasive species awareness.Measuring Success

Success will be measured by whether the pamphlets are mailed out or not to each landowner in the buffer, as well as by whether or not stakeholder communications included mention of invasive species that potentially may enter the WMA.

Goal 4: Increase Stakeholder InvolvementTo increase stakeholder engagement in Mars Hill WMA, all stakeholders will be involves in

the management of the area whenever possible. This area is designed for multiple uses and all stakeholders in the area are important. With each stakeholder having diverse ideas and opinions, to effectively manage the Mars Hill WMA, it is important to understand the opinion of stakeholders in the area.

(a) Objective: Conduct Annual Meeting’s for StakeholdersTo ensure that the diverse stakeholders of the Mars Hill WMA support our management

objectives, their involvement in this process is crucial. A major weakness of the current management of Mars Hill WMA is that stakeholder engagement in the area is extremely low. There are no annual meeting held for stakeholders in Mars Hill HMA and they have not been involved since early 2012, when some groups with interests in the area were invited to take part in the consultation process regarding trails for motorized vehicle use.Implementation

To better understand the points of view of unique stakeholders, annual meetings will be held. These meeting will ensure that stakeholders remain up to date on management of the area and it will help clarify our management plan. At these annual meetings, representatives for each primary stakeholder group will be invited; these invitees include: the RM of Brokenhead, the Brokenhead Reserve, the Broken Head ATV club, Manitoba Conservation, Local Residents, Brokenhead Trialblazers Snowmobile Club and the Mars Hill Forest Alliance.

(b) Objective: Construct focus groups for consultationFor big issues, like prohibiting certain activities or uses of the area, focus groups will be

used for consultation purposes.

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ImplementationThese focus groups will be composed of individuals or organizations directly affected by

the issues being consulted on. These groups will be smaller and more personal than the groups involved in the annual meeting for the Mars Hill WMA. By involving a smaller group, communication and cooperation will be greatly improved. Stakeholders invited to be part of these focus groups will be encouraged to express ideas and opinions, giving valuable input on often difficult decisions. This approach will help us understand the complexities of the area and act as a brainstorming session for solutions.Measuring Success

To measure our progress on stakeholder engagement in Mars Hill WMA, surveys will be distributed to stakeholders annually. These surveys will ask participants to outline how they or their organization: use the area, the frequency of this use, how important the area is to them, the importance of specific issues involving the area, satisfaction with current management and how they would like to see this management improved.

Goal 5: Implementation/Modification of trail system within the WMA5.1 Sub-Goal: Set a modified trail densityThe reduction in trail density within the WMA would assist in proper use of the recreational activities within the area and benefit biological integrity.

(a) Objective: Set a density of trails to 0.6km/km2 and eliminate dead-end trailsImplementation:

The Government of Manitoba has recently implemented the preliminary stages of a reduction in trail density to 1-1.5km/km2. It has been noted that any density higher than 0.6km/km2 has a negative effect on habitat (Manitoba Conservation, 2012). The implementation of a reduced trail density to 0.6km/km2 would include new research and organization of present trail maps to find the best use of space and length of trail in kilometers. Additionally, trail areas with dead ends within this new density will be closed and restored with native plants and vegetation suitable to the area. Funding for this project will be from the Manitoba Provincial Government. The implementation of their new trails system is still in its early stages, so some funding from that implementation can be used for this modified system.Measuring Success

After a reduction in density is completed, monitoring the growth of plant species in areas of recently dead-end trails will be used to measure the stabilization or increase in biological diversity This will be done by using the inventory of biological species and current levels of diversity within the WMA and comparing them to the changes occurring during an ongoing recording period. 5.2 Sub-Goal: Create trails specifically designated for different recreational usersOne of the major issues surrounding trail use in Mars Hill WMA is the conflict among recreational users. The solution to this dilemma is to create trails specifically designated for different types of recreational users (McMahon & Gifford, 2000).

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(a) Objective: Create a trail system for both motorized and non-motorized usesImplementation:

If trails are being used for more than one type of user, the trail must be compatible of all users. Trails compatible for their intended purpose can be accomplished by creating two types of trails: motorized and non-motorized (British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 2001) Outlined below are the recommended users for motorized and non-motorized trails (British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 2001):

Motorized uses include:● Motorbikes● ATVs (All Terrain Vehicles)● ORVs (Off Road Vehicles)● Snowmobiles

Non-motorized uses include:● Hiking, Walking, Interpretive● Horse● Bicycle● Ski

Before trail implementation occurs, the areas where trail may be implemented must be investigated and inventoried. An assessment of carrying capacity of potential trails and their limitations must be evaluated. As it is important because it allows focus on the amount of use as well as designating the amount of people able to use the trail areas (British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 2001). For example, non-motorized recreational uses would allow for a single-track trail, while wider trails will be used for motorized trails. Trails must also be placed away from sensitive areas such as the Wolverine Hills or dangerous areas such as gravel pits. Implementation of two types of trails would also aid in the equal opportunity of all types of recreational activities to exist within the WMA with safety of users as a priority. NOTE: It has been noted that the existing snowman trail in the area does not pose as a threat and is not an issue for stakeholders (Lintott 2012). Therefore, the trail will continue to exist as it presently occurs in the WMA.Measuring Success

Success will be measured in two ways:1) Stakeholder involvement: Annual surveys for main stakeholder groups who use the areas regularly. It will be important to acknowledge all groups have opportunity to use trails for their recreational activities in ways that maximize their enjoyment while more importantly ensuring minimal degradation is caused by use of trail areas within the WMA. Surveys can be completed during stakeholder meetings.

2) Similar to the measured success used in the reduction of trail density and dead-end trails, monitoring the growth of plant species in areas of two types of trails will be used to measure the stabilization or increase in biological diversity within the WMA. This will be done by using the inventory of biological species and current levels of diversity within the WMA and comparing them to the changes occurring during an ongoing recording period. Completion of this objective will contribute to Goal 1 of this management plan.

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(b) Objective: Increase signage on all types of trails and assess first-offence warnings for those not abiding by the trailImplementation:

Stakeholders interested in keeping usable trails in the area will be contacted for support in implementing other signage for trail use specific to their trail system. The appropriate stakeholder groups that will be contact are:

● Brokenhead Riders ATV Club● Brokenhead Trail Blazers Snowmobile

Club● Trails Manitoba

● Manitoba Conservation● Mars Hill Forest Alliance● Manitoba Horse Council

An increase in the signs posted throughout the WMA stating the specific use of trails will be implemented. This can be in the form of informational maps, interpretive displays (for walking trails), and general signs prohibiting the use of certain types of activities. Initially, camera surveillance will be installed to monitor trail areas to make sure designated trails are used by certain recreational users. During this time, a Natural Resources Officer will be scheduled to monitor the area sporadically. Measuring Success

After the 6 months of implementation, if some areas trail areas are found to be more susceptible to unauthorized use (as found by camera surveillance and first-offence warnings), Natural Resource Officers will monitor these areas more closely and distribute fines for unauthorized use of trails.

5.3 Sub-Goal: Maintain trail areas/previously used trail areasThis includes newly implemented trails (based on this management plan), trails still in use, and trails no longer in use.(a) Objective: Maintenance of existing trailsImplementation:Maintenance of trail areas can be completed with the assistance of local recreational users and stakeholder groups who have shown interest in doing so. Contacted user groups will be:

● Brokenhead Riders ATV Club● Brokenhead Trail Blazers Snowmobile Club● Trails Manitoba● Manitoba Conservation● Mars Hill Forest Alliance

Plants species will be planted along trail areas to reduce widening of trails. This will be completed at the same time each year.Measuring Success

Success will be measured by recording growth found along trail areas. This can be completed each year and will be adaptively maintained as needed.

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(b) Objective: Reclamation of areas no longer used as trailsImplementation:

Areas no longer used as trails will be reclaimed by planting suitable species and maintaining the area closely during the first year of growth. Reclamation can be completed with the assistance of local recreational users and stakeholder groups such who have shown interest in doing so and are previously stated in section 5.3(a).Measuring Success

Success will be measured by recording growth found in reclaimed areas. This can be completed each year and will be adaptively maintained as needed.

Goal 6: Control motorized vehicle activity in the WMAMotorised vehicle usage has increased significantly in recent years. Increased on and off

trail use has led to serious environmental damage. Furthermore there have been community concerns that ATV users are taking advantage of the trail network and because of the lack of enforcement measures; have significantly degraded off trail areas. The following suggested measures will exclude the use of ATV for hunting, trapping and gathering purposes unless stated otherwise.

(a) Objective: Regulate and reduce the number of recreational ATV users of the WMAImplementation:

Ban all forms of ATV races, rally or derbies. Establish a mandatory land use permit or a land use fee for the short term period (of 1-2 years). Like many other Canadian provinces, Manitoba should work towards establishing a permit system for all ATVs within the province. Permits would need to be renewed either yearly or seasonally. Prices for permits could be progressive according to the activity intended for the ATV. Permits should be carried at all times within the WMA; in particular the registration number should always be visible. Permits would (a) increase revenue, (b) assist with trail maintenance, (c) decrease ridership numbers and (d) keep track of who uses the trails.

A clear and concise enforcement strategy must be created. According to The Wildlife Act Natural Resource Officers (NROs) have the authority to influence the behaviours within the WMA. Enforcement efforts (physical site checks) should be then focused to the times when offences would most likely occur; for example when weather conditions are bright, sunny and dry. NROs should be allowed to issue harsh fines and penalties for the first offence and subsequently increase in severity for repeat offenders. However imprisonment should be used as a last resort, or avoided completely. Measuring Success

Monitor the number of complaints regarding the presence of ATVS within the WMA. Pay particular attention to the people that are making those complaints. If the number of distinct complaints rises then a re-assessment of the recreational use of ATVs needs to be revisited. Another consideration to take into account is to assess the changes in the number of permits issued.

(b) Objective:  Reduce and remediate visible ATV damages to trail network and visible ATV damages to off trail network

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Implementation:Permanently divert all motorized activity (All-Vehicle-Terrain and Snowmobile) away

from known ecological sensitive areas (immediately). Load these are areas onto public trail maps and provide maps of “safe” trail areas. Restrict motor vehicle access to trails and habitats that are currently threatened by ATV damage. Visibly access trail conditions and divert all motorised activity (All-Vehicle-Terrain and Snowmobile) away from damaged areas. Open up trails when conditions have been restored or rehabilitated (Manitoba Conservation 2013).

If there is significant moisture or saturation levels within the network (for example after a sustained period of rain) close the trail network to recreational ATV users (excludes hunters and trappers). Lowering the speed to; approximately 40 km/hours within the trail network and to 30km/hours for all ATVS off trail, will help lessen the impact the damages from ATVs. Speeds can be monitored and recorded with the use of LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology or radar guns. The switching to more accurate, cost effective technology should happen as soon it is financially feasible.Measuring Success

Visibly assess on and off trail conditions particularly during the drier seasons. Evaluate and compare the number of trails closed as a result of ATV damages against the number of trails opened as a result of the absent presence of ATV use. Monitor and assess the changes in the damages to the species that are found along the trial network. Damages should lessen over time.

Goal 7: Elimination of Illicit and Nuisance Activities The quality of habitat for many wildlife species in Mars Hill is degrading due to excessive human usage. Another goal of the management plan is to control and eliminate the illicit and nuisance activities occurring within Mars Hill. One of the biggest issues occurring in Mars Hill today is the fact that people are using the area for extensive target practice and leaving extreme amounts of litter and empty shell casings throughout the WMA.

Cougar, lynx, wolf and coyote all reside within the Mars Hill WMA. These animals are top predators that provide population control and food for smaller animals. Manitoba Conservation has recently expressed concern that wolves and other top predators have begun to avoid the east side of the WMA due to the excessive noise pollution by target shooting and ATV vehicles. (a) Objective: Put Up Signs Stating Target Shooting Ban

As of this management plan, target practicing will be completely banned from occurring anywhere in the Mars Hill WMA. The Provincial Government owns the unoccupied crown land in Mars Hill; therefore, a ban on target practice is achievable.Implementation : Signs will be posted throughout the WMA stating the new ban.Measuring Success The reduction in litter, leftover empty shell casings, and complaints by local residents will help us measure success of the shooting ban within the first year. We will record all of these in intervals from when the ban was posted starting from one month after, three months after, six months after, and then one year.

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(b) Objective: Post a Natural Resources Officer in the WMA 40 days per year to enforce with finesImplementation :

Legislation will be put forward to make target practice illegal in the area, and people will be harshly fined if they are caught shooting. A natural resources officer will be scheduled to monitor the area sporadically. These officers are already funded by the Manitoba Provincial Government and are allowed to assess fines to individuals conducting prohibited behavior.Measuring Success Success will be measured by comparing the amount of fines assessed in the first month of applying this law, to the amount of fines assessed three months after, six months after, and a year after.

7.1 Sub-Goal: Stricter fines and enforcement for illegal dumping(a) Objective: Increase signage stating the illegal activityImplementation:

Before implementation, volunteers will clear the WMA area of litter. This should be done until all litter is cleared. Volunteers from the local area, various interested environmental groups and green teams will be contacted for assistance. An increase in the signs posted throughout the WMA stating the ban will be implemented. Signage along the highway will be especially important to ensure dumping does not occur on the side of the road where vehicles can easily dump unwanted litter without driving into the WMA. Measuring Success

Once cleared of litter, the area will be recorded for the amount of litter and complaints from local residents found in intervals similar to the above stated target-shooting ban (one month after, three months after, six months after, and then one year). Goal 8: Improve management of authorized activities and encourage sustainable uses8.1 Sub-Goal: Improve current management of woodcutting.Firewood collection occurs (in the south end of the WMA) on a local and small scale within the WMA. (a) Objective: Assess the current woodcutting regulations and consider changing them, in consultation with local landowners involved in woodcutting activities.(b) Objective: Assess the quality of current signage and replace or add new signs as needed to clarify regulations and locations of designated areas.Implementation

Both of the above objectives will be undertaken by Manitoba Conservation and should be met within three years of implementation of this report. Communications with local landowners involved in woodcutting is key to determining the directions needed in this area.Measuring Success

The purpose of this objective is simply to assess regulations and the need for signage. Therefore success will be determined by whether or not woodcutting stakeholders were communicated with and whether MB Conservation and stakeholders together have taken part in making a decision regarding next steps in terms of regulation and signage.

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8.2 Sub-Goal: Create a web page(a) Objective: Create a web page for the WMA to encourage sustainable uses and include accessible information regarding regulations and other information.This objective will help to make the public and stakeholders aware of the multiple uses the WMA sustains and regulations regarding uses. Some other areas such as ecological reserves in Manitoba already have web-pages established.Implementation

Manitoba Conservation will be responsible to create a web page accessible under their current WMA web pages. It should include the information outlined above, such as a link to the current FAQ regarding new changes in trail regulations. This web page should be publicly accessible within one year of the implementation of this plan.

Measuring SuccessThe objective will be met simply by whether a web page is up and running within one year.

Future management plans may strive to improve and add to the web-page (such as updates on research conducted in the area and changes in regulations).

3.2 Funding Options

Goal 1: Increase knowledge of biodiversity present in the WMA.Goal 1 can be funded with little to no funding required. Other management efforts can be

coordinated through local volunteerism efforts, nature hobby groups and with the assistance of the Mars Hill Forest Alliance. Traditional area knowledge is collected and recorded through Brokenhead First Nation oral socio-cultural traditions.

Goal 2: Protect species at risk by improving habitat quality and decreasing threatsVolunteers from; schools; universities, museums, nature organizations, key stakeholders

and members of the Mars Hill Forest Alliance could assist with habitat cleanup. For additional funding, there are many grants to apply for, that will assist in funding the cleanup efforts of the Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area. The grants that are available are:

1) From the Government of Manitoba:a. Manitoba Sustainability Initiatives Fundb. Sustainable Development Innovations Fund, specifically the Waste Reduction

and Pollution Prevention (WRAPP) Fund,2) From the Government of Canada:

a. Environment Canada – The Green Sourceb. EcoAction Community Funding Program

3) From Non-Government Organizations:a. Manitoba Hydro Forest Enhancement Programb. Friends of the Environment Community Fundc. Green Municipal Fundd. Shell Environmental Funde. Manitoba Eco-Networkf. Canadian Environmental Grantmakers’ Networkg. Manitoba Community Services Council

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Goal 3: Monitor for invasive species and prevent their spread into the WMAPartnerships between Mars Hill Forest Alliance, Manitoba Conservation and the Brokenhead First Nations could support with continuous site assessment, data collection, and monitoring and general inventory records. Manitoba Conservation could inform and engage with the public about the dangers invasive species present to local environments. These informational sessions could be conducted as part of existing educational and informational programs.

Goal 4: Increase stakeholder involvementTo fund consultation and engagement meetings, local residents and other stakeholder

groups, specifically Manitoba Conservation and the RM of Brokenhead, will be asked for small donations to help cover expenses. Residents of the local community, or a community-minded person could donate office space, equipment and potentially even staff to assist with the meeting. Meetings could be held at community centers in nearby communities. These spaces could be rented at a more cost effective price.

Goal 5: Implementation/Modification of trail system within the WMAFunding or resources from Mars Hill Forest Alliance and volunteers could assist with

identifying trail density issues or dead-end trails; monitor the growth of plant species and assist with the collection and inventory of residing species.

Natural Resource Officers (NROs) are already funded by the Manitoba Provincial Government. These officers have the authority to issue warnings, fines and penalties. Furthermore provincial government could assist by drafting legislation that outlines heavy fines and penalties for the unauthorized uses of the trails.

Goal 6: Control motorized vehicle activity in the WMAThe permit system; in the interim and long term, generates necessary funds needed to

implement many of the strategies listed in this plan. Fines also provide another revenue opportunity. An initial investment would be needed to cover the costs of buying tracking equipment (LIDAR speed gun/RADAR). These costs could be covered either by the provincial government (Manitoba Conservation) or from donations from grassroots fundraising efforts. Equipment donations could also be used begin the initial issuing and collection of fines and penalties.

Goal 7: Elimination of illicit and nuisance activitiesFunding is already provided by the Manitoba Provincial Government. Further funds can be

generated through the issuing of fines to individuals conducting prohibited behavior. Additional efforts; such as labour needed to post signs could easily be done by Manitoba Conservation employees and Natural Resource Officers.

Goal 8: Improve management of authorized activities and encourage sustainable usesManitoba Conservation can help with public and stakeholder awareness. Either by directly

engaging with the public and stakeholders or hosting a website that encourages the sustainable uses of the resources available within the WMA. This website could provide the necessary and accessible information regarding regulations or activities.

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AppendixA: Map of the Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area with delineated

boundaries, borders and buffer zones.

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B. Plant and Mammal Species that are found within the WMA

Approximate relative areas of community types found in the Mars Hill WMA

A list of native mammal species (unless indicated otherwise) found within the WMA all year round.

American badgerHouse mouse (Introduced)

Masked shrew American red squirrel

American black bear Muskrat Pygmy shrew Masked Shrew

American mink Meadow vole Arctic shrew Eastern chipmunk

Big brown bat Deer mouse Water shrewThirteen-lined ground

squirrel

Hoary bat Northern bog lemmingMeadow jumping

mouseCanadian Lynx

Least weasel Prairie voleNorthern short tailed

shrewLeast chipmunk

Little brown myotisNorthern flying

squirrelNorth American

porcupineEastern gray squirrel

Myotis septentrionalis GroundhogNorth American

BeaverMeadow jumping

mouse

RacoonSouthern red-backed

voleSnowshoe hare Northern River Otter

Siver-haired bat Eastern heather vole Bobcat Eastern gray squirrel

Star nosed mole Coyote Grey Wolf Red fox

Pekan Pygmy shrew Short-tailed weasel Striped skunk

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