marriage of graphene and cellulose for reinforced ......xps analysis 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0...
TRANSCRIPT
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Marriage of Graphene and Cellulose for Reinforced
Composite Preparation
Zaiton Abdul Majid, Wan Hazman Danial and Mohd Bakri Bakar
Graphene Malaysia 2016
8- 9th Nov 2016
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Graphene
Fundamental
Research
Advanced
Applications
Graphene
Synthesis
Graphene
Characterization
Composites
Nanoelectronics
Solar cells Fuel cells
Conductive film
Sensor
Unique properties
Reinforcing material
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Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Graphene
Synthesis
Scotch Tape
Chemical Treatment
NanotubeSplitting
Electrochemical exfoliation
Solid-state Carbon Source Deposition
Organic synthesis
Most common
1) Top-down 2) Bottom-up
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Electrochemical Synthesis
Required the usage of graphite rods
and ionic liquids (electrolyte)
Two-electrode cell system
Surfactant (SDS)
Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate, CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na Effective dispersing agent for carbon-nanomaterialCommon surfactant Commercially available
Stable graphene
suspension
Electrochemical expansion of graphite in propylene
carbonate electrolyte (Loh K. P., et al., 2011)
Electrolytic exfoliation using PSS as an electrolyte (Wang,
G., et al., 2009)Surfactant-assisted
electrochemical process using three-electrode cell system (Alanyalıoğlu, M., et al., 2012)
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Electrochemical synthesis of Graphene
High purity graphite rods
Anode (positively charge electrode)
Cathode
SDS (0.1 M, 0.01 M)
Electrode ElectrolyteConstant voltage)
Milli-Q ultra pure water
Galvanostat
EXPERIMENTAL
W. H. Danial et. al, AIP Conf. Proc,
1669, 020020(2015)
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Electrochemical Synthesis of Graphene
An extremely stable graphenesuspension was obtained
Involve intercalation and exfoliation effect
Electric current was used as the oxidizing & reducing agent
Graphite
+
Electro-oxidation– e-
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SDS
DS-intercalated graphitePositively-charged
graphite
Negatively-charged
head
+
H2
- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
Electro-reduction+ e-
Graphene-SDS suspension
Negatively-charged
graphite
At the anode: Cx + DS- + H2O ↔ (Cx+DS-)H2O +
e-
At the cathode: H+ + 2e- → H2 (g)
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ea b ca b c d e
d
(a) 5 V (b) 6 V (c) 7 V (d) 8 V (e) 9 V
Electrochemical Exfoliation increase
Graphite-SDS Graphene-SDS
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TEM Images
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Raman Analysis
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Raman shift (cm-1)
Inte
nsi
ty (
a.u
.)
D
G
2D
(a) Graphite rod
(b) GSDS
D band: 1350 cm-1
G band: 1590 cm-1
2D band: 2700 cm-1
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Graphene
supermarket:
graphene
nanopowder: grade
C1
Graphene Nanoplatelets: ACS
material products
Commercialized graphene
Graphene Nanoplatelets:
Knano
Electrochemical synthesized graphene platelets
SEM Images
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Crystalline region
Amorphous
region
Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNCs)
Highly ordered (crystalline) structure of cellulose Rod-like (l ~ 50 – 500 nm, ø ~ 3 – 5 nm, Moon et al. (2011))High aspect ratio
Cellulose
CNCsBiomedical
Environment
Water decontamination
Gel nanomaterials
Aerogel
Electronics
Polymer electrolyte
Drug delivery
Membranes
Permselective nanostructuredmembrane
Foodagriculture
adsorbents
Emulsion nano-stabilizer
Food packaging
Polymer
Reinforcing material
Composite
Template for synthesis of inorganic
nanoparticles
CNCs
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Types of cellulose
fibres
Wood and Plant Fibres
Microcrystalline cellulose
Microfibrillated cellulose
Cellulose nanocrystals
Nanofibrillated cellulose
Moon et al., (2011)
Bacterial cellulose
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Source materialsCotton
Tunicate
Bacterial
Ramie
Sisal
MengkuangLeaves
wastepaper
Cellulose materials
e.g: Cellulose nanocrystals
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Waste material
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Pre-treatment of source material
Alkali & Bleaching treatments
Controlled-condition of acid hydrolysis
Wastepaper
W. H. Danial et. al, Carbohydrate
Polymers, 118, 165 (2015)
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ATR-FTIR
Wastepaper
Treated
Cellulose
W. H. Danial et. al, Carbohydrate
Polymers, 118, 165 (2015)
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XRD Analysis
W. H. Danial et. al., Carbohydrate
Polymers, 118, 165 (2015)
Segal’s method (Segal
et al., 1959)
CrI = (I22.7 – I18/I22.7) x
100%
75.9 % CNCs (Pineapple leaf): 73.6
% Cherian et al., (2010)
CNCs (mengkuang leaves): 65.9
% (Sheltami et al., (2012)
CNCs (Avicel): 81.0 % (Filson &
Andoh et al., (2012)
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TEM ImagesIsolation of CNCs
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300
Freq
uen
cy
(%
)
Range of l (nm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2.5 - 3.5 3.5 - 4.5 4.5 - 5.5 5.5 - 6.5 6.5 - 7.5 7.5 - 8.5 8.5 - 9.5 9.5 - 10.5
Freq
uen
cy
(%
)
Range of d (nm)
Diameter
Length
Aspect ratio
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80
Fre
qu
ency
(%
)
Range of l/d
Source Material Length (nm) Diameter (nm)
Uddin et al. (2011) Cotton 100 – 150 10 – 15
Angles and Dufresne, (2008) Tunicate 500 – 1000 10
Roman & Winter (2004) Bacterial 100 – 1000 5 - 10
Peresin et al. (2010) Ramie 100 – 250 3 – 10
Rodriguez et al. (2006) Sisal 100 – 500 3 – 5
Sheltami et al. (2012) Mengkuang Leaves 200 10 – 20
Beck-Candanedo et al., (2005) Wood pulps 100 – 150 4 – 5
Danial et al. (2015) Wastepaper 100 – 300 3 – 10
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Key factor for composite preparation
Stable and homogenous graphene dispersion in a solvent
(graphene solubilization) insurmountable challenge in
graphene composite processing
“It is impossible to directly disperse hydrophobic graphite
or graphene sheets in water without the assistance of surfactant
or dispersing agents”
In order to achieve the solubility of graphene, the alteration of the
graphene backbone is required through chemical modification
(Park et al., 2008, 2009), covalent (Stankovich et al., 2006c; Strom
et al., 2010) or non-covalent (Stankovich et al., 2006b; Qi et al.,
2010) functionalization
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To achieve graphene dispersibility
Graphene oxide
Reduced graphene oxide
Ultrasonication
(short –time
metastable
suspension)
Surfactant assisted
electrochemical
exfoliation (extremely
stable suspension)
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XPS Analysis
020040060080010001200
020040060080010001200
O1s
C1s
C1s
O1s
Na1s
S2p
Na KLL
276280284288292296
276280284288292
Cellulose
Graphene-Cellulose
C-C
C-O
O-C-O
O-C-O
C-O
C-C
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Graphene-Cellulose fibrillated structure
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The marriage chemistry of graphene & cellulose
Graphene
Cellulose
Hydrophobic
Amphiphilic
“Lindman effect”
Hydrophobic
interactions
Lindman et al, J Molecular
Liquids, 156, 76 (2010)
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Visual molecular dynamics
Graphene + hydrophilic
side of cellulose
Graphene + hydrophobic
side of cellulose
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The electrochemical preparation of graphene using two-electrode
cell system can be achieved
The reuse of wastepaper for the extraction of cellulose material
Green approach of the production of nano-material from the
waste substance
Can be scaled-up, high availability and low-cost precursor
Graphene and cellulose material both known to be interesting
reinforcing material with exceptional reinforce capability for
composite (e.g: polymer) preparation.
Reinforcing
ability
Graphene
Cellulose
nanomaterialGraphene-cellulose
Polymer film
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60°
0.221nm 0.199 nm
30°A
rmch
air
Zigzag
HRTEM Images
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Small width surface of relatively transparent graphene layer
Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)
He et al., Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 74, 418 (2015)
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Raman Analysis
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Raman shift (cm-1)
Inte
nsi
ty (
a.u
.)
D
G
2D
(a) Graphite rod
(b) GSDS
D band: 1350 cm-1
G band: 1590 cm-1
2D band: 2700 cm-1
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Reinforcing capability in polymer composite application
Reinforcing ability
Graphene
CNCs
Graphene-CNCs
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Graphene-CNCs
Aerogel
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MOHE , Fundamental research Grant
Scheme (FRGS) (Vot No: 4F234)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
National Nanotechnology Directorate
(NND), MOSTI
Acknowledgement
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Thank You for your
attention!