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Marketing of Elephant foot yam-An upcoming commercial crop in India
T.Srinivas, M.Nedunchezhiyan and R.S.Misra
Central Tuber Crops Research Institute Thiruvananthapuram 695 017
Kerala India
Introduction
Commonly known as "Suran" or "Jimmikand". Traditionally cultivated on commercial scale in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Kerala statesSlowly spreading to other States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and so on. Tubers have both nutritional and medicinal value.
Introduction
In northern and eastern states, local cultivars are grown.The most popular variety for commercial cultivation in India is “Gajendra”.Generally used as vegetable and for making pickles and indigenous ayurvedic preparations for various ailments.Highest income earner to the cultivator irrespective of the production system and temporal variations.
Statistics
20.85667,32332,012Total41.678,250198Jharkhand41.1414,400350Gujarat43.8317,883408Bihar25.0020,175807Tamil Nadu9.668,675898Chattisgarh
18.0054,0003,000Other states29.32100,8293,439Andhra Pradesh25.00279,55011,182Kerala13.94163,56011,730West Bengal
Yield (t ha-1)
Production (Mt)
Area (ha)
State
Source: Unpublished statistics from Department of Agriculture/Horticulture of various states, 2008-09
Objectives
To understand the role of various functionaries involved in the market. To identify channels of marketing.To estimate price spread in different channels of marketing. To identify the constraints in the marketing elephant foot yam, and To generate information on the end uses of tubersin different parts of the country.
Methodology
Identified production centres of the crop through different surveys conducted earlier.
A rapid appraisal of production centres of elephant foot yam was made to locate the important marketingplaces in the country.
Detailed survey of identified market places was made to identify market channels and to estimate price spread in each identified channel.
Methodology
Detailed market survey for elephant foot yam was made in
Andhra Pradesh -Krishna, Guntur, East and West GodavariKerala -Ernakulam and WayanadWest Bengal -24 Parganas and Nadia Bihar -Samstipur, Muzaffarpur and Vaishali, and Tamil Nadu -TirunelveliNew Delhi -Azadpur market
Interviewed the farmers, wholesalers, middlemen/ commission agents, retailers and consumers using structured interview schedule.
Results
Difference in planting time and staggered harvesting of the crop in different months and in different places enabled traders to supply throughout the year.Village agents, commission agents, wholesalers, semi-wholesalers, retailers and consumers are the different market functionaries involved. No organised marketing of elephant foot yam tubers in practice.Marketing is dominated by commission agents. Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and New Delhi are the main marketing and distributing centres for elephant foot yam.
Results
Grading of tubers is done by the commission agent/ trader at farm level itself according to size, marketing place and quality (infested or not) of tubers.Storage of Elephant Foot Yam tubers from February –March for two to three months in anticipation of highprice in the period of June-July is practiced.Traders in Bihar are practicing hedging to minimize the effects of price fluctuations.
Production and marketing centers of elephant foot yam
Bihar and West Bengal
Samastipur, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali and Begusarai
Bihar
KeralaTamil Nadu
Ernakulam- ManyaliWayanad- PulpallyMalappuram- Perinthalmanna
Kerala
Uttar PradeshJaunpurUttar Pradesh
GujaratNew Delhi
Surat- ChikkiAhmedabad- Billimora
Gujarat
West BengalNorth Eastern states
24 ParaganasNadia
West Bengal
Tamil NaduTirunelveliErode
Tamil Nadu
OrissaWest BengalTamil NaduMaharashtra
East GodavariWest Godavari Krishna Guntur
Andhra PradeshMarketing CentersProduction CentresState
Production and Marketing Seasons of Elephant Foot Yam
West Bengal and North Eastern states
October-NovemberJanuary-March(24 Paraganas & Nadia)
West Bengal
West BengalNovember-DecemberMarch-April(Samastipur, Muzaffarpur)
Bihar
H.P, Punjab & New Delhi
February - MarchJune-July(Surat, Ahmedabad)
GujaratTamil NaduJanuaryJune -JulyTamil Nadu
Kerala and Tamil Nadu
June
November-December
1.November-December (Manyali & Perinthalamanna)2.April-May (Wayanad)
Kerala
West Bengal, Orissa, Tamil Nadu
December-March
June-July
1. June –July(Krishna & Gunturdistricts)2. November-December(East & West Godavari districts)
Andhra Pradesh
Marketing centerHarvesting seasonPlanting SeasonState
Market preference for Elephant Foot Yam tuber size
Tamil Nadu2 kg
Kerala6 - 7 kg
West Bengal5 - 6 kg
Andhra Pradesh2 - 4 kg
Tamil Nadu & Mumbai2 - 3 kg
Hyderabad market, Mumbai1.5 - 2 kg
Market PlacesSize/Weight
Market Channels for elephant foot yam in India
Village Trader/ Commission agent
Primary Wholesaler
Secondary Wholesaler
Farmer Retailer
ConsumerCommission agents in other states
Exports
Market channels for elephant foot yam
Channel 1: Producer-ConsumerChannel 2: Producer-Village Agent-ConsumerChannel 3: Producer-Commission agent –Primary wholesaler-
Secondary wholesaler-Retailer-ConsumerChannel 4: Producer-Commission agent in A.P-Commission
agent in Other states-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer
Channel 5: Producer-Commission agent-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer
Price Spread in Elephant Foot Yam Marketing in India
50.0030.0031.5860.0084.00Producer's share in consumer's rupee (%)
9.007.006.502.000.80Price spread (Rs/kg)
18.0010.009.505.005.00
Consumer's price (Rs/kg)
4.723.293.421.200
Marketing margin (Rs/kg)
4.243.713.090.800.80Marketing cost (Rs/kg)
9.003.003.003.004.20Producer's price (Rs/kg)
Channel5
Channel 4
Channel 3
Channel 2
Channel 1
Price Spread, marketing costs and margins in marketing of elephant foot yam in india (Rs/kg)
02468
101214161820
Chann
el 1
Chann
el 2
Chann
el 3
Chann
el 4
Chann
el 5
Market Channel
Rup
ees
Producer's price (Rs/kg)
Marketing cost (Rs/kg)
Marketing margin(Rs/kg)Consumer's price(Rs/kg)Price spread (Rs/kg)
Producer's share in consumer's rupee in different market channels of elephant foot yam marketing
in India
0
20
40
60
80
100
Channel1
Channel2
Channel3
Channel4
Channel5
Market channels
Per
cen
tag
e
Producer's share inconsumer's rupee
Monocrop in low landsInter crop in Black Pepper
Orchards
Pulpally EFYPlanting –April-May
Harvesting- October-November
Local Commission agent in Pulpally
Wholesaler in Angamaly market
(November-December Planting)
Wholesaler in Perinthalamanna market
(January-February planting)
Local Commission agent in Manyali
Local Commission agent
Wholesaler(Thrissur, Palakkad)
Wholesaler(Coimbatore)
Retailer
Consumer
Market channel for Elephant Foot Yam in Kerala
Price spread in elephant foot yam marketing in Kerala
12Purchase price of wholesaler /Sale price of commission agent
1.76Commission charges of commission agent1.2Marketing cost of commission agent
0.06Unloading charges0.03Market cess0.75Transport charges0.07Loading charges0.96Agent Commission (8%) from wholesaler0.8Agent Commission (8%) from farmer
0.25Deductions0.04Weighing Charges
9Farm harvest price (Rs. per kg)
Price spread in elephant foot yam marketing in Kerala
4.72Total Marketing Margin4.24Total Marketing Cost
9Price Spread50.00Producers share in consumer 's Rupee
18Sale price of retailer/Consumer price2.96Marketing margin of retailer1.04Marketing cost of retailer0.7Weight loss
0.07Loading charges0.2Transport charges
0.07Rent for shop14Sale price of wholesaler/Purchase price of Retailer
1.76Marketing margin of wholesaler0.24Marketing cost of wholesaler0.05Transport to local market0.07Rent for shop0.07Loading charges0.05Weighing charges
Problems in marketing of elephant foot yam
Glut in the market during harvest season. Farm harvest price decreases and farmer will get less income.
Tubers cannot be stored for long in Kerala due to immature harvest and in West Bengal due to peeling of outer skin while harvesting.
Labour availability during harvest season is a problem.
No value addition to the tubers.
Commission agent exploitation is high.
Farmers depend mostly on commission agents for procuring seed material as well as for selling the harvested produce.
Elephant Foot yam cultivation in Manyali, Ernakulam dt. In Kerala
Elephant Foot yam cultivation in Black Pepper orchards in Wayanad district in Kerala
Storage of Elephant Foot Yam tubers for seed purpose
in Wayanad dt.
Elephant Foot yam tubers yet to be harvested
Elephant Foot Yam tuber stored for seed purpose
Farmers selling the Elephant Foot Yam tubers directly in
the Rajamundry (AP) market
Elephant Foot Yam tubers collected by the
commission agent
Elephant Foot Yam tubers packed in gunny bags and
ready for sale
Taro+Yam cultivation in Andhra Pradesh
Elephant Foot Yam, Bombay Yam cultivation in
Banana orchard
Bombay Yam cultivation in Banana
orchard
Harvesting Elephant Foot Yam in Krishna dt. Of AP
Growing Black gram in the Elephant Foot Yam
field
Packed Elephant Foot Yam tubers for sale at Vijayawada
market
Elephant Foot Yam from Gujarat sold in Azadpur
market, New Delhi
Weighed produce for delivery
Weighing Elephant Foot
Yam tubers
Packed Elephant Foot Yam tubers ready for
sale
Farmer himself selling in weekly markets
Weighing elephant foot yam tubers
Farmer bringing the harvested tubers to weekly market
WEST
BENGAL
Elephant Foot Yam tubers Packed in bamboo baskets
Value addition in elephant foot yam
Vermicelli produced from elephant foot yam