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This booklet was commissioned by the Ministry of Mines and Energy through the Namibia RenewableEnergy Project (NAMREP). NAMREP is financially supported by UNDP Namibia through the Global

Environment Facility (GEF).Conceptualised and designed by Consultancy Services Africa in partnership with Robert W Schultz.

S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y S u p p l y i n y o u rS u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y S u p p l y i n y o u ru s t a i n a b l e n e r g y S u p p l y i n y o u r

H a n d sH a n d sa n d s

February 2006


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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY IN YOUR HANDS

Namibia is highly dependent on imported energy from fossil energy sources. This jeopardizesthe vision of Sustainable Energy Supply. The purpose of this booklet is to promote SustainableEnergy Supply for Namibia, using Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, in combinationwith current energy sources. This booklet explains the most common Solar Energytechnologies.

Energy : ability to act and work with strength and eagerness (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary).Energy is recognised through light, warmth and movement

Renewable Energy : Renewable Energy is from an energy resource that is replaced rapidly by a naturalprocess such as power generated from the Sun, from wind or from biological materials.

Energy Efficiency : Energy Efficiency describes technologies and consumption habits that conserve energyand minimise wastage.

Wind Energy : Namibia has very favourable windconditions along the coast with wind spreads of up to 10 m per second. This makes Namibiascoastline very suitable for large-scale wind energyproduction. Namibia has about 30,000 wind waterpumps installed, the second highest in Africa.

Solar Energy : Namibia has about 3,300 sunshinehours per year, at an intensity of approximately 6kWh per m 2. The light intensity is sufficient tolight 100 x 60 Watt light bulbs on a m 2. This makesNamibia one of the sunniest places in the world.Solar Energy technologies are suitable for large-

scale centralised power generation and for smallerdecentralised household electrification.

Water Energy : Water Energy can be derived fromflowing rivers (hydro energy) and the ocean (tidaland wave energy). Only small scale hydro energyis regarded renewable, because of the severenegative environmental impacts that large-scalehydro power stations have. Namibias hydro powerpotential is concentrated at the rivers along itsborders. As such any development requires consentfrom neighbouring countries.Tidal and wave energy technologies are not quitemarket-ready yet. Namibia does however have an

enormous potential energy supply along its Atlanticcoast.

Fossil Energy : Fossil Energy comprises oil, gas,coal and to an extent uranium (for nuclear energy).They required millions of years to form and theirsupply is finite. In addition, the burning of fossilfuels has resulted in global temperature increasesand climate change. About 50% of Namibiaselectricity is from South African coal powerstations. The Kudu gas fields off Oranjemund will,

once exploitation has commenced, only havesufficient reserves for about 20 years.

Biomass Energy : Biomass Energy throughfirewood is widely used in Namibia and, if sustainably used, could be a stable energy source.Bush encroachment affects about 12 millionhectares in Namibias prime agricultural lands andcauses losses of over N$ 100 million per annumto the national economy. However, invader bushalso has a sustainable energy storage of 25,000

GigaWh per annum. Namibias total annualelectricity consumption is only about 2,000GigaWh.

Energy Efficiency : Energy Efficiencytechnologies like compact fluorescent lights andsolar water heaters can reduce average householdenergy expenditure by as much as 80%. In low-income to medium-income urban households, thiscan result in a total monthly electricity expenditureof less than N$ 70. Collectively, Namibianhouseholds can save over N$ 120 million perannum.

R EN EW A BLE EN ERG Y


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S O LA R HO M E SYSTEMA Solar Home System (SHS) provides basic electricity services to households. A 50 W SHS canprovide sufficient electricity to operate 4 light for 3 hours daily, with radio, while a 500 W SHScan operate lights, refrigeration, television, computer and most low energy appliances and powertools.

Hybrid Mini GridsIn semi-dense villages, where houses are near to each other, a Solar Diesel Hybrid Mini Grid is a cost effective electrificationoption. Rather than individual SHS, the PV panels are combined into one large array. All batteries are stored together in a batteryroom, from where electricity is converted to AC by a large inverter and then travels via conventional power lines to the differenthouses. A Diesel generator is also installed, which charges the batteries only when insufficient solar energy is available. Such aHybrid Mini Grid was installed at the Desert Research Centre, Gobabeb.

Gobabeb 26 kWp PV Power Station

The PV panels are connected to the SOLAR BATTERIES via a REGULATOR . The regulator protectsthe batteries from over charging. Solar batteries are specially designed for trickle charging and a greaterdepth of discharge. They are often sealed and maintenance free. Car batteries are not suitable. TheELECTRIC CABLE used to connect the PV panels to the regulator and batteries must be as short aspossible and sufficiently thick.

Depending on the amount of PV panels installed, a SHS is either operated on Direct Current (DC) orAlternating Current (AC). For a DC system a POWER GAUGE indicates the charge of the batteriesand allows DC appliances to be connected to the system. For an AC system, an INVERTER performsthis function. The inverter is optimally sized for the system and changes DC electricity to AC.

A solar panel , also called Photo-voltaic (PV) Panel , turns sunlight into Direct Current(DC) electricity. Electricity produced by a PV panel is measured in WATT (W). PVpanels come in different sizes and the more PV panels are connected together, themore electricity is produced, e.g. two 50W PV panels give you 100W of DCelectricity.

A whole range of conventional APPLIANCES can be operated on an AC system. Careshould however be taken that the appliances are as energy efficient as possible and that noheating appliances are used. A SHS is not suitable for: stoves, irons, kettles, geysers, toastersor badly insulated refrigerators or freezers .

Power Gauge forDC 12 Volt

ORInverter for AC

220 Volt


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S O LA R W A TER HEA TERSolar Water Heaters (SWH) are very efficient in utilising Solar Energy for water heating. It isestimated that there are about 80,000 electric domestic geysers in Namibia, which could all bereplaced with SWHs. They are an extremely durable technology and many SWH come with a 10Year warranty. A SWH can reduce a households electricity expenditure by up to 50%.

An INDIRECT or DUAL CIRCUIT Solar Water Heater transfersthe heat collected from the sun to your house water. This heatexchange happens in the WATER STORAGE TANK . The waterstorage tank is always situated above the SOLAR COLLECTOR .The solar collector is black, for heat absorption, and contains rowsof connected copper pipes through which water flows. Hot water

from the solar collector rises up to the water storage tank, whereit transfers its heat to the household water. This causes the solarcollector water to loose heat, cool and sink back to the collectorto be heated up again. The water in the solar collector continuouslycirculates and does not mix with the household water. This closedcircuit is ideal for areas with high lime content in the water andavoids lime deposits in the copper pipes, which would ultimatelyresult in clogging.

A DIRECT or SINGLE CIRCUIT Solar Water Heater directlyheats up the household water. Water from the household entersthe SOLAR COLLECTOR , where it is heated up. This hot waterthen exits the solar collector and is used in the house. The DirectSWH also uses a WATER STORAGE TANK , which is mountedabove the solar collector. Some Direct SWH can use the existingelectrical geyser as a water storage tank. If the electrical geyser isinstalled inside the roof, below the solar collector, a smallcirculation pump is required that would bring hot water down tothe geyser and cold water up to the geyser.

The cost of a SWH compared to an electrical geyser for a household over 20 years andhow long it takes for a SWH to recover its initial investment through electricity savings indifferent towns in Namibia (Pre-payment August 2005).

Gobabis N$ 18,337 N$ 54,203 3.5 years

Keetmanshoop N$ 18,456 N$ 41,313 5 years

Oshakati N$ 18,549 N$ 43,676 4.7 years

Swakopmund N$ 18,364 N$ 47,976 4.1 years

Windhoek N$ 18,312 N$ 41,217 4.9 years

TownLife Cycle Cost over 20 years

Break Even Point

Solar Water Heater Electrical Geyser

A 200 litre SWH in Windhoek


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S O LA R C O O KERSolar Cookers replace the use of firewood, electricity, gas and other fuels for cooking. Cooking foodtakes longer, but the energy source is free and the technology requires virtually no maintenance.Solar cookers cater for households and larger version also for industry.

The SOLAR BOX COOKER traps heat from the Sun. Heat enters throughglass panes, is trapped and then transferred to a BLACK POT inside thebox cooker. Over a period of 1 to 3 hours, depending on the food, food isslowly cooked. The solar box cooker has several features that allow it tooperate:Insulation : the box cooker, bottom and sides are well insulated, preventingheat from escaping

Double glass layer : At the top, a double glass layer with a small gap betweenallows heat to enter, but prevents heat from escapingBlack lining : the inner lining of the box cooker is painted mal black, whichabsorbs heat most efficiently and minimises reflection This makes the solarbox cooker a similar technology as Solar Water Heaters. As is the case withall solar cooking technologies, the solar box cooker must be positioned facingthe Sun and only black pots should be used. A typical solar box cooker reachestemperatures of about 90 C. During the course of one day 2 meals can beprepared. Solar box cookers are best used at: construction sites, kindergartens,small hostels and offices

The SOLAR PARABOLIC COOKER is shaped like a satellite dish andmade from highly reflective METAL FINS or mirror. The parabolic cooker

focuses solar heat onto a small area called the FOCAL POINT . This focalpoint is situated above the centre of the parabolic dish and it is here where aBLACK POT is placed.

Solar parabolic cookers produce very high heat, very fast. Depending on thefood, food requires about 1 2 hours for cooking. The high heat does requirefrequent stirring in order to avoid burning. The temperature of a solar paraboliccooker depends on the size of the parabolic dish. The larger it is the moreheat can be focussed.Parabolic cookers cannot be left unattended, since thefocal point shifts as the Sun moves. The parabolic cooker needs to be shiftedslightly every 20 to 30 minutes.The solar parabolic cooker reachestemperatures of over 100 C. During the course of one day, 3 meals can beprepared. Solar parabolic cookers are best used: for sterilising medicalequipment, laundries, fast cooking

SOLAR BOX COOKER SOLAR PARABOLIC

Does not require frequent tracking of the Sun, because it traps solar heat Required regular tracking

Can be positioned and left unattended while cooking takes place Cannot be left unattended for longer than 30 minutes

Cooking is not affected by occasional shading, because heat remains inside the cooker Shading immediately switches off the parabolic cooker

Food does not require stirring since it cannot burn, it can only be over-cooked Food requires stirring

The slow cooking process ensures that nutritional values in food are not lost High heat may destroy some nutrients

Is easily manufactured from low-cost materials Needs to be precisely manufactured

Cannot easily boil water Can easily boil water

Slow cooking Faster cooking


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E N ERG Y EFFIC IEN C YEnergy Efficiency (EE) Technologies greatly reduce the energy consumption of households. Thereis a simple step-by-step way of introducing and benefiting from energy efficiency in low to medium-income households or households that consume less than 600 kWh per month.

1Conversion to Pre-Payment Meter

Credit Meters (where you receive a monthly bill from the municipality) havea lower charge per kWh (this is called tariff), but they carry a monthly basicN$ charge. The basic charge depends on the size of the connection (measuredin Ampere) and means that if you have not used any electricity, you still need

to pay. Apply for a Pre-payment Meter at your municipality. Every kWh youcan save now, directly reduces your electricity expenses, while in additionyou are saving the monthly basic charge.

2Conversion to Energy Saving Lights

Ordinary light bulbs waste a lot of electricity. Only 5% of the electricity isconverted to light, while the rest is lost through heat. Energy Saving Lights(also called Compact Fluorescent Lights - CFL) are much more efficient. A15-Watt CFL provides the same light as a 75-Watt light bulb and last 6 times

longer (2 to 3 years). Your investment will have paid for itself within 2 to 3months and you will save money every month for the next 30 months!

Case Study Windhoek

1. Initial monthly electricity con-sumption: 421 kWh

2. Consumption after installationof Energy Saving Lights: 208kWh

3. Consumption after installationof Solar Water Heater: 107kWh

Monthly saving:Basic charge: N$ 125

Electricity: N$ 200TOTAL: N$ 325

Solar Water Heater

Pre-Payment Meter

Energy Saving Lights

3Conversion to Solar Water Heating

Water heating, using electricity, accounts for about 50% of householdenergy expense. Namibia has over 80,000 electric household geysers,which collectively consume about N$ 100 million worth of electricityevery year. Solar Water Heaters can effectively replace all these electricgeysers. This would furthermore reduce Namibias national electricityconsumption by over 10%.


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ConServ cc

PO Box 6422, Windhoek

Tel: 061 236336

Fax: 061 256726

SWH, SHS, PVP

Solar Age Namibia


Tel: 061 215809

Fax: 061 215793

SHS, PVP

TERRASOL


Tel 061 239454

Fax: 061 239454

PVP, SWH

Prescott Tjamburo

PO.Box 8987, Windhoek

Tel: 0811287168

Solar Technician

Peter Kalimba

PO.Box 1784, Oshakati

Tel: 0812793438Solar Technician

Desert Research Foundation of Namibia


Tel: 061 377500

Fax: 061 230172

Contact: Mr Robert Schultz

Renewable Energy Suppliers

Namibia Renewable Energy Programme

Private Bag 13297, Windhoek

Tel: 061 2848111

Fax: 061 2848173

Contact: Mr Gottlieb Hamutwe Jnr

Habitat Research & Development Centre


Tel: 061 268200

Fax: 061 268 201

Contact: Mr Jacques Korrubel

Ministry of Mines and Energy


Tel: 061 2848111

Fax: 061 2848363

Contact: Mr Noddy Hipangelwa

UNDP Namibia


Tel:061 2046111

Fax: 061 2046203

Contact: Ms Martha Mwandingi

Excelsior

PO Box 11, Omaruru

Tel: 064 570328

Fax: 064 570452

SWH, PVP

Solar Stove Project

Private Bag 5516, Oshakati

Tel: 065 231463

Fax: 065 231463

SBC

Richard Khachab

PO.Box 29, Otjiwarongo

Tel: 0812422826

Solar Technician

Blasius Siyemo

PO.Box 215, Rundu

Tel: 0811410465

Solar Technician

Willem Kweyo

PO Box 1594, Oshakati

Tel: 0811290291Solar Technician

Namibia Engineering Corporation


Tel: 061 236720

Fax: 061 232375

SWH, SHS, PVP

SolTec cc


Tel: 061 235646

Fax: 061 250460

SWH, SHS, PVP

Mateus Nyambali

PO.Box 2333, Ondangwa

Tel: 0812432192

Solar Technician

Epafras Kaafuli

Private Bag 5543, Oshakati

Tel: 0812972927

Solar Technician

Josty Lubinda

PO.Box 258, Katima Mulilo

Tel: 0812459086

Solar Technician

Bank Windhoek

PO Box 15, Windhoek

Tel: 061 2990380

Fax: 061 2990395

Contact: Ms Zambwe Simasiku

Konga Investments


Tel: 61 25 9961

Fax: 61 25 9962

Contact: Ms Loide Kalompo

Renewable Energy Financing

Solar Water Heaters = SWH Solar Home Systems = SHS Solar Water Pumps = PVP Solar Box Cookers = SBC

DISCLAIMER : The written and graphic information provided in this booklet is not to be used to estimate sizes of solar systems.They are illustrative only and a qualified renewable Energy Supplier should be contacted for precise technical details and system sizing.

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