market potential for solar water pumping system and cost benefit analysis of diesel vs. solar pump -...

Market Potential for Solar Water Pumping System and

Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Pump

Submitted By- Kevin Kovadia (AM0712)

Internal Guide- Dr. Mercy Samuel

External Guide- Mr. Nilesh Arora

MBA in Technology Management,

Faculty of Management, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009

www.cept.ac.in

June 2014

CEPT/ MTM/ AM0712/ Kevin Kovadia/ [email protected]

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis titled Market Potential for Solar Water Pumping

System and Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Pump has been

submitted by Kevin Kovadia towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of MBA in Technology Management with specialization in Operations and

Project Management. This is a bonafide work of the student and has not been

submitted to any other university for award of any Degree/Diploma.

Dr. /Prof. ____________

Chairman/Chairperson,

Dissertation Committee 2012-14

Sign._______________

Internal Guide

Dr. Mercy Samuel,

Associate Professor,

Faculty of Management,

CEPT University

Sign._______________

External Guide

Mr. Nilesh Arora,

Partner,

ADDVALUE Consulting Inc.

www.avci-lean.com


3

UNDERTAKING

I, Kevin Kovadia, the author of the thesis titled Market Potential for Solar Water

Pumping System and Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Pump,

hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of MBA Degree in Technology

Management with specialization in Operations and Project Management at Faculty

of Management, CEPT University, Ahmedabad. This work has not been submitted

to any other institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma.

June 2014 Name: Kevin Kovadia

Place: Ahmedabad Roll No: AM0712


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many people have contributed to this research work. First and foremost, I express

my sincerest gratitude to my internal guide, Dr. Mercy Samuel, Associate

Professor, Faculty of Management, CEPT University. She has provided

continuous support to my research work. I sincerely thank her for her

patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge.

I convey my sincerest gratitude to Professor Mr. Nilesh Arora, Partner - Director,

ADDVALUE Consulting Inc. His guidance has helped me in all the time of

research and writing of the research report. I could not imagine anyone else as

a better advisor and mentor for my research thesis other than him.

Furthermore my earnest thanks to Dr. Gayatri Doctor and Prof. Shreekant Iyenger,

who shared their knowledge during the entire course.

I convey my special thanks to all the interviewees without whom this research

work could not be termed as a research thesis. I also thank the solar water pump

manufacturers from whom I got details about farmers using solar water pump.

Their patience and valuable time devoted to my research work are highly

respected.

I also acknowledge the support & encouragement of my friends and colleagues

throughout the course of my work. Last but not the least; I convey my heartfelt

thanks to my family for their unwavering support and patience during the course of

my thesis work. Lastly, I offer my regards to all of those who supported me in all

respect during the completion of my thesis.


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ABBREVIATION

SWP Solar Water Pump

MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

PVP Photo Voltaic Pump

PV Photovoltaic

AC Alternate Current

DC Direct Current

JNNSM Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

GDP Gross domestic product

GHG Greenhouse gas

JGS Jyotirgram Scheme


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 10

1.1 Indian Pump Industry Overview ........................................................... 11

1.2 Pump Market in India .......................................................................... 12

1.3 Agriculture in India .............................................................................. 12

1.4 Solar Water Pump .............................................................................. 14

1.5 Why Solar .......................................................................................... 16

1.6 Why SWP? ........................................................................................ 17

1.7 Market Potential ................................................................................. 19

1.8 Costbenefit analysis (CBA) ................................................................ 19

1.9 Research Objective ............................................................................ 20

2 Literature review ...................................................................................... 21

2.1 Electricity Consumption in Agriculture sector ........................................ 22

2.2 Water Resources in Gujarat ................................................................ 23

2.3 Solar Power as substitute of Diesel ...................................................... 23

2.4 The off-grid system ............................................................................. 26

2.5 Solar Water Pump .............................................................................. 26

2.6 Government Subsidy for Solar Water Pump ......................................... 28

2.7 Market Potential of SWP ..................................................................... 31

3 Research Methodology ............................................................................. 33

3.1 Need of the Study ............................................................................... 34

3.2 Primary Survey................................................................................... 34


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3.3 Limitation of study............................................................................... 34

4 Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Water Pump ................................ 35

4.1 Costing Assumptions: ......................................................................... 36

4.2 Scenario 0 ......................................................................................... 37

4.3 Scenario 1 ......................................................................................... 38

4.4 Scenario 2 ......................................................................................... 39

4.5 Scenario 3 ......................................................................................... 40

5 Conclusion............................................................................................... 42

6 Bibliography............................................................................................. 43

7 Appendix ................................................................................................. 46

7.1 List of Solar PV Water Pumping Systems Tested and Qualified at Solar

Energy Center during the year 2012-13 ......................................................... 47

7.2 List of Questions and Responses during SWP User Interview................ 51

7.3 List of Images of Site location where Interview conducted of SWP Users

during Thesis Research ............................................................................... 56

7.3.1 1st Interview site location ............................................................... 56

7.3.2 2nd

Interview site location .............................................................. 57

7.3.3 3rd

Interview site location............................................................... 58

7.3.4 4th Interview site location ............................................................... 59

7.3.5 5th Interview site location ............................................................... 60


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Solar, Diesel & Conventional Power Comparison ................................. 17

Figure 2 Conventional vs. Solar Power generation process ............................... 24

Figure 3 Technical Specifications of Solar Submersible DC Pump ..................... 28

Figure 4 Impacts of the Jyotigram scheme on different stakeholder groups ...... 29

Figure 5 Breakeven Point in Scenario 0............................................................ 37




Figure 10 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (1) near Hirapur Chokdi ......... 56



Figure 13 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (4) near Palanpur .................. 59

Figure 14 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (5) near Ghamij Village.......... 60


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Pump Market in India Highlights........................................................... 11

Table 2 Challenges and Potential Solutions of Solar water pump ....................... 32

Table 3 5hp Diesel Pump Costing Assumptions ................................................ 36

Table 4 5hp SWP Costing With and Without 30% Subsidy................................. 36

Table 5 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 0) ................................................. 37




Table 9 Comparison of break-even point in each scenario of SWP Usage .......... 41


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1 Introduction


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1.1 Indian Pump Industry Overview

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action. Pump is not a new concept in the Indian industry. In fact, the

Pichkari which Lord Krishna and his playmates used for splashing coloured water

on Gopies, can be termed as the oldest reference to a pump concept, especially of

the reciprocating plunger type. Thus, pumps must be an Indian invention, but

commercial production of pumps in India, as contemporarily understood, is quoted

to be way back in the first decade of twentieth century (Amin).

The Indian Pump industry has more than 800 manufacturers with worker strength

of over 40,000 producing about 5 million pumps annually. Indian market for pump

is estimated to be Rs.5000 Crores growing at an annual rate of 8% significantly

higher than the global rate of 4% in FY 12. The Pumps industry in India is more

than seven decades old. Though it has a turnover of Rs 5000 crore the size is not

even 10 per cent of the size of USA market. The industry meets 95 per cent of the

domestic demand.

Year FY 2012 FY 2013

Estimated Market (in Rs) 5000 Cr 8375 Cr

Annual Growth rate 8% 12%

No. of Pump Manufacturers 800+ 800+

% of Demand meet by Domestic

Manufacturers

95% 95%

Table 1 Pump Market in India Highlights

Source: (Singhi_Advisors, 2011), (TATA , 2013)


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1.2 Pump Market in India

Exports have been a regular feature of Indian pump industry for years. Indian

pumps have reached more than sixty countries around the world including

developed countries. India exported Pump sets worth 400 Crs in FY 11. Indian

pump industry is characterized by the coexistence of large number of Small &

Medium units, some large manufacturers and plenty of foreign manufacturers.

Coimbatore is the leading hub for pump manufacturing followed by Ahmedabad

and Rajkot. India is the outsourcing hub of the manufacturers abroad who have

found India to be not only a cheap source of skilled labor but also the market to be

an expansive one. Contribution of Agricultural and domestic industry to total pump

sales is higher in India compared to global standards. (Singhi_Advisors, 2011)

The following are major player in Indian pump Industry like,

KSB, Kirloskar, Texmo, Crompton, CRI, Jyoti, Lubi, Duke Etc.

1.3 Agriculture in India

Agriculture is a key sector in India that employs two-thirds of the countrys work

force and continues to be a significant contributor to the GDP, 20% in 2005

(MOSPI, 2007b).

Water is becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of the world and thereby

limiting agricultural development. The capacity of large countries like India to

efficiently develop and manage water resources is likely to be a key determinant

for global food security in the 21st century. (K Palanisami, 2011)


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Figure 1 Solar Water Pump (SWP) Block Diagram

Source: Self Compiled


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Since agriculture is the major water-consuming sector in India, demand

management in agriculture in water-scarce and water-stressed regions would be

central to reduce the aggregate demand for water to match the available future

supplies. (K Palanisami, 2011)

It is estimated that 80 per cent of the freshwater in India is used for agriculture and

a major portion (70%) of this is based on groundwater irrigation. Nearly 88 per

cent of the total minor irrigation schemes in India are pump-based (MoWR, 2013).

Though pump sets are important for livelihoods, they also contribute to the GHG

emissions since a significant percentage of them rely on diesel.

1.4 Solar Water Pump

Solar power operated water pumping system is used pump the water in remote

place where the electric power is not available, it is a renewable energy technic

where no cost for the electricity, A solar cell, a form of photovoltaic cell, is a device

that uses the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from light, thus generating

solar power (energy). Most often, many cells are linked together to form a solar

panel with increased voltage and/or current. Solar cells produce direct current

(DC), which can be used directly, converted in Alternate Current (AC), or stored in

a battery.

The first phase of market development for solar PV water pumping in India goes

back to 1993-94.The programme of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

(MNRE), then known as Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, aimed for

deployment of 50,000 solar PV water pumping systems for irrigation and drinking

water across the country. MNRE provided the financial assistance required for

subsidizing the capital and interest cost of the solar pumps. (GIZ, 2013)


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Figure 2 Solar Submersible Pump Diagram

Source: (taiyosolar.in)

Some years ago there were PVP models on the market that operated with

batteries and a conventional inverter. However it was soon realised that the cost

savings on the pump did not make up for the overall substandard efficiency and

the higher maintenance cost due to battery replacements. Instead it became clear

that it is more economical to rather store water in a reservoir than electricity in a

battery bank. (EmCON, 2006)


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In several villages, the bore wells are now utilized as a dual source and the

operational hours have been reduced. Based on a random survey, it has been

observed that a significant saving has been achieved in electricity consumption

that is now available for alternative uses, proving to be an eco-friendly

achievement. Solar pumps have also been commissioned in 260 villages in the

State and about 200 more solar pumping systems will be installed in the near

future. In various parts of the State, including coastal and tribal areas, roof top

rainwater harvesting structures have also been taken up in public buildings,

schools and individual household level, which is also resulting in substantial

electricity savings. Comprehensive energy audits for various group water supply

schemes have also resulted in energy savings. (Gupta, 2011)

1.5 Why Solar

In India 80% of the electricity is produced by coal which is a non-

renewable source. Electricity whatever produced is very less than the need for

electricity. By this many of the companies, industries, organizations, common

people are facing severe power cuts. Because of this insufficient power supply for

the agriculture sector, output of the crop is reducing every year. This scarcity of

the power is creating major problems in small scale industries which logistics are

totally depended on power.

Solar power is one of the best nonpolluting energy sources. India being at best

geographical location receives nearly 300 to 320 days good sunny days. Among

the solar power sources, solar Photovoltaic (PV) is one the matured power

systems. If the industry develops and spread the Solar PV power packs to be

installed at different places especially on buildings (commercial, public and

institutional), industries, and also on various barren lands like hilly slopes, and

desert areas. (Somasekhar. G, 2014)


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Figure 1 Solar, Diesel & Conventional Power Comparison

Source: Headway Solar (P) Ltd.

1.6 Why SWP?

To grow the product where the grid energy doesn't reach in the hands the PV

system plays important role in developing country like India. Another important

reason of using PV based pumping systems is: conventional electricity not

supplied in sufficient time (6-8 hour supplied to farmers in Rajasthan India), the

cost of conventional energy, government subsidy in solar pumping systems and

it is difficult to extend the electric grid to every location where it is needed for

every farmer. (Shiv Lal, 2013)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021

Co

st (

Rs)

(P

er K

Wh

)

Solar PV Conventional Power Diesel Gen. Set


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Erratic power supply and frequent grid failures are typical in most part of rural

India. Farmers have a diesel pump or diesel run generator as an alternative

to minimize the risk of crop failure due to discontinued water supply. As an

alternative to expensive rural electricity grids and inefficient conversion of fossil

fuels, renewable energies can contribute to solving this problem. (Shamaila Zia,

2012)

According to TATAs Strategic Report on Indian Pumps and Industrial Valves

Market, Likely scenario of Pumps market over next five years:

1. Minimal technological advancements; low R&D investment

2. Reduction in profit margins due to increasing raw material prices and

operation in a price- sensitive market

3. Competition from low-cost Chinese Imports

4. Manufacturers will be expected to provide integrated solution (motors,

seals, valves, drivers, after-sales service and technical support)

5. Some degree of consolidation of the market

Source: (TATA , 2013)


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1.7 Market Potential

Market Potential is the estimated maximum total Sales/Revenue of all suppliers of

product in market during a certain period. 1

Estimating Market Potential (MP) = N P Q

Estimating Market Potential (MP) of firm A = N P Q MS 2

Where,

MP = market potential

N = total number of potential consumers

P = average selling price

Q = average annual consumption

MS = market share (%) of consumers buying from firm A

1.8 Costbenefit analysis (CBA)

CBA is a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a

project, decision or government policy. It involves comparing the total expected

cost of each option against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits

compensate the costs, and by how much.

CBA has two purposes:

1) To determine if it is a sound investment/decision

2) To provide a basis for comparing projects

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) estimates and totals up the equivalent money value

of the benefits and costs to the community of projects to establish whether they

are worthwhile.3

1 . http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/market-potential.html

2 . http://plantsforhumanhealth.ncsu.edu/extension/marketready/pdfs-ppt/business_development_files/PDF/estimating_market_potential.pdf

3 http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cba.htm


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1.9 Research Objective

1 The objective of this study is to analyze market potential of solar water pumps.

2 To analyze what is the need of Solar Water Pump.

3 To conduct a comparative cost benefit analysis among Diesel vs. Solar Water

Pump.


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2 Literature review


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2.1 Electricity Consumption in Agriculture sector

Gujarat energy minister Saurabh Patel says the government has promised 10

hours of electricity to farmers for agricultural purposes and is delivering on it.

However, Praful Senjaliya, a farmer leader in Saurashtra associated with the

Bharatiya Kisan Sangh, disagrees. "Farmers have never got 10 hours electricity.

As it is, we don't need much power because of drought-like situation. But the main

problem is that electricity that is supplied for around five to eight hours is only at

night and odd times. We have requested the government often to provide

electricity in the day," he says (The Times of India, 2013).

Despite massive public investments in canal irrigation, Gujarat agriculture has

come to depend heavily on irrigation with wells and tube wells. During the 1950s

and 1960s, farmers used mostly diesel engines to pump groundwater. However,

as rural electrification progressed, they began switching to submersible electric

pumps, especially as diesel pumps are unable to chase declining water levels.

Major expansion in the use of electric pumps occurred during the late 1980s as the

Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) changed to flat tariffs linked to the horse power of

pumps. Until 1988, farmers were charged based on the metered use of electricity.

However, as electric tube wells increased to hundreds of thousands, rampant

corruption began to plague meter reading and billing. Farmers also complained

about the tyranny and arbitrariness of the GEBs meter readers. (Tushaar Shah,

pp. 1-18)


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2.2 Water Resources in Gujarat

Gujarat has just 2.28% of Indias water resources and 6.39% of countrys

geographical area. This is again constrained by imbalances in intra-state

distribution. The State has an average annual rainfall of 80 cm with a high

coefficient of variance over time and space and as a result droughts have been

frequent. Out of 185 rivers, the State has only eight perennial rivers and all of them

are located in southern part. Around 80% of the States surface water resources

are concentrated in central and southern Gujarat, whereas the remaining three-

quarters of the State have only 20%. (Gupta, 2011)

Since 2000, however, all available evidence suggests that the regions ground

water economy has begun shrinking in response to a growing energy squeeze.

This energy squeeze is a combined outcome of three factors:

a) Progressive reduction in the quantity and quality of power supplied by

power utilities to agriculture as a desperate means to contain farm

power subsidies;

b) Growing difficulty and rising capital cost of acquiring new electricity

connections for tube wells; and

c) An eight-fold increase in the nominal price of diesel during 1990-2007

(a period during which the nominal rice price rose by less than 50 %).

(Shah T. , 2008)

2.3 Solar Power as substitute of Diesel

A complex set of factors such as global warming, increasing competitive land use,

and the growing mismatch between energy demand and supply is creating new

challenges for the vast agrarian population in India. Diesel for running irrigation

pumps is often beyond the means of economically marginalized farmers.


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Insufficient Irrigation can lead to crop damage, reducing yields and diminishing

income. Environment-friendly, low-maintenance photovoltaic pumping systems

offer new possibilities for pumping irrigation water. (GIZ, 2013)

Figure 2 Conventional vs. Solar Power generation process

(Image Credit: Sunible.com)


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Solar energy technologies have long been used in the areas of solar heating, solar

photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity, and solar architecture. Energy shortages

and increasing energy prices are two of the most urgent problems we face today.

One desirable solution to the energy shortage problem is renewable energy, and

solar energy is one of the cleanest and most efficient energy sources. Solar panels

are among the most common methods of harvesting solar energy from solar

radiation, which accounts for a large portion of available renewable energy. (Hu,

2012)

According to Mr. Santosh Kamath, Executive Director of KPMG, Decentralized

systems benefit from lower network losses as power does not have to be

transported over long distances. These include applications such as solar rooftop

systems, solar-powered agriculture pump sets, solar lighting systems and solar-

powered telecom towers (KPMG, 2011).

Several studies have indicated that the capital cost of solar is significantly

more expensive than a diesel powered system but this is not the case. Solar

pumps tended to replace larger capacity submersible pump and generator of

comparable or greater cost. This is a result of a common tendency to oversize

generators and pumps, a bigger is better mentality which persists not just

within communities but also within District Water Offices and agencies who

supply the equipment. There are also other capital investment and running

costs for generators that are not required for solar. (Brian McSorley, 2011)


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2.4 The off-grid system

An off-grid solar PV power system is the standalone system provides

uninterrupted power to the customer when sun is available. Off-grid system

requires the battery storage and Inverter to get the AC power. The solar PV power

inverter and batteries shall have limited life and supposed to be replaced at fixed

intervals say after 10 years.

Advantages:

1. One time truthful Investment

2. Solar power Grid system comes without noise and pollution

3. After payback period owner can enjoy absolutely free of cost

4. For this grid system diesel is not required

(Somasekhar. G, 2014)

2.5 Solar Water Pump

Irrigation water pumping Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) theoretically has an

advantage in meeting the needs of remote communities because of the high

distribution costs of grid-power to this market and the competitive position with

respect to diesel has improved with the recent rising oil prices. A surface

pump powered with a 1.8 kWp PV array can deliver about 140,000 liters of water

on a clear sunny day from a total head of 10 meters. This quantity of water drawn

has been found to meet the irrigation requirement of 5-8 acres of land by

using improved techniques for water distribution. (Amit Jain, 2012)

In rural and/or undeveloped areas where there is no power grid and more water is

needed than what hand or foot pumps can deliver, the choices for powering

pumps are usually solar or a fuel driven engine, usually diesel. There are very

distinct differences between the two power sources in terms of cost and reliability.


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Diesel pumps are typically characterized by a lower first cost but a very high

operation and maintenance cost. Solar is the opposite, with a higher first cost but

very low ongoing operation and maintenance costs. In terms of reliability, it is

much easier (and cheaper) to keep a solar-powered system going than it is a

diesel engine. This is evident in field where diesel engines lie rusting and unused

by the thousands and solar pumps sometimes run for years without anyone

touching them. (SELF, 2008)

The solar pump has a unique cost structure with very high capital investment and

near-zero marginal cost of pumping. This makes it very similar to electric pump

owners who face high flat tariff but unlimited use of power (when available) at zero

marginal cost. This cost structure will drive away small farmers who want to

irrigate only their own little field; but it is ideal for potential ISPs. A solar -pump

driven groundwater economy will also promote competitive groundwater markets

with highly beneficial outcomes for water buyers who will gain even more with

buried pipeline distribution networks such as those obtaining in central Gujarat

(Shah, 1993).

Solar pumps offer a clean and simple alternative to fuel-burning engines and

generators for domestic water, livestock and irrigation. They are most effective

during dry and sunny seasons. They require no fuel deliveries, and very little

maintenance. Solar pumps are powered by photovoltaic (solar electric) panels and

the flow rate is determined by the intensity of the sunlight. Solar panels have no

moving parts, and most have a warranty of at least 20 years. Most solar pumps

operate without the use of storage batteries. Solar pumps must be optimally

selected for the task at hand, in order to minimize the power required, and thus the

cost of the system. (lorentz, 2008)


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The following figure indicates, Indicative Technical Specifications of Solar Deep

well (submersible) Pumping Systems:

(With D.C. Motor Pump Set with Brushes or Brush less D.C. (B.L.D.C.))

Figure 3 Technical Specifications of Solar Submersible DC Pump

Source: (MNRE, 2013, p. 10)

2.6 Government Subsidy for Solar Water Pump

With the launch of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in 2010,

the solar water pumping programme of the MNRE was integrated with the off-grid

and decentralized component of the JNNSM. There under, solar PV water

Pumping Systems are currently eligible for a financial support of 30% subsidy,


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subject to a benchmark price of Rs. 190 per peak watt (Wp) from MNRE. Several

states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Tamil Nadu and Bihar have taken up initiatives to implement solar PV water

pumping programs using the financial assistance of JNNSM and funds available

from the respective state governments (GIZ, 2013).

A SPV Pumping System installation program has been taken up by the

Horticulture Department of the Government of Rajasthan (GOR). Applicants may

avail of an 86% subsidy from the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

(JNNSM) and the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). MNRE is providing

30% subsidy under the JNNSM, while the Government of Rajasthan through

the RKVY makes the remaining 56% available. This is a special scheme by GOR.

For other states only MNRE is providing 30% subsidy under the JNNSM. Only

7334 solar PV water pumps having been installed across the country, as of March

2010 (Amit Jain, 2012).

The following figure is based on assessment of the impacts of JGS on different

stakeholder groups in Gujarat.

Figure 4 Impacts of the Jyotigram scheme on different stakeholder groups


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Source: (Tushaar Shah, pp. 327-344)

Solar-powered agriculture pump sets:

Currently, the agriculture category which uses power for irrigation pumps

contributes around 20 percent of the total power demand of India. The grid

power tariff to agriculture segment is heavily subsidized. The power supply

is staggered and the network performance inefficient in most cases.

Moreover, the subsidy burden is increasing due to the increase in

conventional power costs thus negatively impacting the financial health of

the State and power utilities.

Furthermore, there are a large number of agriculture pump sets that

currently use diesel power where there is no grid connection available.

As cost curves come down, solar power is well suited as an alternative

solution to meet the power requirements of the agriculture segment.

Besides being a clean and convenient source of power, solar power can

reduce the subsidy burden on the Government.

To start with diesel, pump sets could be replaced by solar-powered pump

sets due to favorable cost economics.

Source: (KPMG, 2011)


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2.7 Market Potential of SWP

According to Bloomberg reports, The Indian government is aiming to swap out 26

million fossil-fuel-powered groundwater pumps for solar-powered ones. The

pumps are used by farmers throughout the country to pull in water for irrigation,

and currently rely on diesel generators or Indias fossil-fuel-reliant electrical grid for

power. Pashupathy Gopalan, the regional head of SunEdison, Said that 8 million

diesel pumps already in use could be replaced right now. And Indias Ministry of

New and Renewable Energy estimates another 700,000 diesel pumps that could

be replaced are bought in India every year. Tarun Kapoor, the joint secretary,

MNRE said that Irrigation pumps may be the single largest application for solar in

the country (SPROSS, 2014).

In India nearly 81 million (32.8 per cent) households do not have access to

electricity (Census of India, 2011). Around 74 million rural households lack access

to modern lighting services (TERI, 2013, p. 380) and a larger proportion of the

population (around 840 million) continue to be dependent on traditional biomass

energy sources (IEA, Octomber, 2011).

There are about 21 million irrigation pump sets in India, of which about 9 million

are run on diesel and the rest are grid based (Amit Jain, 2012).


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Barriers Potential Solutions

Market

Related

Barriers

High Upfront Cost Smart Subsidies/ Innovative

Finance

Lack of Finance Mechanisms Innovative Customer Behaviour/

Business Finance Mechanisms

Low awareness among

Consumers & other relative

shareholders

Awareness Campaigns

Lack of Maintenance and

Support

Localized Service Infrastructure

Danger of Theft Portable/ Community Owned

Systems, Insurance

Regularity

Issues

Restricted Financial

Engineering

Innovative Policies and Finance

Engineering

Maze of Political Department Single-Window Approach

Lack of Market Oriented

Policies

Policies Providing a level Playing

Field with diesel pumps

Concealed Tendency and

Small Landholdings

Tendency Reform, Leasing

Mechanisms & Group

Investments

Technology

Related

Barriers

Lack of Standardization and

Quality Assurance

Standardize product that cater

local needs

Lack of Local Manufactures Promotion of Local

Manufacturing

Table 2 Challenges and Potential Solutions of Solar water pump

Source: (GIZ, 2013)


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3 Research Methodology


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3.1 Need of the Study

The water pump industry in India has become too much competitive to sustain and

in this scenario one needs to be innovative. And other side there is demand for

solar water pump because there are many farmers who do not have access to

electricity for farming in India. The point is Will this new innovation called solar

water pump able to fulfill the demand? During my secondary research I found

many reports which show comparison of Diesel VS Solar water pump. When we

talk of viability of solar water pump for farmers in Indian context, it makes

difference because of Indian geographical conditions, farmers mindset, Indian

governments approach towards solar water pump etc. So this issue needs to be

discussed with solar water pump users in India and perform cost benefit analysis

of diesel vs. solar water pump during my research thesis.

3.2 Primary Survey

To identify what is market potential of solar water pump, a structured interview of

farmer was taken. The interview includes questions like - what is capacity of solar

water pump, what is process of installing SWP, effectiveness of Government

subsidy etc.

This interview details are shown in Appendix 7.2 and 7.3 .

3.3 Limitation of study

Due to time constraint, five structured interviews able to taken of solar water pump

users. And this all SWP user belong to north central Gujarat.

Kheda District - 3 Interviews

Gandhinagar District - 1 Interview

Banaskantha District - 1 Interview


35

4 Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Water Pump


36

4.1 Costing Assumptions:

5hp Diesel Pump Costing Assumptions

Particular Scenario 0 Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3

No. of Hour Pump Usage /day 1 2 4 8

No. of Sunny Days/ Year 250 250 250 250

No. of Hour Pump Usage/ Year 250 500 1000 2000

Price of Diesel/ litre (Rs) 4 63 63 63 63

Diesel Usage/ Hour (5HP) 5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

Hike in Diesel Price (%) 10 10 10 10

Total Running Cost (Rs) 26775 53550 107100 214200

Table 3 5hp Diesel Pump Costing Assumptions

Year

Capital

Cost

Without

Subsidy (A)

Capital

Cost

With 30%

Subsidy (D)

Operating

Cost (B)

Maintena

nce Cost

(C)

SWP

Cumulative

Cost W/O

Subsidy

(A+B+C)

SWP

Cumulative

Cost With

30% Subsidy

(D+B+C)

1 489400 342580 0 2500 491900 345080

2 0 0 0 2500 494400 347580

3 0 0 0 2500 496900 350080

4 0 0 0 2500 499400 352580

5 0 0 0 2500 501900 355080

6 0 0 0 2500 504400 357580

7 0 0 0 2500 506900 360080

8 0 0 0 2500 509400 362580

9 0 0 0 2500 511900 365080

10 0 0 0 2500 514400 367580

4 http://www.mypetrolprice.com/10/Diesel-price-in-Ahmedabad

5 (Seleshi Bekele Awulachew (IWMI), 2009)

Table 4 5hp SWP Costing With and Without 30% Subsidy


37

4.2 Scenario 0

5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 0)

Year

Capital

Cost

(A)

Operating

Cost (B)

Mainte-

nance

Cost (C)

Total

Cost

(A+B+C)

Diesel

Pump

Cumulative

Cost

SWP Cost

Without

Subsidy

SWP Cost

With 30%

Subsidy

1 30000 26775 5000 61775 61775 491900 345080

2 0 29453 5000 34453 96228 494400 347580

3 0 32398 5000 37398 133625 496900 350080

4 0 35638 5000 40638 174263 499400 352580

5 0 39201 5000 44201 218464 501900 355080

6 0 43121 5000 48121 266585 504400 357580

7 0 47434 5000 52434 319019 506900 360080

8 0 52177 5000 57177 376196 509400 362580

9 0 57395 5000 62395 438590 511900 365080

10 0 63134 5000 68134 506725 514400 367580

Total 506725

Table 5 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 0)

Figure 5 Breakeven Point in Scenario 0

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cu

mu

lati

ve C

ost

(Rs)

Break Even Duration (Year)

Diesel Pump

SWP without Subsidy

SWP With 30% Subsidy


38

4.3 Scenario 1


Year

Capital

Cost (A)

Operating Cost (B)

Mainte-

nance Cost (C)

Total

Cost (A+B+C)

Diesel

Pump Cumulative

Cost

SWP Cost

Without Subsidy

SWP Cost

With 30% Subsidy

1 30000 53550 5000 88550 88550 491900 345080

2 0 58905 5000 63905 152455 494400 347580

3 0 64795.5 5000 69796 222251 496900 350080

4 0 71275.05 5000 76275 298526 499400 352580

5 0 78402.56 5000 83403 381928 501900 355080

6 0 86242.81 5000 91243 473171 504400 357580

7 0 94867.09 5000 99867 573038 506900 360080

8 0 104353.8 5000 109354 682392 509400 362580

9 0 114789.2 5000 119789 802181 511900 365080

10 0 126268.1 5000 131268 933449 514400 367580

Total 933449



0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cu

mu

lati

ve C

ost

(Rs)


Diesel Pump

SWP without Subsidy



39

4.4 Scenario 2


Year

Capital

Cost

(A)

Operating

Cost (B)

Mainte-

nance

Cost (C)

Total

Cost

(A+B+C)

Diesel

Pump

Cumulative

Cost

SWP Cost Without

Subsidy

SWP Cost With 30%

Subsidy

1 30000 107100 5000 142100 142100 491900 345080

2 0 117810 5000 122810 264910 494400 347580

3 0 129591 5000 134591 399501 496900 350080

4 0 142550.1 5000 147550 547051 499400 352580

5 0 156805.1 5000 161805 708856 501900 355080

6 0 172485.6 5000 177486 886342 504400 357580

7 0 189734.2 5000 194734 1081076 506900 360080

8 0 208707.6 5000 213708 1294784 509400 362580

9 0 229578.4 5000 234578 1529362 511900 365080

10 0 252536.2 5000 257536 1786898 514400 367580

Total 1786898



0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

2000000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Axi

s Ti

tle


Diesel Pump

SWP without Subsidy



40

4.5 Scenario 3


Year

Capital

Cost

(A)

Operating

Cost (B)

Mainte-

nance

Cost (C)

Total

Cost

(A+B+C)

Diesel

Pump

Cumulative

Cost

SWP Cost Without

Subsidy

SWP Cost With 30%

Subsidy

1 30000 214200 5000 249200 249200 491900 345080

2 0 235620 5000 240620 489820 494400 347580

3 0 259182 5000 264182 754002 496900 350080

4 0 285100.2 5000 290100 1044102 499400 352580

5 0 313610.2 5000 318610 1362712 501900 355080

6 0 344971.2 5000 349971 1712684 504400 357580

7 0 379468.4 5000 384468 2097152 506900 360080

8 0 417415.2 5000 422415 2519567 509400 362580

9 0 459156.7 5000 464157 2983724 511900 365080

10 0 505072.4 5000 510072 3493796 514400 367580

Total 3493796



0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cu

mu

lati

ve C

ost

(Rs)


Diesel Pump

SWP without Subsidy



41

Particular Scenario

0

Scenario

1

Scenario

2

Scenario

3

No. of Hour Pump

Operating/ day 1 2 4 8

No. of Sunny Days/

Year 250 250 250 250

No. of Hour Pump

Operating/ Year 250 Hour 500 Hour 1000 Hour 2000 Hour

Break Even Point

Without Subsidy 10 Year 6

Year 3

Year 2 Year

Break Even Point

With 30% Subsidy 7

Year 4

Year 2

Year 1

Year

Table 9 Comparison of break-even point in each scenario of SWP Usage


42

5 Conclusion

From the cost benefit analysis of diesel vs. solar water pump, Conclusion is that if

your daily water usage is ranging from 1-2-4-8 hours than respective break even

time period is approximately 10-6-4-2 year for Without subsidy and with 30%

Central Government Subsidy it is 7.5 - 4.5 - 2.5 - 1.5 year as shown in Table 9.

So, Daily around 8 hour of 5hp solar water pump usage for 250 days per year led

to recover cost in 2 year with comparison of 5hp diesel pump. Higher usage of

water will reduce break even time period. Now, if your usage is less than 8 hour

per day than you can recover SWP cost by other ways. Like selling water to others

and use solar panel for getting electricity for home lighting and other home

appliances.

During primary research in discussion with solar water pump user, one reason why

farmer buy solar water pump. And this reason will not able to found in any kind of

secondary research. Normally, Farmer buy solar water pump mainly because of

two things. One is unavailability of electricity at farm and increasing price of

diesel. The reason is that farmer also buy solar water pump because of land

ownership issue. To get electricity connection, farmer need land ownership

document and signature of related owners. Normally one can become land owner

from his fathers land and fathers land is shared among his children. Now to get

signatures of all related owner is difficult. So, in this situation to get electricity

connection is difficult. So, farmers prefer to buy solar water pump.


43

6 Bibliography Amin, R. (n.d.). An Overview of Indian Pump Industry. pp. 1-2.

Amit Jain, S. J. (2012). Is Solar a solution to Blackouts in India: A case study with

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India (ORGI), Government of India.

EmCON. (2006). Feasibility Assessment for the Replacement of Diesel Water

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PROGRAMME (NAMREP).

GIZ. (2013). Solar Water Pumping for Irrigation: Potential and Barriers in Bihar,

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Gupta, R. K. (2011). The role of water technology in development: a case study of

Gujarat State. (pp. 1-14). Zaragoza, Spain: UN Water.

Hu, B. (2012). Solar Panel Anomaly Detection and Classification. Waterloo:

University of Waterloo.

IEA. (Octomber, 2011). energy for all: financing access for the poor. energy for all

conference (pp. 19-22). Oslo, Norway: International Energy Agency.

K Palanisami, K. M. (2011). Spread and Economics of Micro-irrigation in India:

Evidence from Nine States. REVIEW OF AGRICULTURE, 1-6.


44

KPMG. (2011). The Rising Sun - A Point of View on the Solar Energy Sector in

India. Mumbai: KPMG.

lorentz. (2008). Solar Water Pumps in Namibia: A Comparison Between Solar And

Diesel.

MNRE. (2013). Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission - SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS.

Seleshi Bekele Awulachew (IWMI), P. L. (2009). Pumps for small-scale irrigation.

IWMI.

SELF. (2008). A COST AND RELIABILITY COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLAR

AND DIESEL POWERED PUMPS. Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF).

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and practical policy. Bombay: Oxford University .

Shah, T. (2008). Crop per Drop of Diesel! Energy-Squeeze on Indias Smallholder

Irrigation. Anand, India: International Water Management Institute, .

Shamaila Zia, T. A. (2012). easibility Assessment of photovoltaic pumping for

irrigation in West Bengal, India. 1. Institute of Agricultural Engineering

(440e) Universitt Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany 2. Indian Institute of

Technology, Kharagpur, India.

Shiv Lal, P. K. (2013). Techno-economic analysis of solar photovoltaic based

submersible water pumping system for rural areas of an Indian state

Rajasthan . Science Journal of Energy Engineering, 1-4.

Singhi_Advisors. (2011). Pump & Valve Industry Overview & Opportunities.

Somasekhar. G, B. G. (2014). Marketing Methodology of Solar PV Power Packs.

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 38-43.


45

SPROSS, J. (2014, February 7). India Wants To Switch 26 Million Water Pumps

To Solar Power Instead Of Diesel. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from

http://thinkprogress.org:

http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/02/07/3265631/india-solar-pump-

swap/

taiyosolar.in. (n.d.). solarpump. Retrieved may 20, 2014, from taiyosolar:

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http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Power-full-Gujarat-gives-24-hour-

electricity/articleshow/18786012.cms

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International Water Management Institute, Anand, India.


46

7 Appendix


47

7.1 List of Solar PV Water Pumping Systems Tested and

Qualified at Solar Energy Center during the year 2012-13

N

o

File No.

&

Issue Date

Pump submitted by Pump

system PV array Type & Head

1 0837/11/CSC/

SEC/Pump

27.12.2011

M/s JJPV solar Pvt Ltd.,

Vill Veraval (Shapar),

Dist. Rajkot- 360024,

Gujarat (India)

M/s Groundfos M/s JJPV solar

Pvt. Ltd.

Submersible

3HP DC

pump, Head

30 meter

2 0861/11/CSC/

SEC/Pump

8.6.2012

M/s JJPV solar Pvt Ltd.,

Vill Veraval (Shapar),

Dist. Rajkot- 360024,

Gujarat (India)

M/s Rotomag M/s JJPV solar

Pvt. Ltd.

Centrifugal 2

HP DC surface

pump, Head 10

meter

3 43/2012/CSC/

SEC/Pump

8.6.2012

M/s Span pumps Pvt.

Ltd., 104,Arihant,

1187/26, Shivaji nagar,

Pune-411005, India

M/s Groundfos M/s Surana

Telecom &

Power Ltd,

Hyderabad

Submersible 0.5

HP DC pump,

Head 30 meter

4 44/2012/CSC/

SEC/Pump

8.6.2012

M/s VRG Energy India

Pvt. Ltd., 128, Backbone

shopping center, Rajkot-

360064, Gujarat, India

M/s Groundfos

Model: SQF

8A-5

M/s PV Power

Technologies

Pvt. Ltd.,

Mumbai

Submersible DC

pump, Head 30

meter

5 93/2012/CSC/

SEC/Pump

8.6.2012

M/s Moserbaer (I) Ltd.,

66, Udyog Vihar,

Greater Noida, G.B.

Nagar (UP)-201306,

India

M/s Sun

Pump, USA

M/s Moserbaer

(I) Ltd.

Submersible DC

Pump, Head 30

meter 2 HP

6 95/2012/CSC/

SEC/Pump

15.06.2012

M/s WAREE Energies

(P) Ltd., 602, Western

Edge-1, Borivali (E),

Mumbai-4000066, India

M/s Lorentz

Pump Model:

PS 1800

SJ8-7

M/s WAREE

Energies (P)

Ltd.

Submersible

2HP DC

Pump, Head

30 meter

7 115/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

11.07.2012

M/s Central Electronics

Limited, 4, Industrial

area, Sahidabad,

Ghajiabad (U.P)-

201010

M/s Lorentz

Pump

M/s Central

Electronics

Limited

Submersible DC

Pump, Head 30

meter 4.6 HP


48

8 113/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

08.08.2012

M/s BSES Yamuna

Power Limited, Shakti

Kiran Building,

Karkardooma, New

Delhi

M/s Lorentz

Pump

Model:PS1800

CSJ5-12

M/s WAREE

Energies (P)

Ltd.

Submersible

2HP DC

Pump, Head

30 meter

9 247/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

8.11.2012

M/s Jain Irrigation

Systems Ltd., Jain

Plastic Park, P.O. Box

72, N.H. No. 6, Jalgaon-

425001

M/s Lorentz

Pump

M/s Jain

Irrigation

Systems Ltd.

Deep well 3HP

DC pump ,

Head 50 meter

10 244/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

9/11/2012

M/s Shakti Pumps

(India) Ltd., Plot No. 401-

402-413, Sector -3,

Pithampur, Dhar-454775,

Madhya Pradesh

M/s Shakti

Pumps (India)

Ltd.

M/s PV Power

Technologies

Pvt. Ltd.

Submersible

5HP AC deep

well mono-

block pump,

Head 50 meter

11 226/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

9/11/2012

M/s HBL Power

systems Ltd., Plot No.

263, Patparganj

Industrial Area, Delhi-

110092

M/s Kirlosker

Brothers Ltd

M/s HBL Power

systems Ltd.

Submersible

3HP AC deep

well mono-

block pump,

Head 50 meter

12 248/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

27/11/2012

M/s Topsun Energy

Ltd., B-101,GIDC,

Electronic Zone,

Sector-25,

Gandhinagar- 382028,

Gujarat, INDIA

M/s Mono

Pumps Ltd.

M/s Topsun

Energy Ltd.

Centrifugal 3HP

DC Submersible

Deep Well

pump, Head :50

meters

13 243/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

29/11/2012

M/s Bright Solar Pvt. Ltd.

Plot No. 90,Nathabhai

Estate,Near

Jashodanagar Cross,

Ahmedabad-380026,

Gujarat, India

M/s Bright

Solar Pvt. Ltd.

M/s Green

Brilliance

Energy Pvt. Ltd.

3HP DC

Submersible

mono-block

pump, Head 50

meter

14 249/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

M/s Duke Plasto

Technique Pvt. Ltd. N.H.

14, Deesa Highway,

Badarpura

Dist: Banaskuntha,

Palanpur-385511,

North Gujarat, India

M/s Duke

Plasto

Technique Pvt.

Ltd.

M/sPV

Powertech

Centrifugal 5HP

AC Submersible

Deep Well

Pump, Head :50

meters,


49

15 253/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

29/11/2012

M/s Punchline Energy

Pvt. Ltd. 328 Phase 2,

Udyog, Vihar Gurgaon,

Haryana 122016,India

M/s Shroffs

Engineering

Ltd

M/s Kotak Urja

Private Ltd

Submersible

Deep well

pump, 3HP AC

Pump, Head: 50

Meters

16 257/2012-

13/CSC/SEC

/Pump

30/11/2012

M/s BSES Yamuna

Power Limited Shakti

Kiran Building,

Karkardooma, New

Delhi-110032

M/s Grundfos,

Denmark

M/s Kotak Urja,

Bangalore

Centrifugal

Submersible 1HP

DC pump, Head:

30 Meters

17 115/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

24/12/2012

M/s Central Electronics

Limited 4, Industrial

Area, Sahibabad

Ghaziabad (U.P)

201010

M/s Rotomag M/s Central

Electronics

Limited

Centrifugal

2HP DC

Surface

mono-block

pump, 10

Meters

18 252/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

26/12/2012

M/s JJPV Solar Pvt. Ltd.

Survey No. 236, Plot

No.2, Near Vikas Stove,

NH-8 B, Village -

Veraval-Shaper, Dist:

Rajkot-360024 Gujarat,

M/s Shakti

Pumps (I) Ltd.

M/s JJPV Solar

Pvt. Ltd.

Submersible

3HP AC

Pump,

50 Meters

19 247/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

04.02.2013

M/s Jain Irrigation

Systems Ltd., Jain

Plastic Park, P.O. Box:

72, N. H. No. 6, Jalgaon-

425001

M/s Lorentz

Pump

M/s Jain

Irrigation

Systems Ltd.

Submersibl

e 2HP DC

pump,

50 Meters

20 316/2013/CSC/

SEC/Pump

21.02.2013

M/s Rajasthan

Electronics &

Instruments Limited, 2,

Kanakpura Industrial

Area, Jaipur-3 02012,

Rajasthan

M/s Rotomag M/s Rajasthan

Electronics &

Instruments

Limited

Shallow well

3HP DC Pump

Head :20

Meters

21 254/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

M/s Alpex Exports Pvt.

Ltd., 81/2, 1st floor, Sri

Aurobindo Marg,, Near

Hero Honda Showroom,

M/s Bright

Solar Pvt. Ltd

M/s Alpex

Exports Pvt.

Ltd.

Submersible

2HP DC

Pump,

30 Meters


50

18.02.2013 Adhchini, New Delhi-

110017

22 309/2012-

13/CSC/SEC/

Pump

05.03.2012

M/s Jain Irrigation

Systems Ltd., Jain

Plastic Park, P.O. Box:

72, N. H. No. 6, Jalgaon-

425001

M/s Lorentz M/s Jain

Irrigation Pvt.

Ltd.

Submersibl

e 3HP DC

pump,

20 Meters

23 315/2013/CSC/

SEC/Pump

20.03.2012

M/s BSES Yamuna

Power Limited, Shakti

Kiran Building,

Karkardooma,

New Delhi-110032

M/s Grundfos M/s Kotak Urja

Pvt. Ltd.

Submersible 1

HP DC Deep

Well pump , 30

Meters

24 276/2013/CSC/

SEC/Pump

07/03/2013

M/s Waaree Energies

Pvt. Ltd. 602, Western

edge-1, Western

Express Highway,

Borivali (E),

Mumbai-400066, India

M/s Bright

Solar Pvt.

Ltd.

M/s

Waaree

Energies

Pvt. Ltd.

Submersible

3HP DC, Deep

Well pump , 50

Meters

25 324/2013/CSC/

SEC/Pump

21/03/2013

M/s Bright Solar Pvt.

Ltd. Plot No. 90,

Nathabhai Estate,

Near Jashodanagar

Cross,

Ahmedabad-380026,

Gujarat, India

M/s

PUMPMAN

M/s

Waaree

Energies

Pvt. Ltd.

Submersible 5

HP DC Deep

Well pump , 50

Meters


51

7.2 List of Questions and Responses during SWP User Interview


52


53


54


55


56

7.3 List of Images of Site location where Interview conducted of

SWP Users during Thesis Research

7.3.1 1st Interview site location

Figure 9 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (1) near Hirapur Chokdi


57

7.3.2 2nd

Interview site location



58

7.3.3 3rd




59

7.3.4 4th


Figure 12 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (4) near Palanpur


60

7.3.5 5th


Figure 13 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (5) near Ghamij Village

___________

market potential for solar water pumping system and cost benefit analysis of diesel vs. solar pump -...

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