MARINE POLLUTION STATE OF INDIAN

OCEANBY: MEHTA SHIVANI

ENV.SCI.(T.Y.BSC)ROLL NO: 49

WHAT IS MARINE POLLUTION?

• The term 'pollution' describes the occurrence and inputs of wastes and the impact of these wastes on the environment.

• Marine Pollution (UN definition) – “The introduction by man, directly, or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine environment resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment of the quality of seawater for various uses and reduction of amenities.”

WORLD’S OCEANSOCEAN AREA

(10,00,000 km2)VOLUME

(10,00,000km2)

AVERAGE DEPTH

(m)

MAXIMUM DEPTH

(m)

ATLANTIC OCEAN

82.4 323.6 3926 9200

PACIFIC OCEAN

165.2 707.6 4282 11,022

INDIAN OCEAN

73.4 291.0 3963 7460

ARCTIC OCEAN

14.1 17.0 1205 4300

INDIAN OCEAN• The Indian ocean is the third largest of world’s oceanic

divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water of the earth surface.

• It is bounded by Asia, including India after which the ocean is named on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia and on the south by the southern ocean.

• The Indian ocean is known as ratnakara means “the mine of gems”.

• It is also called hind mahasagar.

MARINE POLLUTION IN INDIA

• Marine pollution includes a range of threats including from land-based sources, – oil spills – untreated sewage – heavy siltation – eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) – invasive species – persistent organic pollutants (POP’s) – heavy metals from mine tailings and other sources– acidification – radioactive substances – marine litter – overfishing and destruction of coastal and marine habitats

DIRECT DISCHARGE• Pollutants enter rivers and the sea

directly from urban sewerage and industrial waste discharges, sometimes in the form of hazardous and toxic wastes.

• Inland mining for copper, gold. etc., is another source of marine pollution. Most of the pollution is simply soil, which ends up in rivers flowing to the sea.

SHIP’S POLLUTION Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many

ways:• Oil spills can have devastating effects. While being toxic

to marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the components in crude oil, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment.

• Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports, waterways and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally discharge illegal wastes.

• It has been estimated that container ships lose over 10,000 containers at sea each year (usually during storms).

• Ships also create noise pollution that disturbs natural wildlife.

EUTROPHICATION

• The biggest culprit are rivers that empty into the ocean, and with it the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. An excess of oxygen depleting chemicals in the water can lead to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.

• an increase in chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, in an ecosystem. It can result in an increase in the ecosystem's primary productivity (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations.

ACIDIFICATION

• The oceans are normally a natural carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

• Because the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are increasing, the oceans are becoming more acidic.

• structures made of calcium carbonate may become vulnerable to dissolution, affecting corals and the ability of shellfish to form shells.

DEBRIS

•Discarded plastic bags, six pack rings and other forms of plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife and fisheries. •Fishing nets, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by fishermen. Known as ghost nets, these entangle fish, dolphins, sea turtles, sharks, crocodiles, seabirds, crabs, and other creatures, restricting movement, causing starvation & infection, and, in those that need to return to the surface to breathe, suffocation.•Plastic debris, when bulky or tangled, is difficult to pass, and may become permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals, blocking the passage of food and causing death through starvation or infection.

PESTICIDES & HERBICIDES Halogenated hydrocarbons or organochlorines:

Include DDT and PCBs, which are slow to biodegrade.

Dichloro- diphenyl- trichloro- ethane (DDT): • fat soluble compound • detected in mud of deep sea.

Polychloronated biphenyls (PCBs):• used in production of electrical equipment, paints,

plastics, adhesives, and coating compounds…• found everywhere in the ocean• released in environment by unregulated incineration

of discarded products

DDT & PCBs affects: • death of shrimp and a variety of fish

TOXIC METALS Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu

Heavy metals resist biodegradation.

• Mercury (Hg)- toxic when attached to short carbon-chain alkyl group, strongly neurotoxic, birth defects.

• Lead (Pb)- from batteries, sewage, fuel, neurotoxic effects, mental development in children.

• Cadmium (Cd)- from batteries, sewage, electroplating factories, effects on human kidney function, bone deformities.

INDIA’S COASTLINE India has a coastline of 7500

km and 2000 km wide Economic zone.

• The Indian coastline supports almost 30% of its human population.

• The Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea are rich fishing grounds.

• India continues to be the 7th largest marine fishing nation in the world.

COASTAL POLLUTION• It is a change in the physical, chemical

and biological characteristics of water & sediments.

• It causes degradation of the natural quality of the coastal environments.

• It affects the health and survival of all forms of life.

• It is a major problem in developing countries and the trends are expected to increase.

CAUSES OF COASTAL POLLUTION

• Population growth• Urbanization• Industrialization

COASTAL POLLUITION IN INDIA ARISES MAINLY FROM LAND-

BASED SOURCES…• Domestic waste• Industrial effluents• Agricultural runoff• Other sources • Shipping activity• Offshore exploration & exploitation• Infrastructural development

MAJOR INDUSTIES IN INDIA RESPONSIBLE FOR COASTAL

POLLUTION

• Fertilizers• Sugar• Textiles• Chemicals• Mines and minerals• Pulp and paper• Leather

IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON COASTAL ECOLOGY

• Corals Reefs – loss due to anthropogenic stress, collection and recreational activities.

• Mangroves– degradation due to over exploitation

• Fisheries– decline in catch rate due to overfishing and overdependence on trawlers.

• Beaches– reduction in benthic organisms due to oil pollution.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN INDUSTRIES

Industries are encouraged to….

• Set up waste treatment plants• Adopt measures to minimize waste• Recycle waste• Recovery and reuse of waste water

CASE STUDYBANGLADESH•Surface water unsafe to drink, large amount mortality form of water borne disease.•35-77 million people, up to half of population drink water contaminated with arsenic at concentration greater than 50 ug/l.•WHO standards: 10 ug/l.•Arsenic causes: skin cancer, bladder, kidney, lung cancer.(takes 7-10 years to appear)

GANGA • Largest & most polluted in

India with extraordinary importance for Hindus.

• Chemical plants, textile mills, hospitals etc. pollutes the river by dumping untreated waste.

• Toxic & non bio degradable industrial effluents are about 12% of the total volume.

• The result of mercury analysis in various specimens collected along that basin indicated that some fish muscles tended to accumulated high level of mercury.

SUGGETIONS TO PROTECT MARINE ENVIRONMENT

• Cleaning programme• Public awareness• Set standards for effluent discharge• Minimal use of pesticides• Strict implementation of polluter pays principal• Strict implementation of laws pertaining to

prevention & coastal zone management before establishing new industrial units on the coast.

CONCLUSION ocean pollution and trash on our beaches is a very

serious matter that should not be taken lightly. It affects our health, our wildlife, and most of our

entire planet. If we keep abusing our environment and keep

heading down the road we're taking, our planet will not see many days ahead of it.

If we really want our children and future generations to live on a clean and healthy planet, we must do what we can to stop and reduce trash.

Even a simple thing like recycling a water bottle or picking up a few pieces of trash off the ground everyday can make a world of a difference.

REFRENCES

• http://www.mcsuk.org/marineworld/pollution.html

• http://www.worldstats.org/generalworld/principal_environmental_treaties.html

• http://www.cmc-ocean.org.• http://www.oceanlink.island.net/ask/

pollution.html• http://www.slideshare.net

Thank you“We have only one earth & one chance,

What we do with its up to us….”