marine invertebrates 1. marine biodiversity heterotrophs –protista/protozoan phyla –porifera...
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Marine Invertebrates 1
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Marine Biodiversity
• Heterotrophs– Protista/Protozoan phyla– Porifera– Cnidaria– Platyhelminthes– Mollusca– Annelida– Arthropoda– Echinodermata– Chordata– As well as numerous smaller phyla
• Bacteria• Unicellular algae
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Domain Bacteria
• Cell membrane, but no nucleus and most other organelles• Most abundant form of life, found in every marine environment
o Breakdown of organic material – decay bacteriao Primary production, photosynthesis - cyanobacteria
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Domain BacteriaUnique marine functions
Symbiosis - guts of many organisms
Shipworms – are bivalve molluscs not wormsBacteria break down cellulose
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Domain BacteriaUnique marine functions
Symbiosis - light production (bioluminescence) in some species
Vibrio – found in high numbers in photophores,contain the oxidative enzyme Luciferin
Luciferin + O2 = oxyluciferin + light
- Are free living and are pulled in photophores when needed
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Domain BacteriaUnique marine functions
Symbiosis - toxin production
Tetrodotoxin – neurotoxin with no known antidoteBlocks sodium channels
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Unicellular algae
Diatoms
Important primary producers in open water temperate and polar regions- Account of a large portion of O2 produced on Earth
Enclosed in cell walls made of silica
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Unicellular algae
Diatoms
Large deposits = diatomceous earth/diatomite
Many uses - fluid filters (beer, swimming pools), insecticides, stabilize dynamite,mild abrasives like toothpaste
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Unicellular algae
Phylum Dinoflagellata - Dinoflagellates
• ~ 1200 species, almost all are marine• Important primary producers in warm or tropical waters, some ingest food• Have two flagella, some with plate-like cell walls
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Unicellular algae
Phylum Dinoflagellata - Dinoflagellates
Zooxanthellae
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Unicellular algae
Phylum Dinoflagellata - Dinoflagellates
Some are light producing
Luciferin + O2 = oxyluciferin + light
“Bugler Alarm Theory”
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Unicellular algae
Phylum Dinoflagellata - Dinoflagellates
Algal blooms are source of “red tides”Can release toxic substances and contaminate fisheries
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Unicellular algae
Phylum Dinoflagellata - Dinoflagellates
Can release toxic substances and contaminate fisheries
Accumulation in large predators can lead to ciguetera poisoning
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Phylum Porifera
Approximately 5000 species worldwide, can dominate benthic habitats ( ~ 1000 species know from tropical reefs)
One of the few groups that have nearly equal diversity in Carribean and Indio-Pacific regions
Mostly marine (98%), some freshwater species (found in Illinois)
Have multiple cell types, but lack tissue
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Phylum Porifera
Get their shape from either calcareous spicules or spongin, some species have both
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Phylum Porifera
Get their shape from either calcareous spicules or spongin
possess specialized cells called choanocytes
choanocyte
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Phylum Porifera Three basic body plans
Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid
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Phylum Porifera
Can reach very large sizes
reproduce both sexually and asexually
sexual reproduction has larval stage = amphiblastula
Evidence of self-recognition
a few species are mobile
some chemically dissolve and cause coral etching
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Phylum Cnidaria
• a.k.a Coelenterata or Radiatahydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals
• Approx. 10,000 species, found worldwide, mostly marine
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Cnidarian Classification
• 3 Classes• Hydrozoa -
• Scyphozoa
• Anthozoa - sea anenomes, corals - all marine
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Phylum Cnidaria
Have radial symmetry Have 5 cell types and tissue level of organization Have rudimentary organs Usually have specialized stinging cells -cnidocyte - whole cell
nematocyst - stinging capsule within
cnidocyte
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Phylum Cnidaria
• The cnidarian body wall has 3 basic layers (2 tissue layers)
– Epidermis- outer layer– Gastrodermis- lines the
gastrovascular cavity– Mesoglea- between the two
tissue layers; it is a non-cellular gelatinous layer, not a tissue
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5 Cell Types
• Epithelio-muscle cells• Cover and protect• Can contract (muscular
properties)• Interstitial cells
• Production of gametes• Mucous secreting cells (Gland cells)-
mucous for attachment, feeding• Cnidocytes- protection, predation• Nerve cells- irritability
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Cnidarian life-cycle
Two body forms
• Polyp - Sessile Form
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Cnidarian life-cycle
Two body forms – in most species
• Medusa - Planktonic Form
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Cnidarian life-cycle
• Both asexual and sexual reproduction• Larvae called Planula
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Phylum Cnidaria
nematocysts
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Toxicity of cnidarian venom
Over 10,000 different types of toxins identified
Usually a mixture of hemotoxins, neurotoxins, cardiotoxins/musculotoxins
Toxicity ranges from mild stinging to fatal in humans
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Portuguese Man O’ War Physalia
Responsible for numerous “attacks” every year off the US coast
Rarely fatal due to low level of venom injected, intense cutaneous pain - most deaths due to drowning
Concentration of venom
Let
hali
ty
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Toxicity of cnidarian venom
Box jellyfish or sea wasp Chironex Can reach 3 m in length, found circumtropically, but most common in South Pacific
If not treated immediately you’re toast - one individual contains enough venom to kill 60 humans Responsible for more deaths in Australia than sharks or snakes (one every two years) - 20-40 per year in other regions of Pacific
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Cnidarian Classification
• 3 Classes•Hydrozoa - both polyp and medusa stage,
freshwater and marine, polyp stage dominate
• Fire corals - not true coral since the have both polyp and medusa stage