Marine Debris in HawaiiMarine Debris in HawaiiCapitol Hill Ocean WeekCapitol Hill Ocean Week

14 June 200614 June 2006

Mary J. Donohue, Ph.D.

University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Programdonohuem@hawaii.edu

OutlineOutline

The Problem Impacts Mitigation Science Challenges Recommendations

• Oceanic currents & atmospheric winds = North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

• Subtropical Convergence Zone

(Kubota 1994, Ingraham and Ebbesmeyer 2001, Donohue et al. 2001, Timmers et al. 2005)

Marine Debris MovementMarine Debris Movement

Marine Debris ImpactsMarine Debris Impacts

Degraded Aesthetics

Navigational Hazard / Vessel Damage

Wildlife Ingestion

Wildlife Entanglement / Ghost Fishing

Habitat Damage

Alien Species Vector

Images courtesy NOAA FisheriesImages courtesy NOAA Fisheries

Degraded Aesthetic ValueDegraded Aesthetic Value

Courtesy WESPAC Courtesy WESPAC

Courtesy Environment CanadaCourtesy Environment Canada

Navigational Hazard / Vessel DamageNavigational Hazard / Vessel Damage

Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceCourtesy NOAA Fisheries Service

• Decreased food consumption

• Loss of nutrition

• Internal injury

• Intestinal blockage

• Starvation

• Death

Harmful effects:

Courtesy UH Sea GrantCourtesy UH Sea Grant

Wildlife IngestionWildlife Ingestion

Wildlife EntanglementWildlife Entanglement

Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceCourtesy NOAA Fisheries Service

• Commercial fish & shellfish stocks = up to 30% of landings (Laist 1996)

• 50% of CA derelict lobster traps actively fishing (Gilardi, Pers. Comm.)

• Ghost catch of octopus in Kyushu, Japan = commercial landing (200 - 500K animals) (Matsuoka, Pers. Comm.)

Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceCourtesy NOAA Fisheries Service

Ghost FishingGhost Fishing

Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceCourtesy NOAA Fisheries Service

Habitat DamageHabitat Damage

Diadumene lineata

Diadumene lineata

Introduction of Alien SpeciesIntroduction of Alien Species

InvasiveInvasivesea anemone sea anemone found on net at found on net at Pearl & Pearl & Hermes Atoll, Hermes Atoll, 20002000

(Zabin (Zabin et al.et al. 2004, Godwin, Pers. Comm.) 2004, Godwin, Pers. Comm.)

Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceCourtesy NOAA Fisheries Service

Selected HawaiiSelected Hawaii

Marine Debris Projects Marine Debris Projects • Debris removal Waiohinu - Ka Lae Coast, Hawaii Island*Debris removal Waiohinu - Ka Lae Coast, Hawaii Island*

• Debris removal - main Hawaiian Islands*Debris removal - main Hawaiian Islands*

• Honolulu port reception & recycling program*Honolulu port reception & recycling program*

• Get the Drift and Bag It Beach Cleanup** (TOC)Get the Drift and Bag It Beach Cleanup** (TOC)

• Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Marine Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Marine Debris Removal*Debris Removal*

*Funded by NOAA ORR Marine Debris Program*Funded by NOAA ORR Marine Debris Program**The Ocean Conservancy annual beach cleanup**The Ocean Conservancy annual beach cleanup

Northwestern Hawaiian IslandsNorthwestern Hawaiian IslandsMulti-Agency Marine Debris CleanupMulti-Agency Marine Debris Cleanup

1998-20031998-2003

Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceCourtesy NOAA Fisheries Service

Tow SurveyTow Survey

Net RemovalNet Removal

Net HaulNet HaulOn-loadingOn-loading

Net AnalysisNet Analysis

Courtesy NOAA Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceFisheries Service

Kure AtollKure Atoll

Survey tracks and debris recovery locations

Courtesy National Ocean ServiceCourtesy National Ocean Service

Debris RecyclingDebris Recycling*100 tons of derelict fishing net =*100 tons of derelict fishing net =

552 barrels of oil 552 barrels of oil

323,019 KwH323,019 KwH

43 homes/year 43 homes/year

US $50,000US $50,000

Schnitzer Steel Hawaii Corporation (formerly Hawaii Metals Schnitzer Steel Hawaii Corporation (formerly Hawaii Metals Recycling), City & County of Honolulu, Covanta Energy; *Wigg, Recycling), City & County of Honolulu, Covanta Energy; *Wigg, Pers. Comm.Pers. Comm.

Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceCourtesy NOAA Fisheries Service

Science Informing PolicyScience Informing Policy

Trawl 2.3%

Other 2.9%

Misc. Line .95%

Trawl/Seine 83.6%

Monofilament Gillnet 5.2%

Multifilament Gillnet 3.2%

Longline 1.4%

NWHI Fishing Net Marine Debris,1998-2002NWHI Fishing Net Marine Debris,1998-2002

N = 3979

(Boland and Donohue 2005, Donohue (Boland and Donohue 2005, Donohue et al.et al. 2001, Timmers and Donohue 2000, Donohue 2005) 2001, Timmers and Donohue 2000, Donohue 2005)

EPO Tuna FADs?

EPO Tuna FADs?

Twisted KnottedTwisted Knotted Twisted KnotlessTwisted Knotless

Braided KnottedBraided Knotted Braided KnotlessBraided Knotless

Double StrandedDouble Stranded Multi-panel TrawlMulti-panel Trawl

Debris AnalysisDebris Analysis

Courtesy NOAA Fisheries ServiceCourtesy NOAA Fisheries Service

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Mesh Size

Perc

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ge

# of Samples

Weight

N = 198

Debris Analysis – Monofilament Gill NetDebris Analysis – Monofilament Gill Net

80 – 140 mm Mesh SizeSalmonSquid

(Timmers and Donohue 2000)(Timmers and Donohue 2000)

Oceanography/Remote SensingOceanography/Remote SensingOceanography/Remote SensingOceanography/Remote Sensing

(Donohue and Foley, in review)(Donohue and Foley, in review)

82838485868788899091929394959697989900010203040

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1.0 NumberRate

En

tan

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um

ber o

f entan

glem

ents

Year

Monk Seal EntanglementsMonk Seal Entanglements 1982-2004 1982-2004

Monk Seal EntanglementsMonk Seal Entanglements 1982-2004 1982-2004

(Henderson 2001, Donohue and Foley, in review)(Henderson 2001, Donohue and Foley, in review)

EL Niño

Biweekly marine debris deposition and El Biweekly marine debris deposition and El NiNiñño at French Frigate Shoals, 1990-2006o at French Frigate Shoals, 1990-2006

(Morishige (Morishige et al.,et al., Pers. Comm.) Pers. Comm.)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Plastic Styrofoam Rope Glass Metal Rubber Wood

El Niño

Non-Event

La Niña

*

**P < 0.05

Debris AccumulationDebris Accumulation

(Boland and Donohue, 2003)(Boland and Donohue, 2003)

ChallengesChallenges

• Polluters transfer costsPolluters transfer costs

• Economic and ecological costsEconomic and ecological costs

• International scopeInternational scope

• MARPOL Annex VMARPOL Annex V

• EnforcementEnforcement

RecommendationsRecommendations

• Expand international / industry participation Expand international / industry participation

• Source identificationSource identification

• Economic analyses of impactsEconomic analyses of impacts

• Scientific studies of impactsScientific studies of impacts

• Maintain removal effortsMaintain removal efforts

• Expand recyclingExpand recycling

• Expand outreach / educationExpand outreach / education

Thank youThank you

For additional information:For additional information:

UH Sea Grant: UH Sea Grant: www.soest.hawaii.edu/seagrantwww.soest.hawaii.edu/seagrant

Mary J. Donohue:Mary J. Donohue: donohuem@hawaii.edu donohuem@hawaii.edu

Northwestern Hawaiian IslandsNorthwestern Hawaiian IslandsMulti-Agency Marine Debris Cleanup PartnersMulti-Agency Marine Debris Cleanup Partners

National Marine Fisheries Service

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve

Pacific Sea Grant College Programs

Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program

US Coast Guard

US Fish & Wildlife Service

Hawaii Metals Recycling/ Schnitzer Steel Hawaii Corporation

Horizon Waste Services, Inc.

City & County of Honolulu

US Navy

Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council

US State Department

Natural Resources Consultants, Inc.

Hawaii State DLNRHawaii Audubon Society

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine SanctuaryHawaii Ocean Safety TeamThe Ocean ConservancyOcean Futures SocietyHawaii State DBEDTCovanta Energy

Any omissions unintended

ReferencesReferences

Boland, R. and M.J. Donohue. 2003. Marine debris accumulation in the aquatic habitat Boland, R. and M.J. Donohue. 2003. Marine debris accumulation in the aquatic habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandiMonachus schauinslandi: an impediment to : an impediment to species recovery? species recovery? Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin 46(11):1385-1394. 46(11):1385-1394.

Donohue, M.J., 2005. Eastern Pacific source of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands marine Donohue, M.J., 2005. Eastern Pacific source of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands marine debris supported by errant fish aggregating device. debris supported by errant fish aggregating device. Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin 50(6):886-888, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.05.003.50(6):886-888, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.05.003.

Donohue, M.J., 2003. How multi-agency partnerships can address large-scale pollution Donohue, M.J., 2003. How multi-agency partnerships can address large-scale pollution problems: a Hawaii case study. problems: a Hawaii case study. Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin 46(6):700-702. Invited 46(6):700-702. Invited manuscript.manuscript.

Donohue, M.J., R. Boland, C.M. Sramek, and G.A. Antonelis. 2001. Derelict fishing gear Donohue, M.J., R. Boland, C.M. Sramek, and G.A. Antonelis. 2001. Derelict fishing gear in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: diving surveys and debris removal at two in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: diving surveys and debris removal at two atolls confirms threat to coral reef ecosystemsatolls confirms threat to coral reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(12):1301-1312.42(12):1301-1312.

Donohue, M.J. and D. Foley. In review. Remote sensing links Hawaiian monk seal Donohue, M.J. and D. Foley. In review. Remote sensing links Hawaiian monk seal conservation, pollution and El Niconservation, pollution and El Niñño. o. Marine Mammal Science.Marine Mammal Science.

Gilardi, K. Personal Communication.Gilardi, K. Personal Communication.

Godwin, S. Personal Communication.Godwin, S. Personal Communication.

Henderson, J.R. 2001. A pre- and post-MARPOL Annex V summary of Hawaiian monk Henderson, J.R. 2001. A pre- and post-MARPOL Annex V summary of Hawaiian monk seal entanglements and marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian seal entanglements and marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 1982-1988. Islands 1982-1988. Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin 42(7):584-589. 42(7):584-589.

ReferencesReferences

Ingraham, W.J. Jr. and Ebbesmeyer, C.C. 2001. Surface current concentration of floating Ingraham, W.J. Jr. and Ebbesmeyer, C.C. 2001. Surface current concentration of floating marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean: 12-year OSCURS model experiments. In marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean: 12-year OSCURS model experiments. In Proceedings of the Internationl Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Proceedings of the Internationl Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment, 2001Environment, 2001. Hawaiian Island Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary . Hawaiian Island Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Publication.Publication.

Kubota, M. 1994. A mechanism for the accumulation of floating marine debris north of Kubota, M. 1994. A mechanism for the accumulation of floating marine debris north of Hawaii. Hawaii. Journal of Physical OceanographyJournal of Physical Oceanography 24, 1059-1064. 24, 1059-1064.

Laist, D.W. 1997. Impacts of marine debris: entanglement of marine life in marine debris Laist, D.W. 1997. Impacts of marine debris: entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In In Marine Debris Sources, Impacts, and SolutionsMarine Debris Sources, Impacts, and Solutions, eds. J.M. Coe and D.B. Rogers. , eds. J.M. Coe and D.B. Rogers. Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. pp.99-139.Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. pp.99-139.

Matsuoka, Tatsuro. Personal Communication. Matsuoka, Tatsuro. Personal Communication.

Morishige, C. Personal Communication.Morishige, C. Personal Communication.

Timmers, M.A., C.A. Kistner and M.J. Donohue. 2005. Marine debris of the Northwestern Timmers, M.A., C.A. Kistner and M.J. Donohue. 2005. Marine debris of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: ghost net identification. University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Hawaiian Islands: ghost net identification. University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program publication. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-AR-05-01.Program publication. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-AR-05-01.

ReferencesReferences

Timmers, M and M. Donohue, 2003. Identifying putative fisheries from derelict fishing Timmers, M and M. Donohue, 2003. Identifying putative fisheries from derelict fishing gear recovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Congress on Marine gear recovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Congress on Marine Science and Technology International, Sixth Regional Symposium PACON 2003: Science and Technology International, Sixth Regional Symposium PACON 2003: Ocean Capital Year. Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Jun. 29 – Jul. 2, 2003Ocean Capital Year. Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Jun. 29 – Jul. 2, 2003

Wigg, H. Personal Communication.Wigg, H. Personal Communication.

Zabin, C.J., J.T. Carlton and L.S. Godwin, 2003. First report of the Asian sea anemone Zabin, C.J., J.T. Carlton and L.S. Godwin, 2003. First report of the Asian sea anemone Diadumene lineataDiadumene lineata from the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, from the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2003, Part 2: 54-58.Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2003, Part 2: 54-58.