marine and noise

7/28/2019 Marine and Noise

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MARINE POLLUTION

Definition

Marine pollution is defined as,"The discharge of waste substances into the sea

resulting in harm to living resources, hazards to

human health, hindrance to fishery and impairmentof quality for use of sea water.


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Source (causes) of marine pollution

About half of the world population live nearer

to coastal lines and gain many benefits fromthe coastal zones and oceans.

The coastal zones contains rich heritage, coralreefs, wetlands and sea grass beds.


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Benefits of coral reefs:

The coral reefs which are the most productive

eco-systems offer many benefits to people.

Reefs support more than one millions species.

They provide feeding, breeding and nursery

areas to fish and shell fish.

They offer medicines.

They act as buffer to ocean waves and protect

coastal lines from storms and so on.


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Factors affecting coral reefs

The coral reefs are threatened by

The sediment from deforestation carried by therunoffs.

The agricultural and industrial chemicals

reaching through river discharges.

The boat anchors and the careless divers.

Rising ocean temperatures.


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Types of Marine Pollution

Sedimentation

Agricultural runoff (herbicides, pesticides and

nutrients)

Energy (thermal and light) Sewage (Faecal Coli form and nutrients)

Solid Waste

Chemicals, Metals and Radioactive Substances Oil

Biological


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Major Marine Pollutants

Worldwide

10 billion tonnes of ballast water with invasive

Est. 10,000 million gallons of sewage annually

3.25 million metric tonnes of oil annually

Millions of tonnes of Solid waste


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Major Marine Pollutants

Metals

Introduced dangerous metals include mercury, lead, and copper

Heavy Metals are a great concern because they enter the food chain Fuel combustion, electric utilities, steel and iron manufacturing,

fuel oils, fuel additives and incineration of urban refuse are themajor sources of oceanic and atmospheric contamination byheavy metals

Copper is dangerous to marine organisms and has been used inmarine anti-fouling paints

Mercury and lead poisoning cause brain damage and behaviourdisturbances in children

Contaminated land runoff, rain of pollutants from the air, and

fallout from shipwrecks pollute the ocean with dangerous metals Human activities release 5 times as much mercury and 17 times as

much lead as is derived from natural sources.


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Sources of Pollution

From Land

80% of non-biological marine pollution comesfrom land based activities

Most obvious inputs via pipes discharging

directly into marine waters( sewage, industrial,chemical and food processing wastes)

Riverine flows into the sea carry pollutants fromthe entire catchment area.

From Air

Global atmospheric inputs to the sea from air

Discharges


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Maritime

Oily discharges from ballast water and bilge

water during routine ship operations and illegaldumping of solid waste

Designated dumping grounds at sea (dredged

spoil, old munitions, sewage sludge, fly ash, oilbased drilling muds)

Accidental spills from Ships carrying hazardous

substances, oil, gas etc.


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Impacts of Marine Pollution

Generally marine pollution affects ecosystem

health, public health, recreational water qualityand economic viability in the following ways:

Mechanical

Eutrophication

Saphrogenic

Toxicity

Mutagenic and Carcinogenic


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Effects of Marine pollution The presence of heavy metals and-organic pollutants

cause more damage in birds as thinning of egg shell

and tissue damage of egg. Oil pollution cause damage to marine fauna and flora

including algae, fish, birds, invertebrates. About50,000 to 2,50,000 birds are killed every year by

oil. Oil spilling in sea water causes abnormally low body

temperature in birds resulting in hypothermia. Nearly150 rare species of bald eagles also became victims

when they ingested oil during Exxon Valdezaccident.

Oil films are able to retard significantly the rate of

oxygen uptake by water.


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Cost of Marine Pollution

3.25 million metric tons of oil wasted vs. 3.4

million tons used by Jamaica annually

100,000 mammal and 2 million bird deaths

annually

Reduction of GDP by decreasing fishery resource(11.9k tonnes7.7k landed 1960-97) and decreased

tourism earnings

Loss of bio-diversity and potential life savingmedicines (for AIDS &Cancer)


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Solutions to Pollution

Two main methods

Correctioncostly and time intensive

Preventionrequires attitude changes

Coastal Scientists believe that prevention is

better than cure since the effects of marinepollution maybe irreversible and we may

therefore be creating everlasting damage to the

marine ecosystem. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of

cure


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Control Measures of Marine- Pollution

Plants for conserving marine biodiversity must betaken into account of human needs.

People should be educated about marine ecosystemsand the benefits offered by them.

Local communities must be involved in protecting

and managing their coastal resources. Social and economic incentives must be offered for

conserving and sustainable use of marine resources.

The fact that all the oceans in the world are

connected must be reflected in the policies.

Governments must manage their own waters whileextending cooperation to the neighboring states)


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Physical Methods

(i) Skimming the oil off the surface with a suction

device appears to be the simplest method.(ii) The floating oil can be absorbed using a suitable

absorbing material like polyurethane foam.

Chopped straw and saw dust can also be used toabsorb oil from the sea water.

(iii) Chemicals can be used to coagulate the oil.

Chemical Methods

(i) Dispersion.

(ii) Emulsification.

(iii) Using chemical


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NOISE POLLUTION

Definition

Noise pollution is defined as, "the unwanted,unpleasant or disagreeable sound that causes

discomfort for all living beings."

Noise level Normal conversation sound ranges from 35 dB

to 60 dB.

Impairment of hearing takes place due toexposure to noise of 80 dB or more.

Noise above 140 dB becomes painful.


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What is noise?

In simple terms, noise is unwanted sound.

Sound is a form of energy which is emitted by

a vibrating body and on reaching the ear causes

the sensation of hearing through nerves.


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A noise problem generally consists of three

inter-related elements-

the source,

the receiver and

the transmission path.


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Noise may be continuous or intermittent.

Noise may be of high frequency or of low

frequency which is undesired for a normalhearing.


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The differentiation between sound and noise also

depends upon

The habit and interest of the person/species The ambient conditions

Impact of the sound


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Types and sources (causes) of noiseIt has been found that environmental noise is doubling every 10years. Generally noise is described as,

1.Industrial noise.Highly intense sound or noise pollution is caused by manymachines

2. Transport noise.

The main noise, comes from transport. It mainly includes roadtraffic noise, rail traffic noise and air craft noise

The number of road vehicles like motors, scooters, cars, motorcycles, buses, trucks and particularly the diesel engine vehicleshave increased enormously in recent years.

3. Neighborhood noise.

This type of noise includes disturbance from household gadgetsand community. Common noise makers are musical instruments,TV, VCR, radios, transistors, telephones, and loudspeakers etc.,


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Impacts of noise

Why bother about noise?


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Annoyance

Physiological effects

Loss of hearing

Human performance

Nervous system

Sleeplessness

Damage to material


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Effects of Noise Pollution

Noise Pollution affects human health, comfort

and efficiency. It causes contraction of blood vessels, makes the

skin pale, leads to excessive secretion of

adrenal in hormone into blood stream which isresponsible for high blood pressure.

Blaring sounds have known to cause mental

distress, heart attacks neurological problems,birth defects and abortion.


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Control of Noise Pollution

The techniques employed for noise control can

be broadly classified as Control at source

Control in the transmission path

Using protective equipment.

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