maria i of portugal
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Maria I of PortugalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Maria I" redirects here. For other uses, seeMary I.
For other people of the same name, seeMaria of Portugal.
Maria I
D. Maria I;Miguel Antnio do Amaral, 1777
Queen of Portugal and the Algarveslater
Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and
the Algarves
Reign 24 February 1777 20 March 1816
Predecessor Joseph I
Successor John VI
Regent John, Prince Regent(17921816)
Spouse Peter III of Portugal
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details...
Issue
Jos, Prince of Brazil
John VI of Portugal
Infanta Mariana Victoria
Full name
Maria Francisca Isabel Josefa Antnia Gertrudes Rita Joana
House House of Braganza
Father Joseph I of Portugal
Mother Mariana Victoria of Spain
Born 17 December 1734
Ribeira Palace,Kingdom of Portugal
Died 20 March 1816 (aged 81)
Rio de Janeiro,Kingdom of Brazil
Burial Estrela Basilica, Lisbon, Portugal
Religion Roman Catholic
Maria I (English: Mary I) (17 December 1734 20 March 1816) wasQueen of Portugal,Brazil,and
the Algarves. Known as Maria the Pious (in Portugal), orMaria the Mad (in Brazil), she was the first
undisputedQueen regnantof Portugal. Her reign would be a noteworthy one. WithNapoleon's
European conquests, her court, then under the direction of Prince Dom Joo, the Prince Regent,
moved to the then Portuguese colony of Brazil. Later on, Brazil would be elevated from the rank of a
colony to that of a Kingdom, the Kingdom of Brazil, with the consequential formation of the United
Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
Contents
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1 Early life
o 1.1 Growing up with the Marquis
2 Reign
o 2.1 Down with Pombal
3 Mental deterioration
4 Napoleonic Wars
o 4.1 Transfer to Brazil
5 Death and Legacy
6 Titles, Honours, and styles
o 6.1 Titles and Styles
o 6.2 Honours
7 Marriage and Issue 8 Ancestry
9 See also
10 Bibliography
11 References
12 External links
Early life[edit]
D. Maria Francisca,Princess of Beira,Duchess of Barcelos;Pavona; 1739.
Maria was born at theRibeira Royal PalaceinLisbon. Maria was baptized Maria Francisca Isabel
Josefa Antnia Gertrudes Rita Joana. On the day of her birth, her grandfather, KingJoo V ofPortugal, created her thePrincess of Beira. She was the eldest of all her siblings.
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ria_I_of_Portugal#Down_with_Pombalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal#Reignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal#Growing_up_with_the_Marquishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal#Early_life 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When her father succeeded to the throne in 1750 asJos I, Maria became his heiress presumptive
and was given the traditional titles ofPrincess of BrazilandDuchess of Braganza.
Growing up with the Marquis[edit]
Maria would grow up in a time when her father's government and country were dominated completely
by the firstMarquis of Pombal. Her father would often retire to theQueluz National Palacewhich was
later given to Maria and her husband.
The Marquis took control of the government after the terrible1755 Lisbon earthquakeof 1 November
1755, in which around 100,000 people lost their lives; the palace of her birth was also destroyed in
the disaster.
After the earthquake, her father was often uncomfortable at the thought of staying in enclosed
spaces and later hadclaustrophobia. The king later had a palace built in Ajuda, away from the city
centre. This palace became known as Real Barraca de Ajuda (Royal Complex at Ajuda) because it
was made of wood. The family would spend much time at the large palace and it was the birthplace
of Maria's first child. In 1794 the palace burned to the ground andAjuda National Palacewas built in
its place.
In 1760 Maria married her uncle Pedro, younger brother of her father Jose I. They had six children, of
whom the eldest surviving son succeeded Maria as Joo VI on her death in 1816.
Reign[edit]
Maria Francisca Isabel, Princess of Brazil;Francisco Vieira de Matos, 1753.
In 1777, she became the first undisputedqueen regnant of Portugal and the Algarves. With Maria's
accession, her husband became king as Peter III. Despite Peter's status as king and the nominal
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joint reign, the actual regal authority was vested solely in Maria[citation needed]
as she was the lineal heir
of the Crown; also, as Peter's kingship was iure uxoris only, in the event of Maria's death, his reign
would cease, and the Crown would pass to Maria's descendants. However, Peter would predecease
his wife. Maria is considered as having been a good ruler in the period prior to her madness.
Down with Pombal[edit]
Her first act as queen was to dismiss the popularSecretary of State of the Kingdom, theMarquis of
Pombal, who had broken the power of the reactionary aristocracy via theTavora affair, partially
because of Pombal's Enlightenment, anti-Jesuit policies.
Noteworthy events of this period were Portugal's membership of theLeague of Armed
Neutrality(July 1782) and the 1781 cession ofDelagoa BayfromAustriato Portugal.
Queen Maria suffered from religious mania andmelancholia. This acute mental illness (perhaps due
toporphyria, which also may have taintedGeorge III of the United Kingdom) made her incapable of
handling state affairs after 1792.[1]
Mental deterioration[edit]
Her madness was first officially noticed in 1786 when Maria had to be carried back to her apartments
in a state of delirium. The queen's mental state became increasingly worse. In May 1786 her
husband died; Maria was devastated and forbade any court entertainments.
According to a contemporary[who?]
the state festivities resembled religious ceremonies. Her state
worsened after the death of her eldest son (and heir-apparent), aged 27, from smallpox, and of her
confessor, in 1791.
In February 1792, she was deemed as mentally insane and was treated byFrancis Willis, the same
physician who attended George III of the United Kingdom. Willis wanted to take her to England, but
that was refused by the Portuguese court. Maria's second son (eldest surviving) and new heir-
apparent,John, took over the government in her name, even though he only took the title of Prince
Regent in 1799.[2]
When the Real Barraca de Ajuda burnt down in 1794, the court was forced to move to Queluz, where
the ill queen would lie in her apartments all day and visitors would complain of terrible screams that
would echo throughout the palace.
Napoleonic Wars[edit]
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Portrait of the Queen Dona Maria I with a Crown,Giuseppe Troni, 1783.
In 1801, the Spanish Prime Minister,Manuel de Godoy, Prince of the Peace, invaded Portugal with
backing fromNapoleon. He was later forced to abandon the campaign that same year. Though the
Spanish ceased their invasion, theTreaty of Badajozon 6 June 1801 forced Portugal to
cedeOlivenaand part ofGuyanato Spain. This cession is not recognized by the present
government and Portugal officially considers those territories to still be Portuguese.
The refusal of the Portuguese government to join theContinental Blockadeagainst Britain
culminated in the 1807 Franco-Spanish invasion led byGeneral Junot.
The ultimate Napoleonic plan for Portugal was to split it into three sections. The northern parts of
Portugal, from the Douro to the Minho, would become the Kingdom of Northern Lusitania, and its
throne was promised toKing Carlo Lodovico II of Etruria. TheAlentejo ProvinceandKingdom of the
Algarvewould be put together to form the Principality of the Algarves, of which Spanish Prime
Minister Manuel de Godoy would be sovereign. The remaining portion of Portugal would have been
directly ruled by France.
Transfer to Brazil[edit]
Main article:Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
At the urging of theBritishgovernment, on 29 November 1807, the entireBraganzadynasty decided
to flee toBrazilto establish a Cortes-in-exile, in thePortuguese Viceroyalty of Brazil.
Along with the Royal Family, she was transported aboard thenauPrncipe Real. During her move
from the Royal palace to the docks she was heard screaming throughout the trip, in the middle of the
crowd and in the carriage. The Queen'sdementiawas so great that she feared that she was going to
be tortured or robbed during her movement by her servants.
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Dona Maria I, Queen of Portugal; Jos Leandro de Carvalho, 1808.
In January 1808, Prince Regent Joo and his court arrived inSalvador da Bahia. After his arrival and
persistence by local aristocracy and the British, the Prince Regent signed a commercial regulation
that opened commerce between Brazil and friendly nations, which in this case represented England.
This important law broke the colonial pact that, until then, only allowed Brazil to maintain direct
commercial relations with Portugal.
On 1 August 1808, the British GeneralArthur Wellesley(laterDuke of Wellington) landed a British
army in Lisbon and thus initiated thePeninsular War. Wellesley's initial victory over Junot
atVimeiro(21 August 1808) was wiped out by his superiors in theConvention of Cintra(30 August
1808).
Nevertheless, Wellesley (now Lord Wellington) returned to Portugal on 22 April 1809 to recommence
the campaign. Portuguese forces under British command distinguished themselves in the defence of
thelines of Torres Vedras(18091810) and in the subsequent invasion of Spain and France.
In 1815, Prince Regent Joo government elevated Brazil to the status of a kingdom, and Maria I was
proclaimed the Queen of theUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. When Napoleon
was finally defeated in 1815, Maria and her family remained in Brazil.
Death and Legacy[edit]
Incapacitated, Maria lived in Brazil for eight years, always in an unhappy state. In 1816, the Queen
died at the Carmo Convent inRio de Janeiroat the age of 81. After her death, Prince Regent Joo
was acclaimed the King of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves and had her body was returned to
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Lisbon, and interned in a mausoleum in theEstrela Basilica(Portuguese:Basilica da Estrela), that
she had helped found.
Maria is a greatly admired figure in both Brazil and Portugal, due to the tremendous changes and
events that took place during her reign. In Portugal, she is celebrated as a strong female figure. Herlegacy shines at Portugal'sQueluz National Palace, a baroque-roccoco masterpiece that she helped
conceive. A large statue of her stands in front of the palace, and apousadanear the palace is named
in her honour. A large marble statue of the Queen was erected at thePortuguese National Libraryin
Lisbon, by the students of Joaquim Machado de Castro.
In Brazil, she is admired as a key figure in the eventual independence of Brazil. It is during her reign,
though acted through her son's regency, that many of the institutions and organizations in Brazil
were created. These institutions were the precursors to their modern day equivalents and granted
large degree of power to the Brazilian colonials. While she is often called A Louca (the Crazy) inBrazil, Brazilian and Portuguese historic scholars hold her in high esteem.
Titles, Honours, and styles[edit]
Royal styles of
Maria I of Portugal
Reference style Her Most Faithful Majesty
Spoken style Your Most Faithful Majesty
Alternative style Ma'am
Titles and Styles[edit]
Main article:List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
17 December 1734 31 July 1750Her Royal HighnessThe Princess of Beira, Duchess of
Barcelos
31 July 1750 24 February 1777Her Royal Highness The Princess of Brazil, Duchess of
Braganza
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24 February 1777 16 December 1815Her Most Faithful MajestyThe Queen of Portugal and
the Algarves
16 December 1815 20 March 1816Her Most Faithful MajestyThe Queen of the United
Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
The official styling from her accession till 1815 was:
By the Grace of God, Maria I, Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa,
Lady of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India,
etc
With the creation of the Kingdom of Brazil, her style changed to:
By the Grace of God, Maria I, Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, of
either side of the sea in Africa, Lady of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of
Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc.
Honours[edit]
As Queen of Portugal, Maria was Grand Mistress of the following Portuguese Orders:
Order of Christ
Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
Order of Saint James of the Sword
Order of the Tower and Sword
Marriage and Issue[edit]
Maria married her uncle,Infante Pedro of Braganzaon 6 June 1760. At the time of their marriage,
Maria was 25 and Pedro was 42. Despite the age gap, the couple had a happy marriage. Peter
automatically became co-monarch (as Pedro III of Portugal) when Maria ascended the throne, as a
child had already been born from their marriage. The couple had six children and a stillborn baby.
Name Birth Death Notes
Jos, Prince
of Brazil
20 August
1761
11
September
1788
Jos Francisco Xavier de Paula Domingos
Antnio Agostinho AnastciomarriedInfanta
Benedita of Portugaland had no issue. His
death lead to his younger brother becoming
heir-apparent and later king.
Joo de
Bragana
20 October
1762
20 October
1762
Joo was a still born baby, born at theAjuda
National Palace.
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Joo
Francisco de
Bragana
16
September
1763
10 October
1763
Joo Francisco de Paula Domingos Antnio
Carlos Cipriano was born at theAjuda
National Palace.
Joo VI13 May
1767
10 March
1826
Joo Maria Jos Francisco Xavier de Paula
Lus Antnio Domingos RafaelmarriedCarlota
Joaquina of Spainand had issue. He wasKing
of Portugaland TitularEmperor of Brazil.
Mariana
Victoria de
Bragana
15
December
1768
2
November
1788
Maria Ana Vitria Josefa Francisca Xavier de
Paula Antonieta Joana Domingas
Gabriela marriedInfante Gabriel of Spainand
had issue.
Maria
Clementina
de Bragana
9 June 177427 June
1776
Maria Clementina Francisca Xavier de Paula
Ana Josefa Antnia Domingas Feliciana
Joana Michaela Julia de Bragana was born
at theQueluz National Palace.
Maria Isabel
de Bragana
12
December
1766
14 January
1777
Maria Isabelwas born at theQueluz National
Palace.
Ancestry[edit]
[show]Ancestors of Maria I of Portugal
See also[edit]
List of mentally ill monarchs
Bibliography[edit]
Cheke, Marcus (1947).Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal. London, England: Sidgewick &
Jackson.
Benevides, Francisco da Fonseca.Rainhas de Portugal: Estudo Historico - Volume I. Lisbon,
Portugal: Typographia Castro Irmo.
Benevides, Francisco da Fonseca.Rainhas de Portugal: Estudo Historico - Volume II. Lisbon,
Portugal: Typographia Castro Irmo.
Gomes, Laurentino(2007).1808 How a mad queen, a coward prince and a corrupt court
fooled Napoleon and changed the History of Portugal and Brazil. Planeta. (Portuguese)
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kipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palace 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8/22/2019 Maria I of Portugal
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References[edit]
1. ^History of Portugal: Pamphlet Collection. CUP Archive, 1937. Accessed
September 2012.
2. ^History of Portugal: Pamphlet Collection. CUP Archive, 1937. Accessed
September 2012.
External links[edit]
Media related toMaria I of Portugalat Wikimedia Commons
Maria I of Portugal
House of Braganza
Cadet branch of theHouse of Aviz
Born: 17 December 1734Died: 20 March 1816
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Joseph I
Queen of Portugal and the
Algarveslater
Queen of the United Kingdom of
Portugal, Brazil, and the
Algarves17771816
withPeter III(17771786)
Succeeded by
John VI
Portuguese royalty
Preceded by
Maria Barbara
Princess of Beira
Duchess of Barcelos17341750 Succeeded by
JosephPreceded by
Joseph
Princess of Brazil
Duchess of Braganza17501777
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