margy
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LET'S LEARNTRANSCRIPT
NOUN + IS + NOUN
Canada is a country.
A cat is an animal
A and AN have the same meaning. They are both articles.
A = is used in front of the words that begin with consonants: b, c, d, f,etc…
Examples: a bed a friend a cat a girl An= is used in front of words that begin with vowels: a, e, i, o, u
Examples: an animal an ear an island an office
Singular means “ ONE” Canada = a singular Noun Is = a singular Verb Country= a singular Noun
A. SIMPLE PRESENT
The simple present express daily habits or usual activities. The simple present is used for events or situations that exist always, usually or habitually in the past, present and future. The simple present is used for: Routines Ask about beliefs Likes/ Dislikes Preferences Qualify / Adjectives.
VERB TO BE
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
To be verb Contraction Negative Contraction
I Am I’m I am not I’m not
You Are You`re You are not You`re not
She Is She`s She is not She`s not
He Is He’s He is not He’s not
It Is It’s It is not It’s not
We Are We’re We are not We’re not
You Are You’re You are not You’re not
They Are They’re They are not They’re not
Examples of positive sentence: Examples of negative sentence:
He is my friend. He is not (isn’t) my friend.
We are brothers. We are not (aren’t) brothers.
You are a good student You are not (aren´t) a good student
She is Ann. She is not (isn’t) Ann.
You are Luis and Vivian You are not (aren’t) Luis and Vivian.
I am a teacher. I am not (I‘m not) a teacher.
YES / NO QUESTION ANSWERS
Are you my best friend? Yes, I am
Is he Mike? No, he is not
Is Lucia at work? No, she isn’t
Are they janitors? Yes, they are
Are you outside? No, we are not
∞∞∞∞∞∞∞®®®®®®∞∞∞∞∞∞∞
BE + ADJECTIVE
NOUN + VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE
A ball is round. Balls are round. Mary is intelligent. PRONOUN + VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE
I am hungry. She is young. They are bad. The noun or pronoun that comes at the beginning of a
sentence is called a “subject”. Adjectives often follow a form of be (am – is – are).
Adjectives describes or give information about a noun or
pronoun that comes at the beginning a sentence. Adjectives never pluralize.
LIST OF ADJECTIVES
ADJETIVOS DE PERSONALIDAD
Inglés – Español
absent-minded distraído ambitious ambicioso amusing divertido anxious preocupado inquieto bad-tempered de mal genio brave valiente calm tranquilo
charming encantador cheerful alegre clever listo crazy loco cruel cruel decisive decisivo enthusiastic entusiasta friendly amable funny divertido generous generoso gentle tierno – dulce good-natured bonachón intelligent inteligente kind amable lazy perezoso mean mezquino – agarrado modest modesto
LIST OF ADJECTIVES 2
nasty sucio – obsceno
naughty travieso – pícaro
nervous nervioso
nice simpático
optimistic optimista
pessimistic pesimista
polite educado
quiet tranquilo
rude / maleducado – grosero self-confident seguro de sí mismo sensible sensato sensitive sensible serious serio shy tímido silly tonto stupid estúpido sweet amable – dulce well-behaved de buen comportamiento wicked malvado / malo
EXAMPLES:
1. I’m not sad. I’m sad.
2. Mr.Thomas isn’t rich. He is poor.
3. My clothes aren’t dirty. They’re clean.
4. The classroom isn’t quiet. It`s noisy.
“WH” QUESTIONS.
FORM OF QUESTIONS
SENTENCE
SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT
QUESTION
WH + VERB + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT?
DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
THIS = (SINGULAR) When you can touch the thing. Example: This is a window. THESE = (PLURAL) When you touch. Example: These are 2 books. THAT = (SINGULAR) When you don t touch. Example: That is window. THOSE = (PLURAL) When you don t touch. Example: Those are 2 books.
RULES OF REGULAR PLURAL OF NOUNS
Add S to singular nouns.
Example:
door =doors
Add ES to singular nouns ending with o, s, x, sh,ch,z
Examples:
watch = watches
volcano = volcanoes
address= addresses
box =boxes
Add IES to singular nouns ending consonant t y
Examples:
Baby=babies
Copy=copies
Factory= factories
attorney =attorneys
Add VES to singular nouns ending with f, fe
Examples:
wife =wives
leaf =leaves
scarf= scarves
EXCEPTIONS
kilo kilos
auto autos
piano pianos
photo photos
tattoo tattoos
video videos
belief belief
cliff cliffs
roof roofs
chief chiefs
IRREGULAR PLURALS
Some nouns have irregular plurals.
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
person people
mouse mice
louse lice
ox oxen
crisis crises
foot feet
gooses geese
tooth teeth
bacteriom bacteria
DONT CHANGE
sheep sheep
deer deer
fish fish
shrimp shrimp
species species
NONCOUNT / COUNT NOUNS Some noun are called NON COUNTABLE NOUNS
1. They are not immediately preceded by a / an or one. 2. They don t have a plural form (no final s is added).
THERE + VERB TO BE (IS SIMPLE PRESENT) (WAS SIMPLE PAST) AFFIRMATIVE There is a book on the table. There is one room in the house. There is some rice in the fridge. There is a little salt on the table. There is much / too much water here. There is a lot of water here. NEGATIVE There is not (isn’t) a book on the table. There isn’t any rice left. There isn’t a lot of sugar. QUESTIONS Is there an apple here? Is there any sugar? How much sugar is there in the table? Where is there a pen?
COMMON NON-COUNTABLE NOUNS WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS
A. clothing equipment food fruit furniture garbage hardware jewerly machinery mail makeup money (cash change) noise postage silence scenery stuff traffic B. homework housework work C. advice information news D. history literature music poetry
E. English, Arabic, Chinese, etc names of languages F. grammar slang vocabulary
G. corn help dirt pepper dust rice fruit salt flour sand grass sugar hair wheat
LIQUIDS Beer – blood- coffee- cream- gasoline- honey- juice- milk- oil- shampoo- soup tea- water- wine SOLIDS AND SEMI-SOLIDS Bread- butter- cheese- ice- ice cream –lettuce- toast- meat- beef- chicken fish- ham- lamb- pork –chalk- copper- cotton-glass- gold- iron- paper- rubber silver- soap- tin- toothpaste- wood- wool GASES Air- fog- oxygen- pollution- smog- smoke- steam NATURAL PHENOMENA (THINGS THAT OCCUR IN NATURE) Weather- rain- snow- lightning- thunder- humidity- darkness- light- sunshine ABSTRACTIONS (AN ABSTRACTION IS SOMETHING THAT HAS NO PHYSICAL FORM. A PERSON CANNOT TOUCH) Anger – beauty- confidence- courage- cowardice- education- enjoyment entertainment- experience –fun- generosity- greed –happiness- hate- health help –honesty- hospitality- ignorance- intelligence- justice- knowledge- laughter- love- luck –patience- peace- poverty- pride- progress- recreation research-stupidity- time –violence- wealth
COUNT NOUNS
Some noun are called COUNTABLE NOUNS
1. In the singular they can be preceded by a / an or one. 2. They have a plural form ( S or ES is added).
THERE + VERB TO BE (ARE SIMPLE PRESENT) (WERE SIMPLE PAST)
AFFIRMATIVE There are three books on the table. There are some books on the table. There are many / too many books here. There are a few / a few books here. There are several books here. There are a lot of books here. NEGATIVE There are not (aren’t) three books on the table. There aren’t any books left. There aren’t many books here.
.
QUESTIONS Are there many books here? Are there any people here? Are there some sheep in the yard? How many children are there here? Where are there some books?
SIMPLE PRESENT WITH REGULAR E IRREGULAR VERBS
Final ES is added If the verbs ends with o, sh, ch, x, s, z Example pass = passes Final ES is added to do and go
Example: do- does go – goes
Many verbs end in E. Final S is simply added. Example: hope – hopes
Final S not ES is added to most verbs. Examples: speak - speaks happen – happens
If a verb ends in a consonant + Y, change the Y to I and added ES Example try-tries cry- cries
If a verb ends in a vowel + Y, simply add S
Example pay - pays buy - buys
Examples verb to wash I wash my clothes. verb to go She goes to dance on weekends. verb to watch He watches TV every sunday. verb to fix He fixes the car at the garage. verb to have She has a lot of money. They have a lot of money.
NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + DO-DOES + NOT + VERB + COMPLEMENT ? DON’T (DO NOT) for: I - YOU - THEY - We DOESN’T (DOES NOT) for: SHE- HE - IT Examples I don t wash my clothes. She doesn’t go to dance on weekends. He doesn’t watch TV every sunday. He doesn’t fix the car at the garage She doesn’t have a lot of money.
YES / NO QUESTIONS
DO-DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT? Do you wash your clothes? Yes, I do / No, I dont Does she go to dance on weekends? Yes, she does / No, she doesnt Does the party start at 7 pm ? Yes, It does / No, it doesnt NEVER COMBINED VERB TO BE WITH AUXILARES DO-DOES NEVER USE S IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES AND QUESTIONS
WH / QUESTIONS
WH + DO / DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT? Marks eats pizza What does Mark ( he ) eat? Bob drinks too much water How much water does Bob drink? The party starts at 7pm What time does the party start? She works out on Mondays. When does she work out? They spend a lot of time in front of the T.V How much time do they spend in front of the TV?
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
When you describe daily activities by making sentences it used with frequency adverbs.
SUBJECT + ADVERB OF FREQ + SIMPLE PRESENT VERB + COMPLEMENT. YES/NO QUESTION DO / DOES + SUBJECT + ADVERB + SIMPLE PRESENT VERB + COMPLEMENT? HOW / QUESTIONS HOW + ADVERB OF FREQ + AUX DO – DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMT? ALWAYS 100 ALMOST ALWAYS USUALLY VERY OFTEN OFTEN SOMETIMES 50 SELDOM NOT VERY OFTEN RARELY ALMOST NEVER NEVER 0 Examples I usually eat breakfast. She never eat lunch.
These are placed at the end of sentences ONCE IN A WHILE ONCE A WEEK TWICE A MONTH THRICE A YEAR THREE TIMES A DAY FOUR TIMES A WEEK ONCE IN A BLUE MOON EVERY DAY EVERY MONDAY EVERY OTHER DAY EVERY OTHER WEEK ON SUNDAYS ON WEEKDAYS Examples I usually read books in the evening. Do you usually read books in the evening? She often plays chess. Does she often play chess? Frank sometimes plays the piano How often does Frank play the piano?
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Express an activity that is in progress ( is occurring, is happening) right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the sentence. The event began in the past, is in progress now and will probably continue into the future.
YOU – WE- THEY + ARE + VERB + ING
HE – SHE – IT + IS + VERB + ING
AFFIRMATIVE
SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT She is studying English. They are swimming in the sea.
NEGATIVE SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + NOT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT She is not (isn’t) studying English. They are not (aren’t) swimming in the sea.
YES / NO QUESTIONS TO BE + SUBJECT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT Are you working hard? Yes, I am / No, I am not Is she studying English? Yes, she is / No, she is not.
WH / QUESTIONS WH + TO BE + SUBJECT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT? Where are you doing? I am cooking Where are you working? I am working at INA Who are you eating with? I’m am eating with Ed. How are you studying? I’m studying hard. The present progressive can be used to described close future. She is working tomorrow. I am not studying next week. We are calling later.
NON ACTION VERBS Some verbs are not used in progressive tenses. incorrect I am hearing a bird correct I hear a bird ( right now)
LIST OF NON ACTION
Appear- be- believe- belong- doubt- consider- envy- exist- feel- forget -hate hear- hope- imagine- know- like- love- mean- need- own- posses- prefer realized- recognized- remember- see- seem- smell- sound- supposed- taste understand- want
Simple Present Present Progressive
in general (regularly, often, never)
Colin plays football every Tuesday.
present actions happening one after another
First Colin plays football, then he watches TV.
right now
Look! Colin is playing football now.
also for several actions happening at the same time
Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.
Signal words
always every ... often normally usually sometimes seldom never first then
at the moment at this moment today now right now Listen! Look!
Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present: be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want
Timetable / Schedule or arrangement?
Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or do you refer to a time set by a timetable or schedule?
Simple Present Present Progressive
action set by a timetable or schedule
The film starts at 8 pm.
arrangement for the near future
I am going to the cinema tonight.
Daily routine or just for a limited period of time?
Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?
Simple Present Present Progressive
daily routine
Bob works in a restaurant.
only for a limited period of time (does not
have to happen directly at the moment of
speaking)
Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.
USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME
The simple present can express future time when events are on a definite schedule or timetable. Only a few verbs are used in the simple present to express future time. The most common are
arrive - leave - start - begin - end - finish - open - close - be.
EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST The simple past is used to talk about activities or situations that began in the past. (yesterday, last night, two days ago, in 1990) Most simple past verbs are formed by adding ED to verb. Example:
Mark stayed at home last night. Some verbs have irregular past forms. Example:
Ann saw a zebra at the zoo one month ago.
FORM OF THE SIMPLE PAST
AFFIRMATIVE
SUBJECT + VERB PAST + COMPLEMENT I - YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY worked yesterday
NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + DID NOT (DIDN’T) + VERB PAST + COMPLEMENT I - YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY didn’t eat breakfast.
QUESTION
DID + SUBJECT + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT? Did - YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY eat breakfast?
SHORT ANSWER Yes, YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY did. No, YOU- SHE - HE - IT - WE - THEY didn’t
NOTE:
DID is not used with WAS and WERE.
NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WAS - WERE NOT + COMPLEMENT I - SHE - HE - IT was not (wasn’t ) busy. WE- YOU - THEY were not ( weren’t ) busy.
QUESTION
WAS - WERE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT? WAS I - SHE - HE - IT busy ? WERE WE- YOU - THEY busy?
EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
USED TO expresses a past situation or habit that no longer exists at present. FORM: SUBJECT + USED TO + SIMPLE FORM OF A VERB She used to play dolls on her cousin’s house.
QUESTION DID + SUBJECT + USE TO + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB + COMPLT? Did she used to play dolls on her cousin’s house?
NEGATIVE SUBJECT + DIDN’T USE TO / NEVER USED TO + SIMPLE FORM VERB + COMPLEMENT She didn’t use to play dolls on her cousin’s house.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
1) Actions were in progress at special time in the past
Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.
2) Two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other)
Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.
3) Together with the Simple Past
While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang.
4) Repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew was always coming in late.
Past Progressive - Signal words
While= during the time
When= at the time
Past Progressive - Form
to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing
YOU – WE- THEY + WERE + VERB + ING HE – SHE – IT + WAS + VERB + ING
AFFIRMATIVE
SUBJECT + VERB BE PAST + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT She was studying English. They were swimming in the sea.
NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + VERB TO BE PAST + NOT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT She was not (wasn’t) studying English. They were not (weren’t) swimming in the sea.
YES / NO QUESTIONS
TO BE PAST + SUBJECT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT Were you working hard? Yes, I was / No, I was not Was she studying English? Yes, she was / No, she was not.
WH / QUESTIONS WH + TO BE PAST + SUBJECT + ING VERB + COMPLEMENT? Where were you doing? I was cooking Who was she eating with? She was eating with Ed.
Rule 5.3: Time Clauses - the Past Simple vs the Past Progressive
Expressing past time using time clauses
We can show that two ideas are related to each other and also linked to a specific time within the
same sentence. There are many times when the Past Simple and Past Continuous are seen in the
same sentence. There are also many examples of two clauses using only the Past Simple. This
structure usually indicates that the two clauses, or subject + verb structure, are somehow linked. The two ideas are related.
a) When I went to Regina, I visited my aunt.
b) I visited my aunt when I went to Regina.
when I went to Regina = a time clause*
I visited my aunt = a main clause*
(a) and (b) have the same meaning.
A time clause can:
1. come in front of a main clause, as in (a);
2. follow a main clause, as in (b).
c) After Francois ate dinner, he went to the
movies.
d) Francois went to the movies after he ate
dinner.
e) Before I went to bed, I finished my
homework.
f) I finished my homework before I went to bed.
g) While I was having a shower, the phone
rang.
h) The phone rang while I was having a
shower.
i) When the phone rang, I was having a
shower.
j) I was having a shower when the phone rang.
When, after, before, and while introduce time
clauses.
when/after/before/while + subject and verb = a
time clause
Punctuation: Put a comma at the end of a time
clause when the time clause comes first in a
sentence (comes in front of the main clause):
time clause + comma + main clause
main clause + NO comma + time clause
l) When the phone rang, I answered it.
In a sentence with a time clause introduced by
when, both the time clause verb and the main verb
can be simple past. In this case, the action in the
“when clause” happened first. In (i): First: the
phone rang. Then: I answered it.
EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME
BE GOING and WILL are used to express future time.
GOING TO is used for Intentions Example: I am going to do my homework tonight. Plans Example: I am going to study journalism. Predictions with strong visual evidence Example: Look at those dark clouds, it's going to rain. AFIRMATIVE SUBJECT + BE + GOING TO + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT He is going to drive a truck tomorrow. They are going to travel to Asia on Monday. NEGATIVE SUBJECT + BE + NOT + GOING TO + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT He is not going to drive a truck tomorrow. They are not going to travel to Asia on Monday.
QUESTION VERB BE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT? Is he going to drive a truck tomorrow? Are they going to travel to Asia on Monday?
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE EXPRESSING FUTURE
Sometimes the present progressive is used to express future time. The present progressive is used to express future time when the sentence concerns a definite: plan, intention, future activity. Verbs such as come, go, stay, arrive, leave are frequently used in the present progressive to express future time. Such verbs express definitive plans. Verbs expressing planned means of transportation in the future are also frequently used in the present progressive. Example: fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, taxi etc..) He is driving a truck tomorrow. They are traveling to Asia on Monday. Don is going to come to the party tomorrow night. Don is coming to the party tomorrow night. I’m going to stay home tonight. I’m staying home tonight.
EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME
WILL is used to express future time. INSTANT DECISION: at the time of speaking Example: The window is close. I’ll open it PREDICTIONS Example: I think it will snow next week. PROMISES Example: From now on he will clean the room. SHALL: Offers things. Use I-We Example: Shall I open the window for you? AFIRMATIVE SUBJECT + WILL + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT He will drive a truck tomorrow. They will travel to Asia on Monday. NEGATIVE SUBJECT + WILL + NOT (WON’T)+ VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT He will not (won’t) drive a truck tomorrow. They will not ( won’t) travel to Asia on Monday
QUESTION WILL + SUBJECT + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT? Will he drive a truck tomorrow? Will they travel to Asia on Monday? SHORT ANSWERS Yes, SUBJECT + WILL No, SUBJECT + WON’T CONTRACTIONS I’ II - You ‘ll – She’ ll – He’ ll – It’ ll – We’ ll – They’ ll Will is usually contracted with pronouns in both speech and informal writing. Bob + will Bob’ll the teacher will the teacher’ ll
USING PROBABLY WITH WILL
People often use probably with WILL. AFFIRMATIVE SUBJECT + WILL + PROBABLY + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT She will probably drive to the zoo next week. NEGATIVE SUBJECT + PROBABLY + WONT + VERB SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT She probably won’t drive to the zoo next week. She will probably not drive to the zoo next week.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
Describe an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point of the future. SUBJECT + WILL BE + ING FORM OF THE VERB + COMPLEMENT He will be writting a letter for his sister tomorrow. We will be searching shells at the beach tomorrow. check google if clause by the time USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME PAG USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME The simple present can express future time when events are on a definite schedule or timetable. Only a few verbs are used in the simple present to express future time. The most common are arrive - leave - start - begin - end - finish - open - close - be.
Comparative of equality
As...as is used to say that the two parts of comparison are equal or the same in some way. AFFIRMATIVE Ann is 21 years old. Ted is also 21 SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + SUBJECT 2 Ann is as old as Ted. NEGATIVE Ann is 21 years old. Ted is 21 SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + NOT + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + SUBJECT 2 Ann is not as old as Ted.
* QUITE and NEARLY ARE OFTEN USED WITH THE NEGATIVE Amy is 5 years old. She is not nearly as old as Ann. Common modifiers of as ... as are just (meaning exactly) and nearby / almost
COMPARATIVE OF INFERIORITY
SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + LESS + ADJECTIVES + THAN + SUBJECT 2 Ann is less intelligent than Ted. This book is less interesting than that one.
COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY
1. SUBJECT +VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN + SUBJECT 2 John is older than Mary. Melinda is shorter than John. Example:
tall = taller new = newer cold = colder short = shorter small = smaller long = longer old = older wise = wiser
2. SUBJECT +VERB + ADJECTIVE + CONSONANT + VOWEL + CONSONANT + THAN + SUBJECT 2 Maracaibo is hotter than Caracas. You look fatter than 3 years ago.
3.SUBJECT +VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + R + THAN + SUBJECT 2 My brother is nicer than I
nice = nicer wise = wiser large = larger
4. SUBJECT +VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + IER + THAN + SUBJECT 2 2 syllable ending in Y chance to I Married people are happier than single people.
happy - happier angry - angrier
busy - busier 5.SUBJECT +VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE (ER / LE / OW ADD ER) + THAN + SUBJECT 2 Women are significantly cleverer than them.
Clever = cleverer Simple = simpler
narrow = narrower
6. SUBJECT +VERB + 1 or 2 SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES IN ED / ING OR FUL/ OUS AND RE USE MORE + AD + THAN + SUBJECT 2 I always fell more tired on Mondays than Fridays. Nothing can be more boring than a baseball game on the radio. Pilots have to be more careful than car drivers.
tired = more tired careful = more careful
obscure = more obscure boring = more boring
famous = more famous 7. For other 2,3 or more syllable adjectives use MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN Fish is more expensive than chicken. Nothing is more beautiful than you Playing is more important than winning 8. IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES FORMS
Good = Better Bad = Worse Far = Farther
Babies recognize face better than adults.
EXAMPLES:
ER OR MORE
Handsome = more handsome Quit = quieter
Polite = more polite Pleasant = more pleasant
Simple = simpler Friendly = friendlier
Clever = cleverer Gentle = gentler
Common = more common
COMPARATIVE OF QUANTITY
1. Use MORE or FEWER with countable nouns Kate has more children than Karol I made fewer mistakes than you in the written test. 2. Use MORE or LESS with uncountable nouns Active people drink more water than sedentary people Girls spend less time on computers than boys.
SUPERLATIVES
1. Short adjectives: THE - EST
old = the oldest
cheap = the cheapest nice = the nicest
That church is the oldest building in town 2. Y adjectives: THE IEST
Easy= the easiest heavy = the heaviest pretty = the prettiest
3. Long adjectives: THE MOST
modern = the most interesting = the most
This is the most interesting class
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES FOR SUPERLATIVES
Good = Best
She is the best in her class
Far = Farthest Furthest Paso Canoas is the farthest place from SJ
Bad = Worst Centeno is the worst person in Saprissa
Lista de Verbos Regulares
1 INFINITIVE 2 PAST 3 PARTICIPLE CASTELLANO
admit (admít) admitted (admítid) admitted (admítid) admitir
ban (ban) banned (bánd) banned (bánd) prohibir
beg (beg) begged (bégd) begged (bégd) rogar
bury (béri) buried (bérid) buried (bérid) enterrar
clap (kláp) clapped (klápt) clapped (klápt) aplaudir
copy (kópi) copied (kópid) copied (kópid) copiar
cry (krái) cried (kráid) cried (kráid) gritar, llorar
drop (drop) dropped (drópt) dropped (drópt) dejar caer, caerse
dry (drái) dried (dráid) dried (dráid) secar
empty (émpti) emptied (émptid) emptied (émptid) vaciar
fancy (fánsi) fancied (fánsid) fancied (fánsid) imaginar, desear
fit (fit) fitted (fítid) fitted (fítid) caber, encajar
fry (frái) fried (fráid) fried (fráid) freír
hug (jág) hugged (jágd) hugged (jágd) abrazar
hurry (jári) hurried (járid) hurried (járid) apurarse
identify (aidéntifai) identified (aidéntifaid) identified (aidéntifaid) identificar
knit (nit) knitted (nítid) knitted (nítid) tejer
knot (not) knotted (nótid) knotted (nótid) anudar
label (léibl) labelled (léibld) labelled (léibld) etiquetar
level (lével) levelled (léveld) levelled (léveld) nivelar
marry (mári) married (márid) married (márid) casarse
multiply (máltíplai) multiplied (móltí-pláid) multiplied (móltí-pláid) multiplicar
pedal (pédal) pedalled (pédald) pedalled (pédald) pedalear
plan (plan) planned (pland) planned (pland) planear, planificar
plug (plag) plugged (plagd) plugged (plagd) conectar
prefer (prífér) preferred (prifert) preferred (prifert) preferir
program (prógram) programmed (prógramd) programmed (prógramd) programar
regret (rigrét) regretted (rigrétid) regretted (rigrétid) lamentarse
rely (relái) relied (reláid) relied (reláid) confiar
reply (replái) replied (repládt) replied (repláid) responder
rob (rób) robbed (róbd) robbed (róbd) robar
rub (rab) rubbed (rábd) rubbed (rábd) frotar
satisfy (satisfái) satisfied (satisfáid) satisfied (satisfáid) satisfacer
shop (shop) shopped (shópt) shopped (shópt) comprar
signal (sígnal) signalled (sígnald) signalled (sígnald) hacer señales
sin (sín) sinned (sínd) sinned (sínd) pecar
skip (skíp) skipped (skípt) skipped (skípt) saltearse
slip (slíp) slipped (slípt) slipped (slípt) deslizarse
stop (stop) stopped (stópt) stopped (stópt) pararse, detenerse
supply (saplái) supplied (sapláid) supplied (sapláid) proveer
terrify (térrifai) terrified (térri-fáid) terrified (térri-fáid) aterrorizar
tip (típ) tipped (típt) tipped (típt) dar propina
travel (trável) travelled (tráveld) travelled (tráveld) viajar
try (trái) tried (tráid) tried (tráid) tratar, intentar
worry (uári) worried (uárid) worried (uárid) preocuparse
Lista de Verbos Irregulares:
1 INFINITIVE 2 PAST 3 PARTICIPLE CASTELLANO
be (bi) was/were (uós/uér) been (bin) ser, estar
become (bikám) became (bikéim) become (bikám) llegar a ser
begin (biguín) began (bigén) begun (bigán) comenzar
break (bréik) broke (bróuk) broken (bróukn) romper
bring (bring) brought (brot) brought (brot) traer
build (bilt) built (bilt) built (bilt) construir
buy (bái) bought (bot) bought (bot) comprar
catch (kach) caught (kot) caught (kot) agarrar
choose (chus) chose (chos) chosen (chúsn) elegir
come (kám) came (keím) come (kám) venir
cut (kat) cut (kat) cut (kat) cortar
do (dú) did (díd) done (dán) hacer
draw (dró) drew (drú) drawn (drón) dibujar
drink (drink) drank (drénk) drunk (drank) beber
drive (dráiv) drove (dróuv) driven (drívn) conducir
eat (í:t) ate (et) eaten (ítn) comer
fall (fol) fell (fel) fallen (fólen) caer
feel (fí:l) felt (felt) felt (felt) sentir
find (fáind) found (faúnd) found (fáund) encontrar
fly (flái) flew (flu) flown (flón) volar
forget (forguét) forgot (forgót) forgotten (forgótn) olvidar
get (guét) got (got) got/gotten (got/gotn) obtener, conseguir
give (guív) gave (guéiv) given (gívn) dar
go (góu) went (uént) gone (góun) ir
grow (gróu) grew (grú) grown (grón) cultivar, crecer
hang (jéng) hung (jáng) hung (jáng) colgar
have (jev) had (jad) had (jad) tener, haber
hear (jíar) heard (jerd) heard (jerd) oir
keep (kí:p) kept (kept) kept (kept) guardar
know (nóu) knew (niú) known (nóun) saber, conocer
learn (lérn) learnt (lernt) learnt (lernt) aprender
lose (lú:s) lost (lost) lost (lost) perder
make (méik) made (méid) made (méid) hacer, fabricar
meet (mí:t) met (met) met (met) encontrarse con
pay (péi) paid (ped) paid (ped) pagar
put (put) put (put) put (put) poner
read (rid) read (red) read (red) leer
ride (ráid) rode (róud) ridden (rídn) cabalgar
ring (ring) rang (reng) rung (rang) sonar
run (ran) ran (ren) run (ran) correr
say (séi) said (sed) said (sed) decir
see (sí:) saw (sóu) seen (sin) ver
sell (sel) sold (sold) sold (sold) vender
send (send) sent (sent) sent (sent) enviar
show (shóu) showed (shóut) shown (shóun) mostrar
shut (shat) shut (shat) shut (shat) cerrar
sing (sing) sang (seng) sung (sang) cantar
sleep (slíp) slept (slépt) slept (slépt) dormir
smell (smel) smelt (smelt) smelt (smelt) oler
speak (spik) spoke (spóuk) spoken (spóukn) hablar
spend (spend) spent (spent) spent (spent) gastar, pasar
stand (stand) stood (stú:d) stood (stú:d) pararse
steal (stíl) stole (stóul) stolen (stóln) robar
swim (suím) swam (suém) swum (suám) nadar
take (téik) took (tul) taken (téikn) tomar, llevar
teach (tích) taught (tot) taught (tot) enseñar
tell (tel) told (told) told (told) decir, contar
think (zink) thought (zot) thought (zot) pensar, creer
wake (uéik) woke (uóuk) waken (uéikn) despertarse
wear (uéar) wore (uór) worn (uórn) usar (ropa)
win (uín) won (uón) won (uón) ganar
write (ráit) wrote (róut) written (rítn) escribir