margeol15 strat

7/21/2019 MarGeol15 Strat

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Stratigraphy (light)Fossils, Correlation, and Geologic Time


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Ooze!!

What kind of

ooze is this?


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Calcareous nannoplanktonIncludes incerta sedis discoasters

Kingdom Chromista

Division Heterokonta

Class Prymnesiophycae


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Radiolaria Diatoms, Kingdom Chromista, DivisionHaptophyta


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The holy trinity as blessed by the Heberg bible of stratigraphy isLithostratigraphy, Chronostratigraphy,andGeochronology.

Lithostratigraphy,organization of strata based upon lithologic criteria.

Geochronology,abstract time units.

Chronostratigraphy,organization of strata based upon age relations time-rock units Hourglass analogy--duration of sand flow is an hour, but

the sand itself is not time

Principles of Stratigraphy


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Correlation: establish equivalency

Physical correlationestablish physical equivalency of unit. Dunbar andRodgers prefer "physical facies equivalence" "lithocorrelation" Boggs

time (temporal) correlationestablish equivalence in time of stratigraphicunits; often the only meaning implied

Physical correlationPrinciple: Law of SuperpositionMeans of establishing physical correlation


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gaps in the record.Derek Ager--more gap than record.Hiatustime gap geochronologic

Unconformity:physical break in the record.

Chronostratigraphic & lithostratigraphicsignificance

Types:1)angular unconformity

2)disconformityparallel bedding witherosion

3)paraconformityparallel beds withno

evidence of a break4)Nonconformitystrata on non-

layered rock


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BIOSTRATIGRAPHY: USING FOSSILS TO CORRELATEindex fossil, one used in correlation; what are the criteria:

zone: fundamental biostratigraphic unit

Range zone: based on ranges of one or more taxa

narrow stratigraphic range

wide environment toleranceunique and identifiable


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Interval zones are generally used in construction of biostratigraphic zones that areused for most age correlations Berggren and Miller (1988) planktonic foraminifera


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Magnetostratigraphy

using magnetic field reversals to correlate

POWERFUL method of correlationapplied to sediments and volcanics

why so powerful?

Magnetostratigraphy differs from marine magnetic anomalies:Latter fundamental to seafloor spreading,plate tectonics, andconstruction of geological time scales


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What are the sedimentation rates of the three cores shown?

B/M at


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Magnetostratigraphy onDSDP/ODP Cores

provided an opportunity forintegration with pelagicbiostratigraphy, isotopicstratigraphy

this led to the "first testabletime scale" Berggren,Kent, Flynn, and Van

Couvering (1985)

testable because if we saythe first occurrence of somebug is in Chron C5n (e.g.,Neogloboquadrina acoastensi

can be checked at othersites versus magstrat.

7.17.37.59.19.311.35.46.26.57.08.28.58.410.211.112.213.1110020050012.4glacialinterglacial13.1315.115.315.514.114.214.416.22 Raw Susce ptibility050100150200250300903A/B Composite section050100150200250300350 SPECMAP time scaleSite 903 Pleistocene upper Miocenelo. Pleistocene300400 p1 (yellow)p2 (blue)p3 (green)p4 (purple)p5 (orange)p6 (indigo)mid. Pliocene??? NN15


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lp ypSite 903 Pleistocenepp

Correlations UsingMagnetic Susceptibility

J = kHk = MS = susceptibility(how "magnetizable" the rocks/sediments are)basalt 10-1to 10-2Sediments 10-3to 10-5SI units(dimensionless)

rapidly measure very closely spaced (cm)on cores

"pass through" measurement

can be very useful in correlationproxy of carbonate content

(faster and easier to measure MS)ODP Leg 138: low carbonate,

more eolian magnetite grains,therefore higher susceptibilty

proxy of terrigenous versus pelagic


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stage 7stage 1stage 3stage 5stage 9stage 1

Oxygen IsotopicStratigraphy

Shackleton showed that thereis a large component of icevolume in late Pleistocene18O records.

He demonstrated that18Ovariations are synchronousand therefore useful forcorrelation oxygen isotope"stages" (really chrons) 1, 3,

5, 7... are interglacials, 2, 4, 6,8... are glacials. 4 is a minorglacial. All of other majorglaciations 2, 6, 8, back to 20are spaced roughly 100 k.y.apart


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Oxygen isotope/isotopic stratigraphy: Above the SPECMAP time scale

1) is the backbone of the Pleistocene-Recent (Quaternary) time scale andcorrelations2) is useful for correlations of older sections3) provides a "paleo" thermometer

4) provides a proxy for global changes in ice volume


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Carbon Isotopic Stratigraphy


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Sr-isotopesMajor inputs:3 primary sources of Sr input into the oceans: oceanic crust, continental crust, and

carbonateoceanic crust (basalt) has an average87Sr/86Sr value of 0.7030hydrothermal circulation decreases seawater value

continental crust (granite composition)87Sr/86Sr value of 0.720river input (0.7111) lower due to weathering of limestones (0.707-0.709)

carbonate cycle (0.707-0.709) buffers large changes

seawater87Sr/86Sr value is uniform at any given timewhy? short mixing time of the oceans (1x103years) relative to the long residencetime of Sr (4x106years)

87Sr/86Sr values of unaltered marine carbonates reflect seawater87Sr/86Sr

at time of precipitation.why? Strontium substitutes for calcium as a trace element without either strontiumisotope being preferentially substituted into the calcium site

Burke et al. (1982) used Sr-isotopes as a correlation toolrequires a standard seawater curve with which to correlate Sr values and

obtain dates


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Burke et al. (1982)


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Geochronology

Absolute ages, radiometric dates better said asisotopic age or numerical age

Radioactivity: Bequerel (1896)

provided Kelvins missing heatprovided a means of numerical estimating ages;chronometer of deep time

Isotopic systems generally used to date geological materialsK-Ar and Ar-ArU-PbRb-SrU-Th14C

Parent Daughter Halflife


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Parent Daughter Half life

Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billionRubidium 87 Strontium 87 4.8 x 1010yearsUranium 235 Lead 207 704 million years

Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.47 billion yearsThorium 232 Ra 226 1.4 x 1010yearsThorium 230 Ra 228 75,200 yearsCarbon 14 Nitrogen 14 5,730 years

Exponential decay (natural log function):

rapid at first, reaches an asymptote;all follow exponential decay functions:

Radioactive decay,heat flow (cooling),subsidence (function of cooling)

amount of parent00.1250.250.3750.50.6250.750.8751 012345678910time


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Time Scales

Why are time scales important?

provides us with a means of evaluating therelationships of geological data in the time domain

need estimates of rates of processes

in order to establish a precise time scale, all of therequisite temporal correlations must be established

The time scale becomes the ruler against which all

geological events & processes are measured.


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A "pure" time scale consists of numerousradiometric dates tied to the stratigraphicrecord

Only good example is the last 4.5 millionyears: geomagnetic polarity time scale(GPTS) of Cox and Dalrymple

We do not have the luxury of such numerousdates in other parts of the record

Construction of geological time scale requiresa ruler to scale time


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what is the ruler or vernier for interpolation?

biochronology: constant rate of evolutionis this assumption ridiculous?? who in their right mind would use this.you do. e.g., 4 ammonite zones in Aptian surprisingly have the same

duration. e.g., the Kent and Gradstein (1985) Jurassic time scale that ispart of the DNAG first relatively precise Cenozoic time scale (Berggren,1972) based largely on biochronology

magnetochronologyassumption of constant sea floor spreading rates between keyreversalsused for last 160 m.y. Berggren et al., 1985; Cande and Kent, 1992can do magnetochronology in a sedimentary section,but you assume constant sedimentation rates betweenmagnetochronozonal boundaries plug biostratigraphy, isotopicstratigraphy into magnetostratigraphy

"radiochronology"assume constant sedimentation rates between levels with radiometricdates Odin 1982

astrochronologyMilankovitch pacemaker provides predicted ages for astronomicallyforced geological variations


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Hilgen, F.J. and Krijgsman, W. (1999). Cyclostratigraphy andastrochronology of the Tripoli diatomite formation(pre-evaporite Messinian, Sicily, Italy), Terra Nova, 11, 16-22. [PDF]

Astrochronology/cyclostratigraphySedimentary cycles reflect climatic oscillationsthat are ultimately controlled by the Earth'sorbital cycles.Therefore, sedimentary cycles can be used toconstruct astronomical time scales. Using this

method an astronomical time scale has beenestablished for the late Miocene (6.8-12.0 Ma)to Recent. Such time scales arefundamental to an increasing number ofapplications in many disciplines.


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Errors in time correlations

Cenozoic

Biostratigraphyplanktonic foraminifera. widely used. 0.1 m.y to 2m.y. typically 0.5 m.y.calcareous nannoplankton. widely used. similar resolution as foraminiferaradiolarians. mostly equatorial Pacific.diatoms. moderately used. not well calibrated to GPTS

Sr-isotopeslate Eocene-Oligocene 1 to 0.6 m.y. (at the 95% confidence interval).

Miocene-Recent22.8 to 15.6 Ma 0.6 m.y. (1 analysis @ 95% CI) to0.4m.y. (3 analyses@ 95% CI) 15.2 to ~10 Ma 1.2 m.y. (1 analysis @ 95% CI) to0.8m.y. (3analyses @ 95% CI) ca. 10 and 7 Ma, poor resolution.7-4.8 Ma0.4m.y. (3 analyses @ 95% CI)4.8-2.5 Ma1.6Ma (3 analyses @ 95% CI)

2.5-0 Ma0.3 m.y(3 analyses @ 95% CI)

Magnetostratigraphy< 10 k.y. when sure of identification of reversal boundarychrons on the order of 0.2 to 2.6 m.y. (e.g., Chron C24r) durationhiatuses complicate record

need magnetobiostratigraphy and circular reasoning


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Astronomical chronology18O has long been primary means of correlation for Bruhnes

resolution as fine as 5-10 k.y. (1/4-1/2 of a precessional cycle)astronomical time scale complete for the past 10+ m.y. (back through late Miocene)preliminary astronomical time scale for >10 Ma, 25-33 Ma

pieces being used in older record (e.g., 55-55.5 Ma)Late Triassic has an astronomical time scale anchored to the basalts (201 Ma)

Mesozoic

Cretaceousplanktonic foraminifera widely used for Late Cretaceouscalcareous nannoplankton. widely used.ammonites widely used throughout. zones provide better than 0.5 m.y. relative ageswhen present; tied to bentonites in western Interior: true (absolute age)chronology can approach


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N23

CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON

Martini (1971) Bukry (1973, 1975)

NN21 CN15

NN20 CN14b

NN19

NN18

NN16

NN15 +

NN17

CN14a

CN13b

CN13a

CN12b

CN11b

CN11a

CN10c

NN13

NN14

CN10bNN12

NN11bCN9b

CN10a

CN12a

CN12d

CN12c

Berggren (1973, 1977, this work)TIME(Ma)CHRONS

1

C1n

2

3

4

5

C1r

C2n

C2r

C2An

C2Ar

C3n

C3r

C3An.1n

LATE

PLANKTONICFORAMINIFERA

INDO-PACIFICATLANTIC

1 r

2r

2r

1

1

2

3n

1

2

3

nr

4n

rn

nr

r

rn

n

r

n

Gt. miocenica Gl. fistulosusIZ

Gt. pseudomiocenica Gl. fistulosusIZ

D. altispira Gt. miocenicaIZ

D. altispira Gt. pseudomiocenica

IZD. altispira

Gt. pseudomiocenica IZ

PL5

PL4

PL3Gt. margaritae Sph. seminulina IZ

PL2G. nepenthes

Gt. margaritae IZ

b

a

Gt. cibaoensis G. nepenthesISZ

Gt. tumida

Gt. cibaoensisISZ

M14 Gt. lenguaensis Gt. tumida I Z

PL6

a

bGt.truncatulinoidesPRZ

Gl. fistulosus -Gt. tosaensis

ISZ


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nr

TIME(Ma)

CHRONS

5C3n

C3r

C2Ar

MIDDLELATE MIOCENE TIME SCALE

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

C3An

C3ArC3Bn

C3Br

C4n

C4rC4An

C4Ar

C5n

C5r

C5AnC5Ar

C5ACn

C5ADnC5ADr

C5Br

C5Bn

PL1

M14

M13

b

a

M12

M11M10

M9M8

M7

M6

M5b b

b

a

Gl.cibaoensis G.nepenthes

ISZ

Gl.tumida Gl.cibaoensis

IRZ

Gl. lenguaensis - G. tumida IZ

N. acostaensis -

Gl. extremus/

Gl. plesiotumida

ISZ

N.mayeri N.acostaensis

IZ

G. nepenthes / N.mayeri Conc.RZ

Gl.f.robusta G.nepenthes IZ

Gl.f.robustaTot.RZ

Gl.f.lobata Lin.Z

Gl.fohsis.s.Lin.Z

Gl.peripheroacutaLin.Z

O.sutur. Gl.peripher.IZ

Pr.glomerosa Orb.suturalis

ISZ

Mt9

Mt8

Mt7

Mt6

Mt5

N17

N16

N15

N14

N13

N12N11

N10

N9

N8

Gl. puncticulata IZ

Gl. sphericomiozeaIZ

Gl. conomiozea/Gl. mediterranea -Gl. sphericomiozea

IZ

N. mayeri Gl. conomiozea

IZ

Gl.nepenthes / N.mayeri Conc.RZ

Gl.peripheroronda G.nepenthes

IZ

Orb.suturalis /

Gl.peripheroronda

Conc.RZ

Pr.glomerosa Orb.suturalis

ISZ

AN7

AN6

AN5

AN4

Gl.scitulaPRZ

N. nymphaTRZ

Gl.miozeaPRZ

PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA(SUB)TROPICAL TRANSITIONAL (SUB)ANTARCTIC

Berggren (this work) Blow(1969) Berggren (1985, this work) Berggren (1992)

N

19

N18

Gl.f.lobata Gl.f.robusta

IZ

Mt10

b

a

Gl. extremus/

Gl. plesiotumida -

Gl. lenguaensis

ISZ

1

2

4n

2n

3 rn

r

r

n

1 r

1r/n

3r2

1

1

2n

2r

n

r

1

1

1

2

1

1

12n

nr

2r/n3r

2n

2n

3r

23

r

n

r

r

n

n

r

r

r

n

n

rn

n

r

n

n

n

C5AAnC5AAr

C5ABr

C5ABn

CALCAREOUSNANNOPLANKTON

Martini (1971)Bukry (1973, 1975)

NN13ab

c

d

b

a

ab

c

d

b

a

c

NN12

NN10

NN9 a&b CN7 a&b

NN8 CN6

NN5 CN4

NN4 CN3

NN7

NN6

b

a

NN14

CN8


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CALCAREOUSNANNOPLANKTONMartini (197Bukry (1973, 197)

NN5CNN4

NN3NN2

NP2NN1

C

CCa

C

TIME(Ma)CHRONSC5ADnC5ADr

151617

18192021

222324

C5BnC5BrC5CnC5CrC5Dn

C5DrC5EnC5ErC6nC6rC6AnC6ArC6AAnC6AArC6BnC6BrC6CnC6Cr

M7M6abbaM5M4

M3M2

baP22

N10N9N8N7

N6

N4

P22

Gl.peripheroacuta

Lin.ZO.sutur. Gl.peripher.IZPr.glomerosa Orb.suturalisISZPr.sicana Pr.glomerosaISZ Pr.sicana Pr.glomerosaISZG.bispherica PRSZCat.dissimilis Gl.birnageaeISZGlobigerinatellainsueta Catapsydrax dissimilisConc.RZCatapsydraxdissimilisIZ

Gl.kugleri Gq.dehiscensConc.RSZGd.primordiusISZG.ciperoensisIZ

Mt6Mt5Mt4Mt3

Mt2

Mt1ba

ab

P22

Orb.suturalis/

Gl.peripherorondaConc.RZPr.glomerosa Orb.suturalisISZG.miozea PRZGl.praescitula -Gl.miozeaIZGloborotaliaincognita GloborotaliasemiveraPRZGl.kugleri Gq.dehiscensConc.RSZGd.primordiusISZG.ciperoensisIZ

AN4

AN3

AN2

AN1

AP16

Gl.miozeaIZ

Gl.praescitulaIZ

Gl.incognitaPRZ

Gl.brazieriPRZG.euaperturaIZ

PLANKTONIC FORAMINI(SUB)TROPICALTRANSITIONAL(SUB)ANTARCTICBerggren (this work)Blow(1969)Berggren (1985;this work)Berggren (1992)

N5

1123n

2n

r

nr

1

11123n

22n3r

2nn

nnr

r

rnnnrr

r

nnr

OLIGOCENE TIME SCALE


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NN1

NN2CN1a&b

b

a

c

b

a

(1)

(2) (2)

TIME(Ma)

CHRONS

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

C6BnC6Br

C6CnC6CrC7n

C7AnC7Ar

C7r

C8n

C8r

C9n

C9rC10n

C10r

C11nC11r

C12n

C12r

C13n

C13r

C15n

C15r

C16r

C16n

C17n

PLANKTON ZONES

FORAMINIFERA(Berggren & Miller, 1988; this work)

M1b G. kugleri/G. dehiscensCRZ

M1a Gl. primordius PRZ

P22Gl. ciperoensis

PRZ

bGl. angulisuturalis

P. opimas. s.

ISZ

aGl. angulisuturalis/Ch. cubensisCRSZ

P20 Gl. sellii PRZ

P19T. ampliapertura

IZ

P18T. cerroazulensis

Pseudohastigerinaspp.

IZ

P16 Cr. inflataTRZ

P17 T. cerroazulensis IZ

P15

P. semiinvoluta

IZ

1

1

23n

1 nr

1

2n

2n

1

12n

n

nr

2nr

nr

2n

n

n

nr

r

r

1

2n

1n

nr


Martini (1971)Bukry (1973, 1975)

NP25

NP24

NP23

NP18

NP21

CP18

NP19-20

CP15

CP17(1)

CP16

NP22

EOCENE TIME SCALE


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NP13 CP11

NP12

NP11

NP10

NP9

CP10

a

b

a

c

b

a

c

b

a

ba

b

b

a

ba

NP16

CP9

CP8

r

TIME(Ma)CHRONS

C12rC12n

56

55

54

53

52

51

50

49

48

47

46

45

44

43

42

41

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

PALEO-CENE LATE

THANE-TIAN

C13r

PLANKTON ZONESFORAMINIFERA

P19 T. ampliapertura IZ

P18Ch. cubensis

Pseudohastigerinaspp.

IZ

P16 Cr. inflataTRZP17 T. cerroazulensis IZ

P15 P. semiinvoluta IZ

P14 Tr. rohri M. spinulosaPRZ

P13 Gl. beckmanniTRZ

P12 M. lehneri PRZ

P11 G. kugleri /M.aragonensisCRZ

P10 H. nuttalli IZ

P9 P. palmerae - H. nuttalliIZ

P8 M. aragonensis PRZ

P7M. aragonensis/M. formosa

CRZ

M. formosa/M.lensiformis

M.aragonensis ISZ

P6 M.velascoensis - M. formosa/M.lensiformisISZ

M. velascoensisIZ

c

b

aP4 M. soldadoensis/Gl. pseudomenardii CRSZc

Berggren & Miller(1988) ThisWork

b

aP6

P5P5

C13n

C15n

C16r

C17r

C19n

C18r

C19r

C20n

C20r

C21n

C21rC22n

C22r

C23r

C24rC25n

C24n

C23n

C15r

C16n

C17n

C18n

1

2n

1

23n

n

1

2n

n

r

nr

n/r

1

2n

nr

1

3n2n/r

nr


Martini (1971)Bukry (1973, 1975)

NP21

NP19-20CP15

NP18

NP17

P

ALEOCENE TIME SCALE


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P7

c

b

a

P4

P2

P1

PLANKTON ZONESFORAMINIFERA

P& 0

. /

.

. /

.

.

. . /.

./

.

. .

. .

.

.

. .

. .

. & .

31

6

3

./.

. .

. .

&(1988)

5

6

5 .

1

2

1

3 2/

(1971) (1973, 1975)

9

8

6

5

7

7

4

4

3

21

32

1

6

5

8

11

10

1012

9

TIME(Ma)CHRONS

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

C23n

C23r

C24n

C24r

C25r

C25n

C26n

C27n

C27r

C28nC28r

C29r

C30n

C30r

C31n

C29n

C26r


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GEOLOGICFORMATIONSCORES MAGNETICPOLARITY

NEWARK BASIN


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AGE

200 Ma

205

210

215

220

225

230E6

E7

E8

E9

E10

E11

E12

E13

E14

E15

E16

E17

E18

E19

E20

E21

E22

E5

E23

E24 6261

60

59

58

57

56

55

54

53

52

51

50

49

48

47

46

45

44

43

42

41

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

3029

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

98

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

CYCLE

(GPTS)

MEMBERS

FORMATIONSCORES

PREAKNESS

Pine RidgeTTSSRRQQ

PPOO

NNMMLLKK

II

Cedar GroveUkrainian

JJ

EEDD

Tumble FallsSmith Corner

Ewing Creek

Prahls Island

Tohicken

Skunk Hollow

Nursery

Byram

Wilburtha

Princeton

T-U

SR

Q

Neshanic

Livingston

Kilmer

Perkasie

LM

I

Walls Island

EF

Warford

K

C

FF

CC

BBAAZ

MetlarsY

Scudders Falls

Exeter

Graters

C u t t a l o s s a

RaR-1RaR-2

RaR-3RaR-4RaR-5RaR-6

RaR-7

RaR-8

FELTVILLE

ORANGE MT.

TOWACO

HOOK MT.BOONTON

MAGNETIC POLARITY

201 Ma Ar/Ar202 Ma U/Pb*

PALYNOFLORALZONES (Depth)

margeol15 strat

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