marco does science yearly.doc

7/27/2019 marco does science yearly.doc

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Year 9 Test Outcomes

Knowledge

Ecology:

Biotic and abiotic factors

Food chains and webs

A food chain differs from a food web, because the complex polyphagous

network of feeding relations are aggregated into trophic species and the

chain only follows linear monophagous pathways.

Biomass pyramid bioaccumulation of pesticides

A pyramid of biomass shows the total mass of organisms at each stage of

a food chain. In general, all producers have a higher biomass than the

primary consumer, so a pyramid will always be produced. The total energy

(and biomass) present at a lower tier of the pyramid, must be greater than

the higher tiers in order to support the energy requirements of the

subsequent organisms.

The accumulation of substances in an organism or part of an organism

The more hydrophobic a substance is the more likely it is to

bioaccumulate. The concentration of the pesticide is then increased as a

predator will eat numerous of the prey. The pesticide is passed on to other

organisms when the ones with pesticides contained in the fatty tissues are

eaten (biomagnification)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphagoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophagoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphagoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophagous


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Volcanoes and Earthquakes:

How earthquakes form

Scales of magnitude of earthquakes

Continental drift

Earthquakes are caused by the release of

built-up pressure inside the Earth's crust. An

earthquake's power is measured on the

Richter scale using an instrument called a

'seismometer'. An earthquake is the

shaking and vibration of the Earth's crust

due to movement of the Earth's plates

(plate tectonics). Earthquakes occur when

tension is released from inside the crust.

The point inside the crust where the

pressure is released is called the focus. The

point on the Earth's surface above the

focus is called the epicentre. Earthquake

energy is released in seismic waves. These

waves spread out from the focus. The waves

are felt most strongly at the epicentre,

becoming less strong as they travel further


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The continental drift theory is the theory that once all the continents were

joined in a super-continent, which scientists call Pangaea. Over a vast

period of time, the continents drifted apart to their current locations.

Alfred Wegener first supported continental drift.

Fossil records from separate continents, particularly on the outskirts ofcontinents show the same species. As well mineral specimens along the

supposed break lines of the continents are nearly identical. Some identical

species exist on certain continents, like an earthworm common to both

Africa and South America suggesting the species could not have

spontaneously arisen on both continents without some variations.

Plate tectonics

Formation of volcanoes, including types of volcanoes
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-theory.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fossil.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-theory.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fossil.htm


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Mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones

When two oceanic plates collide, the younger of the two

plates, because it is less dense,* will ride over the edge of

the older plate. *[Oceanic plates grow more dense as they

cool and move further away from the Mid-Ocean Ridge].

The older, heavier plate bends and plunges steeply

through the athenosphere.


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Reproduction:

Sexual and asexual

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise

from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only, it is

reproduction which does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction, or

fertilization.

Labelling male and female reproductive systems in both plants and

animals (human)
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidyhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidyhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization


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Internal fertilisation


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Medical:

Transmission of disease

Central nervous system (CNS)

Endocrine system

Types of nerves and how they work

1. eHow

2. Hobbies, Games & Toys

3. Science & Nature

4. Animals & Science

5. Types of Nerves in the Human Body

Types of Nerves in the Human Body

By Timothy Baron, eHow Contributor
http://www.ehow.com/http://www.ehow.com/hobbies-games/http://www.ehow.com/hobbies-games/science-nature/http://www.ehow.com/hobbies-games/science-nature/animals-science/http://www.ehow.com/info_7869240_types-nerves-human-body.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/http://www.ehow.com/hobbies-games/http://www.ehow.com/hobbies-games/science-nature/http://www.ehow.com/hobbies-games/science-nature/animals-science/http://www.ehow.com/info_7869240_types-nerves-human-body.html


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The brain consists of billions of nerves.

Our brains are larger than any other animal's, relative to our body mass, but they're still made

of the same types of nerves. The same is true of our peripheral nervous system, which is

composed of the same types of motor, sensory and autonomic nerves as other members of the

animal kingdom.

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1. Neurons

o The nerves of the brain, neurons, can be thought of as information relays.

They don't gather sensory information and neither do they directly command

bodily movements. Instead, they store memories and process new information,which is then used to dictate actions throughout the body. Neurons have three

main parts: the soma, dendrites and axon. The soma is the body of the cell,

which contains the DNA and vital organelles. The dendrites gather input from

other nerves, while the axon relays electrical signals onward. Neurons come in

two main types. One type excites other neurons, and when it is activated it

compels other neurons to activate, too. The other type releases an inhibitory

signal when it's activated, discouraging other neurons from activating.

Motor Nerves
http://www.ehow.com/print/info_7869240_types-nerves-human-body.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/video_5362127_types-muscles-human-body.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how-does_5492493_causes-nerve-pain.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how-does_5492493_causes-nerve-pain.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/video_5362127_types-muscles-human-body.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/print/info_7869240_types-nerves-human-body.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/video_5362127_types-muscles-human-body.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how-does_5492493_causes-nerve-pain.html


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o Neurons ultimately link to the muscular system, and the motor nerves are the

bridge between the two. They receive electrical impulses through their

dendrites, just like neurons, but instead of an axon connecting with our nerves,

the motor nerves connect with muscles. When they release an impulse, it

causes the muscle to contract, which in turn moves the various parts of the

human body.

Sensory Nerves

o There are many different types of sensory nerves. The skin has nerves that are

sensitive to temperature, pressure and pain. The eyes have rods and cones

which detect light and color, respectively. The ear relays auditory information

along the massive cochlea nerve. These sensory nerves have axons which they

use to communicate with neurons, but instead of dendrites, they're excited by

signals from their sensory apparatus. For instance, a retinal rod is excited

when touched by light, which causes it to send a signal along its axon toneurons within the brain.

Autonomic Nerves

o The autonomic nervous system is composed of the same types of neurons and

motor nerves found throughout the human body, but it operates by different

rules. Instead of relying upon sensory input from the outside world, it

automatically works through its own cycles. Many internal organs are

regulated through the autonomic nervous system, including the heart. A

weakening of the autonomic nervous system can have serious healthconsequences.

Hormones, organs producing hormones

Endocrine glands, which are special groups of cells, make hormones. The

major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal

glands, and pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes

and women produce them in their ovaries.


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The eye and light:

Reflection, refraction

Colour

The most technically accurate definition of color is:

"Color is the visual effect that is caused by the spectral

composition of the light emitted, transmitted, or reflected by

objects."


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Parts of the eye and their function


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EM radiation (including visible light)

Velocity, frequency and wavelength

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