march | april 2012 - international aquafeed

Volume 15 I s sue 2 2 012

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Filtration in recirculation particle control

Fish Protein Hydrolysates– FPH enhance resistance of aquaculture species to

different types of stress

The quest to keep Salmon in the pink naturally

Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Volume 15 / Issue 2 / March-April 2012 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved

WHO CARES...

DOES!

Alltech European Bioscience Centre | SarneySummerhill Road | Dunboyne | Co. Meath | IrelandTel: +353 1 825 2244 | Fax: +353 1 825 2245 | alltech.com facebook.com/AlltechNaturally @Alltech

Part of the

…if profits in the aquaculture industry are as appetising as a salmon dinner?

As feed prices soar and formulation moves towards sustainability, aquaculture producers must maximise feed efficiency to stay on the menu. In all phases of the fish’s life, proper nutrition will improve health.

With decades of dedicated research, the “Alltech Aqua Advantage” programme responds to the challenges of today’s aquaculture producers through nutritional innovation.

AquateTM, a unique, cost-effective solution, is designed to help improve growth and performance, feed efficiency, flesh quality and immunity …naturally.

So when asked who cares about your profits? Remember

An internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS

aquaI n t e r n a t I o n a l

feed

Volume 15 / Issue 2 / March-April 2012 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved

Aqua News

4 Spanishorganisationstocollaborateinabidtooptimiseoffshoreaquaculture4 ZENIT–anewfeedingprogram5 SunderlandMarineandNorthofEnglandP&IAssociationformaStrategicAlliance6 Clextral’snewleapforwardwitharecordlevelofordersin20116 SITES™certifiesNovusInternationalcampuswith3-starrating7 WengerExtrusionGroupannouncespurchaseofSourceTechnologyA/S

Features

8 Filtrationinrecirculationparticlecontrol

12 FishProteinHydrolysates-FPH enhance resistance of aquaculture species to different types of stress

16 ThequesttokeepSalmoninthepinknaturally

20 Grindingbyaprovenconcept,makesyourchoicesimple

26 Regionalreviewonstatusandtrends

26 AquaculturedevelopmentinSub-SaharanAfrica

30 ExplorationoffreshwaterprawnfeedindustryofBangladesh

38 Monitoringpondwaterqualitytoimproveshrimpandfishproduction

Regular items

24 PHOTOSHOOT42 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS43 BOOKREVIEW

AustralianFishFarmer-Secondedition TroutandSalmon:Ecology,ConservationandRehabilitation

44 INDUSTRYEVENTS46 THEAQUACULTURIST48 WEBLINKS

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

WHO CARES...

DOES!

Alltech European Bioscience Centre | SarneySummerhill Road | Dunboyne | Co. Meath | IrelandTel: +353 1 825 2244 | Fax: +353 1 825 2245 | alltech.com facebook.com/AlltechNaturally @Alltech

Part of the

…if profits in the aquaculture industry are as appetising as a salmon dinner?

As feed prices soar and formulation moves towards sustainability, aquaculture producers must maximise feed efficiency to stay on the menu. In all phases of the fish’s life, proper nutrition will improve health.

With decades of dedicated research, the “Alltech Aqua Advantage” programme responds to the challenges of today’s aquaculture producers through nutritional innovation.

AquateTM, a unique, cost-effective solution, is designed to help improve growth and performance, feed efficiency, flesh quality and immunity …naturally.

So when asked who cares about your profits? Remember

www.perendale.co.uk

EditorProfessorSimonDaviesEmail:[email protected]

Associate EditorProfessorKrishenRanaEmail:[email protected]

Editorial ManagerMartinLittleBSc(Hons)Email:[email protected]

Editorial Advisory Panel•Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)•ProfessorAntónioGouveia(Portugal)•ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)•ColinMair(UK)•DrDanielMerrifield(UK)•DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)•DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)•DrKimJauncey(UK)•EricDeMuylder(Belgium)

•DrPedroEncarnação(Singapore)

Subscription & CirculationTutiTanEmail:[email protected]

Design & Page LayoutJamesTaylorEmail:[email protected]

International Marketing Team

CarolineWearnEmail:[email protected]

LeeBastinEmail:[email protected]

Latin American Office

IvànMarquettiEmail:[email protected]

More information: InternationalAquafeed7StGeorge'sTerrace,StJames'SquareCheltenham,GL503PTUnitedKingdom

Tel:+441242267706Website:www.aquafeed.co.uk

It’sarealwelcome fromWalesas I takeabreak frommyduties inPlymouthandwrite thiseditorialfrommyfamilyhomeinthesmallcoastalvillageofLlangennechinCarmarthenshire.Mypre-universitydayswerespentfishingwithmyfatherforbrownandseatroutflounders,crabsandeelsintheestuarynearmyhouse.Itwas

thisbeautifullocationthatinspiredmyinterestsinmarinebiologyandlateraquaculture.ItisanidyllicbutratherbriskFebruaryinWalesasIwritemyeditorialwiththecentralheatingonfullblast.

Fish nutrition is a truly rapidly evolving scienceandIgetnumerousrequeststorefereemanuscriptsaspartofthepeerreviewprocess.Thisisexhaustingwork and requires attention to fine detail and anappreciationofmulti-disciplinarytopicsandspecial-isedareassuchasimmunology,disease,health,stressaswellasnutrition.Theamountofresearchemanat-ing for universities and institutions throughout theworld is impressive andprovides theplatform formanyofthedevelopmentsreportedininternationalAquafeed.

Itisindeedinterestingtoseethebreadthanddepthofexperimentsbeingundertakengloballytoassessthenutrientrequirementsoffishandshrimpandespeciallyexoticspecieswithscopeforexploita-tioninaquaculture.Standardisationofexperimentaldesignisessentialforgoodcomparisonbetweenlaboratoriesandmethodologymustbeclearandtransparentforcorrectinterpretationofgrowthandfeedutilisationdata.Iampleasethatmanyofourfeaturesandarticlesarebecomingincreasinglycitedbybothindustryandinacademiaasmakingavaluablecontributiontoourunderstandingofbothfunda-mentalaquaticanimalnutritionandapplicationstoaqua-feedtechnology.

Oneareathathasalwaysbeencontroversialandattractinginterestisthemannerinwhichfishsuchassalmonandtroutarepigmentedandthenatureofthepigmentingadditiveemployedbyfeedproduc-ers.Inbetween1995-2002,weactivelystudiedtheuseofseveralalternativecarotenoidsourcesandcomparedthesewiththestandardsyntheticproductsonthemarketinPlymouthUniversity.SeveralPhDstudentswereengagedintrialswithrainbowtroutandsalmontoevaluatetheirefficacyatphysiologicalandbiochemicallevels.Therehavebeensignificantdevelopmentssincethen,soIsummarizeonnovelconceptsandnaturalproductsavailableforfishandcrustaceanstoachieveacceptablecolourationfortheconsumer.

AnotherfeaturediscussestheuseofFishProteinHydrolysates-FPH-towardsenhancedresistanceofaquaculturespeciestodifferenttypesofstress.ThisarticleiscontributedbyMHerault,VFournier,MHervy,ANgoc,Aquativ–ZaDuGohélis56250Elven,France.Variousenvironmentalstressors,suchastemperatureandsalinityvariations,mayhavedetrimentalconsequencesonaquaticcaptivepopulationsandwillnegateproductionanddietarybasedsolutionsareadvocated.Besidebetterhusbandrypractices,nutritionalsupplementationisanotherwaytofine-tuneimmuneandanti-oxidativedefensesofaquaticspeciesandthisisreportedindetail.

ItiswithoutquestionthatdifferenttypesofnutraceuticaltypepropertiesarerichlypresentinFPH(i.e.growthlikehormone,antioxidants,anti-stressandanti-microbialpeptides).ThisarticlereviewstheestablishedbenefitsofPHonaquaticfarmedspeciesduringdifferentinducedstressfulevents.

Withgrowingconcernsfortheeffectsofintensivefishfarmingonenvironmentalimpact,RAS(recir-culationaquaculturesystems)arebecominganimportantengineeringsolutiontoestablishingland-basedoperations.ThereforewefeatureacontributiononthecontrolofparticlesandimprovedfiltrationincirculationsystemsbyKurtCarlson,ofHydrotechAB.Thefocusisonhowthefeedingofcommercialfeeds insuchconditionsmay leadto turbidityandassociatedproblemsandthenovel technicalandengineeringopportunitiesavailabletomaintainwaterclarityinhighdensityfarming.

BenedictP. Satia,UniversityofWashington, SchoolofMarine andEnvironmentalAffairs, Seattle,USApresentsaregionalreviewofaquaculturestatusandtrends,mostrecentlyduring2008and2009.Thepresentregionalreviewandsynthesisforsub-SaharanAfrica(SSA)providesanoverviewofmajorissuesandtrendsintheaquaculturesectoroverthepastfewyearsreflectingthedevelopmentin42ofthe55countriesinSSAforwhichproductionwasreportedtoFAOin2008.TheproductionvolumeandvaluedatahavebeenderivedfromthelatestFAO-FISHSTATplusdatabasefor2009.Thegreatestcatalystforincreasedproductionhasbeentheemergenceandintensificationofprivatesectorledsmallandmedium-sizeenterprisesandtheexpansionoflargecommercialventuresstimulatedinsomecasesbygrowingpublicsupportandtheinflowofforeigncapital.

IwillbeheadingforLasVegasthismonthandfromthisglitteringcityinadifferenttypeofdesert,IwillreportnexttimeonAquacultureAmerica2012andthelatestinaquaculturenutritionandfeedtechnologyfromthisexcitingvenue.

Professor Simon Davies

24 -25 October - Fishmonger’s Hall - London – UK

Marine Bio-Resources(ingredients, aquaculture, aquafeed, cosmetics, nutraceuticals

cleantech, biotech, and pharmaceuticals)

• Unique venue• 8 Think-tank sessions and 2 reporting sessions

• 12 Company Presentations

• 2 Networking lunches

• A Networking dinner

• Closing gala dinner• Opening key note session

• Closing key note session

• One-to-one meetings

A world of Business opportunities to explore:Seats are limited: Only 250 attendees (Executives and CEOs)

24 -25 October - Fishmonger’s Hall - London – UK

Marine Bio-Resources(ingredients, aquaculture, aquafeed, cosmetics, nutraceuticals

cleantech, biotech, and pharmaceuticals)

• Unique venue• 8 Think-tank sessions and 2 reporting sessions

• 12 Company Presentations

• 2 Networking lunches

• A Networking dinner

• Closing gala dinner• Closing gala dinner• Opening key note session

• Closing key note session

• One-to-one meetings

A world of Business opportunities to explore:Seats are limited: Only 250 attendees (Executives and CEOs)

Book now at: www.BioMarine.org

AD_Biomarine_210x297+3.indd 1 05/01/2012 11:17

ZENIT–anewfeedingprogram

The work developed bythe Spanish Associationof Marine Aquaculture

Producer s (APROMAR) isfocusedonvariouspriorityobjec-tives including improving techno-logicaltrainingincompaniesdedi-catedtoaquacultureanddesigningnewprocesses to optimise prof-itability.

Focusedontheseobjectives,theproducers association has begunworkingon a project to developatechnologycapableofmeasuringfish biomass levels in offshoreaquaculturecages.

This technology will developprocesses to determine produc-tionlevels,theaveragesizeofthefishandthetotalnumberofspeci-mens,atanygiventimeandundercommercial production condi-tions.

This innovative project mayprovide a solution tooneof themost important and widespreadtechnologicalproblemsrelatedtoaquaculture: establishing biomasslevelsinrealtime.

Having this information wouldprovide importantadvantages forthis typeof production, includingoptimisationoffood,reductionofenvironmentalfootprint,realeval-uationof population and controloverfishescapes.

In order to develop this initia-tive,APROMAR will collaborate

with theAndalusianAquacultureTechnology Centre (CTAQUA)and the Research Institute forIntegratedManagementofCoastalAreas (IGIC) of the ValenciaPolytechnicUniversity.

Specifically, CTAQUA will bein charge of coordinating theproject’s scientific-technical devel-opmentandtheIGICwillpartici-pateinthetechnologicaldevelop-mentofnewprocessestocontrolfishculture.

Theproject is called“Designingtechnologiestocalculatetotalfishbiomass levels in offshore aquac-ulture facilities,”andthebudget is€214,000.

The Spanish Ministry of theEnvironmentandRuralandMarineAffairs, through the GeneralSecretariat of Marine Affairs,will provide€175,000 as par tof funding for theTechnologicalDevelopment of Fishing andAquaculturefor2011.

It should be pointed out thatthe project’s scope of action ison a national level and itwill bedeveloped within a timeframeof two years.According to theestablished schedule, the resultswill be revealed in February of2014.The project was launchedwith a meeting in Seville heldlastDecember 14, at the head-quar ters of the AndalusianBusinessmen’sAssociation.

Spain, a pioneering country inoffshore aquaculture, hopes tobecome a leader in this type ofapplied research initiative aswellas thedevelopmentof innovativeproduction technologies focusedonthesector’ssustainability.

About Ctaqua Ctaqua works for the aqua-

culture sector in various linesthat include environment, food

and nutr it ion, new species,pathology, applied engineeringand commercial isation, withexcellentresults.

With finished projects in thelinesmentionedabove,thisyearCtaqua reinforces the servicesit offers with the implementa-tionofnewfacilitiesinElPuertodeSantaMaría,whichwillallowfor the development of newprojects in the test centres,workshops and laborator iesequipped with the latest tech-nology.

Themoderntwo-storybuildinghouses the nutrition, diversifica-tion, mollusc, crustacean, phyto-planktonandzooplanktonroomson the ground floor.Themicro-biologyandpathologylabs,trans-formation room and the engi-neering room are also locatedonthislevel.Thetechnicaloffices,physicochemical, materials andfoodtechnologylabsarelocatedontheupperlevel.

ThepremiseswillallowCtaquato consolidate its work andbecome a reference in R+D+Imanagement for the aquacul-ture sector, aswell as a drivingand essential force to generateadded value for companies inthesector.

More inforMation:Andalusian Aquaculture Technology Centre Tel:+34956569363Email:[email protected]:www.ctaqua.es

Spanishorganisationstocollaborateinabidtooptimiseoffshoreaquaculture

ZENIT is thenameof thenew feeding programthat DIBAQAquaculture

launches to the market in2012.

Based on the inclusion of: 1)functional additives of naturalorigin with prebiotic and anti-oxidant activity and 2) optimalaminoacids,vitaminsandmineralsbalanceforeachspecies,sizeandperiod of year, ZENIT is a newconcept and philosophy in theMediterraneanfishnutrition.

After five years of intensiveresearch, ZENIT has collected

in a feeding program, the knowhow acquired in a collabora-tion with 25 companies and 20research centers, in what havebeenamodelofprojectsettingatrendinthefutureoffishfeeding:ACUISOST.

After finding the best resultsat the experimental level, overthe past 15 months we havefocused on results in the indus-trial field, working in sea bream,sea bass, rainbow trout and eelfishfarms.

“WehaveperformedmanytestfacingZENITagainstdifferentfeed

controls.Weareconvincedoftheadvantages of this new programfor the farmer as results areshowing,”saysthecompany.

Thoseresultsinclude:• Reductionoftheproduction

cycle through the improve-ment o f per formanceparameters

• Improvementofthebiomassproduction/m3 and cost/kgofmeat

• Intestinal health and waterquality

• Improve the survival andgeneralappearance

• Therapeuticeffects• Antibacterial and antipara-

sitesproperties“In Dibaq, we are focus on

profitability and competitivenessof our customers by providingefficient and sustainable solu-tions.

“ZENIT combines a set ofpropertiesandnutritionalcharac-teristicsthatallowustobeopti-misticaboutourcommitmenttoMediterranean aquaculture andourdesiretobealwaysthefore-front of fish feed,” the companyconcludes.

4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012

Aqua News

March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5

Two of the UK’s leadingmarine insurers, Nor thEast based Sunder land

MarineMutual Insurance (SMMI)and Nor th of England P&IAssociation(North),haveformedastrategicalliancebywayofrein-surancethatwillfurtherenhancetheir market leading positionsin the UK and across the globe,pavingthewayforfuturegrowthand collaboration between thetwocompanies.

SMMI, founded in 1882, basedinDurham,isarecognisedworldleader in insurance of commer-cialfishingvessels,chartervesselsand small commercial craft.The Company provides Hulland Machinery cover as well asLiability protection to clients inmore than 50 countries aroundtheworld.

The Company is also a majorinsurerofAquaculturestockandequipment with the team ofAquaculture Risk Management(ARM) providing a bespokeservice topolicyholders inmorethan15globallocations.

Nor th, founded in 1860, isa 150 million GT‘A’ rated P&IClub. With its head office inNewcastle , Nor th specialisesin the insurance of larger com-mercial vessels coveringapproxi-mately12%oftheglobaltonnageentered with the InternationalGroup P&I Clubs.As a result oftheirdifferingportfolios,thecom-panies do not compete directlywithoneanother,makingpossiblea collaborative agreement thatwill enhance and diversify theirrespectiveoperations.

Both have grown significantlyfrom their bases in the regionand an ability to access oneanother’s global networks, estab-lished market connections andrespective local knowledge is akey element of the new agree-ment.

SMMI has 10 internationaloffices invarious locations in theUSA, Canada, the Netherlands,

SouthAfrica,Australia, and NewZealand. Nor th has offices inGreece, Singapore, and HongKong.

Geo f f Pa r k i n son , Ch i e fExecutive of Sunderland Marine,said:‘Ourtwocompaniesthroughtheir bases in theNorth EastofEngland have enjoyed an openrelationship for many years.Indeed, because of the diver-sity of interests between SMMIand North, a competitive situ-ation has never existed.“Thereareclearculturalandservicesyn-ergiesbetweenNorthandSMMIand these will provide a strongfoundation for this strategicalliance. It is an exciting oppor-tunityforusbothwhichwillhelpfacilitate greater market accessandproductdiversification.

“The agreed business strategybetween the two companieswill result in teams from Northand SMMI having access to thepartnership’s respective areas ofexpertiseandlocalexpertiseandknowledgeacrosstheglobe.

“HereintheNorthEastwhereboth companies are headquar-tered, the par tnership will seethe region’s position as a worldleader in Marine, Liability andAquaculture insurance strength-enedevenfurther.”

Nor t h ’s J o i n t Manag i n gDirector Paul Jennings, said:“One of Nor th ’s s t r ateg icobjectives is to diversify notonly the product range weoffertoMembers,butalsotodiver sify and develop othersources of business income.Thenewreinsurancearrange-mentwithSMMIformspar tofour diversification policy andinit iates a strategic al l iancefo r u s to co l l abo r a t e i nexploringanddevelopingnewbusinessoppor tunitiesworld-wide.”

Nor th ’s J o i n t Manag i n gDirector, AlanWilson, added:“The complementar y natureof SMMI’s operations makes it

an idealpartner.Whilewespe-cialiseinlargertonnage,whichisnotpartof theSMMIportfolio,SMMI covers a wide spreadof high-volume, small tonnagerisks. An alliance will provideanopportunity tobroadenandexpand a combined liabil ityportfolio.”

Sunder land Mar ine MutualInsurance(www.smmi.co.uk)wasfoundedin

1882andisaworldleaderintheinsurance of fishing vessels, smallcraftandtheaquacultureindustry,withover13,500membersinsuredon a direct basis. Owned by itspolicyholders, it provideshull andmachinery,warrisksandP&Icoverto vessels in addition towhich itis the largest single insurer in theaquaculturemarket. It is based inDurham,UK and in total has 10otherinternationaloffices.

Nor th P&I club (www.nepia.com) was founded in 1860.Northisaleading

marine mutual liability insurerproviding P&I, FD&D, war risksand ancillary insurance to 115million GT of owned tonnageand 35 mill ion GT of char-teredtonnage,with6,000shipsentered by 400 members. It isbased in Newcastle uponTyne,UKwithregionalofficesinHong

Kong, Piraeus and Singapore.The club is a leading memberof the International Group ofP&I Clubs, with approximately12 percent of the group’sowned tonnage.The 13 groupclubs provide l iabil ity coverfor approximately 90 percentof the wor ld’s ocean goingtonnage.

SunderlandMarineandNorthofEnglandP&IAssociationformaStrategicAlliance

From the back left (standing) Michael Hope – Associate Director North of England P&I, Craig McBurnie – Underwriting Manager Sunderland Marine, Tom

Rutter Aquaculture Manager Sunderland Marine, Peter Johnson Non-Executive Director Sunderland Marine, Peter Crichton Consultant North of England P&I and Non-Executive Director Sunderland Marine, Peter Bobeff Vice Chairman Sunderland Marine.

Second Row (seated) left to right Paul Jennings Joint Managing Director North of England P&I, Alison Alden Finance Director Sunderland Marine, Angela Vipond

Chief Risk Officer Sunderland Marine, Geoff Parkinson Chief Executive Officer Sunderland Marine.

Front Row (seated) left to right Alan Wilson Joint Managing Director North of England P&I, Trevor Hart Chairman Sunderland Marine.

4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012 March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5

Aqua News

http://www.smmi.co.uk/

http://www.nepia.com/

http://www.nepia.com/

The global headquar terscampusofNovusInternationalisoneofthefirstpilotprojects

tobecertifiedbytheSustainableSitesInitiative™(SITES™)foritssustainablesitedesign,constructionandmainte-nance.

TheNovuscampus, leadby land-scapearchitectsSWTDesign,wasawarded a 3-star rating by SITES,makingitthehighestratedlandscapeprojectintheworld.

“This levelof certification repre-sentsthecompany’scommitmenttominimisingour impacton theenvi-ronmentsinwhichweoperate,”saidNovus President and CEO,ThadSimons.

“Oursuccessfulapplicationoflandanddevelopmentpracticesprovesthatcompaniescanachieveahealthysustainableworkenvironmentwhilereducingoperatingcosts.”

SITESisaninterdisciplinaryeffortledbytheAmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects, the Lady Bird Johnson

WildflowerCenteratTheUniversityofTexasatAustinandtheUnitedStatesBotanicGardentocreatevoluntarynationalguidelinesandbenchmarksforsustainablelanddesign,constructionandmaintenancepractices.

Certification for the pilot ratingsystem isbasedonTheSustainableSites Initiative: Guidelines andBenchmarks2009.

InMay2010,Novus’scampuswasoneofmorethan150nationalandinternationalprojects tobechosenbytheSITESpartnerstotestoutthe4-starratingsystemandguidelines.

The project addresses severalsustainable design best practicesincludinghydrology,wildlifehabitatenhancement and monitoring, aswell as improved soils andvegeta-tion.There isanemphasisonusingregionalmaterialsand implementingfeatures thataddresshumanhealthandwell beingof site visitors andemployees.

“We are pleased to be among

those takinga lead inapplying theSITESratingsystemtoenhancetheenvironmental, socialandeconomicaspectsofourprojects,”saidHunterBeckham,principal atSWTDesign,whowastheprojectmanagerforthepilotprojecteffort.

TedSpaid,co-foundingprincipalatSWTDesignwasthedesignlead.

“This3-starcertificationisevidenceof our commitment to the envi-ronment, toour communities andtobothNovusandSWTDesign’spassionforsustainability.”

Since2005, theSITESpartners, inconjunctionwith a diverse groupof stakeholder organisations, haveworkedto transform landdevelop-ment and management practiceswith this firstnational ratingsystemforsustainablelandscapes.

Theguidelinesapplytoanytypeofdesignedlandscape,withorwithoutbuildings, including shoppingmalls,streetscapes, subdivisions, corporateandacademiccampuses,transporta-

tioncorridors,parksandrecreationareas,andsinglefamilyhomes.

The US Green Building Council,astakeholder intheSustainableSitesInitiative,anticipates incorporatingtheSITES guidelines and performancebenchmarksintofutureiterationsofitsLEEDGreenBuildingRatingSystem™.WhileLEEDminimizes the carbonfootprint,SITESdemonstrateshowalandscapecanactuallysequestercarbonandregeneratelivingsystems.Workingtogether,theseinitiativeswillfurtherrev-olutionisesustainabledesign.

TheSITESRatingSystem includes15 prerequisites and 51 differentcredits, measuring performance inareas such as the initial site selec-tion,water, soil, vegetation,materials,humanhealthandwellbeing, con-structionandmaintenanceaddinguptoa250pointscale.Theratingsystemrecognises levelsofachievementbyobtaining40,50,60or80percentofavailablepointswithonethroughfourstars,respectively.

SITES™certifiesNovusInternationalcampuswith3-starrating

With€64.7 million oforderintakein2011,Clextral,adivisionof

Group Legris Industries, leadingsupplier of snacks and break-fastcerealsproductionlinesinte-

grating twin-screwextrusionanddrying technologies, registers agrowthof 28percent comparedto 2010 and 18 percentcompared with its previousrecordin2008.

This acceleration of orderintake is the result of Clextral’sglobal leadership in extrusionand drying technologies for thecereals processing industry andof itstechnologicaldifferentiationintheareaofcellulosetreatment(paperpulp).

It is also based on its stronginternational presence and lev-

eraging of its Research andDevelopment.

Internationalnetworking,essen-tialtotakeadvantageoftheprox-imity of dynamic markets, wasstrengthened by the opening of

twonew sites inVietnamand inBrazil, raising to 10 the numberof Clextral locations outsideFrance.

In2011,investmentinR&Dwasincreasedespeciallyinthefieldofsustainabledevelopment,resultinginsalesinbiomasstransformationandpositioningClextralasatech-nological pioneer in this growingsegment.

In terms of activity and profit-ability, 2011 confirms the excel-lenceof2010withaturnoverof€48.5millionandoperatingprofitrisingto8.2percent.

To accompany this growth,Clextralleadsadynamicemploy-ment program: after 38 hires in2010and23in2011,thecompanyexpectstoappoint20to30newemployees in 2012. 36 young

people under 30have joined thecompany theselasttwoyears.

In2012,Clextralwill promote itstechnologies inover 20 exhibi-tions around theworld.

The latest appointment was atthe Ipack Imaexhibition inMilanItaly.

Key figures 2011 Clextral has a turnover of

€48.5 Million with 83 percent inexportsandastaffof248people,including40outsideFrance.

Worldwide presence, Clextralhassubsidiariesandofficesacrossfivecontinents:

• Tampa,FL,USA• Shanghai,China• Santiago,Chili• Alger,Algeria

• Moscow,Russia• Copenhagen,Denmark• Sydney,Australia• Casablanca,Morocco• HoChiMinhCity,Vietnam• Curitiba,Brazil

About Clextral Thecompanysuppliesengineering

turnkeysolutions,which integratetwin-screwextrusionanddryingtechnologiesforthefoodindustry,paperpulp and specialty chemi-cals.WithitshistoricalbrandDKM,thecompanyalsosuppliesspecialpumpsusedinnuclearpowerplantsandotherapplicationssuchas:

Food industry:breakfastcereals,snacks,pasta,couscous, ingredients,petfood,fishfeed

Finechemicalsandplastics:ener-geticmaterials,biodegradablemate-rialsandcosmetics

Cellulose:paperpulp,bankpaper,horticulture,biomass

Pumpsfornuclearpowerstations,extru-sionlinesandothersindustries

More inforMation:Websites:www.clextral.comWebsite:www.legris-industries.com

Clextral’snewleapforwardwitharecordlevelofordersin2011


Aqua News


SA B E T H A , K S —Februar y 2012 —TheWe n g e r E x t r u s i o n

Group (comprised ofWengerManufacturing, Inc, Extru-Tech,Inc , and Corporate ProjectSe r v i ce s ) ha s announcedthe acqu i s i t ion o f SourceTechnology A/S, the leadingprov ider of in l ine ana lys i ssystemsusedinfoodandfeedmanufacturing. Headquar teredin Kolding, Denmark, SourceTechnology suppl ies in l inesampling and analysis systemstofourkeyindustriesinvolvingpelletsandpowders.

Source Technology lever-ages its innovative exper tisetohelpmanufacturersenhanceproductquality,improveenergyand operational effic ienciesand increase foodsafetyregu-

lationcompliance.Typicalappli-cations for SourceTechnologyinline analysis devices includemeasur ing of bu lk dens i ty,tap density, moisture content,product sizing, par ticle sizing,NIR analysis, burned par ticled e t e c t i o n , c o l o r i n t e n -s i ty, dust test ing , durabi l i tytesting, floating test and muchmore.

T h e We n g e r E x t r u s i o nGroup , headqua r te red i nSabetha, Kansas, is a globaldesigner,manufacturerandfullser vice provider of extrusionprocessing systems.Theacqui-sit ion of SourceTechnologywill strengthen their ability toprovide a full scope of auto-mated extrusion technologysystemswithenhancedprocesscontrol.Wenger systems are

installed in over 90 countries,and are suppor ted through330 extrusion-specific profes-sionals based in twelve globallocations. Wenger manufac-tures and suppor ts the indus-t r y ’s most comprehens iveser ies of extruder s , dr yer sand controls for the commer-cial production of pet food,human food, aquatic and live-stockfeeds.

More inforMation:Lafe Bailey, Wenger Vice President of Sales and ServicesEmail:[email protected]

Thomas Jorgensen, Source Technology PresidentEmail:[email protected]

Website:www.wenger.comWebsite:www.sourcetechnology.dkWebsite:www.extru-techinc.com

WengerExtrusionGroupannouncespurchaseofSourceTechnologyA/SInlinesamplingandrealtimeanalysisbecomeskeytofullintegration


Aqua News

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Multiply extrusion capacities for small diameter aquatic feeds with patented new Wenger technology.Wenger’s innovation of diverging cone screw and oblique dietechnologies brings all the benefits of extrusion to high capacitymicro aquatic feed production. These new designs result in floating and sinking small diameter aquatic feeds that are:

• produced at rates 3 to 5 times greater than previous technology. • uniform in size and shape. • on target for density and water stability.

Request details now on high capacity, profitable production ofsmall diameter feeds at [email protected].

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Wenger_AQ_210x147mm 5/27/11 11:17 AM Page 1

Youneedtoproduceyour fishwithsome advantages when comparingyour product to the market ingeneral,thatis,ifyouwanttobesuc-

cessful.Recirculationisatechnologyingrowthand a major factor in economic productionandasanoverallcontrolofparticles.

Recirculation - terms and selection

Thetermrecirculatingaquaculturesystem(RAS) in normally understood as the hard-core advanced system that needs very littlenewwatertokeepusefulwaterquality.

However,RAShas also got a sister termcalled‘re-usesystems’toindicatethewaterisrecirculated.Fromthe individual fish farmer’spointofview,recirculationdoesnotalwaysfitthese terms, but can be the compromise oftechnologycomplexitythatsuitshisparticularproductionprocess.

Lowcomplexityisalwaysgood,buttogainadvantages, youmust see thewhole picturewhichincludes:• Wateratthelocation• Temperaturecontrol• Controlwithdiseases• Energyconsumption• Knowledgeofthearea• Capitalavailableforinvestment

Clearly,thecomplexityofasystemselect-edisamajorissueforaquacultureproduction.

Main technology in recirculationWith any kind of ‘re-use’ of water you

needapump.Thenextinlineofaccessoriesis

theoxygenandfiltrationsystems.Soyouwillnormallyalwayshavetoemploy:

• Pumps, here the overview of optionsinclude:-Propellerpumpsatlowerliftingheight-Centrifugalpumpswhenthelift

ishigherandatsmallerflow

-Airliftascombinedpump(notrecom-mendedduetoparticledestruction)

• Oxygen, here the overview of optionsinclude:-Liquidoxygenthataresimple

andsafe,butsometimesexpensivetokeepfull

-Oxygengenerator• Filtration,here theoverviewofoptions

include:- Drumfilteronthemainflow- Discfilterwhenfiltrationdemands

are30micronorsmaller-Cycloneatthefishtankoutlet

(notrecommendedduetoparticledestruction)

It should be noted that all kinds of sedi-mentation in a RAS loop are all stronglyforbidden.Thiswilldissolvetheparticlesandrelease all COD/BOD back into the water(see photos from two parallel systems illus-tratedhere).

Therearealternativecomponentstothoselistedabove,butveryraretosee!Thegeneralvalue of good particle control (see imiagestwoandthree).

Thecritical factorofparticlecontrol is toremovewasteparticlesbeforetheydissolve.

After leaving the fish, thewasteproductsshould be kept in suspenson and movedtowardsthefiltrationunitgentlyandquickly.

When looking at particle control in gen-eral,wearelimitedtofilterawayCOD/BODthat actually are in the water as particles.Belowatableshowsthepercentageof totalwaste flow that typically appears as particlewastefromself-cleaningtanksonfishfarms.

The best cost-effective toolYouhavetheopportunityforlargereduc-

tionforCOD/BODbyremovingparticlesandit is the best cost effective tool in order tocontrolthewaterquality.

If you do not make any good particlecontrol,youriskthe:• Flowthroughplantbeingshutdowndue

totightregulations• RASwillprovelesseconomicalasload-

ingofthebiofilterwillexplode• A particular risk in RAS is clogged

biofilterthatcankillyourloopSo, here is a lot to win and to lose, but

howmuch?BelowpleasefindTable1show-ingthetypicalefficiencyoffiltrationmeasuredontrout.

Note the large toleranceonefficiencyval-uesthatmakestheresultslessuseful(seeTable2). This was found through deep research inthestudymadeinGermanyandclearlyshowsthat particle control is more than just talkingaboutmicrons (see Image4).To find the actual results DrAlexanderBrinkerhasworkedfor years with a unique laserinstrument that measure allsuspendedparticlespassinginastreamin3D.

The laser instrument are calibrated andverified to count correctly and measure theparticleswith0.02micronaccuracy.

Factors that influence the particle control

Efficiency depends on many factors andtheresultsarequiteindividualasthefarmsaredifferent.As the tablesshow, thedifferences

by Mr Kurt Carlson, Key Accounts Manager at Hydrotech AB,Sweden

Filtration in recirculationparticle control


FEATURE


almost twice as good removals with goodsetupevenwhenusingsamemicronfiltration.Thisisnormallynotamatterisadditionequip-ment,butsimplyaquestionofdesign.

HereIhavelistedsometypicalreasonsforthetoleranceshown:• Tank design is surely best when

self-cleaning

• Outlet of the tank should be fast andgentle

• Piping to the filter section should havethecorrectvelocity

table1

Parameter Particle bound Max potentialremoval efficiency, %

tot-P Up to 90 84

tot-n Up to 32 32

BoD5 Up to 90 80

tSS 100 91

table 2

race-way Self cleaning tank

efficiency % 40µ 60µ 90µ 40µ 60µ 90µ

tot-P 50-75 40-70 35-65 65-84 50-80 45-75

tot-n 20-25 15-25 10-20 25-32 20-27 15-22

BoD 45-75 40-65 30-60 55-80 50-75 35-70

tSS 50-80 45-75 35-70 60-91 55-85 50-80

F2 F3

Figures 2 & 3: Sturgeon RAS plant in a parallel cycle with sedimentation filtration installed in connection with drumfilters.

F1


FEATURE

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• Fishfeedused• Levelweirthatforcesawaterfallandjust

afewcmmaycostyoulessefficiency• Thefilter itselfshall liftandremovethe

particlesinagentleamanneraspossibleBelow I have also listed factors that are

not normally seen and will have a extremenegativeeffect:• Turbulence-like aeration or pumping is

strongly forbidden between tanks andfilter

• Sedimentation is strongly forbid-den, dead corners, cyclones sys-tems, sludge cones and just lowload can create such unplannedproblems

Specific value of particle control in RAS

In a re-circulating system, microfiltrationisanintegralpartofacompletewatertreat-ment system. There are specific benefits ofmicro-screen filtration in RAS which includethefollowing(seeImage5):

• Cheap reduction of organic loading onthebiofilter

• Parasites are removed by stopping thelifecycleoflarvaeandeggs

• Improvingconditionsfornitrification• Stabilising function of biofilters as clog-

gingisreduced

• No ‘wild’ spreading of larvae, that is,Tilapia

• Improvingturbidityofwater• ImprovedperformanceoftheUVdisin-

fectionsystem

Filtration of inlet waterIn some high value processes, it is useful

to filter the water introduce into the RAS.Thiscouldbeforhatcheryandfryproduction.The lowwater consumption forRASmakesiteconomicalpossibletofiltertheinletwateraslowas10microns.ThiswillremovealargerangeofpotentialproblemsandmaketheUVinstallation (when used) much smaller (seeImage6).

The filterThe way you make filtration work is by

usingmicroscreening.Thescreenismountedindrumorondiscfilters.Inover90percentofall installationstherearedrumfiltersused,as they aremost costeffective in the classicrangeof40to90micronfiltration.

Themicroscreenuniquecharacteristicsare:• Absolute size filtration independent of

inletTSSconcentration• Removesparticlesfastoutofthewater

flow• Arehighcapacityunits• Removes particles above applied mesh

size, not dependent on density ofparticles

• Low running costs in energy andmaintenance

For example, the patented Hydrotechmicroscreenpanels(seeImage7)also:

• Lifts all particles gentle in the cellstructure so theyare removedwithoutleaching

• Avoids the ‘washmachineeffect’ insidethedrumasevenheavypartsareliftedandremoved

• The cell structure on the Hydrotechpanel is the final touch to make thefiltration100percentperfect.

Insomecases, like inabaloneandmarinefarming, you can have a risk of the ‘washingmachine effect’ in a drum filter. Here, sandor similarmaterials stay in thedrumbottomanddestroytheotherparticles.However,theHydrotechcellwill liftallof thematerialoutandtheproblemiscompletelyavoided.

Function of drum and disc filtersHydrotech has about 5000 drum- and

discfilters in operation in aquaculture wide-spreadallovertheworld(seeImages8and9). Their unique design of filter cloth andhydraulic design secures the gentle removalofparticles.

Hydrotech filters are all made forautomatic operation that only rotate andbackwash the filters as needed. This wayfaciclities will filter more fine particles outofthewaterastheoperate. ■

Drumfilter 1. Water to be filtered enters the inside of the drum. 2. The water is filtered through the drum’s filter screens. The difference in water

level inside/outside the drum is the driving force for the sieving. 3. Solids are trapped on the filter screen and lifted to the backwash area by the

rotation of the drum. 4. Water from rinse nozzles is sprayed and the solid material is washed out of

the filter elements into the sludge tray. 5. Sludge flows by gravity out of the filter.

Discfilter1. Water to be filtered enters the inside of the rotor with disc’s. 2. The water is filtered through the disc panel filter screen. The difference in water

level inside/outside the disc element is the driving force for the sieving.3. Solids are trapped on the filter screen and lifted to the backwash area by the

rotation of the rotor.4. Water from rinse nozzles is sprayed and the solid material is washed out of the

filter elements into the sludge tray.5. Sludge flows by gravity out of the filter.

More inforMation:HydrotechHydrotech AB Industrigatan 1 SE 235 32 Vellinge, SwedenTel.+4640429530Website:www.hydrotech.se


FEATURE


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Aquaculture production is nowexceedingfisheriesproductionintotalseafoodsupply.Aquaculture,through intensification and hus-

bandrypractices,generatenumerousstress-ful events, which may result from waterdeterioration(acuteorchronicexposuretoreduced levels of dissolved oxygen and/orincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxide,ammonia,nitrite)and/orhandling(vaccination,transfer,transport,grading,ambientnoise).

Furthermore, environmental stressors,such as temperature and salinity variations,may also have detrimental consequences onaquaticcaptivepopulations.

Improvement of husbandry practices iscertainly the easiest way to reduce stressfuleventsandtheirconsequencesonzootechni-calperformance,thatisreducedgrowthrate,by sparing energy resources in homeostasisand increased mortality, by impairing innateimmuneandanti-oxidativestatus.

Beside husbandry practices, nutritional sup-plementationisanotherwaytofine-tuneimmuneandanti-oxidativedefensesofaquaticspecies.

In this context, nutrients like free aminoacids and derivatives, nucleotides, or anti-oxidants are often supplemented as immu-nostimulators,especiallyduringcriticalperiodssuch as weaning, wintering, seawater trans-fer.Whenproducedunderhighly controlledconditions, Protein Hydrolysates (PH) andespecially those of marine origin (FPH), arenaturallyrichinthesenutrients.

Furthermore, numerous studies demon-strated they were rich in bioactive peptidesofnutraceuticinterests(growthlikehormone,antioxidants, anti-stress and anti-microbialpeptides). The purpose of this article isto review the experienced benefits of PHon aquatic farmed species during differentinducedstressfulevents.

Variation of water temperature affects growth performances

Temperature and salinity variations are

the most experienced climatic issues. Whilecoldweatherusually impairs feed intakeandgrowth, it usually has less adverse effectsthanwarmweatheronaquaticspecieshealthstatus (oxidative stress, oxygen availability,resistancetoopportunisticpathogens).

A temperature challenge trial was imple-mented at the end of a feeding trial onEuropeanseabass(Dicentrarchuslabrax)juve-niles(meanweight:16.3g).

Fishwerefedwithisoproteic-supplement-eddiets(control,control+2.5percentFPH1and control plus five percent FPH1) for 29days in triplicate flow trough100ltanks.

At the end of the feedingtrial, 10 fish out 40 initial fishwerereplacedintheirrespec-tivetankforthethermalchal-lenge (duplicate). The range33-35°Chadpreviously beendetermined as lethal so tem-perature was increased from20°C to 33°C within twohours without any observedmorbidity (mortality plusunbalancedfish).

As shown in Figure 1observedmorbidityonlystart-ed at 34°C, after five hoursof challenge. The thermalchallenge was stopped twohours later when 80 percentof morbidity was observed.FPH1 supplementation didn’treduce final morbidity but itsignificantly delayed it (p-val-ue<0.01,proportionalhazardsmodels). This delay is espe-cially visible between 5.5 andseven hours, and it doesn’tseem to be dose-dependentfor 2.5 and five percent sup-plementations.

Without any metaboliteclues, we may only assumethat FPH1 has delayed the

physiologicalprocessresponsibleforfishmor-bidity, possibly thanks to hormone-like and/or to anti-stress effects. This trial may findcommercial applications for preventive feedsupplementationbefore the summer season,especially for flow-through or cage farmingsystems.

FPH enhance fish resistance to water quality deterioration

Through intensification, average waterqualityisoftenclosetothelimitstoleratedbyaquaticspeciesforanoptimalgrowth.

Fish Protein Hydrolysates FPH- enhance resistance of aquaculture species to different types of stress

Figure 1: European seabass morbidity during a thermal lethal challenge

Figures 2 & 3: Respective Nile tilapia and Tra Catfish survival rate during NH3 challenge trials (one way ANOVA/two way ANOVA)

by M Herault, V Fournier, M Hervy, A Ngoc, Aquativ–Za Du Gohélis 56250 Elven, France


FEATURE


Based on this statement, any perturba-tion of the water quality, resulting fromoverfeeding, overcrowding, water renewalshortageoralgaeblooming,mayhavecriticalconsequencesonhealth&growthstatusesoffarmedspecies.

Twoammoniachallengetrialwere imple-mentedonTracatfish(Pangasiushypophthal-mus),andNiletilapia(Oreochromisniloticus),juveniles (mean weight = 13g) in order toassess the impact of FPHonoverall survivalrates.

Basically, fishwere fed for10weekswithcommercial diets, formulated with differentlevelsoffishmeal–FM-,supplementedornotwith FPH2 and FPH3 (1.8 percent in tilapiadiets & three percent in catfish diets). Afterthosefeedingperiods,10tilapiaand20catfishwere distinctly placed in aquaria (n=4 repli-cates)foranammoniachallengeconsistingina constant 150ppm TAN load for 48 hourswitha100percent/daywaterexchangerate.

Survival results are illustrated with Figure2andFigure3.

BothFPH2and3hadapositiveimpactonfish survival tohigh ammonia load challenge,this benefit being also observed on fishmealfree diet. As the end product of proteinmetabolism, ammonia is the most commontoxicant in culture and live-transportationsystems. It ismore toxicunder its unionizedformNH3 as it easily diffuses across the gillmembranereducingoutwardfluxofammoniaexcretion.

As a result, ammonia level in fish plas-ma increases causing various physiologicalresponses, in many ways similar to anoxiasymptomsandfinallyleadingtoneurotoxicityandfishdeathinmostseriouscases.

SeveralstudiesimplementedonFPHhavedemonstrated their biochemical functionali-ties,includingpotentanti-oxidativeproperties.

Thus, it becomes possible to increaseanimal’sownanti-oxidativedefensesthankstoFPHsupplementationand,asaconsequence,reduce expected adverse effects of exces-sive production of ROS -Reactive OxygenSpecies- resulting from anoxia like stressesinduced by many chemical and physical dis-turbances.

Restoring feed intake and growth during stressful events

It is a common practice to supplementaquaticfeedwithpalatabilityenhancerduringcriticalandstressfulperiodssuchasspawning,weaning,wintering,oralantibiotictreatments.

Improving growth ratesA Protein Hydrolysate was formulated

tomeetsuchneedsandserveasan internalreferenceforassessingnewlydevelopedFPH.A total of 28 short term feeding trials (13-21days)were implementedwith this internal

reference, coated at two percent dosageontoanutritionallybalancedPlantBasedFeed(PBF),within twodistinctexperimental facili-tiesnamed‘C’and‘D’.

These facilities, consisting in two serialsof 24 tanks of 100l capacity supplied withthermoregulatedandfiltratedseawater;onlydifferby their tankheights. Fish into facilities‘C’,duetolowertanks,aremoreexposedtotechnician’s work and visual contacts. Basedon the significant differences observed foraverage zootechnical performance indicators(see Figure 4), this visual disturbance stressobviouslyimpactsfishbehavior.

Thus,growthof fishreared in facilities ‘C’isonlyat67percentoftheaveragepotentialgrowthobservedforfacilities‘D’.Thisgrowthretardation is mostly explained by a muchlower feed intake, which may entirely besolvedbyPHsupplementation.

In addition, through PH supplementation,growth rate is finally improvedbyalmost20percent,duetoacombinedimprovementoftheFCR,by10percentonaverage.

Thisbenefitcombinationresults,onaver-age, in a 28 percent growth rate improve-ment under normal conditions and almost80percentgrowthrateincreaseundervisualdisturbanceconditions.

Atthismacroscopicscale,mostlikelyassump-tionsmaybethefollowings:FCRimprovementprobably reflects areduction of PBFinducedgutinflam-mation and/or anoptimization ofgut florawhile thehigher feed intakerecorded with PHsupplementationis certainly due tofeedenhancedpal-atability.

FPH improve fish resistance to opportunistic pathogens

Chronic stress,because of con-tinuoussecretionofcortisol, is harmfulasitleadstoimmu-nosuppression andthereby increasesrisksofdiseaseout-breaks.

A disease chal-lenge was initi-ated on juvenileNile tilapia (meanweight: 37.7g±2.2)followinga42days

feedingtrialimplementedwithcontrolcommer-cialfeed,withorwithoutFPHsupplementation(twopercentdosage).SeeFigure4.

1.0ml of a bacterial suspension consistingin9x108UFCofAeromonashydrophilawasinjectedintothefishabdominalcavity.Therewerefourreplicatesand15fishperreplicatewere inoculated and then monitored forAeromonashydrophilasymptomsfor10days.

Attheendofthisperiod,averagesurvivalrate of inoculated fish for control feed wasveryhigh,whichmeansthat initial fishhealthstatus was really good before starting thediseasechallengetrial.

Despite this high survival rate, FPH sup-plementation significantly improved overallsurvival rates from 88 up to 98 percent(p<0.02).At thismacroscopic scale, it isdif-ficult to discuss how FPH has improved fishresistancetoopportunisticpathogens.

Wemay,however,proposetwodifferentandmaybecombined,patterns.

First, FPH, thanks to its bioactive func-tionalities (anti-stress and immunostimulantmostly),mayhaveimprovedoverallfishhealthstatusbeforeand/orduringthechallengetrial.

Second,FPHmayhavebeenanaturalsourceof Anti Microbial Peptides, which may havebeen effective against Aeromonas hydrophila.Biochemicalstudieswouldbenecessarytocon-firmone,orboth,oftheseassumptions.


FEATURE

Meanwhile,thisassayconfirmsthisispossi-bletoenhancefishresistancetoopportunisticdiseasebyFPHsupplementation.

ConclusionsDespite of continuously improved aqua-

culture practices, stressful events will remaininherenttohusbandrybothbecauseofclimat-ichazards, fornonRecirculatingAquacultureSystems, and human operations. Stress is anormal and adaptive process (homeostasis)consistinginthreechronologicalresponses:

1) primary responsesinvolve the elevation ofplasma catecholaminesandcortisolhormone;

2) secondary responsesrefer to the effects ofthese hormones attissue level; 3) tertiaryresponsesrefertoanimalzootechnical perform-ancessuchaschangesingrowthandhealth.

Minor punc-tual stress willmostly be lim-ited to primaryand second-ary responseswhile acuteand chronicstress will ofteninduce the terti-ary response’sadverse effects.As previ-ously illustrated,Fish ProteinHydrolysatesare the idealnutritional solu-tiontoattenuatestressful event’sadverse effectson zootechnicalperformances.

Thanks totheir naturalhighcontentsoflow molecularweightNitrogencompounds,which includenucleotides,aminoacidsandderivatives, andbioactive pep-

tides, FPH will act directly, or indirectly, onaquatic species feed acceptance, feed trans-formation, innate anti-oxidative and immunedefenses,whichwillendupwithrestored,orenhanced,growthrateandhealthstatus.

Beside their high nutritional value, FishProtein Hydrolysates are therefore a goodalternativetopreventiveandgrowthpromot-ing,antibiotictreatments,especiallywiththeiranti-microbial properties and to any otherfeed additives used as immune-stimulants oranti-oxidativeagents.

Last but not least, the bioactive peptidesprofile,thereforethephysiologicalresponse,isdrivenbyhydrolysisprocessleveragessuchastypeofenzyme,temperaturextimescheduleandpH. ■

Referencesavailableonrequest

Figure 4: Zootechnical performances observed on E. seabass juveniles (initial mean weight: 4.7-11.1g) over 28 trials implemented within two facilities “C” and “D”

Figure 5: Survival rate of Nile tilapia to an Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, 10 days following injection (one way ANOVA)

for More inforMation:AquativZ.A. de GohelisElven, 56250 FranceTel:+33297938080Email:[email protected]:www.aquativ-diana.com


FEATURE


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The colour of farmed salmon hasattractedsomuchattentionwithinthe aquaculture industry as it canbe appreciated that the typical

pink-reddishcolourofsalmonissymbolicofquality and value, with retailers demandingstringent criteria for farmed fish such asAtlanticsalmonandtrouttomeetconsumerexpectations.

Indeed this has often proved controver-sial in the media when the farming of fishhas been criticised on many grounds withnegativestatementsalludingtotheuseofsyn-theticagentsandevendyessuggestedasthesourceof artificial colours being prominentlyexpressedbythemisinformed.

Carotenoidscompriseacomplexgroupofxanthophyllsandcarotenes,whicharediverseintheirchemicalstructuretoprovidethehostof yellow to orange red, and pink coloursfoundextensivelyinnatureasalsoseen in theplumageofbirdssuchasflamingos.

The main carotenoids ofimportance to salmon andtrout are astaxanthin and can-thaxanthin, which are specificin their mode of activity andin their manner of metabolism.Astaxanthin is recognised to bethepredominantredcarotenoidfound in salmonids in naturewith canthaxanthin also usedcommerciallytoamorelimitedextent.

A dietary requirementSalmon and trout do not possess the

inherentmetabolicability tosynthesisethesepigments but instead require them withinthe diet as preformed molecules that areabsorbed and subsequently deposited in tis-sues(Bjerkeng,2000).

Itshouldalsobenotedthatpigmentationleadingtothereddish-pinkandorangecolourofintegumentisalsofavouredforcertainfishthat can deposit carotenoids or metabolic

derivatives intheskinsuchasredseabreamand red tilapia (Gouveiaet al, 2002).This isalsoacharacteristicofhighvalueandaccept-abilitytoconsumerswhoperceivethistobesuperiorcomparedtoun-pigmentedfish.

The efficacy of flesh colouration by dif-ferent carotenoids is a function of complexphysiologicalprocessesfollowedbyaseriesofbiochemical events that involve metabolismprimarily in the liver aswell as the intestinaltract(Pageetal2005,PageandDavies,2006).

Evidence from the research investigationsofWhiteetal(2003a)suggeststhatamajorfraction of absorbed astaxanthin is trans-formed intovitaminA in the intestinal tissueof rainbow trout and most likely salmon aswell.

In addition there is increasing evidencethatcarotenoidsare involved ingeneregula-tionandsignal transduction therebyaffectingthe entire metabolism of fish (Azzi, 2007;

Lordan et al 2008). They are also potentanti-oxidants that can interact with vitaminE (α-tocopherol) and can prevent fatty acidoxidationduetofreeradicalgenerationwithintissues.

There are also positive benefits on thepostmortemqualityoffishunderfrozenstor-ageconditionswhen fedhigh levelsof caro-tenoids thusprolongingshelf lifeofproducts(Jacobsenetal(2011).Inthiswayastaxanthinandcanthaxanthinhavepro-vitaminandmet-abolic functions well beyond their standardroleforpigmentationandcouldthereforebe

viewedasconditionallyessentialnutrientsforsalmonidfishspecies.

Davies (2005) previously reviewed sev-eral aspectsof biochemical andphysiologicalparameters affecting salmonid pigmentationwith particular emphasis on post-prandialabsorption kinetics and retention efficiencyand explained that considerable amounts ofastaxanthinandcanthaxanthin isexcretedbyfish and therefore efficiency of utilisation isquite low(~20percent)compared toothernutrients such as proteins, amino acids, vita-minsandminerals.

Therearemanyproductionrelatedfactorsthatcan influencethedegreeofpigmentationof farmed salmonids. These include species,race or stock type, intra-population variation,age of fish, type and quantity of carotenoidsingestedover specificperiod, seasonaleffects,maturation, health and state of physiologicalstress,dietaryformulation,regulatedfeeddep-

rivationperiodsmaintenancefeeding,slaughterconditions, visualisation of colour, processingconditions:storage,smoking,cookingetc.

Thehighgrowthratesachievedinmodernsalmonproductioncanresultinareductionofpigmentation and uneven distribution withinthe flesh. It is well known that considerablevariations can occur in the ability of fish toretaincarotenoidswithinthemuscleandthiscansometimesmanifestasverylowpigmen-tation or indeed excessive levels in differentregionsofmuscle.

Indeedthe factthatseasonalchangescan

The quest to keep Salmon in the pink

naturally by Simon J Davies, School of Biosciences, Plymouth University England, UK


FEATURE


modulate various selected muscle qualityparameters,includingthedegreeofpigmenta-tion in salmon was noted by Nordgardenet al. (2003). These investigators concludedthat rapid period of growth achieved undercontinuous lighting compared to naturalphotoperiod resulted in elevated growth ofsalmon and increased oxidative stress withmarked reductions in fillet vitamin E levels(a-tocopherol)andastaxanthin.

Environmental factorsOther environmental factors that may

affect the efficiency of pigmentation wouldlikelyincludewaterqualityandflowratesthatwouldinteracttomodulategrowthandnutri-ent retention. Stocking density and exerciseare known to affect fish performance andoptimum fish stocking densities will producesuperiorgrowthand feedconversion leadingtoimprovedfishquality.

Similarly, adequate flow rates, waterexchangerateswillpromote firmer fleshedfish and may enhance pigmentation infish under intensive production systems asdescribed previously in relation to musclequality. Colouration and its relationship toflesh quality in farmed trout and salmonwasextensivelyreviewedbyDavies(2008)whichaddressedcarotenoidfunctioninfishas well as the physiological, biochemicalaspects and aesthetic attributes leadingtowards optimal pigmentation of salmonidfish.

Our knowledge of fish nutrition hasexpanded considerably in recent times andtherehavebeennumerousinvestigationsthathave addressed the effects of dietary levelsofbothastaxanthin,canthaxanthinseparatelyorincombinationonthefleshcolourationoftroutandsalmon.

The type of feed, level of feeding andmatrixeffectsoncarotenoiduptakewillaffectthedegreeofpigmentationinandcansignifi-cantlyalterthecolourcharacteristicsresultinginpossibletaintingwithbackgroundcolour.

Anoptimumdietarylevelofabout65-mg/kg astaxanthin is preferable in general to

achieve acceptable results. A minimum sizethreshold exists to initiate pigmentation insalmon and trout and maintain depositionduring the initial freshwaterstagesofgrowthin fish of above 80-100 grams mean bodyweight.Thisextendswithsubsequenttransferas smolts to seawaterwith salmon typicallyfed65mg/kgtotalcarotenoidseitherasastax-anthin or in combination with canthaxanthinwiththelatternotexceeding25mg/kginthemixture(EUdirectives).Maximumpermittedlevels for astaxanthin in theUSA is80mg/kgoffeed(FDA,2010).

However, revision of such levels is thebasis of much scientific activity to optimisetheiruseandminimisewastageandcost.

Over the last decade, feed manufactur-ershavebeenable to significantly lower theinclusionofpigmentinfeed.Instead,itisrec-ommendedbysome,thatathree-phasepig-mentationstrategywithpost-smoltsbeingfedpigmentatarelativelyhighlevelof60-75mg/kg with a transition to an intermediate levelof40-50mg/kg fromabodyweightof2-3kgbeforeafinalregimemaintainedonafinishingdietpriortoharvestof25-35mg/kgofdietarycarotenoidsconcentration(Sinnot,2006).

There are some scientific rationales forsupporting higher diet pigment levels in thelaterstagesofgrowthforthefeedingoflargeadultfish.Thisisbasedontheviewthatlargersalmon can pigment more efficiently thansmallerfish.Sincepigmentationdevelopsquiterapidlyfrompost-seawatertransfer,pigmen-tationrategenerallyslowsdownwhenfishgetbiggeralthoughtheabsorptiveefficiencymayactuallyincrease.

Itisstillthereforewisetopromoteastrat-egybasedonusinghigherlevelsinearlyphasefeeding with a reduction to a maintenancelevelinfishapproachingharvest.

The impact of plant oils on pigmentation

Choubertetal(2006)havereportedthatthepigmenting efficacyof astaxanthin fed torainbow troutwas affectedby the composi-tionofdietaryoilpresent.

Someevidencesuggestsreducedpigmen-tation efficiency may result in fish fed dietswith elevated plant oils over extended peri-odsduringgrowth.

However,consumertestsseemtoindicatethattherearenosignificantdifferencesinpub-lic perception regarding the overall appear-anceofsalmoncolourwhenfeddietregimesthat include appreciable levels of vegetableoil sources to replace fishoils (Rosenlundetal.2003).

This is of importance given the trendof using higher amounts of plant oil blendsfor a major part of the production and thestrategyofusing‘fishoil’enhanced‘washout’diets in the final stage to harvest to achievehigh omega 3 fatty acid concentrations inthefleshofsalmonpriortomarket.Quintonetal (2005)conducted trialswith salmon toascertain the influence thatgenetics canplayin affecting the absorptionofdietary carote-noids,metabolism and the efficiencyof fleshdeposition.

These workers in Canada evaluated thegeneticparametersindifferentyearclassesofAtlanticsalmonreachingharvest.

Theydetermined sexualmaturationchar-acteristics and associations to colour score,astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, oil, and moisturecontentsofflesh.Positivegeneticcorrelationswere found between body weight and withpigmentretentionlevels.

Obviously, there is the scope to exploitmore efficient stocks for their pigmentationcapacity using selective breeding programs.Such findings could result inmore even andconsistent flesh colour for salmon and troutandtailoredtodifferentproductionsystems.

Less intensive conditions for farmed fish

Traditional use of commercially syntheticsourcesofastaxanthin incompounded feedsaddsgreatlytotheircostsandthevalueoftheresultingproducts.

The annual sales of synthetic astaxanthinforaquaculturealonewereestimatedatmorethanUS$200millionat2010.


FEATURE

Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg, Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100

[email protected], www.akahl.de

Recently,however,therehasbeenagrow-ingdemand in theproductionof farmed fishunder less intensive conditions, and withmoreemphasisonnaturaladditivesandsup-plements in the diet. As such, a number ofinvestigationshave reported the feasibilityofvarious single cell products such as the redyeastPhaffiarhodozymaandHaematococcuspluvialisalgaewithrespecttotheirpigmenta-tion ability compared to the synthetic formcurrently available to the industry (Lagocki,2001).

InvestigationshaveconfirmedthatPhaffiacaneffectivelypigmentsalmonidfishbutonlyfewproducts arecurrently available for thispurpose.Choubertetal(2006)founddiffer-enceswithrespecttothecolourofrainbowtroutfedHaematococcuspluvialiscomparedtosyntheticastaxanthinwithhigherreportedcolourandfleshretention.

The prevailing consensus has been thatthesyntheticcommercialastaxanthinisread-ily available for assimilationby fish, and is amorestableandconsistentproduct.

It should also be noted that the astax-anthin present in H pluvialis is found ascomplexesterswhichconferdifferentassimi-lationpropertiescomparedtoothersourcesadding to variable results under practicalconditions (Bowenet al,2002;Whiteet al,2003b),thereiscurrentinterestinseaweedsand extracts from macro-algae which cancontain appreciable levels of carotenoids aswellaswasteproductsfromkrillandshrimpprocessing.

However, these materials are inconsist-ent in availability and carotenoid levelsmayvary with seasonality. However, specialityseaweeds may have a promising future asfeed additives combining functionality asprebiotics and contributing to natural caro-tenoidintake.

Algal and yeast sourcesDespite the potential of both algal and

yeast sources of carotenoids being able toeffectively pigment salmon and trout, thesehave been prohibitive in terms of theirconsiderable costs and variable qualitiescomparedtosyntheticproductswithconsist-entcharacteristics.Consequently,anexcitingdevelopment is the product Panaferd-AX®produced by a leading Japanese companyNippon Oil Corporation. Panaferd-AX®contains the dessicated cells of Paracoccuscarotinifaciens, a soil-inhabiting bacteriumwhichnaturallycontainscarotenoids.

Thebacteriaareculturedbyfermentationand have been selected to yield high caro-tenoid concentrationswithout theneed forgeneticmodification.Althoughastaxanthinisthemajor pigmentwithin Panaferd-AX®, itcanalsoexpressappreciablelevelsofnaturaladonirubinandcanthaxanthin.Bothofthesecarotenoidscanalso supportadditionalpig-

mentationto fish thatdepositthese inmuscle andskin.

The redcarotenoid-rich bacte-rium Paracoccuscarotinifaciens ispermitted as a sensitive addi-tive for use in salmon and trout with amaximum content of 100mg, expressedas the sum of astaxanthin, adonirubin andcanthaxanthin per kg complete feed. Thecurrent carotenoid composition of theproduct is specified as 3–5g canthaxanthin,10–15g adonirubin and 20–23g astaxan-thin/kg. The applicant proposes to modifythe ranges of canthaxanthin to 1–5g, andthat of adonirubin to 7–15g/kg product,while maintaining the astaxanthin range.TheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority(EFSA)oftheEuropeanCommissionhasexpertlyreviewed the terms of authorisation of theproduct for fish andverified its efficacy andsafety.

Indeed a number of trials in Scotlandby leading feed manufacturer’s and salmonproducers have proved most encouragingwith favourable results obtained in produc-tioncages.

Flesh pigment deposition and stabilitycomparabletothatofsyntheticpigmentationregimesprovedacceptableandquitecompa-rablewithorthodoxproducts.Thefeedbackreceived so far on fish pigmented withPanaferd -AX®hasbeen consistently goodfromtheretailerandconsumerstandpoint.

"To have all the colour in our salmonderivedfromnaturallyoccurringorganismsistheculminationofyearsofhardwork,"saidmanaging director Nick Joy of Loch DuartsalmoninScotlandwhohavebeenpioneer-ingtheproductintheirbespokenfeeds.

"As a farmer, I am proud that we rearwell-nourished salmon that look and tastegreat,"hehasstated.

Consumers and retailers are driving the agenda

It seems that Panaferd® will benefitsalmonproducersgloballybyofferingoppor-tunitiesfordiversificationinthemarketplace.Since the product has full FDA and EUapprovalforuseandisavailableforapplica-tion in the industry it’s likely to be usedincreasinglyinmain-streamproduction.

It is the requirements of the consumerandretailersthataredrivingtheagendaandgeneratingtheneedformoreinformationinthisareawithmediaattentiontocolourationoffarmedfishandcrustaceanspecies.

The question of producing a ‘pink/ red’

fleshedsalmon inthesamemannerasawildsalmonaccumu-latespigment is awidely acceptedprincipleadvocated by a number of market surveysin which the pink flesh colour of salmonscoresconsistentlyhigherasadesirablefac-torsecondonlytofishfreshness(Baker,andGünther,2004)

In terms of feed costs it is well knownthattheaddedcostsofincludingastaxanthininfeedsamountstoanextra10-15percent,which manifests as an additional 4-6 penceper kilogram produced, that is a cost ofUK£40,000-UK£60,000 per 1000 tonnes ofproduction.

InEurope, it is commonpractice topig-mentrainbowtrouttoadefinedlevelatpor-tionsizealthoughthis isnotsousual in theUnited States where un-pigmented (white)fleshed rainbow trout is more favoured bytheconsumer.Several feedcompanieshaveevaluated the costs of pigmenting rainbowtrout towards harvest with strategies formore economic approaches advocated byseveral feed companies and fish farmingoperations.

Colouration is an emotive issueThequestionoffishcolourationinfarmed

aquatic species will always be an emotiveissue since it is easily visualised and can bemeasured by suitable techniques rangingform direct chemical analysis in feeds andflesh or by a selection of optical methodsbased on colour scale assessments andadvancedimageanalysis.

Theaquafeedindustryandfishnutritionistmustberesponsiveandembracetheoppor-tunities for innovative products includingnatural pigmenting agents. With the needtoconsider ‘organic’certification for farmedfishandthequestforsustainableingredients,research is needed to evaluate the efficacyof carotenoids from a wide spectrum ofpotentialsources.

This will be a continuous challenge asfeed formulations become refined and asnewcandidatespeciesbecomeavailable foraquaculture. ■

Referencesavailableonrequest


FEATURE

Together with mixing and pelleting,grinding is one of the importantprocesses when producing animalfeed.Traditionallyhammermillsare

used in the feed industry for grinding rawmaterials , which is mainly caused by therelativelysimpleconstructionandhighvaria-tioninparticlereductioncomparedtoothertechniquesusedatrollermillsandcrackers.

Roller mills and crackers showed betterresultswhenitcomestoenergyconsumption,butthenewdesignedmillsfeatureadjustablepre-breakerplates,variablespeeddrivesandautomaticscreenchangesystems.Thisresultsinanenergysavingwhichbringsthehammermill again in a favoured position, certainlywhen taking in consideration the relativelyhigh costs for wearing parts on roller millsand crackers. Given the fact that a hammermill also allows grinding of mixed products,it becomes clear that Hammer mills still arethemajority.

Wynveen International BV. has a richtradition in manufacturing of machines andequipment for the animal feed industry, pet

food industry and fish indus-try.Recently theyhavemovedinto their new premises whichmeansadoublingof theofficeandproductionfloorcompared

to the old building. With this new officeWynveen InternationalBV ispreparedof thefuture andhasmade the logical next step tomeet the growth they are aiming for. With

their newwebsite, introducedduringtheopening of the newbuilding, onecan see inaglancewhatcapabilitiescanbeoffered.Feelfreetovisit it:www.wynveen.com.

Besidesthedesignanddeliveryofcompleteturnkeyfeedmills,WynveenInternationalBVis manufacturing the main equipment likehammermills,mixers,coater,siftersandcon-veyingequipment.

WynveenInternationalBV.ismanufacturinghammermills inawiderange.The featuresoftheofhammermillsthatcanbedeliveredare:

• Bigdiameter1200mm-1500rpm• Diameter650mm-3000rpm• Capacitiesfromtwot/hupto60t/h• Frequencycontrolleddrives• Manualorautomaticscreenexchange• With or without adjustable breaker

plates• Twodirectionsofrotationpossible• Motorcapacitiesupto400kW• Openrotordesign• Temperature control on main bearings

andchamber• Feederwithmagnetandstonetrap• Ergonomicdesign

AlreadyfiveyearsagotheWynveenham-mermillgotacompletemakeover.Thiswiththeideatodevelopahammermillthatwillbepreparedforthefutureandcandealwiththechallengesof the future.Thismeansminimalenergy consumption and the possibility toanswertotheneedofthevariousapplicationsrequiredinnowadaysfeedmills.Mostanimal

feedmillsare looking fora grinding concept thatcan produce the particlesizethatfitswiththespe-cific required coarsenessofingredientsneededforthefeedtoproduce.

The latest version ofthe Wynveen hammermills type GHM has agrindingchamberdiameterof1200mm,whichgivesataspeedofonly1,500rpm.ahammertipspeedattheideallevelofapprox.90m/

sec.Thelengthofthe chamber can vary from

750to1250mm,dependingontherequiredcapacity.Thelowspeedgivesalowernoiselevel,lesswearandtearandlowerbearingloadcomparedtoa3,000rpmhammermill.

To suit the various demands in feed millcapacities, Wynveen International BV. candeliverhammermillsthatcandealwithdiffer-entcapacitiesfromtwot/hupto60t/h.Forthesmallercapacitiesthe3,000rpmversionsare still used. In Table 1 you will find thevariouspossibilities.By introducing frequencycontrolon themotor, itbecamepossible togrindidealstructuresandparticlesize. Infactyoucancreate anewscreen set-upbut still

table 1:

type Capacity t/h* Diameter Chamber

length Chamber rPM

450-150 1 - 2 450 150 3000650-275 2 - 3 650 275 3000650-375 3 - 5 650 375 3000650-550 7 - 12 650 550 3000670-750 15 - 20 650 750 3000670-1150 20 - 30 650 1150 3000GHM-750 20 - 35 1200 750 1500GHM-1000 30 - 50 1200 1000 1500GHM-1250 45 - 60 1200 1250 1500

*= depending on raw materials

Grinding by a proven concept makes your choice simpleby Mr Willem de Vaan, General director at Wynveen International BV, The Netherlands


FEATURE


1 Magnet2 Air inlet3 Stone trap4 Material direction flap5 Pre braking plates6 Temperature sensor7 Screen8 Rotor met beaters

using the same screen perforation. Whenusingahighspeedyouareabletocreatefinegrinding, while with a lower speed a morecoarsegrindingisachieved.

Toanswerthegrowingneedfor producing a great numberof recipes, the screens needto be changed frequently, forwhich reason Wynveen hasdesignedtheGHMversionwithan optional automatic screenchange system.This givesmorepossibilities to grind on variousperforations without the needto stop the motor during pro-

duction andloosealotofproductiontime.Wynveenhas chosen tomake useof the

ergonomicdesignalreadyavailableattheham-mermillswithmanualscreenexchange,whichmeans a horizontal movable screen cassettein which four screens (so also four differentperforationsselectable)aremounted.

The big advantage versus vertical screenexchange is the space needed. Often an upperhopper is positioned above the hammer mill,which reduces the possibilities for vertical screenexchange.Toavoiddustandwasteofproductdur-ingexchangeofthescreen,whilethemotorisstillrunning,itisimportanttomaintainanunderpressureinthegrindingchamberofthehammermill.Specialinflatable sealings with labyrinth ensure a correcttightnessof the sealing inoperation andpreventsthatproductcanleavethegrindingchamber.

To minimise energy consumption adjust-ablebreakerplatesare introduced.Testhaveproven that hardly any grinding takes placebelowthelevelofthemainshaft.Bydesigningtwoadjustablebreakerplatesinthetopofthemachine, an energy saving of approximately30–35percentcomparedtotheolddesignshasbeenachieved.Thelowerpartoftheham-mermill isexecutedwithscreens;bymakinguse of the gravity force a good discharge ofproduct is possible. The idea of adjustablebreaker plates was to create an asymmetricform (ellipse instead of circle) in the grindingchamber.Becauseofthistheproductisforcedto leave their natural flow and , because ofthe centrifugal force the product will hit thebreakerplate,asaresultitisbouncedbackandthenagaingetsahitofthehammer.Soamorefrequent frontal collision is achieved betweenhammers,breakerplatesandproduct.Bymak-ingthebreakerplatesadjustablewecancreatethisellipseinbothdirections.

ThehammermillsofWynveenInternationalB.V allow a drive motor up to 400kW.Furthermore a so calledopen rotor has beendesignedwith two functions.One is to createsufficient stiffness and balance and secondlyto minimise the temperature increase whilegrinding. For monitoring purposes the mainbearings and the chamber are executed withtemperature sensors.All components can alsobedeliveredinanAtexexecution.Tomakeuse

ofallfourcornersofthehammers,andreducethedowntimeof themachine , thedirectionofrotationofthehammermillcanbechangedandtherotorhasdoubleholesforthehammeraxles.Toensureagoodproductentrancetothemill,afeederisdevelopedwhichcontainsan integrated , automatically cleaned magnetandastonetrap.Thiswillmakesurethatpos-siblemetalpartsand/orstonesarepreventedtoendupinthefeedmix.Thecombinationofthetwomakesthefeederunique.

TomeetthestringentandlatestguidelinesofCEregulations,WynveenInternationalBV.hasconductedariskanalysesforitshammermills.Thishasbedoneforbothnonhazard-ous environments and ATEX environments.To meet both as a standard , the hammermillsareequippedwithproperearthingandsensors to detect possible increase of heat.Whererequiredwemakeuseofapressurereleasemembraneand/orflamearrestors.Forreducingthenoiseandvibrationourhammermillsareprovidedwithshockabsorbers.Muchattentionwasspenttotheergonomicaspect.Bydesigningtwobigdoors,thehammermillsareveryeasyaccessibleforscreenandhammerexchange.Bothdoorseasilyrollsidewaysviaarail andwheels and are equippedwith safetyswitchestomakesurethatnomistakescanbemadeduringmaintenance.

Other important points to keep in mindwhen designinga grinding plantare not only theright choice ofhammermill,butalso the correctenergy efficientmotor type andvery important, an adequateaspiration set-up.Especially thelast item needsspecial attention.The capacity ofthe aspirationfan should notonly be in theright relation tothe screen areaof the mill butalso dependson productswhich haveto be ground.Depending onthe air volume,the necessaryfilter surface canbedetermined.Ingeneral, reverseair cleaned filtersare used, whichallow for an air

loadonthefilterclothofapproximately2m3/minofairperm2offilteringarea.

Finally it is important that the filterunitis notdirectlypositionedbeside theoutletproductstreamofthehammermilltomakesure that a good airflow and aspiration issafeguarded. ■


FEATURE

Your partner in technology,

equipment and plants for

animal- and aqua feed and

petfood.

Wynveen International bvP.O. Box 386666 ZG HeterenThe Netherlands

[email protected] Tel: +31 (0)26 479 06 99Fax: +31 (0)26 479 06 98

PRODUCT SHOWCASE 2012

www.wynveen.com

GHM Hammermill -largegrindingchamberwithcapacitiesfrom5upto60tons/hourdependingon,typeofproduct,perforationofthescreeandhumidityoftheproduct

Applicationarea-Themillingofderivatesandorcombinationofderivatesandgrainsintheanimalfeedindustry,petfoodindustryandfishfeedindustry

Features-Maximuminstalledpower350kw,suitableforgrindingontoagrindinghopperandthroughtotalaspiration,interchangeablescreencassettes,centralinlet,twodirectionsofrotation,twospeedmotor,frequencydrivenmotorforstructuregrinding,temperaturesensorsonmainbearingsandgrindingchamber,two

separategrindingchambersforfineandcoarsegrinding,screensurfaceuptomax.3.2m²,maximum8rowshammers

AQUAGEST® smart aqua additives - Reducingfeedcostinfishandshrimp

• reducefeedcostbymaximizingtheefficiencyofdigestiveandmetabolicprocesses

• tayloredtofitthedigestivephysiologyofeachspecies

• resolvingspecies-specificbottlenecksinaquafeedformulation

AQUAGEST®Sforshrimp,improvinghepatopancreasfunctionandefficiencyoflipiddigestion,reducingcholesterolrequirements

AQUAGEST®OMFfortilapiaandcatfish,improvinggrowth,feedconversionandfilletingyield

AQUAGEST®CAFformarinefishandsalmonids,enhancingthedigestiveefficiencyincarnivorousfishfedreducedlevelsoffishmeal

www.nutriad.com

Bühler’s new hammer mill Granulex-ThehammermillGranulexisthenewdynamicgrindingmachinefromBühler.Designedforultimatepower,highcapacitygrindingupto75tph.ThecompanysaiditsSwiss-madereliabilityandsupremeeaseofmaintenanceminimizedowntime,soyoucanmakemaximumuseofthisproductivity

Bühlersaysitisaninvestmentinqualitythatissuretoshowarapidreturnanddeliverahammerblowtoyouroperatingcosts.

www.buhlergroup.com

AquaStar®

aquastar.biomin.net

AquaStar®-WiththedevelopmentoftheAquaStar®productline,BIOMINservestheneedsoftheindustryfornaturalandsustainablesolutions.AquaStar®isawell-defined,multi-strainprobioticproductforfishandshrimpwhichpromotesabeneficialgutmicrofloraaswellasanimprovedenvironmentalconditioninponds,therebyimprovingefficiencyinproduction:

Controls pathogenic microorganisms

Stabilizes water quality and pond bottom

Improves gut health and performance

www.muyang.com

Single screw extruder-Leadingextrusiontechnologyandintelligentcontrol;by-passforavoidingblockage;simpleoperation,preciseandreliable.

Highefficiency-DDCconditionerandoptimalextruderscrew&chamber,minimumSMEinput;recoverableenergy,maximumenergyutilization;uniquesuspendingcutter,replacementandadjustmentwithoutdowntime.

Wideproductionrange-Controllabletemperature,pressureanddensitythankstomodularizeddesignandmanyadd-ons,minimizingreconfigurationacquired.

Satisfyingproductquality-Uniformextrudedpelletswithhighfatabsorption,uniquevisualappearance,environmentfriendlyandsustainable.

New Wenger Extrusion Process for Shrimp Feed Production-Wenger’snewMicroAquaticExtrusionSystemsurpassesthecapabilitiesofothersmalldiameteraquaticfeedprocesses,andredefinesallpreviousshrimpfeedproductiontechnology.BasedonWenger’sversatileC2TXConicalCo-RotatingTwin-ScrewExtruder,thenewsystemistailoredspecificallyforsmall-diameteraquaticfeedsandemploystheaddedinnovationofobliquedietechnologyandahigh-shearconditionertobringnewfeasibilitiestoshrimpfeedproduction,aswell

asothertypesofsmallandmicro-diameteraquaticfeed.

www.wenger.com

Beta S – The natural Immune Modulator-LeiberBeta-S®consistsofisolated1.3-1.6-β-D-Glucanmoleculesfrombrewers’yeastcellwalls.Thankstoapatentedandgentleproductionprocess,theirnativestructurestaysintactsothattheyhaveaneffectiveandimmune-modulatingimpactduringintestinalpassage.

LeiberBeta-S®hasascientificallyprovenpositiveeffectontheimmunevariablesoffishincludingtheantibodytiter,theimmuneglobinlevel,andthemortalityrate.

ExcellenceinYeast–Excellentforfish!

www.leibergmbh.de

A selection of products

currently available in the

aquaculture industry

Use the QR code to reach each

company from your phone or

tablet. Alternatively scan this QR

code to find more equipment

and product suppliers

www.wynveen.com

GHM Hammermill -largegrindingchamberwithcapacitiesfrom5upto60tons/hourdependingon,typeofproduct,perforationofthescreeandhumidityoftheproduct

Applicationarea-Themillingofderivatesandorcombinationofderivatesandgrainsintheanimalfeedindustry,petfoodindustryandfishfeedindustry

Features-Maximuminstalledpower350kw,suitableforgrindingontoagrindinghopperandthroughtotalaspiration,interchangeablescreencassettes,centralinlet,twodirectionsofrotation,twospeedmotor,frequencydrivenmotorforstructuregrinding,temperaturesensorsonmainbearingsandgrindingchamber,two

separategrindingchambersforfineandcoarsegrinding,screensurfaceuptomax.3.2m²,maximum8rowshammers

www.ge-pro.de

Gold Mehl FM -GoldMehlFMisaprocessedpoultryproteinwithhighproteincontentandhighproteindigestibility.

ThisisachievedbyusingdryingprocesswithoptimalconditionsusingLowTemperature(LT)dryingtechnology.

AcomparisonbetweenGoldMehlFManddemandofEAAbyfishandshrimpindicatesthatabalanceexistswithinmostEAAthuspositioningGoldMehlFMasareplacerofFishMeal.

With85%crudeproteincontentandmorethan85%invivodigestibility,theproductisauniqueofferinginthecategoryofAnimalProteinsandisbeingusedwidelyindifferentpartsoftheworld.

New extrusion programme-ANDRITZFEED&BIOFUELhaslaunchinganewandimprovedextrusionprogrammefortheproductionofallkindsoffishfeed,andpet-food.ThenewimprovedextrudersarebasedontheexperiencegainedfromthepopularANDRITZFEED&BIOFUEL

Ex620,Ex920,Ex617,andEx917extruders,whichallhaveprovedtheirprocessversatility,controllability,andenergyefficientextrusionperformance,leadingtoveryuniformandhighnutrientvaluefeedsforaquacultureandpetsformanyyears.

www.nutriad.com

www.muyang.com

Single screw extruder-Leadingextrusiontechnologyandintelligentcontrol;by-passforavoidingblockage;simpleoperation,preciseandreliable.

Highefficiency-DDCconditionerandoptimalextruderscrew&chamber,minimumSMEinput;recoverableenergy,maximumenergyutilization;uniquesuspendingcutter,replacementandadjustmentwithoutdowntime.

Wideproductionrange-Controllabletemperature,pressureanddensitythankstomodularizeddesignandmanyadd-ons,minimizingreconfigurationacquired.

Satisfyingproductquality-Uniformextrudedpelletswithhighfatabsorption,uniquevisualappearance,environmentfriendlyandsustainable.

www.sonac.biz

Natural (hydrolyzed) proteins for aqua feed -Whetheryou’relookingforanaturalEUandUSDAapprovedpelletbinderforyourproductionofstablepelletsornature’sbestalternativesforfishmeal,youcancontactSonac.Sonacproducesvaluableandessentialingredientsfortheproductionofaquafeed.•Pro-BindPlusanutritional,gelatinbasedpelletbinder,especiallyforpelleted(shrimp)feed.•Gelkoanidealcombinationofhydrolyzedproteinsandfat•MucoProhighcontentofhydrolyzedproteins,aminoacidsandpeptides(>70%protein).•HemoglobinPowderhighproteincontentandgooddigestibility,forbetterfeedconversion.


Aquaculture Research Center at the Institute of Marine and Environmental Science

TheAquacultureResearchCenter(ARC)attheInstituteofMarineandEnvironmental

Technology(IMET)inBaltimore,Maryland,isoneoftheworld’sleadersinsustainable

aquacultureresearch.AuniquepartnershipbetweentheUniversityofMarylandCenter

forEnvironmentalScience(UMCES),UniversityofMarylandBaltimoreCounty(UMBC)

andUniversityofMarylandBaltimore(UMB),IMETtakesamolecularapproachtostudy

reproduction,genetics,earlydevelopment,nutrition,growthanddiseaseinselectedmarine

andestuarinehigh-valuefinfishandshellfish.Thisresearchisappliedtothedevelopmentof

novelstrategiestoimproveyieldsandsustainabilityoflocalandglobalmarineaquaculture,

fisheries,andecosystems.

AquacultureResearchCenterattheInstituteofMarineandEnvironmentalScience

Photo descriptions:

Sea Bream Tanks: The recirculating systems in ARC rely upon artificial saltwater generation from municipal water sources, minimal discharge, and full biological and mechanical filtration capabilities. Being 'fully contained', with no inputs to or from the local environment, the ARC systems allow for independent photoperiod and temperature manipulations to maximise growth or reproductive capacity.

PS 1.1 - Place and Watson: Alternative feeds research (Dr. Allen Place and Aaron Watson, UMCES) utilising plant proteins for marine carnivorous fish aims to eliminate the heavy reliance upon fishmeal and fish oil for aquaculture diets.

PS 1.2 - Dr. Zohar and European sea bass: Complete containment and full biosecurity allows for the production of non-native, high value species such as European sea bass (pictured) and Mediterranean Sea bream. Drs. Yonathan Zohar, IMET Aquaculture Coordinator, pictured.

Tanks: ARC maintains a variety of sizes and configurations of recirculating systems for research into digestibility of ingredients, rearing protocols, growth trials, and broodstock manipulation.

Methane: Fuel-grade methane gas, the end product of the breakdown of solid wastes from the recirculating systems, is captured for potential offset of in system energy consumption. Drs. Kevin Sowers and Keiko Saito (UMBC) are currently working to maximise methane production.

Algae/Rotifers: Improved algal and live feed production and enrichment are integrated into the larval rearing process for a variety of native and non-native species of fish, as well as the blue crab.

PS 1.3 - Sponge Lab: Dr. Russell Hill's lab takes advantage of the unique capabilities at ARC to maintain and grow the sponges and other marine invertebrates that harbor potential drug-producing microbes.

Crab: Blue crab production for endocrinology (Dr. J. Sook Chung, UMCES) and disease and pathogen (Dr. Eric Schott, UMCES) research.

Biofiltration: Bacteria-coated plastic 'media' comprise the biofilter of ARC's recirculating aquaculture systems. Work at IMET aims to enhance the biofiltration technology currently used by the industry through sophisticated microbiological processes.

Striped Bass: ARC Assistant Manager, Chris Tollini, captures striped bass from a stock population for use in alternative diet and reproduction studies.

Cobia: Graduate student Aaron Watson has been examining alternative plant protein-based feeds for juvenile cobia (pictured) and other commercially important species. His research highlights the role of taurine, an amino acid found in fishmeal and feeds derived from animal tissues, in a variety of physiological processes.

PS 1.3

PS 1.1

PHotoSHootPHotoSHoot


AquacultureResearchCenterattheInstituteofMarineandEnvironmentalScience

TheresearchintheARClabencompassesamulti-facetedapproach,whereallaspectsofrecirculatingaquacultureareexamined.Improvedalgalandlive

feedproductionandenrichment(OdiZmora,UMBC)areintegratedintothelarvalrearingprocessforavarietyofnativeandnon-nativespeciesoffish,as

wellasthebluecrab.Alternativefeedsresearch(Dr.AllenPlaceandAaronWatson,UMCES)utilisingplantprotein-basedfeedsformarinecarnivorousfish

aimstoeliminatetheheavyrelianceuponfishmealandfishoilforaquaculturediets.Endocrinologystudiesonfishandcrustaceans(Drs.Zohar,UMBCandJ.

SookChung,UMCES)examinethereproductiveaxestodevelopandmaintainconsistent,highqualityspawningbroodstocks.Diseasestudies(Dr.EricSchott,

UMCES)inthebluecrabwillleadtothedevelopmentofpropercultureconditionsforsoft-shellfacilitiesandtoassessnaturalpopulations.Investigations

onthemicrobialcommunitiesassociatedwithmarinespongesmayaidinthedevelopmentofpharmaceuticals(Dr.RussellHill,UMCES)and,potentially,

productionofcompoundsthrough'aquapharming'ofkeyspecies.

FordetailspleasecontactProfessorYonathanZohar,IMETAquacultureCoordinatorandChairoftheDepartmentofMarineBiotechnology,Instituteof

MarineandEnvironmentalTechnology,UniversityofMarylandBaltimoreCounty,700EastPrattSt.,Baltimore,MD,[email protected]

Byintegratingaquaculture,microbialandengineeringexpertise,IMETscientistsaredevelopingthenextgenerationofsustainable

marineaquaculturetechnologyinanenvironmentallyisolated,urbansetting(Drs.KeikoSaito,HaroldSchreier,KevinSowersand

YonathanZohar,UMBC).IMEThasstrongprogramsintheendocrineandmolecularregulationoffinfishreproduction,leadingto

developmentofnovelandgenerictechnologiestofullycontrolspawningandseedproductionincommerciallyimportantfarmedfish

(Dr.Zohar).Thesetechnologiesarenowappliedinbroodstockmanagementprogramsandcommercialhatcheriesworldwide.IMET

scientistshavebroadexpertiseindiseasesaffectingmarineorganismsandaredevelopinginterventions(vaccines,drugs)aimedat

improvingthehealthofwildandaquaculturedanimals(Drs.EricSchott,UMCES,andVikVakharia,UMBC).

PS 1.2

Phot

ogra

phs

by C

hery

l Nem

azie

FAO regularly conducts global andregional reviews of aquaculturestatus and trends, most recentlyduring2008and2009.

Thepresentregionalreviewandsynthesisfor sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) provides anoverview of major issues and trends in theaquaculturesectoroverthepastfewyears.

The regional reviewreflectsdevelopmentin 42 of the 55 countries in SSA for whichproduction was reported to FAO in 2008.TheproductionvolumeandvaluedatahavebeenderivedfromthelatestFAO-FISHSTATplus database for 2009. Between 1998 and2008, there has been a five-fold increase inproductionfrom42,587to238,877tonnes.

Thegreatestcatalystforincreasedproduc-tionhasbeentheemergenceandintensifica-tionofprivatesector ledsmallandmedium-size enterprises and the expansion of largecommercialventuresstimulatedinsomecasesby growingpublic support and the inflowofforeigncapitalandexpertise.

In addition, the implementation of theFAO Special Program for AquacultureDevelopment in Africa (SPADA),as well as the introduction of newproduction systems, for examplecages and tanks previously untriedor unproven in SSA, accompaniedbytherefinementofexistingproduc-tionsystemshavecontributedtothisdevelopment.

Trends in social development

Progresstowardsmeetingthetar-gets of the Millennium DevelopmentGoals(MDGs)hasbeenmixed.

Sub-Saharan Africa continuedto make progress in a number ofsocial development areas, with con-crete gains in such areas as primary

school enrolment, measles vaccination, theuse of insecticide treated bed nets, reduc-tionsinhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)prevalenceratesinsomecountriesandsomeaspectsofgenderequality.

However, very limited gains were madeon poverty, eradication of hunger, maternalmortality and addressing disparities due togenderincomeanddisability.

Recent estimates indicate that the per-centage of the population living in extremepoverty in SSA has almost doubled from200 million in 1981 to 380 million in 2005(Ravallion and Chen, 2008). SSA unemploy-ment declined slightly from 8.5 percent in1997 to eight percent in 2007 and wasexpectedtorisesharplyin2009asaresultoftheglobalrecession(ILO,2008).

Intheareaofeducation,althoughprimaryenrolment rate has been improving, the pri-mary completion rate is an areaof concern.Between 1999 and 2006, the completionrate improved from 49 percent to 60 butthecompletionforgirlswasmuchlower.Thegrossenrolmentratioinsecondaryeducationrosefrom25percentin1999to32percentin

2006andintertiaryeducationitstoodatonlyfivepercentin2006comparedto17percentfor developing countries and 25 percent fortheworld(UNECA,2008).

Improvements were reported in oneof the key human development index, lifeexpectancyandthemeanofwhichwere54years and the range 44–77 years in 2009,as compared to an average of 43.9 years adecadeago.

However,childmortalityhasnotdeclinedin 27 SSA countries due mainly to prevent-ablediseasesandmalnutrition.Theunder-fivemortalityratedecreasedslightlyfrom185per1000livebirthsin1990to165livebirthsin2005(UNICEF,2008;UNECA,2008).

Progress in responding to HIV/AIDS,tuberculosis, malaria and other diseases hasgenerallybeenlimited.

Despite the positive outcomes recordedin some countries in terms of growing inte-gration of HIV/AIDS concerns into nationaldevelopmentplansandtheincreasingnumberof people receiving antiretroviral treatment(ART), UNAIDS (2008), reported that HIVprevalence is apparently on the decline in

the region, but rates are still farhigherthaninotherworldregions.TheKingdomofSwazilandhastheworld’shighestrateofHIV:26per-centofthepopulationages15–49isHIVpositive.

In SSA, HIV disproportionatelyaffects youngwomen. 1.6 Sourcesof livelihood and importance ofaquaculture. Agriculture in thebroadsenseplaysadominantrolein most African economies as animportantsourceof livelihood,butthe roleofaquacultureasamajorcontributor to livelihood in all buta few countries (Nigeria, Uganda,Madagascar, Mozambique) is stillverysmall.

Figure 1: Aquaculture production and value in sub-Saharan Africa excluding aquatic plants (1990–2008). Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software for fishery statistics time series. Rome (www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en)


FEATURE


Regional review on status and trends

Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa

by Benedict P. Satia, University of Washington, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, Seattle, USA

However, in view of the potential roleaquaculture could play in food and nutritionsecurity, employment, wealth generation tobothsmall-andlarge-scaleproducersinbothrural andperi-urban localities, as exemplifiedin a few countries, the AU/NEPAD FoodSecuritySummitinDecember2006,inAbuja,agreedtopromoteandprotect fisheriesandaquacultureasstrategiccommodityalongsiderice,maizeandotherstrategicfoodproducts.

Farming environmentsTheproductionoffishandshellfishthrough

aquaculture in SSA as described is limitedcompared with the historical production inAsia,EuropeandevenLatinAmerica.

Aquacultureisnotatraditioninmostsub-SaharanAfricancountries.

However,inafewcountries,suchasBenin,GhanaandtheMauritius,thepeoples’attach-ment to capture fisheries probably enabledthem to evolve traditional11forms of aqua-culture and management in acadjas, whedosandbarochois,etc, (Satia,1989;Welcomme,1972;GTZ,2002).

Aquaculture is presently practiced inall three environments, namely freshwater,brackishwater andmarinewaters, butmostoftheactivitiesareconcentratedinfreshwaterwhichaccountsformorethan95percentbytonnageoftheregion’sproductionin2008.

Thisispredominantlyfishandinparticularthe indigenous and ubiquitous species oftilapias and the African catfishes includingClariasgariepinus.Brackishwateraquacultureandmarinefishculture,aswellasthecultureofcrustaceans,datebackto less than20–30years ago andproduction is concentrated ina few countries while the culture of marinealgaeisrecentinnovation.

Producers in the region Socio-economicsurveys and National Aquaculture SectorOverviews (NASOs) reveal that aquacultureproducers in SSA include crop and live-stock farmers, but also civil servants, retiredcivil servants, localbusinessmenandwomen,storekeepersandindividualswithotherjobs.

Furthermore,women are involveddirectlyas owners of fishponds in several countriesincludingBenin,Cameroon,Côted’Ivoire, theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana,Kenya,Malawi,NigeriaandUganda(Abbanetal.,2009;Ranaetal.,2005;Satia,1989).Somestudies(Abbanetal,2009;Ranaetal.,2005)havereportedthatmostsuccessfulfishfarmersparticularlytheperi-urbanproducershavehadprimaryoratleastpost-primaryeducation.

TherearetwomaintypesofproducersinSSA,namelytheowner/operatorandowner/non-operator.Different groupsof individualsappearalsotobeattractedbydifferentaqua-culturesystems.

Inmostcases,thesmall-scaleruralfarmersare owner/operators and practice extensivefarming. The more aggressive farmers, par-ticularlythoselivingnearlargetownsandwhoin most cases have other professional jobs,practice semi-intensive farming. Well-placedindividuals,corporatecompaniesandestates,all of who operate large production units,dominatesemi-intensivefarming.

Themoreintensivesystems,forthemostpart, are owned by the more dynamic andenterprisingfarmers,aswellaslargecorporateventures,withaninfluxofforeigncapitalandexpertisethatproduceforoverseasmarkets.(FAO,2009b;RidlerandHishamunda,2001).

Main production systemsProduction systems and technologies in

SSAshowgreatdiversityrangingfromexten-siveaquacultureinponds,lagoonsandcoastalareas; semi-intensive farming in ponds andlagoons and intensive culture using tanks,cagesandrecirculatingaquaculturesystems.

In addition, there is a growing interest inintegrated aquaculture and aquaculture inrice-based systems, for example, in BurkinaFaso, Malawi, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, etc.Non-commercial producers undertake theextensivesystem,whilefarmerswiththeprin-cipal objective of generating wealth practicethe semi-intensive and intensive systems. In


FEATURE

A MERCATOR MEDIA EVENT

A must attendevent for allfish farmers!

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Offshore Mariculture Conference –two day conference plus visit to an offshore

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For details on how to submit an abstractand for the full list of topics to be covered,

together with information on the conference,including details of sponsorship packages,

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17-19 OctoberHILTON HOTELIZMIR • TURKEY

SUPPORTED BY

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_OffshoreMaric_Quarter_SplitAd_OMC_Quarter 20/02/2012 07:53 Page 1

primarily wealth generating enterprises, theproduction units could be further classifiedas small and medium enterprises (SME) andlarge-scaleaquaculture.

Whereas, the typical non-commercialextensive system is characterized by low-input, low-output and very littleor no valueadded and generally located in rural areas;in the semi-intensive approach the inputsamounts are increased and quality of inputsare inprinciplebetter;whilesmallandmedi-um enterprises and large- scale commercialaquaculturesystemsaretoanextentverticallyintegrated, located in urban and peri-urbanareasandarealsocharacterisedbyhigherlev-elsofmanagement,capitalinvestment,higherlevelsofqualitycontrolandamorecomplexand structured market (Abban et al., 2009;RidlerandHishamunda,2001).

Depending on the system, a variety ofspeciesareculturedincontainmentorholding

facilitiessuchas:earthenponds,concretetanks,raceways, pens, cages and racks. Productionunitsor systems that arebeingpromoted inthe region include: enhancement/restocking,integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) andaquacultureinrice-basedsystems.

Regional aquaculture production, species and values

From a production of 42,587 tonnes in1998, production in 2008 was reported tohave risen to 238,877 tons with a value ofUS$665million (seeFigure1).Thisconvertsinto an average annual growth rate of 18.8percentfortheyears1998to2008.However,several countries registered negative growthduring the period. The five-fold increase inproduction since 1998 has been limited to

only a few countries indicating the immensepossibility for increasedproduction if the fullpotential is realisedby small-,medium-andlarge-scale investors and many govern-mentswere committed to thedevelop-ment of the subsector and helped thegrowth of the industry by removingconstraints.

Top producersNigeria is consistently the largestpro-

ducer.In 2008, it accounted for 60percentof

production by quantity and 56 percent ofthe total value. Other major producers areUgandaandMadagascar(seeFigure2).

These three countries together contrib-uted 86 percent of the total production inSSAin2008(thefirstsevenmajorproducersaccount for93.7percentof totalproductionin2008byquantity).

The success of these three countries isattributedtothepromotionofaprivatesec-tor led strategy accompaniedwith increasesin expansion andproductivity drivenby sig-nificant improvements infeedandimprovedtechnologies (tanks in Nigeria), aqua-feedproductionandutilisationinUgandaandfarmmanagement,aswellasgovernmentpoliciesin favour of the sector, for example divest-ing redundant and undeliverable services inUgandaandMadagascar.Stronggrowthwasalso exhibited by Ghana and Kenya (FAO,2009a).

Potential for an increase in demand for aquaculture products

It is estimated that by 2015, the totalannual fish consumption in SSA could be1.5–2.0 million tonnes higher than in 2005if fishsuppliesexpandatanequalpacewithdemand.

This would result from a yearly increasein volumeof fish consumedby about threepercent in volume terms (FAO, 2009b).Some70percentof the growth indemandcomesfromanincreaseinpopulation,whichmeans that demand growth is steady andlarge. Depending on the economic situationthiscouldevenincreasemore.

This is due to high nutritional significanceoffishproductsgiventhatintakeofredmeatisrelativelylow.

By 2015, neither domestic productionfrom capture fisheries (marine and fresh-water) nor local aquaculture will be ableto provide the increased quantities of fishneeded for human consumption. A part ofthisneedmaycontinuetobesatisfiedthroughincreasedimportsoflow-valuespecies.

Sub-SaharanAfricahasbeenanetimport-er of fish for some time. Growing localdemand will tend to increase this trade gapby pulling in more imports and retaining forlocal consumption some of the fish mainly

fromcapturefisheriesnowexported.Anumberoffac-tors affect fish consumptionordemand.

These include income, pricesof fish, prices of fish comple-ments such as rice, tastes andnonprice factors that affect thetransaction costs of purchasingandpreparingfish,theavailabilityofcoldchainsetc.

In theabsenceofdata,Delgadoet al, (2003)used regressionanalysisand proxies for disposal income, costoffisheryproducts,changesintastesandnationaldifferencesinthetraditionoffishconsumptionandcameupwithanaggre-gate increase of fish consumption of 2.7percentperyearoranadditional1.6milliontonnesoffishayearby2015justtomaintaincurrentconsumptionof7.8kgperpersonperyear.Giventheprojectedpopulationincrease(>than2percentayear),thegrowthrateinoverallfishconsumptionandthestagnationinboththemarineandinlandfisheries,theques-tion is not what would be the demand butwherecouldsupplycomefromtofillthegap.

Theexpansionofcommercialaquacultureis likely to be rapid particularly under theaegisoftheSpecialProgramforAquacultureDevelopment inAfrica (SPADA)whichaimsto train approximately 28 000 in 20 targetcountries to produce an additional 259 000tons of aqua-products per year within sixyears and if the enabling environment isprovidedby thepublic sector and the inter-nationalclimate is favourable,theproductioncouldevenbehigher.

Small andmediumenterprises, aswell aslarge-scale undertakings will generate wealthinmostcasesthroughinternationaltradebutalsocontributetofoodsecurityatsubregion-al levels while small-scale aquaculture willcontribute to food security and for nationalmarketsandpossiblyintraregionaltrade.

By 2015 and assuming the SPADA initia-tiveisfullyembracedbythecountries,aqua-cultureproductionfromSSAwouldbemorethan400000tonnesayear,buteventhiswillbelittleincomparisontothedemand.

Figure 2: Major aquaculture producers by quantity and value in sub-Saharan Africa (2008).Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software for fishery statistics time series.Rome (www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en).


FEATURE


Salient issuesExports of aquaculture prod-

uctsinthecontinentareincreas-ing and this is likely to have apositive impact on growth ofthe sector as organisations ofproducers and wholesalers con-tinue to influence developmentinseveralaspectsoftheindustry.

However, trade in aquacultureproductsbetweenregionsisvirtuallyinexistent because of low supplies,but also because of high costs dueto poor infrastructure and insuf-ficient trade facilitation. The role ofproducer organisations serving asa catalyst for aquaculture develop-mentandmarketing

The way forwardOn the whole, the demand for

aquacultureproducts inSSA ishighandthepotentialforfurthergrowthoftheindustryintheregionisprom-ising.Alongwith technical improve-ments, increasedmarketopportuni-ties are central to the sustainabledevelopmentofaquacultureinSSA.

The overarching objectiveshould be to promote aquacul-ture as a viable wealth creating,

undertaking, and laying emphasis on pri-vate sector-led initiatives with govern-mentsprovidingtheenablingenvironmentfor growth. The increased growth couldbe realised through improvements intechnologies and resource use, 41 inte-grationofaquaculturewithother farmingactivities accompanied with appropriatepolicies and strategies in marketing andtrade.

Afewofwhichare:• Enlarging markets for aqua-products

through improved market regulationframeworkandsupportservices,byzon-ingareasforaquacultureandorganizingproducer organisations, by enhancinginformationflow,byassistingwithestab-lishing appropriate trade practices andtrans boundary movement of aquaticproducts

• Expanding the consumption of aqua-products through such strategies as byimprovingaccesswhileensuringmarketcompetitiveness, or by demonstratinghighqualitycontrol

• Developing strategies for value addi-tion for aquatic products such as bydemonstrating high quality control,improvebiosecurityandaquaticanimalhealthmanagementandbyunder takingmarket/product-relatedresearch ■


FEATURE

"The overarching objective

should be to promote

aquaculture as a viable

wealth creating,

undertaking,

and laying

emphasis on

private sector-

led initiatives

with governments

providing the enabling

environment

for growth"

2011/12 OUT NOW

Bangladesh is endowed with vastwaterareasintheformofponds,dighis, lakes, streams and rivers,coastal areas, natural depressions

and estuaries covering an area of 4.56millionha(DoF,2011),etcwherefishcanbeculturedprofitably.

Fisheries arediversewith fish and shrimpinthefreshandmarinewatersofBangladeshthat play a major role in nutrition, employ-ment and foreign exchange earnings withabout 12 million people are associated withthefisheriessector.

Around 400,000ha of ponds/ditches andmore than 900,000 households are involvedinaquaculture(ADB,2005).

Varietiesofcultural,socio-economicalandinstitutionalsettingstogetherwiththediversi-fied setof aquatic species and farmingprac-tices has given amultidimensional identity inthesectorofaquaculture.Therapidgrowthinaquacultureproductionhasmade the sectorimportanttoBangladesh.

Crustacean, the most prominent prod-uct from aquaculture in international tradehas been the major force behind increasedshrimp/prawn trading. Since the late 1980s,farmedprawnhastendedtoactasastabilisingfactorforthisindustry.

Feeding fish thought to be unnecessary

Feeding fishor anyother aquaticdomes-ticated aquatic organisms was consideredunnecessary in this part of the world. Mostpeople thought that even farmed aquaticorganismswereunnatural.Thesebeliefswasdue to ignorance andpartly to the fact thatfishandshrimpgrowbeyondoureyesight.

Introduction of pellet types supplemental

table: the terms and condition of the survey study is as follows:

tasks expectation /results

1.explore different types of prawn feed available in the market: a. local made by local small industry or by

household b. Imported c. Distribution system through retailer/

wholesaler

-Possible to know the types of feed used in the prawn farming areas -Possible to know the name and product of company-Find out the brand name of feed-Possible to know the ingredients used -Know the supply system for better profit margins

2.Categorize the feed based on quality adequate quality grade of prawn feed will be available in the marketPossible to identify the quality grade feed available in the marketenlistment of quality grade feed as per grade

3.to know the market share of the existing companiesa. Production capacityb. Process of manufacturing (pellet/powder)c. economics of different type of feed used in

industries and their efficienciesd. Information on ingredients used in feed

companiese. Comparative studies on the price and

nutritive value between local and commercial made

f. Formulation of low cost feed used locally

Possible to know the feed market shareand to compliances on rules andregulations

Whether feed is easily intake &digestionKnow the capacity and selling priceeconomics of feed can be assedIngredients can be knownPrice and nutritive value can be assed

4. to assess the implication on the production Growth dependency will be knownCost benefit analysis will be determined Choice of alternate feed will be known

5.Identification of hazards ingredients harmful antibiotics and other banned/ harmful substances

Possible to detect nitro furan and other hazards substances contaminated in the feedIdentify the % of different types of ingredients used in the feed

6. Collection of primary and secondary data from the different sources ona. Market shareb. ratio of ingredientsc. application of dosages of feedd. Storing system

Can be used as a growth toolsQuality can be assured

7. Prepare a final report on feed with a well defined toC

Information on complete study on feed market will be available

Exploration of the fresh water prawn feed industry of Bangladesh

byAyazHasanChisty1,PrabalBarua2*andJewelDas3


FEATURE


feeding started in the country in late 1990swhensemi-intensiveshrimpfarmingofbrack-ishwater started in thesoutheasternpartofthe coastal area and in the beginning of lastdecadeinfreshwater,whenThaicatfishfarm-ingstartedgettingpopular.

Beforethatafewfarmsusedricebranandoilcakesmashfrominaquaculture.

Supplementalfeedsinpelletformforsemi-intensive Peneaus monodon farming weremostlyimportedandajointventurecompanystarted producing several thousand tonnesannuallyinthecountry.

However, semi-intensive Peneaus mono-donfarmingstartedandvanishedlikebubbles,aquaculturefeedimportsceasedtoexistandthe joint venture company switched overto producing low-cost aquaculture feeds forfishes.

Since than pellets became familiar andseveral companies and private farm ownersarenowproducingpelletsforfishandshrimpin the way they like. Most of the pelletsproduced as feed contains more junks thannutritionallyrequiredproportionalingredients.Improper feedsprovided toa terrestrial ani-malmaycauseharm to itor theanimal candeny consuming andprovider has anoptiontochangeormodify tomake itpalatable. Incaseofaquacultureoncefeed(sinking)ispro-vided,itisdifficulttoknowthatpercentageoffeedbeingconsumedbytargetanimal.

The impact of poorer quality feeds

To make things worse uneaten feed/particlespartlyusedasfertiliserinaquaticeco-system and pollute the water body rapidly,if water exchange is not practiced (Tacon,1996).InBangladeshaquaculturemostpondsarerainfedandhardlyhasanyscopeofwaterexchange.

Therefore, cost effective quality feed is amustforaquaculture.

Bad quality feed translated into poorerproductionperformance,polluteswaterbod-ies,degradeeco-systemandenvironmentandmay leadtooutbreakofdisease inaquacul-turefarms(Baruaetal,2011).

It is very much difficult to find out thetimewhenformulatedfeedwasintroducedinaquafarmsofBangladesh,butitiswellknownthatduringtheintroductionofsemiintensivemethodsupplementaryfeedwasintroduced.

EspeciallyinshrimpfarmslocatedinCox’sBazaar used fishmeal, rice bran anddifferenttypes of oil cakes as supplementary feed.Local farmer started to use this mixturein 1987-1988. The Meghna Farm of Cox’sbazar first used the pelleted feed in 1989.SaudiBangla FishfeedLtd, firstmanufacturedpelleted feed in 1990. In 2001, BangladeshIntegrated Fishery and Poultry Limited” firstintroducedfloatingfeedwhichisverycostly.

According to research reportandvarioussurveysitwasfoundthatthereare100feed-mills inBangladesh thatproduceaquaculturefeedandpoultryfeedtogether.

It is clear that there is no specific studyemphasising sustainability/ feasibility of feed-basedaquaculture,especiallyinBangladesh.

In fact, the production of aqua-feeds hasbeen widely recognised as one of the fast-est expand-ing agriculturalindustries inthe world, withannual growthrates in excessof 30 percentperyear(Tacon,1996). On thebasis of differ-ent categoriesof species, 25percent of totalaqua-feed pro-duction wasfor shrimp andprawn.

The effortshave beenplaced on theuse of by-prod-ucts from themuch larger andfaster-growingterrestrial agri-cultural pro-duction sector,including: 1)terrestrial ani-mal by-productmeals result-ing from theprocessing (i.e.rendering) of

non-food grade livestock by-products; 2)plantoilseedandgrainlegumemeals;3)cerealby-productmeals; and4)miscellaneouspro-tein sources such as single-cell proteins, leafproteinconcentrates,invertebratemeals,etc.

However, the eventual success of thesepotential feed resources as fishmeal replace-ment in aquafeeds will depend upon thefurther development and use of improved


FEATURE

techniquesinfeedprocessing/manufac-ture(Riaz,1997)andfeedformulation,including the increased use of specificfeed additives such as feeding stimu-lants, free amino acids, feed enzymes,probiotics and immune-enhancers(HardyandDong,1997).

Feed is the major cost variable inshrimp aquaculture representing upto 60 percent of total costs (Saracet al, 1993). Feed costs constitute40-60 percent of operational costsin production of the freshwaterprawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii(D’ Abramo and Sheen, 1991). Initialefforts to reduce feed costs for aqua-culture species often include replace-mentofexpensiveanimalproteinwithplantproteinmeals,whicharegenerallyless expensive (Tidwell et al., 1993),or elimination of excess vitamin andmineralpremixes fromthediet(Triñoetal.,1992).

Therefore, efforts should be madewhenever possible to increased usageof locally available feed ingredientsources so as to reduce the cur-rentdependenceof imported sources(Rabobank,1995;Best,1996).Thelocalproductionoffarm-madeaquafeedsbysmall-scale farmers plays an importantrole in that it facilitates the use oflocallyavailablefeedingredientsourcesandagriculturalby-productsthatwouldotherwisenotbeused(New,1996).

However,inclusionofdifferentfoodingredients, additives, growth promot-ersandothersupplementsmightaccu-mulatesomehealthhazardousmateri-als intothemuscleoftheprawnthatmight cause the rejectionof exportedprawn from different importer coun-tries.

Facingthefact,thisrealityisprevail-ingnowadayinthissectorthatmakesa great setback to the economy ofBangladesh.

However, this survey project hadbeen carried out to get base lineinformation on different prawn feedindustriesandenterprisersandmarketsituations.

This study used both primary andsecondarydatatoachieveitsobjectives.Primary data were collected from thefish farmers, fish entrepreneurs (thoseprovided pond and capital but werenot directly related), feedmanufactur-ers,feeddealersandfeedretailers.

The survey collected informationon cost, return, price, catch and feedcompositionoffishculture.

Ontheotherhand,secondarydatacomprised time series information on

table 1: list of different feed mills and their capacity and nature of feed

Sl.no. name and address

Production capacity

(ton/ Hour)Purpose

1 aCI Feeds, Vadra Ghat, Shiraj Gonj 20 Poultry, Finfish & shrimp/prawn

2 aftab feeds ltd., rupgonj, narayangonj 10 Poultry, Finfish

3 aIt Feeds ltd., Shopipur, gazipur 20 Poultry, Finfish

4 alea Feeds, Bagher Bazar, Gazipur 10 Poultry, Finfish

5 aman Feeds, Ullah Para, Shiraj gonj 10 Poultry, Finfish & shrimp/prawn

6 Bay agro Feeds, Shopipur, Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish

7 Biswas Feeds, Kashimpur, Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish

8 Bismillah feed Mills,attaki, Fakirhat, Khulna 5 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

9 Bismillah feed Mills, nonadanga, Chanderhat, Mollarhat, Khulna 3.5

10 BnS Feeds, Shitakundu, chittagaog 5 Poultry, Finfish

11 BraC Feeds, Sreepur, Gazipur 14 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

12 CP Feeds, Hemayetpur, shavar, Dhaka 10 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

13 excel feed, trishal, Mymenshingh 5 Poultry, Finfish

14 Fakirhat Feed mills ltd., fakirhat, Bagerhat 3 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

15 Jamuna Feeds ltd., Padmabil, Bashundia, Jessore 5 Poultry, Finfish

16 Jayson agreovet (Jassofeed), vabanipur, Memberbari, Gazipur 10 Poultry, Finfish

17 Jessore Feed ltd., Bashundia, Jessore 13 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

18 Kazi Feeds, daudkandi, Comilla 40 Poultry, Finfish

19 lion Feeds, Chandana, Gazipur 20 Poultry, Finfish

20 lucky Feeds, Kaliakoir,Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish

21 M.M aga Feeds, Baizid Bostami road, Chittagong 10 Poultry, Finfish

22 Spectra Hexa Feed Mills ltd., Paturia, Manikgon 7 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

17 Mono Feeds, Chalkpara, Mawna, Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish

9 national Feeds, memberbari, Gazipur 13 Poultry, Finfish

27 new hope Feeds, sreepur, Gazipur 30 Poultry, Finfish

12 niribili Feeds ltd., BISIC C/a, Cox’s Bazar 10 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

40 north Khulna Fish Feeds, Koia, Khulna 5 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn (?)

16 nourish Feeds, Hobirbari, Valuka, Mymensingh 50 Poultry, Finfish

8 Paragon feeds, Vabanipur, Gazipur 15 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

36 Pocha Feeds, Baliakandi, Kishoregaoj 8 Poultry, Finfish

11 Provita Feeds, Shitakundu, Chittagaog 10 Poultry, Finfish

14 Quality Feeds, Bagher Bazar, Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

13 Quality feeds, Bogra Unit, Bogra 5 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

33 Saudi Bangla Fish Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh 15 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

4 SGS Feeds, Mahendra nagar, lalmonirhat 5 Poultry, Finfish

3 Shah amanat Feed, Bogra 5 Poultry, Finfish

37 Shushama feeds, Churkhai, Mymensingh 10 Poultry, Finfish

22 SMS Feeds, Sreepur, Gazipur 3 Poultry, Finfish

32 Sunny Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh 10 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

29 Supreme Feeds, Kashimpur, Gazipur 9 Poultry, Finfish

31 tamim agro Feeds, Bogra 5 Poultry, Finfish

20 teer Feed, rupganj, narayangonj 10 Poultry, Finfish

38 United Feed, Meghna Ghat, narayangonj 10 Poultry, Finfish

6 Usha Feed, Shavar, Dhaka 15 Poultry, Finfish &Shrimp/prawn


FEATURE


productionofrice;wheatandothermother/originalfeedproduces.Primarydatawerecol-lectedthroughdirectinterviewswhilesecond-arydatawerecollected fromdifferent issuesof BangladeshBureauof Statistics (BBS) andunpublishedbutreliabledocumentsofdiffer-entfeedcompanies.

Feedformulationistheprocessofdesign-ing a mixture that will meet the nutritionalrequirement of the animal while taking into

account certain practical considerations(acceptabilityofmixturetotheanimal,abilityof themixture tobepelletedcost, etc).Onthe basis of farmer’s economic condition inBangladesh, feed formulationprocessdividedinto two types –1) small scale feed industryand2)largescalefeedindustry.

Smallscale feed industryalsodivided intotwotypesthatarehomemadeandonfarmfeed. Poor farmers who cannot able to buy

feedfrommarketandmachine,producefeedbyhandinhishomeiscalledhomemadefeed.

Very cheap and locally available two tofouringredientsinmarketareusedforformu-lation of home made feed. The formulationprocessisveryeasy.

Home made feed has a long history offeedformulationinBangladesh.Thisfeednotneedtotransferanywhere,itdistributedintothepondassoonaspossiblebyfarmers.On

table 2: name of Brand feed by formulated feed industry

S/n name of Industry Brand name

aCI Feeds, Vadra Ghat, Shirajgonj aCI Feed

Bismillah feed, Fakirhat, Khulna a) titas, b) Modhumoti & c) balaka

CP Feeds, Hemayetpur, shavar, Dhaka CP Prawn feed

Fakirhat Feed Mills ltd. a) Borak, b) Shapla, c) tanin, d) Diamond, e) Boishakhi, f) Doyel & g) toshiba

Jessore Feed a) Usha, b) Paragon & c) Chamak

niribili Feeds, BISIC I/a, Cox’s Bazar niribili Prawn Feed

north Khulna Feeds, Koia, Khulna a) nabila, b) Pashur, c)nK Feed, d) Virab & e) Confidence

Paragon feeds, Vabanipur, Gazipur Paragon Prawn Feed

Quality Feeds, Bagher Bazar, GazipurQuality feeds, Bogra Unit, Bogra

Quality: a) Gold, b) Special & c) Suborna

Saudi Bangla Fish Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh Saudi Bangla, Saudi Bangla Special Prawn Feed

Spectra Hexa Feeds ltd., Paturia, Manikgon Mega Feed

Usha Feed, Shavar, Dhaka Usha Feed


FEATURE

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theotherhand,aquafarmersformulatedfeedwithfewingredientsneartheirfarmingsitebyknownason-farmfeed.

In rainy season or any rainy day on-farmfeed cannot produce. Locally ingredients areused for feed formulation.This feedmaybeneededtotransferornot.

Large scale feed industry or aquaculturefeedprocessingtechnologyisanewconceptinBangladesh.

Feed produced for commercial purposes

in the industry are called large-scale feed.In the feedmill, feed produced by large andscientificmachineandmaintainhighlystandardforqualityoffeed.

Generally floating feed and sinking feedformulated by feed mills are considered aslargescalefeedindustry.Floatingfeedformu-lationisverynewphenomenoninBangladesh.Bysupplyingfloatingfeedintothefarmerscanobserve the fish feedingandmaybeable todetectdiseasesorotherproblems.

Other advantagesof the floating feedinclude higher digest-ibilityduetotheheatapplied during manu-facture, better waterstability and no lossof pellets in bottommud.

It’s primarily dis-advantages arehighercost possible loss ofcertain nutrients dur-ing processing andincreasedbulk.Sinkingfeeds produce from1990 when Saudi-Bangla fish feedindustry establishedinMymensinghdistrictwhichthe first is feedindustryinBangladesh.After establishing thisindustry it has greatrevolution in aquacul-turefishfeedsectorinBangladesh.

According to thenewspaper, researchreport it was foundthat there are 100feedmills are availableinBangladeshthatareproducedaquaculturefeedandpoultryfeedintogether.

Information of allthefishfeedindustries

and enterprises of Jessore, Khulna, Bagerhat,Satkhira, Narail was collected by visiting theindustries and enterprises through a set ofquestionnairesandthatofoutsidetheseareaswere collected by visiting the office of therespectiveindustryandfromothersources.

Types of prawn feed on the market

Ithasbeenobservedfromthesurveythatall most all of these feed industries manu-facture feed for poultry, around 27 percentof these industries produce feed for prawnusingthesamemachineandonlyone indus-try (Specta Hexa) use separate machine forprawnfeedpreparation(seeTable1).

Most of the industries produce sinkingtype compact pellet and crumble. Only oneindustry (Mega Feed) producedboth sinkingandfloatingtypes(forfinfish)althoughsinkingpelletsarerequiredforprawnfeeding.

Theproductioncapacityofthefeedindus-tryvariesfromthreeto40tonnes/hourandthemachineriesused for feedmanufacturingare imported from China, Taiwan, Thailand,GermanyandIndiaandlocallymade.

Inmostofthecasesithasbeenobservedthatmostoftheindustriesdonotusediffer-enttoolsfromasinglecountryoforigin.Onlyoneprawn/shrimpfeedhasbeenreportedtoimportfromIndia(CPFeed).

Theseprawnfeedindustriesuseeithersin-glebrandnameoftheirproductsordifferenttradenamesof theirproducts (seeTable2)dependingontheirmarketstrategy.

However,all thesefeed industries includealmostsameingredientsintheirmanufacturedfeed(seeTable3).

Mostofthesefeedindustriesappointoneor more dealer (wholesaler) in each districtfortheirmarketingfromwhichthesubdeal-ers(retailers)purchasethefeedforthelocalsale.Ithasalsobeenobservedthatsomefeedindustries (Saudi-Bangla, CP) go for contactfarmingthroughtheiragents.

SomefeedindustriesingreaterKhulnausedealer, sub dealer and direct sale from themillgatefortheirmarketing(viz.BismillahandFakirhatfeedmills).

table 3: list of different ingredients used for prawn feed formulation

Sl. no.

name of the ingredients origin

1 Binder Imported (China, USa others)

2 De-fatted rice bran Imported (India)

3 Defatted soybean meal Imported (India)

4 Fishmeal local/imported (India)

5 limestone/ Di-calcium phosphate

Imported (India)

6 Maize local/imported (India)

7 Meat and bone meal Imported (australia, Croatia, norway, Ukraine, Belgium,

etc.)

8 Mustard oil cake local/imported (India)

9 rape seed meal Imported (India)

10 rice polishing local

11 Sesame oil cake local

12 Shark oil local

13 Soybean oil locally purchased

14 table salt local

15 Wheat flour local

table 4: Proximate composition of Prawn feed

types of feed

Feed size and shape

Moisture ash Protein Fat

nursery Granular 11.0% 16% 30% 5%

Starter Crumble 11.0% 16% 17% 5%

Grower Pellet , 1.8mm

11.0% 17% 25% 4%

Finisher Pellet, .2mm

11.0% 17% 30% 4%


FEATURE


However,ithasbeenobservedthatsomeof the industries appoint technical personnelinfisheriesbackgroundastheiremployeewhogivesupportservicetotheprawnfarmersanddealers.

Ahugenumberof feeds (more than35)wereused for fish in thestudyareaandthefarmersfollowednostandarddosestoapplythem. From the overall survey of prawnfeed formulation, it is clear that in terms ofquantity used, rice bran appeared to be thelargestfeeditemfollowedbyricepolish,riceandmusselmeal,soybeanmeal,wheat floor,maizeetc.

It has also been observed that there aresomeenterprisesthatonlymanufacturefeedlocally using hauler machine (22hp, China)andonlygetthemakingcost.Inthiscase,theprawnfarmersdirectlybringdifferentingredi-entstotheenterpriseandmixdifferentfeedingredients in varied ratios prior to makingthefeed.However,thecompositionoftheseisnotclear.

Feed qualityMost of the com-

panyuseone,fiveand20kgpack fornurseryfeed and 25kg packfor grower and fin-isherprawnfeed.

Nutritional infor-mation labeled oneach pack/bag is theprotein,lipid,fiberandmoisturepercentages.

However, in somecases energy level ofthe feed is also men-tioned without anyclarification (gross,digestibleormetaboli-gible)andnoFCRforprawnismentioned.

Yet the actualnutrient content ofthe respective feedto be determinedbefore drawing anyconclusionisbetteraspersonal interview ofsomeofthemanufac-turer reveals that thenutritionalinformationlabeledonthepackison assumption basisratherdetermination.

However,fromthelabelitwasnotedthatprawn nursery feedcontains 35-42 per-cent protein whereasgrower and finishercontain24-28percentprotein. No crumble

unitobservedinmostoftheindustriesrathertheyproducecrumblebybreakingthepelletfollowedbysievingthroughadesiredmeshedsieve.

Hence, itcouldbeassumedthat insomecases the protein level of the nursery feedwould not be higher as it is declared ( seeTable4)

Market share of the existing companies

Prawnfarmingareasaregraduallyincreas-ingdaybydayastheinvasionofsalinewaterin the shrimp farming areas is opposed bythemarginal local farmers. It isassumedthatapproximately50,000haofcoastalandinlandareaisusedforprawnfarming.

Hence, considering212kgprawnpro-ductionperacrethetotalprawnproduc-tionismorethan26,000tonnesperyear.If we consider the average FCR is 2.5then right now the prawn feed require-mentismorethan65,482tonnes/year.

table 5: Prawn feed production and market share of different feed industries

name of the company Production/yr (Mt) Market Share (%)

north Khulna Fish Feed 50 0.076357

Jessore Feed ltd 200 0.305427

Fakirhat Feed Mills ltd. 500 0.763569

Bismillah Feed Mills 20,000 30.54274

Saudi Bangla Fish Feed ltd 500 0.763569

Spectra Hexa Feeds ltd. 500 0.763569

Sunny Feed ltd. 5,000 7.635686

Quality Feed ltd. 7,000 10.68996

niribili Feeds ltd. 3,000 4.581412

aman Feed Mill 500 0.763569

CP Feed 1,200 1.832565

other 27,032 41.28081

total 65,482 100


FEATURE

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Althoughbyscientificculture theproduc-tioncanbeeasilyincreasedbymanyfoldandthere is a great potentiality of prawn feedmarketinBangladesh.Differentfeedindustriesproduceapproximately38,000tonnesprawnfeedperyear.

Hence,therestoftherequirement(morethan 27,000 tonnes) is met by homemadefeed or feed ingredients. From a personalinterview it has also been known that someprawnfarmersusepoultryfeedasasubstitu-tionofprawnfeed(seeTable5).

FromthesurveyitwasfoundthatBismillahFeedMillsoccupies themajor share (>30%)inprawnfeedmarket(seeTable4)followedby Quality Feed Ltd. Sunny Feed Ltd. andNiribiliFeedsLtd.(10.69%,7.64%and4.58%respectively).

Price of prawn feed of these leadingcompanies varied from 25-40Tk/kg. It hasbeen observed that the feed market ofparticular industry is not same in greaterKhulnaregion.

As for example, the prawn farmers ofFakirhat and Bagerhat areas prefer the feedof Bismillah feed mills; Sunny feed mills andFakirhatfeedmillsastheothercompanies.Ontheotherhand,Khulna,Satkhira, JessoreandNarildistricts’ farmersdonothaveparticularchoiceonany feedbuthavebeenobservedto use Spectra Hexa, Quality, Saudi-Bangla,SunnyandNiribili feedmorefrequentlythantheothers..

Marketing channel is very important forfeedmilloperations.

The success of feed mill depends onproper marketing channel. It is the firstpriority of feed mill operation. Afterestablishing an agent and than distribu-tor or dealer appointment are the firststeps of feed mill before going to theproduction; because they are importantfor reaching the farmers, by taking theproductionoffeedmills.

Identification of hazards ingredients harmful antibiotics and other banned/ harmful

Theuseof foodadditives,anti-fungalandmold inhibitors and antibiotics is a commonphenomenoninallthefeedindustries.

However, as per their information, nobanneditemisusedinthefeed.

Inmostofthecases,thecompaniesdonotdisclosethecombinationofthefeedingredi-ents and other additives and medicines thatareusedinfeedduetotheirbusinesssecrecy.

Yet the use of Oxi-tetracycline andFlavomycine has been known from personalinterview. All companies deny the usage ofchloramphenicle and nitro furan and theirderivativesandmedicine.

However, form the assessment of theDepartmentofQualityControl,Departmentof Fisheries in 2008, the existence ofChloramphenicle and nitro furan have beenreported in almost all of the prawn feed insomecertainbatchofproduction.

Considering the information of the com-panies, it is assumed that these bannedchemicals could be incorporated from theingredientsthatareusedforfeedformulationespecially for the imported ingredients viz.meat and bonemeal and fishmeal as thereis no reportof testingof the ingredients forthese prohibited antibiotics at the port orquarantine.

Policy ImplicationOn the basis of the above requirements

and availability estimates, except rice polish,theentirelocalfeeditemsrequiredimportstorunculturefisheriesinthecountry.Asculturefisheriescapturemoreandmoreareasunderitsoperation,itisgoingtobecomeanimportdependentpractice if the feed situationpre-vailswithoutanymeasurestoaddressit.

As culture fisheries are an importantsourceofincomeandemployment,theyhave

asignificantlivelihoodimpactontheeconomyofBangladesh.

Therefore,properpolicyandothermeasuresaresuggested,tobetakenbyboththegovern-mentorganisationsandNGOstoimprovethelocalfishfeedsituationofthecountry.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS),Department of Fisheries (DoF) and other con-cerningorganisationsshouldrecordfeedandotherfisheries related data regularly. The governmentandNGOsshouldcomeforwardtoestablishlocalfeedmillstocatertothefeedrequirementofthegrowingandpromisingfishcultureindustry.

Intensive research programs should beundertaken immediately by both GOs andNGOsforqualityinnovation.

Farmers and users should be trained sothat they can use the feed andother inputsmoreefficiently.Capitalshouldbesuppliedtothefarmerswhosufferfromalackofsufficientcapital to use or purchase feeds from themarketinatimelyfashion.

A monitoring system should be devel-opedtochecktheadulterationoffishfeedin the country. A subsidy/duty reductionpackage can be launched for importedfeed ingredientssothatsupplementary fishculturecanbesustainedwithlowercostsofproduction. ■

About the authors

byAyazHasanChisty1,PrabalBarua2*andJewelDas3

1FisheriesandMarineResourceTechnologyDiscipline,KhulnaUniversity,Khulna,Bangladesh

2FisheriesandAquacultureDivision,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofCalcutta,Kolkata-700019,WestBengal,India

3BusinessDevelopmentProgram(Prawn),WinrockInternational,Dhaka


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Thepropermanagementofpondwaterqualityplays a significant role for thesuccess of aquaculture operations.Each water quality parameter alone

candirectlyaffecttheanimals´health.Exposureof shrimp and fish to improper levels of dis-solved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite or hydrogensulfide leads to stress and disease. However,in the complex and dynamic environment ofaquaculture ponds, water quality parametersalsoinfluenceeachother.

Unbalanced levels of temperature andpH can increase the toxicity of ammoniaand hydrogen sulfide. Thus, maintaining bal-anced levels of water quality parameters isfundamental forboth thehealth andgrowthof culture organisms. It is recommended tomonitorandassesswaterqualityparametersonaroutinebasis.

In this article the most important water

qualityparameterssuchasoxygen,pH, tem-perature,salinity,turbidityandnitrogencom-pounds are described with insights on howtheseparametersinfluenceeachother.Table1 gives an overview of the water qualityparameterswiththeirstandardvalues.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of themost important parameters in aquaculture.Maintaining good levels of DO in the wateris essential for successful production sinceoxygen (O2) has a direct influence on feedintake, disease resistance and metabolism. Asub-optimal level isverystressful for fishandshrimp.ItisthereforeimportanttokeepDOatoptimumlevelsofabove4.0ppm.

Thedynamicoxygencycleofpondsfluctu-atesthroughoutthedayduetophytoplanktonphotosynthesisandrespiration(Figure1).

As shown in Figure 1 maximum DOwill occur in the late afternoon due to thebuildupofO2duringthedaythroughphoto-

synthesis. As phytoplankton(microscopic algae) usuallyconsumes the most O2 andsince photosynthesis doesnot occur during the night,DO levels decline. Criticallylow DO occurs in pondsspecificallywhenalgalbloomscrash. The subsequent bac-terial decomposition of thedead algae cells demands alot of oxygen. Managing theequilibriumofphotosynthesisandrespirationaswellasthealgae growth - is an impor-tanttaskinthedailyworkofafarmer.

When feeding the fishand shrimp, oxygen demandis higher due to increased

energy expenditure (also known as specificdynamic action). To face this higher oxygendemand,severalmeasurescanbetaken:

Other sources of oxygen than photosyn-thesis are diffusion or transfer from air towater. Wave action or mechanical aerationis forcing this oxygen diffusion. Paddlewheelaerators accomplish this by breaking waterinto small droplets and increasing contactof water surface with air. Aspirator aeratorscompelair intothewater throughaventureandapropeller.Anotherreasonforaerationis the circulation of aerated water throughthepond.

Biochemicaloxygendemand(BOD)ofthepond can affect the oxygen cycle and thus,theoxygenequilibrium. Five-daybiochemicaloxygen demand (BOD5) is the amount ofDO needed by aerobic biological organismsinthewatertobreakdownorganicmaterialpresent at a constant temperature during a5-dayperiod.

BOD5 is an importantwaterquality vari-able that may be required to demonstratecompliancewithwaterqualitypermits issuedby the governments and to achieve farmcertification.

The BOD5 of pond aquaculture efflu-ents usually ranges from 5 to 20 mg/l. Thegreater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygenisdepleted.

Also,theO2cycleandthus,theDOlevelscan be affected by changes in the environ-ment; a cloudy day will diminish the photo-syntheticO2 input toDO.Correspondingly,uncommonlyhightemperatureswilldecreasethesolubilityofO2inwaterandhencelowerDO.Whenapondisin“equilibrium”DOwillnotchangedrastically.

Temperature is another important waterqualityparameter.Itcanaffectfishandshrimp

table 1: Water quality parameters and their standard values

Parameter Standard values

(Dissolved) oxygen >4.0 mg/l

temperature Species dependent

pH 7.5 – 8.5

Salinity Freshwater: < 0.5 pptBrackishwater: 0.5 – 30 pptSaltwater: 30 – 40 pptoptimum: 15 – 25 ppt

Carbon dioxide (Co2) < 10 ppm

ammonia (nH4+/nH4-n) 0 – 0.5 ppm

nitrite (no2-) < 1 ppm

Hardness 40 – 400 ppm

alkalinity 50 – 300 ppm

H2S 0 ppm

BoD < 50 mg/l

Monitoring pond water quality to improve shrimp and fish productionby Elisabeth Mayer MSc, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Austria


FEATURE


metabolism, feeding rates and thedegreeofammonia toxicity. Temperature also has adirect impact on biota respiration (O2 con-sumption) rates and influences the solubilityof O2 (warmer water holds less O2 thancoolerwater).

Temperature cannot obviously be con-trolled in a pond. Aquatic animals modifytheir body temperature to the environ-mentandaresensitivetorapidtemperaturevariations.Foreachspecies,thereisarangeof temperature conditions (Table 2). It isthereforeimportanttoadaptfishandshrimpprogressively when transferring them fromtanktopond.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) in ponds is pri-marily produced through respiration by fish/shrimpandthemicroscopicplantsandanimalsthatconstitutethepondbiota.

Carbondioxide levels (and toxicity)arehighestwhenDOlevelsare lowest(Figure2).Thus,dawnisacriticaltimeformonitor-ing DO and CO2. High CO2 concentra-tions inhibit the ability of fish and shrimptoextractO2fromthewater,reducingthe

tolerancetolowO2conditionsand inducing stress comparabletosuffocation.

AnincreaseinCO2mayalsodecreasethepH,whichcanleadto toxicity of nitrite. If plants inthewaterabsorbtoomuchCO2forphotosynthesisduringtheday,the pH will increase, and thefish and shrimpare subjected tohigherun-ionizedtoxicammonia(NH3)concentrations.

Carbon dioxide concentra-tions above 60 ppm may belethal. In an emergency,CO2canberemovedbyadding limingagentssuchas quicklime, hydratedlimeorsodiumcarbonatetothepondwater.

pH is a measure ofacidity(hydrogenions)oralkalinity of the water. Itis important to maintaina stable pH at a saferange because it affectsthemetabolismandotherphysiological processes of culture organisms.Itcancreatestress,enhancethesusceptibilityto disease, lower the production levels andcause poor growth and even death. Signsof sub-optimalpH are besidesothers increasedmucusonthegillsurfaces of fish,unusual swim-ming behavior,fin fray, harmto the eye lensas well as poorphytoplanktonandzooplanktongrowth.OptimalpH levels in thepond should bein the range of7.5–8.5.

The CO2concentrationin the wateralso influencesthe pH, e. g. anincrease inCO2decreases thepH, as alreadymentionedabove (Diagram1). As phyto-plankton in thewater utilizesCO2 forphoto-synthesis,thepHwill vary natu-rally throughout

daylight hours. pH is generally lowest atsunrise (due to respiration and release ofCO2 during the night) and highest in theafternoonwhenalgaeutilizationofCO2isat

table 2: temperature (°C) conditions for aquatic species

Species lower lethal temperature

Preferred temperature

Upper lethal temperature

rainbow trout 0 13 - 17 24 - 27

nile tilapia 8 - 12 31 - 36 42

tra catfish 9 23 – 27 33

Crucian carp 0 25 - 32 38

Channel catfish 9 22 – 29 37

Cobia 1 21 - 27 33

tiger prawn 14 25 - 30 36

White shrimp 14 > 20 40

table 3: toxicity of H2S to various aquatic organisms

Common name Species name lC50 (ppb)

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 846.7

Indian prawn Penaeus indicus 179.3

oriental river shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense 51.0

Crab Portunus trituberculatus 31.5

Black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 62.6

Pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei 60.2

Figure 2: The daily cycle of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a pond

Figure 1: The daily cycle of oxygen in a pond

Diagram 1: CO2 and pH correlation, influencing the toxicity of NH3


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itsgreatest.WatersofmoderatealkalinityaremorebufferedandthereisalesserdegreeofpHvariation.

Ammonia is a very important param-eter for good fish and shrimpproduction.Under particular conditions, ammonia caneasily rise (through accumulation of over-feeding, protein rich, excess feed wastesand excreted ammonia) to dangerouslyhighlevels.

Ammoniainwaterexistsintwoforms,as

ammoniumions(NH4+),whicharenontoxic,andastheun-ionizedtoxicammonia(NH3).The relative proportion of the one or theotherdependsonwatertemperatureandpH.IfthephytoplanktonabsorbstoomuchCO2duringtheday,andthereforeincreasethepHtoavalueabove8.5,thefishandshrimparesubjected, depending on the total ammonianitrogenconcentration,tohighammoniacon-centrations(NH3).Aslittleas0.6ppm(mg/l)free ammonia (NH3) can be toxic to manykindsof fishandshrimp,causinggill irritationandrespiratoryproblems.

Nitrite(NO2-) isanother formofnitrog-enous compound that results from feedingandcanbetoxictoshrimpandfish.Nitriteisanintermediateproductofthetransformationof ammonia into nitrate by bacterial activity.The absorbed nitrites from the gut bind to

hemoglobin and reduce its ability to carryoxygen.

AnincreaseinCO2maydecreasethepHtoavaluebelow6.5,whichcanleadtotoxic-ityofnitritethroughtheformationofnitrousacid (HNO2). At 2 ppm (mg/l) and above,nitritesaretoxic(injuriousorlethal)tomanyfishandshrimp.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a colorless,toxic gas, is a by-product of the dete-rioration of organic matter, usually under

anaerobicconditions.Anaerobic soils withmoderate to highorganic concentra-tions can be a sig-nificant source ofH2S, which is toxicto shrimp and fish,even at low con-centrations since ithinderstheirrespira-tion. If the bottom

soil becomes black and a rotten egg odoris recognized when sediment is disturbed,it indicates anaerobic conditions and thepresenceofH2S.

Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic in theunionized form (comparable to ammonia).However,theunionizedformispredominantatlowpH(<8)andhightemperature.AtpH7.5approximately14percentofthesulfideisin the toxicH2S form and at pH6.5 about61percent.Therefore,sulfideconcentrationsshould be below 0.002 ppm. Many marinespecies live in close proximity to sedimentsthat often contain H2S. Some even live inthem.FromthedatainTable3itisclear,thatthe range of susceptibility to H2S poisoningishuge.

Dryingandtillingpondbottoms,inadditionto maintaining thorough aeration of ponds

and frequent water exchange, are effectivemeansindiminishinghydrogensulfide.

Alkalinityisthebufferingcapacityofwaterandrepresentsitsamountofcarbonatesandbicarbonates.AlkalinitycanaffectthepotentialforprimaryproductivityandalsothewaterpH.IncasethewaterpHfluctuatesgreatlyduringtheday,limecanbeusedtoincreasealkalinityinthewatertostabilizethewaterpH.Valuesof 50 – 100 mg/l are considered moderateand are recommended. Total alkalinity hasbeentraditionallyexpressedasmilligramsperliter (ppm) of equivalent calcium carbonate(CaCO3).Generally,alkalinityvariesfromsiteto site. In the seawater, alkalinity is normallyhigherthan100ppmbutinfreshwaterareas,alkalinity is often low, particularly during therainy season. Low alkalinity in freshwater orinlowsalinityareaswillaffectthesurvivalrateandmoltingofshrimp.

Hardness refers to the concentration ofcalciumandmagnesiuminwater.

Hardwatershavetheabilitytobuffertheeffectsofheavymetalssuchaszincorcopperwhich are toxic for fish and shrimp. Thus,hardnessisacrucialparameterinmaintaininggoodpond“balance”.

Salinity represents the total concentrationofdissolved inorganic ions,orsalts, inwater. Itplaysasignificantroleforthegrowthofcultureorganisms through osmoregulation of bodymineralsfromthatofthesurroundingwater.Forbettersurvivalandgrowthanoptimumrangeofsalinityshouldbemaintainedinthepondwater.Ifsalinityistoohigh,fishandshrimpwillstarttolosewatertotheenvironment.Youngershrimpappeartotolerateawiderfluctuationofsalinitythantheadults.Drasticchangesofsalinitymayalso alter the phytoplankton fauna and theirpopulationdensitiesandleadtoinstabilityoftheecosystem.Lowering thesalinitybymorethanfiveppt,ateachtimeofwaterexchange,isnotrecommended.

ConclusionCareful monitoring of water quality

parameters is importanttounderstandtheinteractionsbetweenparametersandeffectsonshrimpandfishfeeding,theirgrowthandhealth.Eachwaterparameteralonemaynottellmuch, but several parameters togethercanrevealdynamicprocessestakingplaceinthe pond.Water quality records will allowfarmerstonotechangesandmakedecisionsfastsothatcorrectiveactionscanbetakenquickly. ■

table 4: Waters can be classified by the degrees of hardness

0 – 75 mg/l soft

75 – 150 mg/l moderately hard

150 – 300 mg/l hard

over 300 mg/l very hard

Hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium in water.


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BOOKSHOP

PerendalePublishersLtd,thepublishersofGrain&FeedMiIlingTechnologyandInternationalAquafeed,hassetupanonlineAmazon-based‘BookShop’thatletsyoubrowseawiderangeofrecently-publishedreportsandbooksonrelatedtopics.YoucannowreadanextendedreviewbeforemakingyourselectionandpurchasingdirectlyfromAmazon.

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The International Milling Directory now is now available on your mobile!

BOOK REVIEW

BOO

K R

EVIE

W

The authors John Mosig and Ric Falluare not world experts in the field ofaquaculture, but they have broughttogether a world of information from

experts and experience of many people in thefield of aquaculture, from hatcheries to feedproducersandvets.

Thechaptersofthisbookhavebeencreatedthroughmanyyearsofdevelopingpracticaltrainingprograms.Theauthorscarrythereadersthroughtheoverallthrustofaqua-culture,thenutsandboltsoftheindustryandhowtheyareput

togethertocreateacommercialoperation.Theygive the reader a goodbasic understanding andoutlinethedifferentphases,fromthehighlytech-nical hatchery phase to the daily routineof theproductionphasetothehighexcitementofmar-

keting.They also point out that aquaculture isn’t an easy way tomakemoney,butasubjectthatrequiresdedicationandunder-standing.Theviewsandmethodsthattheyexpressinthisbookhave been based on their experiences, observations and theacceptedindustrypractices.Thisbookintheirviewisabasicguidetofishfarmingsimplifiedas they are keen toexpress aquaculture is not rocket science,althoughitisbasedinscience.Therulesofgenetics,waterchem-istry,nutritionandbiologyaretheparameterswithinwhichwe,aspracticingfishandcrayfishfarmers,havetooperate.TheAustralianfishfarmerissplitinto24chapters:

Chapter1:Whatmakesaquaculturework?Chapter2:Aquacultureproductionsystems

Chapter3:Thefivestagesofafish’slifeChapter4:AquaculturecategoriesChapter5:Thefirststep–theacquisitionofknowledgeChapter6:WaterqualityChapter7:Theenvironment–temperatureChapter8:FishhusbandryChapter9:NutritionChapter10:SiteselectionChapter11:SystemdesignChapter12:AquaculturehardwareandinfrastructureChapter13:StockingandhandlingseedstockChapter14:BreedingChapter15:FishhealthChapter16:PredatorsandpestsChapter17:HarvestingChapter18:Post-harvesthandlingChapter19:MarketingChapter20:Gettingstarted:choosingtherightoptionChapter21:ThelawChapter22:ManagementandadministrationChapter23:SpeciesChapter24:Epilogue

Bothauthorshaveproducedabookthatforanybeginnerisamustread,thesubjectmaterialtheycoverisvastandrangingfromhowtosetupafarmtomarketingtheproducetothecustomers,aswellaslookingintothelawsthatgovernaquaculture.Ibelievethisbook isamusthaveaidtoanyone interested inaquacultureorventuringoutintosettingupafishfarm.Afan-tasticbookworthitsweightingoldsuitableforstudents,tutors,educationalestablishmentsandanyonewithakeenandvestedinterestintheaquacultureindustryasawhole.

AustralianFishFarmer-Secondedition ISBN:0643068651

BOOK REVIEW

TroutandSalmon:Ecology,ConservationandRehabilitation

The farming of Salmon andTrout isa global industry, from Norway toScotland, Ireland,and Canada. Oneof the major issues in Salmon and

Troutfarminghasbeenitsimpactonthewildpopulation, a problem that hasbeen amajorissue in Canada in recent times with thedeclineoftheSockeyesalmon.

In2000DrDTCrispwrotethispublicationTroutandSalmon:Ecology, Conservation and Rehabilitation.Although written

primarilywith in aUK context, in general canbe considered useful for any country wheresalmonandtroutarefarmedandwherethereisanimpactonthenativespecies.This book deals with two key species of the

genusSalmo,namelythe‘European‘trout(SalmotruttaL.)andtheAtlanticsalmon(S.salarL.)particularlyduringthepartoftheir lives thatare spent in flowing freshwater.Theyarealso

importantspeciesas indicatorsofriverqualityandwithintheaquacultureindustry.Theauthorhaswrittenthisbookforawidergeneralaudience,aswellasthosewhoworkinecologyandaquaculture.ThisbookwaswrittenfromaperspectiveoftheUK,butitsholdtruefortheunderstandingoftheskillsandknowledgeindealingwithkeyspeciesliketroutandsalmon,intheirnaturalenviron-mentandinthefarmedenvironmentonaglobalbasis.Thoughthisbookwaspublishedin2000,Ibelieveitsstillavalidtextandholdsanimportantplaceforanyoneinvolvedintroutandsalmonfisheries.TheauthormaintainsthisbookwaswrittenforacomparativelywidereadershipandIwouldhavetosayitis.Aswellasfisheryscientistandecologists,thisbookwillalsoappealtosedimen-tologistsandengineersaswellasanyoneconcernedwithriverrestorationandconservationandsomeanglersandnaturalhis-torians. Inmyopinion this isagreatbook thathasbeenwellwritten,andwellworthaplaceonanyoneshelf intheirbookcollection.

ISBN:978-0-85238-256-1


INDUSTRYEVENTS

EventsKey:

*=Seeourmagazineatthisshow

•=Moreinformationavailable

22nd-24thMarch12 *Fishing,Aquaculture&SeafoodExpo,ScottishExhibition&ConferenceCentre(SECC),Glasgow,UK

Contact:CharleneHarris,SECC,ExhibitionWay,Glasgow,G38YW,UK

Tel:+441415763253Email:[email protected]:www.fasexpo.com

16th-17thApril12 *2ndAlgaeWorldAustralia,Perth,Australia

Contact:MsFuHuiyan,80MarineParadeRoad#13-02,Singapore

Tel:+656563469113Fax:+6563455928Email:[email protected]:www.cmtevents.com/main.aspx?ev=120418&pu=211136

1st-4thMay12 *SkrettingAustralasianAquaculture2012InternationalConferenceandTradeShow,MelbourneConventionandExhibition,Centre,Australia

Contact:Sarah-JaneDay,POBox370,NelsonBayNSW2315,Australia

Tel:+61437152234Fax:+61249841142Email:[email protected],auWeb:www.aquaculture.org.au

23rd-24thMay12 *AquacultureUK2012,Macdonald,HighlandResort,Aviemore,UK

Contact:DavidMack,Rosebank,AnkervilleStreet,TainIV191BH,UK

Tel:+441862892188Email:[email protected]:www.aquacultureuk.com

14th-17thJune12 *SEAEXPOTURKEY2012,IstanbulIFMHall9,Turkey

Contact:HandeBiber,HKFTradeFairs,BarbarosBulvari163/2,34349Besiktas,Istanbul-Turkey

Tel:+902122164010Fax:+902122163360Email:[email protected]:www.seaexpoturkey.com

4th-6thJuly12 *IndoLivestock2012Expo&Forum,JakartaConventionCenter,Indonesia

Contact:DiditSiswodwiatmokoorDeviArdiatne,Jl.KelapaSawitXIVBlokM1No.10,KompleksBilly&Moon,PondokKelapa,Jakarta13450,Indonesia

Tel:+6221–8644756Fax:+6221–8650963Email:[email protected]:www.indolivestock.com

1st-5thSeptember12 •*Aqua2012,Prague,CzechRepublic

Contact:MrMarioStael,Marevent,Begijnengracht40,9000Gent,Belgium

Tel:+3292334912Fax:+3292334912Email:[email protected]:www.marevent.com

17th-19thOctober12 *OffshoreMaricultureConference2012,HiltonHotel,Izmir,Turkey

Contact:IsobelRoberts,MercatorMediaLtd,TheOldMill,LowerQuay,Fareham,Hampshire,PO160RA,UK

Tel:+441329825335Fax:+441329825330Email:conferences @offshoremariculture.comWeb:www.offshoremariculture.com/

24th-25thOctober12 •*BioMarineBusinessConvention2012,Fishmonger’sHall,London,UKContact:VeroniqueErwes

Email:[email protected]:www.biomarine.org/

13th-16thNovember12 *EuroTier2012,Hannover,Germany

Contact:Dr.KarlSchlösser,DLG,EschbornerLandstrasse122,60489Frankfurt/Main,Germany,Tel:+496924788-259Fax:+496924788-113Email:[email protected]:www.eurotier.com

As with all the eventso r g a n i s e d by t h eEuropean and Wor ld

Aquaculture Societ ies , ourAQUA2012 event in Prague inSeptember will focus on howscienceplays a fundamental roleinthedevelopmentoftheglobalaquacultureindustry.

The AQUA 2012 theme ,Global Aquaculture: SecuringOurFuturehasobvious implica-tions inglobalandregional foodsecurity and aquaculture trade,placing aquaculture products intheglobalfisheriesmarket.Italsorefers to economic and envi-ronmental sustainability and theimage of aquaculture activities.The event will be a truly globalone, including technical sessionsthat cover farmed fish, shellfish,algalandcrustaceanspeciesfromall climatic zones and all conti-nents.

Manyindustryinitiativesarealsobeingplanned, includedFarmers’Days, a Percid fish cultureworkshop and other workshopsthatlinkthescientificconferenceto the international trade exhi-bition.Trade show booths aresellingverywell,butarealsostillavailable.

Abstracts are st i l l beingaccepted for the vast array oftopics that are encompassed bythenumeroussessions.

More inforMatioM:Websitewww.easonline.orgWebsite:www.was.org

AQUA2012 Sciencerespondstoindustryneeds

International Aquafeed events go mobile!Reviewallofourindustry'skeyeventsfor2012/13onournewEventssectiononthePerendalePublishersApp.

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INDUSTRYEVENTS

In a Dragon year, everythingis magnified 10 fold. Dragonyear,therefore,ispropitiousfor

peoplewhohavethecouragetotakerisksandholdfirmlytotheirprinciples.

So the key word is entrepreneurship

I don’t think the Biomarinecommunity has been waitingfor this to star t before gettingready. I already feel a very busyand fruitful climate surroundingus.This morning when I startedwriting this short editorial I wasreallygladtoseeanotherachieve-

ment of our efforts to connectyour businesses: Aquapharm(Andrew Mearns-Spragg, UK)andAquaBioTechnology (ArvidLindberg, Norway) are ready towork together to develop thenext ultimate marine ingredientforskincare.

BioMarineistheonlyinternationalplatformdedicated tomarinebioresources. It’s a real crossroad forthemostdynamicsectors,suchasmarine ingredients, nutraceuticals,cosmetics, blue biotechnologies,cleantech, aquaculture, aquafeedandhumannutrition.

It’s a real world of businessoppor tunities thatyou rea l l y wantto grab … that isthe ult imate goalBioMarine!

This year, our co-organising par tnerI n t e r n a t i o n a lAquafeed magazine

willhelpustobuzzandreachoutto theentireBioMarinecommu-nityaroundtheworld.

Wehavebeen redesigningourplatform to offer you a uniqueplace to network efficiently andwork on important topics andissues from your day-to-daybusiness.

The250attendeesatthisyear’sBioMarine Business Conventionin London the year (October24-25, 2012) will take an activeroleinthediscussionanddebates.Yes, that’s right, 250 executivespeakers ready to share andexplain how they handle theirbusinesses, their developmentandtheirR&D.

This yearourpartnering systemis providedbyTeamResa: simple,efficient and flexible itwill fosterbusinessopportunities. So let’s getdowntobusiness; joinusandstartsharingwith us andour programcommitteeyourideasandtheissues

you would like the Conventionthink-tankstofocuson.

Londonistheinternationalcapitalcity in 2012 with the OlympicGames, the Queen’s DiamondJubileeandnowBioMarineBusinessConvention2012.OurConventionwill allow you to discover someof the greatest heritage placesLondonhas tooffer includingourvenuesof:

The F ishmonger ’s Hal l -the perfect location for ourConvention which is a notablelandmark, cosy environment andfriendly,convenientlocation.Whatelsewouldyouneedforarelaxingandfocusedmeetingplace?

The prestigious Houses ofParliament,wherewehaveorganizeourclosinggalacocktailparty

WelookforwardtoseeingyouinLondon…

More inforMation:Website: www.biomarine.org

Get ready to rock and roll … or else crawl under a rock until it's over.


CONTACTO

María Paz · [email protected]. (56-2) 756-5402 · Cel. (56-9) 9547-7589

www.aqua-sur.cl

PARTICIPE EN ESTE IMPORTANTE ENCUENTROAuspiCiAN

ORGANiZA

VII FERIA INTERNACIONAL DE ACUICULTURA10 AL 13 DE OCTUBRE - PUERTO MONTT - CHILE

aviso_aquasur_190x132.indd 1 10-02-12 12:37

BioMarineBusinessConvention

http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/

http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/

http://www.biomarine.org/upcoming-events/london-2012/program-committee/

http://www.biomarine.org/upcoming-events/london-2012/program-committee/

Now

on

pape

r.li

Visit h

ttp://p

aper

.li/f-1

3293

2467

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The AquaculturistAregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry

http

://th

eaqu

acul

turis

ts.b

logs

pot.c

om

WelltimefliesanditMarchalready,aseverweareworkinghardtobringyougoodqualitynewsitemsontheaquacul-turists.Wehavebeenbusyinthefirsttwomonths,andwearenowmembersofPaper.liandPinterest.soourblogsareheadingtonewdestinations.Intheaquaculturistswewillbelookingataquaponics,theaquacultureindustryof

theUS,Canada,aswellasAsia,AfricaandEurope.Someoftheinnovationsandtheproblemsthataquaculturecompaniesdealwithdaily.Whynotsignuptoournewsserviceitsfree.Whynotletusdelivertheseshortnewsitemsdirecttoyourbusinessorsocialwebsiteaccount?Justvisitourblogandclickthelinktosignup.I'mheretokeepyouinformed.Ilookforwardtowelcomingyoutoourservice!youcanfindourblogathttp://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

HimynameisMartinLittle.IamtheAquaculturists,withabackgroundinMarineZoologyandeightyearsworkinginthefieldasaconsultantfisheriesobserverintheNorthAtlantic,IamnowpartofInternationalAquafeedmagazine,andaswellasmycolumninthepagesofthemagazineIwillberunninganaccompanyingblogthatcanbefoundathttp://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/


AQ

UA

FEED SUBSCRIBEwww.aquafeed.co.uk/subscribe.php

InternationalAquafeedispublishedsixtimesayear,bringingyouin-depthfeatures,industrynews,events,bookreviewsandmore.Aswellasyourpersonalcopydelivereddirecttoyouraddress,subscriberstoInternationalAquafeedalsoreceiveafreecopyoftheInternationalAquafeedDirectoryworthUK£85.Formoreinformationpleasevisitourwebsite.Foracomplimentarytrialissue,pleasecontacttheCirculation&SubscriptionsManager-TutiTan-Email:[email protected]

ww

w.a

quaf

eed.

co.u

k

ONLINEwww.aquafeed.co.uk/online.php

InternationalAquafeedisalsoavailabletoviewonlinefreeofcharge,withacompletearchiveofbackissues,coverovertwoyearsofthemagazineshistory.Themagazineisavailableasafullonlinemagazine,orasindividualfeatures,thatcanbeseparatelydownloaded,freeofcharge.Formoreinformationpleasevisitthewebsite.

Alltech =http://www.alltech.com

Amandus Kahl GmbH & Co =http://www.amandus-kahl-group.de

Andritz Feed & Biofuel =http://www.andritz.com

Biomin Holding GmbH =http://www.biomin.net

Bliss Industries =http://www.bliss-industries.com

Buhler AG =http://www.buhlergroup.com

Coperion GmbH

Dishman Netherlands B.V

Geelen Counterflow =http://www.geelencounterflow.com

Griffin Industries Inc =http://www.griffinind.com

Hydrotech =http://www.hydrotech.se

Leiber GmbH =http://www.leibergmbh.de

Muyang Group =http://www.muyang.com

Nutri-Ad International nv =http://www.nutriad.net

Ottevanger Milling Engineers B.V. =http://www.ottevanger.com

Sonac =http://www.sonac.biz

SPF =http://www.aquativ-diana.com

Tapco =http://www.tapcoinc.com

Wenger Manufacturing Inc. =http://www.wenger.com

Wynveen International B.V. =http://www.wynveen.com

Zhengchang Group (ZCME) =http://www.zhengchang.com

48 |

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march | april 2012 - international aquafeed

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