march 9-10, 2014 - macrojournals · monaco 2014: program and proceedings 1 the macrotheme...

Monaco 2014: Program and Proceedings

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The Macrotheme International

Conference on Business and

Social Science: Monaco 2014

The Macrotheme Review

A multidisciplinary journal of global macro trends

The MacroJournals Conference

on Medicine, Science, and

Technology - Monte Carlo,

Monaco 2014

The Journal of MacroTrends in Health and Medicine

The Journal of MacroTrends in Applied Science

The Journal of MacroTrends in Technology and Innovation

The Journal of MacroTrends in Energy and Sustainability

March 9-10, 2014

Hôtel Novotel Monte Carlo

16 Bld Princesse Charlotte

98000 MONACO

MONACO


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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Damir Tokic

ESC Rennes International School of Business

2 Rue Robert d’Arbissel

35065 Rennes cedex

France

[email protected]

33 (0)2 99 33 48 64

EDITORIAL BOARD

Ohaness Pascalian

University of Houston – Downtown, USA

Stijepko Tokic

Northeastern Illinois University, USA

Kurt Chase

KCM Trading, USA

Wang Xiaohong

Northeastern Illinois University, USA

Habibullah Magsi

AgroParisTech, France

Haitham Ahmed

Yanbu Industrial College, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Anukrati Sharma,

University of Kota, India

VM Ponniah,

SRM University, India

PUBLISHING SPONSOR

Macrotheme Capital Management, LLC

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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March 9th - Morning Session

Science, Technology, Medicine

Novotel Monte Carlo

10:00am – 12:30pm

10:00am Developments in Thai Insurance arising from Natural Disasters: an

Investigation of Rice Crop Insurance applying the Area-Yield

Approach by means of a Weather Variable

Krittiya Duangmanee

University of Antwerp, Belgium

10:15am THE IMPACT OF THE ADOLESCENT-PARENT RELATIONSHIP

ON PEER VICTIMIZATION

Sevil Albayrak, Sema Biçer, Elif Aşık

Kırıkkale üniversitesi, Kırıkkale/Turkey

10:30am STUDY OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF

PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENT “BIOGEN”, UNDER CONDITIONS

OF DURABLE INFLUENCE OF PARACETAMOL ON ORGANISM

IN THE EXPERIMENT

Alexandre Tavartkiladze and Teimuraz Sordia

Georgian Cancer Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia

10:45am Chronobiology: New Aspects of Old Problems

Alexandre Tavartkiladze, Nona KUBLASHVILI and George Bakradze


11:00am Ultrasound Computer Tomography in Diffraction Mode

Tejaswi Thotakura and Chris Joslin

Carleton University, Ottawa

11:15am Big Data Characteristics

Peter Geczy

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),

Japan

Poster Transferrin-grafted catanionic solid lipid nanoparticles for targeting

delivery of saquinavir to the brain”

Li-Jung Wang and Yung-Chih Kuo

National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan


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poster Computer Simulation of Laser Radioisotope Separation System

Mohamed El-Ashkar

Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt

Poster Application of the EPR method for the study of the impurities in the

powders used in ceramic cores and forms in the aerospace industry

Ireneusz Stefaniuk

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow,

Poland

March 9th – Afternoon session

Business and Social Science

Novotel Monte Carlo

2:00pm – 5:00pm

2:00pm Euro crash risk during the Sovereign Debt Crisis

Thorsten Lehnert

Luxembourg School of Finance, Luxembourg

2:15pm Measuring job competencies of college students

Daisuku Osato

Fukuoka Jo Gakuin Univ, Japan

2:30pm Measuring job competencies of college students: A development of

forced-choice scales for selecting entry-level job applicants in Japan

Kiyoshi, Takahashi: Daisuke, Osato: Norihiko, Ogawa:

Kobe Univ., Japan: Fukuoka Jo-Gakuin Univ., Japan: Hosei Univ., Japan

2:45pm From Web Series to Movies: The Success of Crowdfunding

Benjamin Rausch

Université libre de Bruxelles

3:00pm Impact of organisational size on the relationship between National

Culture and Organisational Culture: Case of Medium and Large size

organisations in Iran Alireza, Nazarian

University of West London, UK


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3:15pm The effectiveness of training program for organizational creativity

Kunio Ikari, Kiyoshi Takahashi

Kobe University, Japan

3:30pm The Effects of South Korean Market Liberalization on the South Korean

Retail Market

Eun Jin Hwang, Marjorie J.T. Norton

Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA; Virigina Tech, USA

3:45pm Environmental Concern and Green Buying Behavior: Profiling the

Turkish Consumers

Ahu ERGEN and Filiz BOZKURT

Bahcesehir University and Dogus University, Turkey

4:00pm Abrogation of Russian-American Trade Treaty of 1832 and the U.S.

Press

Ekaterina Fedorova

Ph.D. School of International Relations, Saint-Petersburg State University,

Russia

4:15pm The attributes of stakeholders regarding accounting for oil and gas

upstream activities in Libya Ibrahim Eldanfour

Libya

Poster LIBYA AND FOREIGN INVESTMENTS

Salem Abdulla

Libya


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March 10th

E-session A

Venue TBA

ES1 VIEW FROM THE CROW’S NEST: The role of technoprenuers in

crafting an ethical business climate - with a special emphasis on

nanotechnology

Kasthoory Rajalingam

University of Malaya, Malaysia

ES2 TAXONOMY OF OIL MARKET DEREGULATION: THEORETICAL

ISSUES

Sabiu Sani Bariki

University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland UK

ES3 Modern approach of social & power structure

Mohammad Mahmoudi

Tilak Maharashtra Vidapeeth-Pune-India

ES4 Innovative methods for evaluating the performance and development of

business clusters

Rustam Bobojonov, Khodjaev Khabibullohon

Spain and Russia

ES5 Thermodynamic vapor cycles for converting low-grade heat to power: A

state-of-the-art review and future research pathways

Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai, Torsten Fransson

Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology KTH,

Stockholm, Sweden

ES6 FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN

NIGERIA(1992-2011)

Nwaeze Chinweoke* and Okoroafor, Michael Onyedikachi** and Nwabekee,

Chidinma Elizabeth*

Abia State Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria* University of Calabar, Nigeria**

ES7 International Investment Disputes And Its Institutional Remedies

Kushal Rohira & Yatharth Gupta

Christ University, India


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March 10th

Country Focus: Albania

Venue: e-session

ES8 The need of legal psychology in investigating violent crimes

Aleks Prifti

Ismail Qemali Vlora University , Albania

ES9 Albania's integration challenges for strengthening of public

administration in the context of EU integration

Kasem Cenaj* and Myzafer Elezi**

European University of Tirana, Albania**

Ismail Qemali Vlore University, Albania**

ES10 Albanian legislation regarding violence against children

Neshet Ngucaj* and Myzafer Elezi**

Vlora Room of Advocacy , Albania*


ES11 Ways of obtaining citizenship in Albania

Stela Mecaj & Belinda Halilaj & Oljana Hoxhaj

Ismail Qemali Vlora University, Vlore Albania

ES12 Women's rights in Albania according to national and international

legislation

OLJANA HOXHAJ

ALBANIA, VLORA

ES13 The birth and development of the judiciary in Albania

Belinda Halilaj; Oljana Hoxhaj; Stela Mecaj

University of Vlora \"Ismail Qemali\" , Albania

ES14 Role of questionnaire method in social geographical study- case study

from Albania

Engjellushe Zenelaj

Ismail Qemali Vlora University, Albania

ES15 Features of the national education and its reflection in the press of time

during 1912-1924 in Vlora region

Enkelejda Billa

Ismail Qemali Vlora University,Vlore, Albania


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ES16 Aspects of economic life in Albania on the first half of 19th century by

travelers and foreign authors of 19th century, at the beginning of the

20th century

Elsajed Rexhaj

Ismail Qemali Vlora University, Vlore, Albania

ES17 DECLARING A PERSON MISSING OR DEAD

Valbona Alikaj

University of Vlora, Albania

ES18 THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN UNION ON IMMIGRATION

DISCIPLINE IN ALBANIA Ervis Mocka

\"Ismail Qemali\" University, Vlore, Albania

ES19 INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICARY

Arrjana Llano

Ismail Qemali Vlore Albania

ES20 The implementation of cloisonne method to byzantine church

architecture in Albania. ( XII – XIII centuries )

Arbela Kisi

Vlora University \"Ismail Qemali\", Albania

ES21 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE

CONTRACT AND THE GOOD FAITH

ERGYSA IKONOMI


ES22 If they can…why we don't (Fertility rights and assisted reproduction on

restricted groups)

Jonada Zyberaj

University \"Ismail Qemali\" Vlore, Albania


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Book of Abstracts

Conference proceedings

The Macrotheme International

Conference on Business and

Social Science: Monaco 2014

The Macrotheme Review

A multidisciplinary journal of global macro trends

The MacroJournals Conference

on Medicine, Science, and

Technology - Monte Carlo,

Monaco 2014

The Journal of MacroTrends in Health and Medicine

The Journal of MacroTrends in Applied Science

The Journal of MacroTrends in Technology and Innovation

The Journal of MacroTrends in Energy and Sustainability


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Developments in Thai Insurance arising from Natural Disasters: an Investigation

of Rice Crop Insurance applying the Area-Yield Approach by means of a

Weather Variable Krittiya Duangmanee

University of Antwerp, Belgium

Thailand is the country in the world with the fifth biggest harvested area of rice. The

main variables affecting rice growing are weather-related in nature, and the number of

natural disasters appears to have been rising every year, substantially affecting Thai

farmers. This investigation examines a potential approach for risk mitigation in the

case of major rice crop insurance to take care of their interests, i.e. the area-yield

index, using a weather variable, resulting in a rate-making process. Historical data

from 1995-2011 for crop rice spanning six provinces in northeastern Thailand are

considered (that is, Loei, Nakhonphanom, Nongbualamphu, Nongkhai, Sakonnakhon

and Udonthani). Thus the functions of the anticipated yields for the relevant provinces

are produced and based on trigger yields created at four separate coverage levels

(80%, 85%, 90% and 95%) and two protection scales (100% and 150%), we establish

that there are a strikingly wide variety of premium rates for the provinces being

studied, and therefore the outcome will be of interest to organisations for the purposes

of policymaking and strategic planning.

THE IMPACT OF THE ADOLESCENT-PARENT RELATIONSHIP ON PEER

VICTIMIZATION

Sevil Albayrak, Sema Biçer, Elif Aşık

Kırıkkale üniversitesi, Kırıkkale/Turkey

INTRODUCTION

Although the cultural context and accepted understanding of bullying varies across the

world, the widespread definition of bullying is the attempt to seek power over others

through aggressive behavior and to aim to weaken victims by repeating such behavior

in a social, emotional or physical context (Ditzhazy and Burton 2003, Smokowski and

Kopasz 2005, Vanderbilt and Augustyn 2010). Victims, not bullies, are the ones that

are exposed to abuse by peers. Most victims (about two-thirds) are passive or

submissive, the remaining may display an aggressive attitude (Smokowski & Kopasz

2005, Beaty & Alexeyev 2008, Gökler 2009). The victimized child or adolescent may

be afflicted with psychosis, depression, a low sense of self-esteem, or indulge in

aberrant relationships in adulthood (Smokowski & Kopasz 2005, Gökler 2009, Gür &

Küçük 2010, Vanderbilt & Augustyn 2010). The period of adolescence is one of the

most painful times in an individual's life. According to Erikson, this period is a time in

which the individual is required to attain emotional independence, develop social roles

appropriate to one's gender, form a system of values unique to the individual, as well


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as make decisions regarding the realization of the roles dictated by society. The

fundamental social elements in the individual's life in this period are peers, teachers

and the family (Senemoğlu 2004). The families of adolescent victims generally tend to

assume protective attitudes. Researchers report that families are the reason children

become victims of bullying in the first place, also asserting that they also act as a safe

haven for their children when they are bullied (Smokowski & Kopasz 2005, Beaty &

Alexeyev 2008, Kılıç 2009). School nurses play an important role in identifying and

preventing bullying (Gür & Küçük 2010). The school nurse is in a position to evaluate

both victim and bully, plan an appropriate intervention, and work together with the

family, teachers and the school administration. When they notice an incidence of

bullying, school nurses can report this to the school principal and teachers and inform

the families of the students involved (Muscari 2003, Selekman & Praefer 2006, Arslan

& Savaşer 2009, Karataş & Öztürk, http://school-nursing.org/bullyindex.html, date

accessed: May 3, 2009). School nurses may be able to create a safe environment for

taking action that is suitable to students, families, and themselves (Selekman &

Preager 2006, Gür & Küçük 2010). When bullying incidents take place at school, the

school nurse can take part in the wider team that will be providing the family with

support, ensuring that this support is given to both families and students (Karstadt &

Woods 1999). The school nurse needs certain information in order to be in a position

to generate solutions in the problem of bullying. This study was conducted to explore

the relationship of adolescents with their parents and whether this relationship has an

effect on becoming a victim to bullying.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The research was carried out in 2011 with pupils, ages 11-14, in the second tier of two

primary schools operating under the Istanbul Provincial National Education

Directorate. In choosing the schools, Istanbul was divided into its Anatolian and

European banks and a school was selected randomly from each side of the city. The

population of the study and study sample comprises all of the students in the chosen

schools (583 students). The research was explained to the students and their families,

after which 367 students, with their parents' written permission, consented to

participate in the study. Five questions were asked to determine the students'

sociodemographic status, such as their age, gender, class, and the characteristics of

their parents, and after the act of bullying was explained to them, they were asked

another question about whether they had ever been bullied in the last six months. The

Parents-Adolescent Relationship Scale was used to determine the students'

relationship with their parents.

Parents-Adolescent Relationship Scale

The Parents-Adolescent Relationship Scale was developed by Kaner (2000) on the

basis of the control theory in order to determine whether parents had an impact on an

adolescent's tendency to exhibit deviant behavior. The scale is a Likert-type

instrument containing 5 responses. The items in the scale are scored according to the


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responses of \"Always\" (5 points), \"Frequently\" (4 points), \"Sometimes\" (3 points),

\"Rarely\" (2 points), and \"Never\" (1 point). The Mother's Relationship Scale has 30

items while the Father's Relationship Scale comprises 37 items. The higher scores on

the scale indicate that the mother or father have a high level of control over their child

and that there is a strong relationship between parent and child. As the scores on the

scale fall, this is an indication of the parent's lesser control over the child and a

weakening relationship between parents and child. The Mother's Relationship Sub-

scale and the Father's Relationship Sub-scale can be scored separately or be calculated

within the total score as two sub-dimensions--Mother's Relationship and Father's

Relationship (Kaner 2000). The construct validity of the two sub-scales of the parent-

adolescent relationship scale was tested by Kaner (2000) using principal components

analysis. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient for the Mother's Relationship Scale was

found to be 0.92, the Split-half Coefficient for the entire test was 0.83. The Cronbach

Alpha coefficient for the Father's Relationship Scale was found to be 0.93, the Split-

half Coefficient for the entire test was 0.82 (Kaner 2000). The Cronbach alpha

coefficient for the entire mother's relationship test administered in the study was 0.95,

the Cronbach alpha coefficient for the entire father's relationship test was 0.96. The

data were evaluated using the SPSS 15.0 program and the one-way ANOVA was used

as a statistical test; p<0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Of the students, it was seen that 38.4% were in the 7th grade, 35.4% were in 6th and

26.2% were in 8th grade; 54.2% were girls and 45.8% were boys. Among the students'

mothers, 38.7% were primary school graduates whereas 31.1% of the fathers were

high school graduates. In terms of who the students lived with, it was observed that

88.2% of the students lived together with their mothers and fathers. Based on the

students' self-reporting, it was found that 28.9% had been exposed to peer bullying.

The highest score the students received from the mother's relationship test was 150;

the lowest score was 30, and =141,476 20,261. The highest score the students

received from the father's relationship test was 185; the lowest score was 37, and

=153072 30,019. It was determined that there was no significant correlation between

the gender of the adolescents and their relationship with their mothers and fathers or

between their relationship with their fathers and their fathers' level of education

(p>0.05). There was however a correlation seen between the mother's level of

education and the relationship with the mother (p<0.05). The mother's relationship

total mean score in the case of the students who had not experienced peer bullying was

142.8; this score for students who had experienced peer bullying was 133.8. The

father's relationship total mean score in the case of the students who had not

experienced peer bullying was 155.9; this score for students who had experienced peer

bullying was 144.8. As the score of the adolescents on the mother's and father's scales

increased, their victimization status dropped and this was seen to be statistically

significant (p<0.05).


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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The reports of the adolescent students about their perception of their relationship with

their mothers and fathers and their experience with bullying indicated that more than

one-fourth had been exposed to peer bullying. It was found that as the students'

relationship with their mothers and fathers got poorer, their victimization status

increased. The recommendation in the light of these findings might be that school

nurses provide families with information about peer bullying and how to approach

adolescent children, and that more research be carried out to investigate other factors

that may increase the risk of victimization in the face of peer bullying.

REFERENCES Beaty LA, Alexeyev EB. (2008). The problem of school bullies: What the research tells us,

Adolescence,43 (169).

Ditzhazy HER, Burton EM. (2003). Bullying: a perennial school problem, The delta Kappa

Gamma Bulletin, 43-62.

Gökler R. (2009). Okullarda akran zorbalığı [Peer bullying in schools]. Uluslararası İnsan

Bilimleri [International Human Sciences], 6(2), ISSN:1303-5134, 511-537.

Gür K, Küçük L. (2010). Ruh sağlığı sorunu: okullarda zorbalık [Bullying in the schools: a

mental health problem], Sted Dergisi, 19(2): 85-89.

Kaner S. (2002). Akran ilişkileri ölçeği ve akran sapması ölçeği geliştirme çalışması [The peer

relationship scale and a study to develop a peer deviation scale], Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim

Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi [Ankara University Educational Sciences Department Journal],

33(1-2):67-75.

Karstadt L, Woods S. (1999). The school bullying problem, Nursing Standard, 14(11): 32-35.

Kılıç N. (2009). İlköğretim 6, 7, 8. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Zorbalık Düzeylerinin Yordanması

(Konya İli Cihanbeyli İlçesi İlçe Merkez Örneği)[Estimations about Bullying Levels in 6th, 7th,

8th grade primary school students (The Konya Province, Cihanbeyli District Center Sample)],

G.Ü. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi [Gazi University Educational Sciences

Institute, Master's Thesis], Ankara, (Advisor: Prof. Dr. U Akkutay).

Muscari EM (2003). What Can I Do to Help a Child Who is Being Bullied.

http://schoolnursing.org/bullypages/overview.html.

Selekman, J, Praeger S. (2006). Violence in Schools. In: Selekman, J., editor. School nursing: A

comprehensive text. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, p.919-942.

Senemoğlu N. (2004). Gelişim Öğrenme ve Öğretim Kuramdan Uygulamaya, 9. Baskı, Gazi

Kitabevi Ankara [Development, Learning and Teaching: From Theory to Practice, 9th Printing,

Gazi Press Ankara], s.216-237.

Smokowski PR, Kopasz KH. (2005). Bullying in School: An Overview of Types, Effects,

Family Characteristics, and Intervention Strategies, Children & Schools 27 (2):101-110.

Vanderbilt D, Augustyn M. (2010). The Effects Of Bullying, Pediatric And Child Health,

Symposium Special Needs, Elsevier Ltd., 20(7).


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Chronobiology: New Aspects of Old Problems

Alexandre Tavartkiladze, Nona KUBLASHVILI and George Bakradze


At an early stage of tumor investigation (research), it was considered that during the

carcinogenesis, intracellular regulating mechanisms were infringed. As a result, the

day-night periodicity of mitotic activity, characteristic for normal cell, disappears.

Therefore, malignant growth was considered to be an autonomous process. However,

the newest data made it obvious that during the malignant growth, tumor cells don’t

entirely come out of the control of the neural-humoral regulation of the organism. This

is proved by the existence (presence) of the circadian rhythm of the mitotic activity of

malignizated cells. Experimental Oncology distinguishes three groups of tumors:

spontaneous, induced and transplanted (transfused). In absolute majority of

transplanted tumors, day-night rhythm of one-peak mitosis is precisely expressed, that

is not found in spontaneous and induced tumors. In all those cases, when it is possible

to fix (notice) sharply expressed above rhythm in spontaneous and induced tumors, the

latter is two-peak and also one maximum of mitotic activity coincides with the

morning and the day periods(10-12 a.m.), and the second---with the evening-night

hours(02-06p.m.) We can see that the first peak is matched with the peak of mitotic

activity of the normal cells and the second peak takes place in the time period when

the majority of cells of the organism are in the phase of minimal indexes(figures) of

proliferation. During the day-night (24h), the two peak rhythm of divisible cell mitosis

has been found in Erlich’s implanted Ascit cells, where peaks are achieved at 06-12

o’clock and 04-12 o’clock. However, we shouldn’t forget that essential heterogeneity

is characteristic for Ascit tumors. There is an opinion about the origin of the two-peak

rhythm of the mitosis of tumors, according to which malignizated tumors are divided

in one period of the day-night according to the old memory. But in the second period,

it is wrongly involved in mitosis. The latter is the result of intracellular mechanisms,

changed (altered) during the Carcinogenesis. For example, in case of Rat Ovary Ascit

tumor, on the fourth day, the mono-phase rhythm of mitosis was seen (the maximum

is achieved at 22 o’clock). After the 9th day, at 12 o’clock, additional peak appears

and the rhythm becomes two-phase. It is proved that at the initial stage of

carcinogenesis, in normal hepatocytes, the rhythm of DNA synthesis is one-phase and

the maximum is achieved at 16.00. However, at the stage of local proliferation at 4

o’clock, the second maximum appears, which is maintained (kept) in Primary

Hepatoma i.e. in the latter, the rhythm of DNA synthesis gets two-peaked, where the

first peak is at 16.00 and the second--- at 4.00. Hence from the above, we can suppose

that the carcinogenesis doesn’t cause disappearance of intracellular rhythm, but it

changes its character (nature). Almost in all solid tumors, circadian rhythm of mitosis

is close to the norm i. e. the maximum of mitosis is noticed (happens) in the morning

and the daytime, but the minimum--- in the evening-night period. The above can be


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explained by the fact that the numerous endogenous and exogenous synchronizers

affect the cells, organs and entire organism. The latter makes the cells to proliferate

according to the normal rhythm. It is really possible that at an early age of

carcinogenesis, the normal rhythm of mitosis can be infringed (two-phase and inverse

rhythm appears). But because of long presence in the organism, synchronization with

the normal periodicity, i. e. restoration of the normal rhythm is possible. In difference

with the solid tumors, mitotic rhythm is inverse in Ascits because the Ascitic tumors

have weak link with the organism (e.g. Erlix Tumors). Proliferation of humor cells as

well as normal cell mitosis is influenced by the factors, such as: photoperiodicity,

radiation, hormones. For example, the rhythm of division of Carcinoma cells,

transplanted in conditions of constant darkness, becomes equal (the same), but

according to the photoperiodicity, the mitotic rhythm of tumor cells mitosis changes in

an appropriate way. Thus, the photo regime stipulates the rhythm of proliferative

processes of tissues. This is explained by the physiologic originality of Epyphisis (i.e.

upper appendix of the brain). Hence from the above, there is a circadian organization

of physiological regeneration and blastomatotic growth that indicates the need of

considering the chronological aspects in treatment of certain diseases. Tumor

processing by the Kolkhicin method showed that most tumors grow only in the

morning and day hours. At this time, the malignized cell goes from G-2 phase directly

to the mitosis, but at night the tumor almost doesn’t grow. Thus, the tumor growing

starts from G2 phase and that is why, the maximum therapeutic effect of cytostatic

medications on (over) the cells in given phase, is expectable. For example, one group

of mice (20animals) during 4days, at 5 o’clock were injected by Cyclophosphan(daily

50mg(kg), the second group at 17.00 and the third group was for control. The tested

objects had the gastric Carcinoma, weight—4.2g. After evening injections, the tumor

weight became 3.6g, but after morning injections-- 3.1g. After Cyclophosphan

injection at 5, the quality of tumor growth rejection came to 26.2 per cent that is twice

more than the result of evening injection (13.9%). In not so early past, it was

considered that the intensity of malignized cell proliferation was much more than the

level of cell regeneration of normal tissue. In order to prove this, the high index of

mitosis was used in biopsy material (substance). For example, mitotic activity of

epithelial tumor cells of cervix was 40 times more than the norm. In the recent years,

credibility of the existing opinion became suspicious. It was found that mitotic activity

is nothing, but the characteristic feature of the length of mitosis i.e. the speed of

mitosis conditions the quality of mitotic activity. Because of this, in those hours of the

day-night, when mitosis lasts for a long time, there is an abundance of mitotic

elements on preparation (medication) are respectively less. In case of usual-standard

calculation (assessment) of mitosis in Gastric Carcinoma, the mitotic activity came to

10.4% that is twice more than the intensity of normal cell proliferation (0.5%).

However, after blocking of the mitosis by Kolkhamini, the result was absolutely

different. The day-night index of mitosis in carcinoma came to 14,0%, that is 6.2%


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less than the mitotic index of normal gastric cells (20.2). It is interesting to note that

during the day-night, in carcinoma, 83.8% of mitosis are suppressed by Kolkhamin,

but in stomach—121.1%. Thus the level of cell proliferation in Gastric Epithelium is

higher than in the transplanted Carcinoma of the stomach. Thus the abundance of

mitotic figures in biopsy material (substance) of carcinoma is conditioned not by

increasing the intensity of mitosis, but by increasing the time of tumor cell mitosis. It

is established that the length of normal gastric epithelial mitosis comes to 1.1 hours,

while in gastric carcinoma it lasts for 3 hours i.e. it is three times more. It is worth to

point out that in different times of day-night changes (alterations) in mitotic length in

tumor don’t disfigure the quality of circadian rhythm of the mitotic activity. For a

particular period, while calculating the mitosis, more mitotic figures are fixed in tumor

tissue than in normal tissue. That is not true. For example, during usual calculation

(assessment) at 18-22 o’clock in Carcinoma, 10.8% i. e. 5 times more mitosis were

fixed than in normal stomach(2.2%). In fact, in both tissues, the number (quantity) of

divisible cells was similar (equal) (10.0% and 10.4% respectively). In spite of this, G.

Mustafin proved that on the background of normal mitotic length, the mitotic activity

was 2.5 times more than the mitotic index of normal hepatocytes. We suppose that the

equality of the levels of cell proliferation in normal and tumor tissues essentially

depend on the kind (sort) of the Blastoma, on the stage of its growth and development.

In addition, it turned out that the quality of synchronization of starting mitosis in the

stomach cells is much higher than in Carcinoma. For example, at 02-06 o’clock,

during the period of maximum mitotic activity, 4 times more mitotic activity takes

place in stomach than at 18-22 o’clock or in the period of minimal mitotic activity.

But in carcinoma, the indexes of maximum mitotic activity (18-6%) are not even

twice more than minimum (10.0%). Thus, in difference with the normal tissue, there is

the change (alteration) of not only day-night level of cell proliferation, but also the

change of the quality of synchronization. That is why it makes no sense to inject

Kolchamin at night and morning, especially at 02.00 o’clock. In such case, 40.2% of

mitosis is suppressed, while in carcinoma cell, only 12.4% is suppressed. The

Kolkhamin injection is effective (successful) at 14.00 o’clock, when cytostatic effect

for tumor is rather high (18.6) than for normal tissue (12.0%). During the treatment, it

is essential not only to choose the medication properly, but also its dose. It was

discovered, that the sublethal dose of the same drug, for example, Cyclophosphan

(250mg/kg) in normal tissue (intestine, tongue, liver) suppresses the DNA synthesis,

but in Erlix Ascit Tumor, in addition, suppresses cell transition into S-phase. A high

dose of Cyclophosphan (120-125mg/kg) in intestinal epithelium and Erlich tumor,

suppresses the DNA synthesis, but doesn’t affect the process of transition into S-phase

of the cells. 80-100mg/kg doesn’t importantly change the DNA synthesis in intestines,

but it suppresses this process in Erlich tumor. The medium and small doses, like the

above tumor, also affect the pre-mitotic phase of the cell cycle. According to the

Berezkin data, 50mg/kg of this medication suppresses the proliferative activity of the


17

Gastric Carcinoma while it doesn’t affect the cell proliferation of Cornea epithelium.

In the given case, using the medium dose of Cyclophosphan, the tumor selective

opposite effect was achieved. The third way of realization of chronobiological

approaches is, that the medication must be administered, when the toxic influence

(damage) on organism is the least expressed. The numerous experiments made it

obvious that in different parts of day-night the same dose of Cyclophosphan shows

different effect.

The time of injection: The length of life time of the tested objects:

12h. 30min.

18h. 3h.

24h. 4h and 30min.

0.6h. 6h.

As we see, C3HA line mice show maximum resistance at 06 o’clock and minimum at

12-18 o’clock. The optimal time of Cyclophosphan injection (when its toxic features

are minimally expressed) is in the morning hours. Thus, the modern chrono-

oncological data made it obvious that the mitotic activity of malignized cells doesn’t

completely come out of neural-humoural control, but has precisely expressed day-

night periodicity. The circadian organization of physiological regeneration and

blastomatotic growth indicates that the intensity of tissue proliferational processes is

quite closely linked with such environmental factors as photo regime, induction vector

of geo- and helio-magnetic field. Among the above factors, the best studied factor is

the role of light and darkness duration and their replacement in the process of cell

proliferation. As we know, at night (in darkness) the tumor doesn’t grow in fact.

Increasing of the mitotic activity is observed only at day-time (light). The molecular

mechanism of this phenomenon has not been clearly explained yet. However, it is

established that the duration of illumination (lighting) is very important in regulation

of organism resistancy where the central role of pacemaker belongs to the upper

appendix of the brain—Epiphysis. The latter gets active in darkness and expresses

(produces) biologically active substances (Melatonin, Arginin, Vazotocin) that

produce the concentration of particular mitogenic factors, activates (stimulates) the

functional activity of immune system and etc. Hence from the above, we can conclude

that in the process of therapy of oncological patients, we must inevitably take into

consideration the factor of photoperiodicity and strictly follow the Chronobiological

principles.


18

STUDY OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF PHARMACOLOGICAL

AGENT “BIOGEN”, UNDER CONDITIONS OF DURABLE INFLUENCE OF

PARACETAMOL ON ORGANISM IN THE EXPERIMENT

Alexandre Tavartkiladze and Teimuraz Sordia


BIOGEN is natural substance based food supplement. The basic component of

BIOGEN are: Melatonin, EGCG, Lycopene and Specific Georgian Endemic Plants

Extracts. We used the experimental model developed by us for determination of

hepatoprotective activity of BIOGEN that means the durable influence of hepatotoxic

agent – Paracetamol on organisms of white mice. We used 30 laboratorial white male

mice (non-pedigree) for the experiment. We divided this number of animals into two

groups. We made the daily injections of Paracetamol to the I group animals (N=15)

(dose 28,5 mg/kg per day, we selected this dose from average therapeutic dose, by

calculating over the mouse body weight), we made the daily injections of Paracetamol

to the II group animals (N=15) as well and in parallel gave them the pharmacological

agent BIOGEN every day (dose 0,5 mg/kg per day, we selected this dose from

average therapeutic dose, by calculating over the mouse body weight). We conducted

the experiment within the period of 45 days. After expiration of this period the

animals from I group started to dye (1 mouse died), that is why we slaughtered the

animals and morphologically studied the hepatic tissue of the survived mice by the

method of Hematoxylin-eosin and Vangison. After the experiment, by the

morphological study of hepatic tissue of I group animals, the severe changes of

organism was observed in parenchyma as well as in stroma: portal and interlobar

stroma is infiltrated by lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, eosinophilic and

basophilic leucocytes. Essential growth of reticulo-endotheliocytes is expressed.

Necrosis areas of hepatocytes are shown in several areas. Also there are multinuclear

hepatocytes, figures of mitosis (image #1, 2). Hepatic tissue in 80% of II group

animals (12 mice) is practically intact (P<0.01 in relation to the control group),

particle structure is maintained. Plethora of central and sinusoid veins is shown (image

#3). Hepatic picture was moderately expressed via histological study of liver in the

rest 20% of II group animals (3 mice). We can form the results of the above study as

follows: Durable administration of BIOGEN with a daily dose of 0.5 mg/kg reveals

the strong hepatoprotective activity. Under conditions of single or durable treatment of

hepatotoxic drugs, we recommend the administration of BIOGEN with above dose

(0.5 mg/kg) simultaneously.


19

Ultrasound Computer Tomography in Diffraction Mode

Tejaswi Thotakura and Chris Joslin

Carleton University, Ottawa

Ultrasound computer tomography aims at safe and fast high resolution imaging. One

can imagine Ultrasound computer tomography (USCT) as an imaging procedure

where X-rays in a CT scanner are replaced by Ultrasound waves, but unlike

imagination the X-ray imaging principle cannot be directly applied because ultrasound

does not travel in a simple straight line alone. It undergoes diffraction due to relatively

large wavelengths associated with typical ultrasound sources. USCT in diffraction

mode tomography uses an alternate approach known as inverse scattering problem for

reconstructing the parameters of interest. In this paper, the wave equation is

theoretically and numerically solved considering wave as a function of compressibility

and velocity. The received field found by solving wave equation was simulated. These

experimental results indicate that derived method can yield images with higher image

resolution in a strong scattering field.

Big Data Characteristics Peter Geczy

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan

Explosion of digital data and its diversity over the past few decades has attracted

significant attention. Complex systems and devices are capable of generating vast

amounts of serviceable data. The data reflects various operational aspects such as

functionality of systems, interactivity of humans with digital devices and

environments, and responsivity to internal and external stimuli from sensors. Big,

diverse and rapidly produced data presents various novel challenges, but also

opportunities. Big data allows us to tackle longstanding complex problems. It also

provides opportunities to explore new scientific domains that have only recently

emerged―thanks to availability of data. However, big data also highlights novel

challenges ranging from acquisition and technological issues, throughout processing

and maintenance, to business and social consequences. Big data trend, despite strongly

emerging in several domains, has been lacking appropriate elucidation. We attempt to

explore pertinent interdisciplinary characteristics of big data at the intersections of its

technological and operational enablers.


20

Transferrin-grafted catanionic solid lipid nanoparticles for targeting delivery of

saquinavir to the brain”

Li-Jung Wang and Yung-Chih Kuo

National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan

Saquinavir (SQV)-loaded catanionic solid lipid nanoparticles (CASLNs) were grafted

with surface transferrin (Tf) (Tf/SQV-CASLNs) for targeting the blood–brain barrier

(BBB). Tf/SQV-CASLNs were cultured with human brain-microvascular endothelial

cells (HBMECs)to demonstrate the particulate uptake via Tf receptors for the BBB

transport. The results revealed that an increase in the concentration of catanionic

surfactants from 1 mM to 2 mM enlarged the average diameter of Tf/SQV-CASLNs

from 150 nm to 500 nm. An increasing weight percentage of Compritol 888 ATO

(CA) in lipids enhanced the viability of HBMECs.However, an increasing

concentration of catanionic surfactants reduced the viability. The order of the CA

weight percentage in the permeability of SQV using Tf/SQV-CASLNs to cross the

BBB is 33% > 100% > 0%. In addition, an increase in the concentration of Tf on

Tf/SQV-CASLNs enhanced the BBB permeability of SQV. Tf/SQV-CASLNs

fabricated with 33% (w/w) CA in the lipid phase, catanionic surfactants of 1 mM, and

Tf of 30 μg/mL can be efficient colloidal carriers for delivering SQV into the brain.

Computer Simulation of Laser Radioisotope Separation System

Mohamed El-Ashkar

Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt

The work with the method of atomic vapor laser isotope separation needs to know the

accurate energy levels of the element to be separated and its isotopic shifts also need

to make calculations depend on physical constants of the isotopes to know the

possibility of separation of its isotopes by using laser pulses with specific shape and

wavelength. This present study is based on the theoretical equations to legalize the

process of isotope separation of Uranium-235 from Uranium metal by using the

method of atomic vapor laser isotope separation to be valid to use as a fuel in nuclear

power plants for generating electricity.


21

Application of the EPR method for the study of the impurities in the powders

used in ceramic cores and forms in the aerospace industry

Ireneusz Stefaniuk

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Poland

In this work the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of Al2O3 powders

were measured for different size of grains (0.074, 0.044 mm) as well as for the

mullites (0.07 and 0.12 mm) and ZrO2 powders (0.149, 0.044 mm). We have used

multifrequency EPR spectroscopy at X-band and Q-band, The measurements were

performed at room temperature and in the temperature range from 140 K up to 380 K.

The motivation for this study comes from the need to solve the problem of fractures of

shape and ceramic cores. The purpose of this study is demonstrate the applicability of

EPR methods for the assessment of impurities of Cr and Fe ions in the materials used

as ceramic cores and forms in the aviation industry. The analysis of EPR spectra were

obtained and the characteristic lines were selected to rating the level of impurities.

Euro crash risk during the Sovereign Debt Crisis

Thorsten Lehnert

Luxembourg School of Finance, Luxembourg

In this paper, we investigate crucial events during the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

period and their impact on the Euro. In particular, we analyse how country specific

announcements related to vulnerable Eurozone member states, ECB actions and credit

rating downgrades affect the value and the crash risk of the Euro. We proxy the value

changes of the Euro by its abnormal foreign exchange rate returns with respect to 35

currencies. The crash risk of the Euro is proxied by the conditional skewness of the

foreign exchange rate return distribution with respect to the same currencies. We find

that ECB actions result in a Euro depreciation on the day of the announcement, but the

effect is corrected on the day after. Our analysis also shows that credit rating

downgrades tend to lead to a depreciation of the Euro and increase the Euro crash

risk. Interestingly, we find that specific announcements about Greece do not

remarkably affect the exchange rate directly, however, it does have an overall

significant effect on the Euro crash risk. Positive news concerning Greece seems to

reduce the crash risk, while negative news increases the Euro crash risk.


22

Measuring job competencies of college students

Daisuku Osato

Fukuoka Jo Gakuin Univ, Japan

Screening the new college graduates to the entry posts is an annual popular event for

the majority of Japanese organizations. Because new graduates are capable and less

costly as the labor force, organizations are active to acquire top level candidates.

Employment interviews are used most heavily in screening processes. However,

consulting companies provide services for measuring competencies as the

supplementary information to the organizations that want to capitalize individual

competencies of job applicants who don’t have prior work experience. This study

developed a set of scales that describe seven competencies: motivation, emotional

control, leadership, communication, teamwork, responsibility, and creativity. The

purpose of this study is to examine the validity of this seven-component competency

measure that adopted forced-choice techniques to prevent social desirability biases

particularly problematic when screening entry-level job applicants. Data were

collected from 10,787 undergraduate and graduate students in Japanese colleges and

universities. The external validities were confirmed by high correlations between

seven competencies and outside criteria (r=.44-.75). The covariance structure models

showed high construct validities for the seven scales (GFI=.961-.989). Practical

implications for using these scales as the screening procedure for new graduates will

be discussed.

Measuring job competencies of college students: A development of forced-choice

scales for selecting entry-level job applicants in Japan

Kiyoshi, Takahashi: Daisuke, Osato: Norihiko, Ogawa:

Kobe Univ., Japan: Fukuoka Jo-Gakuin Univ., Japan: Hosei Univ., Japan

Screening the new college graduates to the entry posts is an annual popular event for

the majority of Japanese organizations. Because new graduates are capable and less

costly as the labor force, organizations are active to acquire top level candidates.

Employment interviews are used most heavily in screening processes. However,

consulting companies provide services for measuring competencies as the

supplementary information to the organizations that want to capitalize individual

competencies of job applicants who don’t have prior work experience. This study

developed a set of scales that describe seven competencies: motivation, emotional

control, leadership, communication, teamwork, responsibility, and creativity. The

purpose of this study is to examine the validity of this seven-component competency

measure that adopted forced-choice techniques to prevent social desirability biases

particularly problematic when screening entry-level job applicants. Data were

collected from 10,787 undergraduate and graduate students in Japanese colleges and


23

universities. The external validities were confirmed by high correlations between

seven competencies and outside criteria (r=.44-.75). The covariance structure models

showed high construct validities for the seven scales (GFI=.961-.989). Practical

implications for using these scales as the screening procedure for new graduates will

be discussed.

From Web Series to Movies: The Success of Crowdfunding Benjamin Rausch

Université libre de Bruxelles

Crowdfunding becomes a very popular way to pass from a web series format to a

more traditional one: a movie. The success of this funding concept is quite impressive

as in some cases it exceeds all the expectations of the producers. In this paper, I

propose an explanation based on the construction of a community that is unsatisfied

with the current television shows and that rewards the producer of an original web

series. We will briefly illustrate our point by the way of two examples of very

successful crowdfundings: the Angry Video Game Nerd and Noob.

Impact of organisational size on the relationship between National Culture and

Organisational Culture:Case of Medium and Large size organisations in Iran Alireza, Nazarian

University of West London, UK

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between National Culture

(NC) and the Organisational Culture (OC) in the medium and large size organisations

in Iran. Survey methodology was used to investigate the national culture and

organisational culture of several medium and large size organisations in Iran.

Questionnaires were either posted or personally administered to the organisations

agreed to particpate. 350 questionnaires returned out of 1000. In order to test national

culture, Hofstede’s national culture dimensions adopted but measured by Dorfman and

Howell’s (1988) scale. Dorfman and Howell (1988) scales is based on Hofstede’ work

but developed for individual level measure. Furthermore, in order to measure

Organisational Culture this study adopted Organisational Culture Assessment

Instrument (OCAI) which is based on Competing value Framework developed by

Cameron and Quinn (2011). The results show that although some national culture

dimensions show no significant relationship with organisational culture types, national

culture play an important role on implementing or adopting organisational culture.

Furthermore, the correlations provided some additional support of the association

between these two constructs. Also the secondary aim of this paper was to investigate

the impact of company size on the relationship between Culture and Organizational


24

Culture. The results show that organisational size plays an important moderating role

in this relationship.

The effectiveness of training program for organizational creativity

Kunio Ikari, Kiyoshi Takahashi

Kobe University, Japan

Organizational creativity is a necessary requirement for improving effectiveness of

private corporations. Today’s organizations spend a lot of resources to train

employee’s creative abilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the

effectiveness of organizational creativity training program named as the Innovation

and Creativity Engine (ICE). This program trained ideation skills (divergent and

convergent thinking) in business settings by the multiple sessions: lecture, divergent

thinking workshop (brainstorming), convergent thinking workshop (video creation),

and presentation. Effects of the ICE program were examined by the comparison

between two experimental groups (23 and 16 business persons) and a control group

(23 business persons). Participants completed individual ideation and group ideation

tests before and after the ICE program. Results of pretests and posttests were assessed

by three raters against two criteria: quality of ideas ( = .79) and originality of ideas

( = .73). Using 3 x 2 x 2 (treatment by sex by age) analyses of covariance, the ICE

program was found to be effective to improve individual ideation skills. However,

mixed results were found in collective ideation skills. Implications are discussed.

The Effects of South Korean Market Liberalization on the South Korean Retail

Market

Eun Jin Hwang, Marjorie J.T. Norton

Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA; Virigina Tech, USA

South Korea is a country that is poor in natural resources and capital and remains

behind many other nations in technological development; however, South Korea's

unique development strategy has led its economy to high growth over the last three

decades. During 1997, South Korea began to experience a serious financial crisis,

including bankruptcies of many of its conglomerates, a drastic depreciation in the

international exchange rate of the South Korean currency, and an increasing foreign

debt. Currently South Korea is struggling to compete with products from both

industrialized nations and newly industrializing nations. The current crisis has

occurred as South Korea has been engaged in extensive market-opening. Knowledge

is lacking about South Korea's intricate and rapidly changing political and economic

climate. The purpose of this research was to explore and clarify the interrelated factors

that have contributed to South Korea’s present economic problems, especially those

facing South Korea’s retailing industry. The qualitative methodology of \"grounded


25

theory\" was used in this study. Grounded theory is a general methodology for

developing theory that is grounded in data which are systematically gathered and

analyzed. Theory evolves during the research process through a continuous interplay

between analysis and data collection. This research attempted to discover the factors,

or themes, that have affected the South Korean economy and retailing industry. The

following factors were identified: (1) foreign direct investment; (2) the price-gap

between imported goods and domestic products; (3) South Korea’s trade deficit; (4)

perceived over-consumption of luxury items by South Korean consumers; and (5) the

chaebol, or South Korean large conglomerates. The economic factors that have led to

the current difficulties facing the South Korean retailing market are complicated and

interwoven. South Korean retailers will have to address these factors in the future, and

attempt to find solutions. It is hoped that the knowledge resulting from this will be of

benefit to South Korea's attempt to compete in a global marketplace.

Environmental Concern and Green Buying Behavior: Profiling the Turkish

Consumers

Ahu ERGEN and Filiz BOZKURT

Bahcesehir University and Dogus University, Turkey

The consumption of natural resources and environmental pollution is still one of the

most serious problems of the planet. Parallel to this, the number of people who are

worried about diminishing natural resources are increasing rapidly. The companies

need to take into consideration on how this concern affects the consumer behavior. In

this respect, knowing more about these consumers will give a chance for companies to

define their strategies accordingly. The aim of this study is to understand the

characteristics of the respondents regarding environmental concern and identify how

this concern affects green buying behavior. The study involves 377 Turkish

consumers, who are over the age of eighteen. Within this study, three distinct clusters

are found and they are labeled as “highly environmentally-concerned seniors”, “the

least environmentally-concerned youngsters” and “moderately environmentally-

concerned middle aged”. The study is significant because it offers insights for

marketers and academicians who are interested in green marketing.

Abrogation of Russian-American Trade Treaty of 1832 and the U.S. Press

Ekaterina Fedorova

Ph.D. School of International Relations, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia

.

In December 1911 the American Special Ambassador to Russia Curtis Guild informed

the Imperial Russia about the decision made by his Government to abrogate the

Russian-American Trade Treaty of 1832. That was the result of a large-scale

campaign that lasted for several months in the United States and was organized by a


26

group of prominent Jews. The main reason for it was so-called \"passport question\"

when Americans who wanted to come to Russia and were of Jewish faith were treated

according to the Сode of laws of the Russian Empire that regulated life and activities

of the Jews in the country. That was considered by the Jewish leaders to be a sort of

violation of the rights of the American citizens. Their position in that issue was very

firm and the local goal was to terminate all treaties that the United States had had by

that time with Russia. More globally they wanted to inspire European countries to do

the same so that to make Russian Government change its attitude to Jews in that

country. The campaign had two phases. The first one was marked by the attempts of

the Jewish leaders to persuade President Taft that to denounce the treaty was

necessary to defend the rights of American citizens. But when it became obvious that

the U.S. President was against that idea it was decided to make the campaign open for

public and to attract as much attention to it as possible. This article is based

exclusively on the materials published by one of the most influential and reputable

American newspapers - The New York Times. The main goal is therefore to analyze

the objectiveness of the publications that described the whole campaign for abrogation

- from the very beginning up to the U.S.-Russian attempts to negotiate the terms of a

new trade treaty.

The attributes of stakeholders regarding accounting for oil and gas upstream

activities in Libya Ibrahim Eldanfour

Libya

The stakeholders of the financial statements information of oil and gas operating

companies in Libya are different from developed countries such as the UK and the

US. For instance, investors in developed market economies are one of the significant

stakeholders of the financial statements information which help them in deciding how

to invest their money (Wright and Gallun, 2005). However, in Libya international oil

and gas companies (IOCs) and national oil and gas companies (NOCs) do not have

investors, because they are not listed in the Libyan Stock Market (LSM) (which was

established in 2006). This is because NOCs are owned by the government and IOCs

do not have shares in the LSE. Therefore, the difference in stakeholders due to the

deference in their attributes (power, legitimacy and urgency). The research has sought

to find out attributes of Libyan stakeholders regarding accounting for oil and gas

upstream activities in Libya. The attributes include: the power of stakeholders to

influence the accounting for oil and gas upstream activities in Libya, the legitimacy of

stakeholders’ relationship with the accounting for oil and gas upstream activities in

Libya and the urgency of stakeholders’ claim on the accounting for oil and gas


27

upstream activities in Libya. The results show that definitive and demanding

stakeholders are existing in Libya.

LIBYA AND FOREIGN INVESTMENTS

Salem Abdulla

Libya

At the beginning of the 21st century Libya declared its intention to liberalise its

economy and to integrate into the global economy in order to achieve comprehensive

development. This study investigates and explores the conditions of the Libyan

business environment in relation to foreign and joint companies, particularly in the

non-oil sectors. A questionnaire survey method was utilised to assemble the primary

data. This was conducted with the representatives of both foreign and joint companies

in order to establish their perceptions and opinions towards the Libyan business

environment across various dimensions. In addition, a structured interview method

was used with the Libyan senior officials to investigate the difficulties and challenges

facing the General People’s Committees and bodies in improving the business

environment. The questionnaire data were analysed using SPSS through descriptive

and analytical statistics by employing frequency, factor analysis, chi-square of

goodness of fit test and cross-tabulation tools, while interviews were analysed by

using coding technique through interpretative analysis. To substantiate the results, the

Porter model was utilised supported by a SWOT analysis with the objective of

gauging how competitive the Libyan business environment is for attracting foreign

direct investment. The study reveals that despite the numerous obstacles and

shortcomings associated with the Libyan business environment, the country’s

experiment for attracting FDI in the non-oil sectors can be described as successful. It

also shows that despite this success, many foreign and joint projects have been

cancelled as a result of difficulties associated with the Libyan business environment.

The study also revealed that there are many challenges facing Libyan policy

environment in order to reform the business environment in order to make it more

attractive for FDI.


28

VIEW FROM THE CROW’S NEST: The role of technoprenuers in crafting an

ethical business climate - with a special emphasis on nanotechnology

Kasthoory Rajalingam

University of Malaya, Malaysia

The term “technoprenuer” is relatively new and is positioning its prominence through

the linkages of science, engineering and management. It is a job description, which

has unfolded through the realization that the knowledge of entrepreneurship is

insufficient with the absence of a sound grounding of technological related substance.

The intersection between both knowledge platforms strikes a complementary link

between R&D and commercialization. In foresight, the task of executing

responsibilities through seeking mutually discretionary pathways that can ethically

support the requisites of both knowledge platforms has been implicitly understood as a

succeeding factor in strengthening R&D and commercialization. The cause for this

implicitness is because ethics within the role of a technopreneur has not been

reinforced within the university curriculum. The reason being is that the university

curriculum is more focused in generating marketable graduates instead of ethical

graduates due to the demanding needs of industry’s ambiguous standards. Currently,

the relationship between industry and academia is a one-way street whereby industry

is not reciprocating towards university supply, which has been engendered through

rigorous industrial demands. It is unwarranted to find that with all the university

reciprocation, hiring today, remains to be predominantly contact based rather than

merit based. The current calling for soft skills has placed a solid 3 to 4 year

undergraduate study in second place by industry. Even the years of academic training

received by highly qualified individuals, which doubles that of the 3 to 4 year

undergraduate study have been found to be over-qualified from the stances of

industry. The last decade has witnessed the core meaning of human capital being

subjugated by industry’s lack of ambiguous definitions. Hence, this paper presents an

authorial perspective as to how the role of a technoprenuer be able to construct an

ethical business climate. This paper makes a special emphasis on nanotechnology.

TAXONOMY OF OIL MARKET DEREGULATION: THEORETICAL ISSUES

Sabiu Sani Bariki

University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland UK

In this paper an analytic review of deregulation of the downstream sector of oil

industry, its types, forms and the debate of scholars on its advantages and

disadvantages are conducted. It also carried out detailed analyses of the arguments of

the scholars who are for and those that are against it. In this study countries of the

world are classified into four groups depending on their resources endowments and


29

refining capacity. For each group comprehensive analyses is given on how

deregulation of the oil market affects its economy. The result shows that deregulation

has positive effect on the economy of some countries and negative effect on some

others depending on whether the country is a net oil exporter or oil importer. It also

depends on whether the country has refining capacity or not.

Modern approach of social & power structure

Mohammad Mahmoudi

Tilak Maharashtra Vidapeeth-Pune-India

The world today is facing new opportunities and challenges that due to Progress

modern technologies are very different than previous century’s conditions. New

scientific achievements have changed the recent world on the most massive

transformation in the history. In light of ICT, sciences are expanding and evolving

such as ray and due to its, human societies and relations have changed also. Therefore

today the world need a dynamic and universal power system that, be able to manage

and steer the current and future’s challenges and opportunities. This Cornet pyramid

and hierarchy power system, is so uncompromising, soulless and becoming costly. It

is thousands of years this system has become the world, to unbalanced layers like

castes, classes…esc. And as is evident, this power system has divided, the world's

wealth and opportunities, unfair. This authoritarian pyramidal system cannot lead and

guide this Wide and mutation transformations. In this topic I will introduce a new

network power system with the parallel collections structure, instead the classical

pyramid system with the hierarchy layers. This power system is new approach that

will can change the society’s hierarchy structure to equiponderant and parallel

collections structure. Unlike existing pyramid power systems, it is an intelligent

network of social management that is able to rapid reaction and growth and

reconstructive itself. This is a solution for establish an intelligent and efficient social

institutions, it’s a new engineering of the power system with flexibility, react and

Response to day's transformations quickly. This approach has significant differences

with the current power systems like communism, capitalism, Kingdom… and even

with democracy.

Innovative methods for evaluating the performance and development of business

clusters

Rustam Bobojonov, Khodjaev Khabibullohon

Spain and Russia

In this article the authors propose an Innovative methods for evaluating the

performance and development of business clusters, taking into account economic

parameters of each component, which include all kinds of organization and production


30

Developed specific algorithms for the disclosure of the methodology of evaluating the

effectiveness of clusters, the main types of development in accordance with the

inventive concept, as well as calculation of Effective Operation and development of

enterprises created within the business clusters.

Thermodynamic vapor cycles for converting low-grade heat to power: A state-

of-the-art review and future research pathways

Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai, Torsten Fransson

Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Stockholm,

Sweden

As more importance is focused on sourcing sustainable energy and increasing energy

efficiency by industries, the amount of usage of low-grade heat will increase.

Renewable energy sources and vast amounts of industrial waste heat are potentially

promising emission free energy sources. However, the moderate temperature of these

sources demands implementing other thermodynamic heat to power cycles than the

conventional power cycle. Various thermodynamic cycles for converting low-grade

heat into power have been developed, in which the major ones are: zeotropic vapor

cycle, organic Rankine cycle, Trilateral Flash cycle, supercritical Rankine cycle.This

study serves the state-of-the-art review of thermodynamic vapor cycles for converting

the low-grade heat into electrical power and present recommendations for future

research and development to advance the conversion of heat to power.

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN

NIGERIA(1992-2011)

Nwaeze Chinweoke* and Okoroafor, Michael Onyedikachi** and Nwabekee,

Chidinma Elizabeth*

Abia State Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria* University of Calabar, Nigeria**

One of the activities of financial institutions(Banks) involves intermediating between

the surplus and the deficit sectors of the economy. In Nigeria, banks dominate the

financial sector and there is detailed information about Nigerian banking history but

little information is available on the activities of the financial industry and how they

affect the economy where they operate. Therefore, this study seeks to explore in the

light of past trends, the extent to which financial intermediation impacts on the

economic growth of Nigeria between the period of 1992-2011. The study adopted the

the ex-post facto research design. Time series data for the twenty years period 1992-

2011 were collated from secondary sources and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)

regression technique was used to estimate the hypotheses formulated in line with the

objectives of the study. Real Gross Domestic Product, proxy for economic growth was

adopted as the dependent variable while the independent variables included total bank


31

deposit and total bank credit. The emperical results of this study shows that both total

bank deposit and total bank credit exert a positive and significant impact on the

economic growth of Nigeria for the period 1992-2011. This paper therefore

recommends amongst others that banks should increase the interest paid to customers

on the diferent bank accounts they operate to encourage more patronage from them

and as well ensure that a major part of their credit is channelled to the productive

sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industry and power. KEYWORDS:

Financial Intermediation, Economic Growth, Bank Deposit, Bank Credit

International Investment Disputes And Its Institutional Remedies

Kushal Rohira & Yatharth Gupta

Christ University, India

Debt is “considered to be” one of the vital component of economic growth and

development. Sovereign investment, particularly by Sovereign Wealth Funds,

constitutes an increasingly important portion of foreign investment. In 2009,

Sovereign Wealth Funds invested US$22.9 billion in foreign direct investment, 15 per

cent more than in 2008. Investment treaties protect investments made by investors of

the contracting parties. Investments made by sovereign investors are clearly protected

under an investment treaty if the definitions expressly include the State, the State

entities and companies and their investments. However, many a times countries are

compelled to restructure their loans in case of the defaults. Thus, this paper tries to

analyze the issues and challenges in the realm of sovereign debt restructuring by

addressing various questions in this regard such as, what are the gaps existing in the

present sovereign debt restructuring mechanism? Whether the dispute relating to

sovereign debt restructuring would fall within the jurisdiction of the ICSID

(International Center for the settlement of investment dispute)? What are the dispute

settlement mechanisms adopted by World Trade Organization (WTO)? And lastly,

what is the way forward and solution in this regard.

The need of legal psychology in investigating violent crimes

Aleks Prifti

Ismail Qemali Vlora University , Albania

Legal psychology of crime is a scientific discipline less applicable in Albania. Legal

psychologists called as witnesses, experts, key diagnostic elements of investigating

criminal offenses and violent to express their opinion in relation to scientific

offenders, both in prison and when they are released, but called as descriptive of the

personnel evaluation system of justice. It is clear that these psychologists should have

a very good training in abnormal psychology or psychometric testing, and social

psychology. Moreover the criminal profile makers other cognitive personality of


32

individuals, should have additional knowledge in criminology. Paying attention,

specifically the special character and personality of the perpetrator of the crime, legal

psychologist offers a great help for judges, prosecutors, judicial police and lawyers.

Through the report that they develop, define in detail the criminal character traits that

make us understand more clearly how his mind works. Consequently it also affects the

development of a right trial.Given that work of legal psychologist and justice

complement each other, then necessarily, legal psychologist is necessary to intervene

more in the justice system.

Albania's integration challenges for strengthening of public administration in the

context of EU integration

Kasem Cenaj* and Myzafer Elezi**

European University of Tirana, Albania**


Albania's integration into EU structures is one of the biggest challenges for the

countries over the last 20 years. Albania's integration into the European Union is a

strategic objective of the stakeholders in programs of social policy in our country.

Achieving this goal means major development and economic progress of the country,

development of democracy and building an effective state according to the European

model. Albania is one of the few places where took root and grew communism, which

isolated the country for 50 years from the rest of the world, a world which walked

with quick steps with well-laid plans to recover from the devastation that brought war.

Other states are united to move forward and to restore their economies, while we

pursued the path of self-isolation by having only a few places. Public administration

has a crucial role in the European integration process of the country. Public

administration has duty to implement commitments undertaken the government as part

of this process.

Albanian legislation regarding violence against children

Neshet Ngucaj* and Myzafer Elezi**

Vlora Room of Advocacy, Albania*


In our society, violence against children is a very disturbing phenomenon. The source

of violence is different types. Experience is vital and socio-psychological studies show

that, especially boys, from childhood and adolescence, have been exposed to family

violence exercised directly on them, or to other family members. From the study of

the family background of young persons, who have committed offenses with a high

level of aggression against another's life, it turns out that most of them are adults

socialized in a family environment where violence is exercised, where, especially with


33

adult males, speak for models systematically perverted behavior, crimes of violence

against others, etc.. Physical and psychological violence is more frequent, more severe

and far larger than the violence in schools. From studies carried out in Albania shows

that 1 in 4 children are victims of severe forms of domestic violence and 1 in 3

children are victims of beating or striking at school. These facts clearly show that

violence against children in Albania is one of the most serious violations of children's

rights and it is contrary to Article 39 of the Convention for the Protection of the Rights

of the Child UN, which Albania is a party to since 1992, as well as Article 54 of the

Constitution.

Ways of obtaining citizenship in Albania

Stela Mecaj & Belinda Halilaj & Oljana Hoxhaj

Ismail Qemali Vlora University, Vlore ALbania

Citizenship shows the affiliation of the individual to the state. Citizenship is the

manifestation of sovereignty and identity of the country and represents the legal

relationship of the citizen to the state. It provides individuals and more protection of

civil and political rights. Citizenship is closely associated with democracy. In a

democracy every citizen is the holder of a share of political sovereignty. Every citizen

exercises his way citizenship, based on the laws and customs of the society to which it

belongs. During the twentieth century there was a growing awareness in the field of

protection of human rights within the framework of international agreements

awareness of states to solve the problems of statelessness, regulating the consequences

of this institute in terms of stay of a foreigner in territory of a state, their integration in

the territory of a foreign country, where they are placed. The goal of the paper is to

analyze the meaning of citizenship, how it gained and lost, what rights and duties are

included in it, how the concept of citizenship has evolved.

Women's rights in Albania according to national and international legislation

OLJANA HOXHAJ

ALBANIA, VLORA

In this paper, I am focused on some main issues that have a direct impact on the

exercise of women's rights in Albania and in their level of representation in decision-

making. I have treated the processes through which their rights have managed to

consolidate as a result of the evolution of legislation that protects and guarantees these

rights. Albanian women have been forced for a long time to fight for the recognition,

acceptance and consolidation of their position in society and for the recognition and

enforcement of their fundamental rights, a struggle that is not yet completed. Although

their situation has been improved in many areas, the mentality, cultural traditions,

social structures and prejudices, which are factors that still, hinder the full and


34

immediate implementation of political and social rights of women in Albania. Of

special interest is the treatment of the role that play the national and international

institutions and mechanisms they apply that our legislation to be improved and ensure

to women the exercise of the rights in different spheres. The foremost is the creation

of all legal opportunities that every woman to express its will freely, without being

influenced by other people or factors that constrain or abuse with her rights. In the

context of women's rights, the article 18 of our Constitution occupies a special place,

also known as anti-discrimination article. There are already a number of legal

documents with international, regional and national character that determine these

rights, also specifying the legal obligations of member states to respect with them in

their societies. Keywords: Women, legislation, right, constitution, international low.

The birth and development of the judiciary in Albania

Belinda Halilaj; Oljana Hoxhaj; Stela Mecaj

University of Vlora \"Ismail Qemali\" , Albania

With the evolution of social relations in our country, society and economic relations

suffered difference. This change led to the evolution of law necessity. Initially people

apply the rules of morality, and then reaching norms of customary laws nowadays.

Gradual development in the economy brought and performing a series of offenses, and

these illegal acts and omissions of appropriate instruments for demanding trial and to

give justice. Functioning in synchrony of judiciary would be the cornerstone of a

democratic state, and that he had fathered a better functioning organs indispensable

building as defined by the law and their separation of powers. Justice authorities have

often been part of the reform policies for a well-functioning thereof. Keywords:

canon, judicial power, the courts, law etc. ...

Role of questionnaire method in social geographical study- case study from

Albania

Engjellushe Zenelaj

Ismail Qemali Vlora University, Albania

The method of questionnaires is a practical method widely used in many discipline.

Therefore, to conduct the study, was chosen to focus not only on the simply

theoretical importance of method, but its concrete and practical training in the case

study. Significant changes, which are located in Albania, after 1990 reflected

everywhere in social and economic life of the country, where many areas and spaces,

once the over-populated, be under continuous pressure of migration, bringing so, the

loss of population, agricultural activities and livestock economy, but the depreciation

of natural resources and the villages, such is the case study chosen. The aim of the

study is that even to identify the role of questionnaires method in the social


35

geographical study for specific areas, and to evidence the practical definition in a

concrete area.

Features of the national education and its reflection in the press of time during

1912-1924 in Vlora region

Enkelejda Billa

Ismail Qemali Vlora University,Vlore, Albania

The issue of national education during the time of Independence was classified with

high importance; but being at the beginning of the First World War, in generally the

situation was not good and education had many problems. During this time the

education was organized over different bases, and it was needed to taken measures for

its unification. The Congress of Lushnja was taken in January 1920 and was a big

historic event for Albania and population. After the Congress there were created many

education council in every districts and region of the country. The goal of the paper is

the identification of the characteristics of the education in Vlora during 1912-1924.

The article has as objective the reflection of education in the press during this time.For

the realization of the paper has been used many methods that are really closed with the

research and literature review in articles and different document of the time. In general

we can say that education in Vlore region during 1912-1924 has a positive trend of

development.

Aspects of economic life in Albania on the first half of 19th century by travelers

and foreign authors of 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century

Elsajed Rexhaj

Ismail Qemali Vlora University, Vlore, Albania

The science of Albanology emerged in the 19th century, and with the passing of time

it would attract the attention of foreign authors and intellectuals of the time. Although

under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the unknown Albania began to come to light.

Travelers like Pouqueville, Ami Boue, Martin Leake, Ibrahim Manzur Efendi and

other authors of the time like Jean Claude Faverial recalled our country’s history

related to important life aspects, material – spiritual culture and other social –

economical, spiritual and cultural aspects. In the 19th century, for the first time

Albania is not seen only as part of the Ottoman Empire but also as an autonomous

region that had good capacities for the development of economical and commercial

relations; therefore, the travelers describe the economic situation and level of the

Albanian regions. The information on Albania and Albanians of the 19th century and

the early 20th century is provided by observations and impressions of foreign travelers

and authors who laid the groundwork of Albanology. Articles written by 19th century

and early 20th century authors on Albania and Albanians come as memories and


36

rarely as historical facts or documents. However, they provide sufficient information

to the perception of Albanians, and although containing subjectivity and inaccuracies,

when analyzed and compared with other authors’ testimonies, they supply us with

undeniable truths.

DECLARING A PERSON MISSING OR DEAD

Valbona Alikaj

University of Vlora, Albania

Person rights and freedoms and the exercise of this rights is guaranteed and realized as

long as the person is alive. The natural or the civil death is a sufficient legal cause that

lead to the interruption of their legal rights and legal relations. The legal relations and

the exercise of duties and rights are clear in the case of natural death which entails

their inheritance. The legal situation is not clear in the cases of the disappearance and

the presumption of death which brings legal uncertainty in the rights and the duties of

third parties. This paper aims to analyze the procedure according to the Albanian law

and through the comparison with foreign legislation to bring changes and their

common points. The civil legislation provide terms, entities and clear procedures for

the regulation of these situation and in order to ensure the duties and rights of third

parties. Keywords: procedure, declaring a person missing, declaring a person dead,

protection of the rights

THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN UNION ON IMMIGRATION DISCIPLINE IN

ALBANIA

Ervis Mocka


There are more than twenty years that EU countries are working to harmonize their

policies on immigration and asylum. Based on the European Pact on Immigration and

Asylum (2008), the EU should develop a policy on global and flexible immigration. It

should also strengthen dialogue and partnership with third countries, in particular

through further development of the global approach to the discipline of immigration,

which provides the conclusion, at the community level or bilateral agreements with

countries of origin and transit. Albania is currently a potential candidate country, after

signing the Stabilization and Association Agreement with the European Community.

This Agreement, besides the obligation for an approach with Community legislation,

provides in articles 80 and 81 a collaboration obligation for the parties in border

management, asylum, migration and visas. Inter alia the collaboration provides

technical and administrative assistance in drafting legislation. This paper analyzes the

evolution of the establishment of immigration policy in Albania. This paper, through

analyzing the evolution of the discipline of immigration in Albania, aims to highlight


37

the influence of EU legislation in the discipline of immigration, in the perspective of

Albania's EU integration. Key words: free movement of persons, migration in the EU,

Schengen agreement, no border area, migration in Albania

INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICARY

Arrjana Llano

Ismail Qemali Vlore Albania

There are many factors which influence the independence of the judiciary. In a

decision making process, judges, at any rate, must be able to act independently of any

direct or indirect restriction, improper influence, inducement, pressure, threatening or

obstacle. The law should provide explicit punishment measures against anyone who

tries to impose any of the above means upon the judges. Any judge should possess the

inviolable freedom of judging impartially, by his/her consciousness and interpretation,

and pursuant to law. However, this is often impossible for judges are frequently put

under various pressures that should be avoided. I have employed theoretical and

practical methods for the purposes of this article. In conclusion, the research results

have shown a heavy infringement of the independence of the judiciary in our country.

There is a quite frequent tendency to influence the judges’ decisions. Common

violations of law and judicial independence, to a large extent, remain unnoticed and

unpunished. A considerable number of judges think that such tendencies have no

significant influence on the management of justice. Key words: independence,

judiciary, law, justice

The implementation of cloisonne method to byzantine church architecture in

Albania. ( XII – XIII centuries )

Arbela Kisi

Vlora University \"Ismail Qemali\", Albania

Study of byzantine church architecture in Albania, during the Middle Ages, represents

important to highlight the construction traditions of our country. Their scope not only

in important centers, or near them, but also in other areas, pay attention to objects of

worship and their continuity. Comparison of these churches with contemporary

architecture of neighboring countries, not talking to her backwardness provinces

byzantine architecture, but about them and about the masters and their ateliers. At the

same time, creative impulses coming from Constantinople, in some cases, were

intertwined with those of the West, found a cultural terrain, a vibrant construction

activity that made possible the creation of works which differ for particular elements

or whole from other types of provinces. A proof of this construction activity are

Mesopotami church and Labova of Cross church, with individual solutions required,

the first of which remains unique in all the byzantine architecture. But as an initiator,


38

cloisonne method in Albania, held in the church of St. Mary Kosinė (Përmet).

Construction techniques and decorative methods of this church date back to the

twelfth century. Using cloisonne method in architecture during this period indicates its

recognition by the builders, but understood that it is not made a common way to build

walls. Over time, because of the economic opportunities and aesthetic requirements, it

was possible that the cloisonne method was always more present in Albanian

byzantine church architecture. On the walls of these churches were used antique and

medieval reliefs, combined bricks, to be uplifted and completed carving décor to

achieve the required size. The values mentioned above, help us to a better

understanding of the byzantine cult constructions and for their artistic level.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONTRACT

AND THE GOOD FAITH

ERGYSA IKONOMI


The contract, whose content is freely determined by the parties, is one of the most

common legal actions, which creates, changes or quenches a legal relationship. When

the parties have disagreements over the terms of the contract or when there are

ambiguities in the content of a contract, they are interested in finding the best solution

for their problem, which is certainly related to contractual rights and obligations. In

finding a solution it is necessary the interpretation of the contract, which helps the

parties to understand how the law considers their agreement. This paper aims to

highlights the need and the importance of the interpretation of the contracts and then

to explain how the interpretation may be realized and which are the theories about

interpretation. The last part of the paper will focus on good faith in interpretation, the

European national laws that provide it in the contract’s interpretation and to find out

the advantages of good faith in interpretation. Besides theoretical explanations,

provisions of the Albanian Civil Code will be mentioned throughout the paper. Key

words: contract, interpretation, good faith, subjective, objective

If they can…why we don't (Fertility rights and assisted reproduction on

restricted groups)

Jonada Zyberaj

University \"Ismail Qemali\" Vlore, Albania

The concept of family has undergone through powerful erosion in the recent decades.

From traditional families consisting of two heterosexual parents and their biological

children, it was transformed in formats such as child-parent families, families with

homosexual parents and their legal children or other possible combinations.

Undoubtedly, the debate over homosexual marriages brought to the attention their


39

reproductive rights. Despite that some jurisdictions recognize the right of homosexual

couples to adopt they do not recognized their right to undergo artificial reproduction

techniques. This restriction operates, in some jurisdictions, even to singles. Artificial

reproduction techniques are a form of realization of reproductive rights. The

restriction due to be part of these techniques may pose a potential limitation of the

right to reproduce as a fundamental right. This article aims to analyze the right of

homosexuals and singles to use artificial reproduction technologies by analyzing three

important principles:

a. Reproductive right as a fundamental right.

b. Non discrimination principle.

c. The welfare of the child.

As a conclusion will be analyzed on whether the restriction of the use of ART for

homosexuals and singles, satisfies the reason for each it is required. Key words:

reproductive rights, homosexuals, singles, non discrimination, welfare, artificial

reproduction.

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