CULTIVATION AND PROCESSING OF ECONOMIC PLANTS AT IIIM (CSIR), JAMMU

Lemongrass CKP 25Introduction: Lemongrass belonging to family Poaceae and genus Cymbopogon is an interspecific hybrid of C.khasianus & C.pendulus released in 1991. It has 0.5% essential oil with 82-85% citral. It is a tropical and subtropical perennial herb.In India Lemon grass is cultivated in around 6,000 hectare and producing about 600 tonnes of oil. Total world oil production is estimated around 1,300 tonnes. Lemongrass is grown mostly as a source of citral rich essential oil in India.

Main Constituents: Citral (80-85%) Uses: Perfumery, Flavouring & Pharmaceutical

Yield Components:1st year2nd yearFresh herbage (tons) 5070Essential oi content (%)0.500.50Essential oil (kg)250350 Cost of Cultivation (Rs)85,00080,000Net profit (Rs)40,00095,000Current rate of oil (Rs/kg)400-500Marketing CentreInternational & in India Delhi & MumbaiField ViewGLC

Introduction:- It is an improved F2 derivative of F1 hybrid of C.pendulus C. khasianus. The selectant has better oil survival rate with hardy tillers than CKP 25. However, its citral content is on at par with that of RRL 16 and CKP 25. Thus the variety is suitable for cultivation both under rainfed and irrigated conditions. This variety is released by the Honble Ex-President of India in the year 2003 known as kalam.It is a tropical and sub-tropical perennial herb.

Main Constituents: Citral (75-80%) Uses: Perfumery, Flavouring& Pharmaceutical

KALAM (CPK-F2-38)Field ViewGLCYield Component (average of 2 years):

Fresh herbage (tons) 25-35Essential oil (kg)170-190 Cost of cultivation (Rs)30,000/-Net profile (Rs)51000/-Current rate of oil (Rs/Kg)400-500Marketing CentreInternational & in India Delhi & Mumbai

RRL- CN-5 (C. nardus)Introduction:- RRL-CN-5 from Cymbopogon nardus var. confertiflorus was isolated following mass selection technique and mass multiplied. The essential oil of RRL-CN5 is a new source of free geraniol ranging from 65-70% and geranyl acetate 10-20% during the first year of plantation. It can be successfully grown in tropical and sub tropical conditions of India.

Main Constituents: Geraniol (60-70%) and Geranylacetate (10-20%) Uses: Perfumery, Flavouring & Pharmaceutical

Yield Components: 1st year2nd yearFresh herbage (tons) 5070Essential oil content (%)0.400.40Essential oil (kg)200280Cost of cultivation (Rs)80,00070,000Net profile (Rs)20,00070,000Current rate of oil (Rs/Kg)400-500Marketing centreNational and International Delhi and Mumbai in India

Field ViewGLC

RL(J) CC1 (C . Commutatus) (Tawirosa)Introduction: Cymbopogon commutatus (Tawi Rosa) rich in geraniol and geranyl acetate has been developed through mass selection Tropical and subtropical, perennial. It can be successfully grown in tropical and sub-tropical conditions of India preferably under rainfed conditions.

Chemical Constituents : Geraniol (65-70%) and Geranylacetate (15-20%)

Uses: Perfumery, Flavouring and Pharmaceutical

Economics:

Fresh herbage (tons) 25-35Essential oil (kg)170-190 Cost of cultivation (Rs)30,000/-Net profile (Rs)51000/-Current rate of oil (Rs/Kg)400-500Marketing centreNational and International Delhi and Mumbai in IndiaField ViewGLC- Report

Monarda citriodora Cerv. Ex. Lag.Introduction: Monarda citriodora - Cerv. ex Lag. (Family- Lamiaceae) is one of the essential oil yielding herbaceous plant. Plant was introduced in India by Scientists of IIIM, Jammu during 1999 from Europe. Detailed chemical examination confirmed it to be a new source of thymol which otherwise is obtained from Ajowain (Trachyspermum ammi fruits).Chemical Constituents: Thymol (62-70%), Carvacrol (2-6%) ,p-cymene (12-20%), -terpinene (14-20%)Uses: The oil is likely to have medicinal activity and suitable for perfumery and flavouring of food industry etc. The essential oil and Thymol are having anti-bacterial properties.

Yield Economics/ha :Herb Yield (tonnes/ha) 25Oil Yield (kg/ha)125Cost of Cultivation (Rs./ha)25737Net Profit (Rs/ha)65000-70000Marketing centreNational & International Field View of the crop GC-MS

Mentha arvensis L. (Japanese mint)Introdcution:- Mentha arvensis L. (menthol mint) oil is the source of commercial natural menthol. This industrial crop is now cultivated in about 0.145 million ha in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and several other states. Mentha arvensis Field Mint tolerates sand, clay and seasonal flooding. Its foliage type is deciduous and is edible.

Main constituents: Menthol (75-80%), Menthone(6-10%), Methyl acetate

Uses: As a flavouring agent in toothpastes, chewing gum, mouth washes, beverages, tobacco, cigarettes, betlenuts, confectionery and constituents of large number of cosmetic preparations like cologens, aftershave lotions, deodorants, perfumes. Also used in a number of medicinal preparations like pain balms, analgesic creams ointments, cough syrups and related formulations.Yield Components:

Fresh herb yield (tons/ha/year)35.0Essential oil content (w/w) F.W.B.0.562%Essential oil yield (kg/ha/year)160-180Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha)40,000Current rate of oil (Rs./ha)500-600Net profit (Rs/ha)45,000-50,000MarketNational & InternationalField ViewGLCCrystals

Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint)Introduction:- A perennial herb (of family Lamiaceae) up to 1m (3ft) high with underground runners by which it is easily propagated. The entire plant has a very characteristic odour, due to the volatile oil present in all its parts. Chemical constituents:-Menthol(29-48%),Menthyl acetate, Menthone (20-31%)

Uses:- Pharmaceutical products, flavour in food products, flavouring in chewing gums, tooth-paste, confectionery, tobacco, alcoholic beverage, cigarettes and variety of other related products.

Yield Components:

Fresh herb yield (tons/ha/year)40.0Essential oil content (w/w) F.W.B.0.275%Essential oil yield (kg/ha/year)110Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha)40,000Current rate of oil (Rs./ha)800-1000Net profit (Rs/ha)50,000-60,000MarketNational & InternationalGLCField View

ANANT CARVOMINT [RRL (J)ML4]Introduction: ANANT CARVOMINT [RRL(J)ML4]; Mentha longifolia (L) Hudson var. incana (willd) Dinson] as an alternate source of -carvone, belongs to family Lamiaceae and yields essential oils of commercial value. It is a temperate, sub-temperate, subtropical and tropical variety of mentha.

Main constituents: l-carvone (65-70%) and l-limonene (15-25%)

Uses: Perfume, Flavour and Pharmaceutical IndustryEconomics/ha:

Fresh Herbage (tones/ha/year) 40-42Essential oil yield (kg/ha/year) 160-180

Essential oil content (%w/w) 0.40-1.0 Cost of production (Rs.) 42,000-45,000

Net Profit (Rs/ha) 85,000-1,17,000

Marketing centre National & International market Delhi & Mumbai in IndiaField ViewGLC

Main constituent: Linalool (70- 75%)

Uses: Perfumery, Flavouring and Pharmaceutical.

Yield Components/ha:

Fresh herb (tons)40 -45Oil percentage0.40-0.55Oil (kg)205Cost of cultivation (Rs)27,500Gross income (Rs)1,02,500Net Profit (Rs)75,000Current rate of oil/kg (Rs)500Marketing CentreDelhi & Mumbai in India & InternationalRRL-Oc-11 (Ocimum canum Sims)Introduction:- The strain has been developed a rich source of linalool, (70-75%) which is used in perfume and flavour products besides its used in the detergent. The linalool isolated from the oil compares well with that obtained from other conventional sources viz., bios-de-rose, lavender, bergamot mint etc. It is an Indigenous South Indian annual herb.

Field ViewGLC

Main constituent: Methyl cinnamate ( 80-85%)

Uses: Perfumery & Flavouring

Yield Components / ha:

Fresh herb (tons)40-42Oil percentage0.45-0.50Oil (kg)180-200Cost of cultivation (Rs)27000Gross income (Rs)95,000Net profit (Rs)68,000Current rate of oil/kg (Rs)500Marketing CentreDelhi & Mumbai in India & InternationalRRL-Oc-12 (Ocimum canum Sims)Introduction:- A South Indian species, developed as a rich source of methyl cinnamate (80-85%), mainly used in the composition of oriental and floral perfumes and also as an excellent fixative and blender in soap perfumes in India. It is an indigenous South Indian annual herb. Field ViewGLC

Main Constituent: Eugenol (80 85 %)

Uses: Perfumery, Flavouring and Pharmaceutical

Yield Components / ha:1st year 2nd yearFresh herb (tons)30-3440-45Oil percentage0.45-0.500.45-0.50Oil (kg)180-185200-220Cost of cultivation 28,50036800Gross income (Rs)90,0001,05,000Net Profit (Rs)61,50068,000Current rate of oil/Kg (Rs)500Marketing centreDelhi & Mumbai in India & InternationalRRL-Og-14 var.Clocimum (Ocimum gratissimum L.)Introduction:- (Clove-scented Ocimum), a hybrid strain developed as an alternate source of clove oil, rich in eugenol (80-85%). Eugenol, an important essential oil isolate, is of great value in perfume, flavour and pharmaceutical industry.Eugenol serves in flavouring of all kinds of food products, meals, sausages, table-sauce, in detergents, various dental preparations. Also used in the synthesis of vanillin through its conversion into iso-eugenol, which is used in the synthesis of high grade perfume. It is an Indigenous South Indian perennial under shrub. Field ViewGLC

Main Constituent : Methyl chavicol ( 80 85%) Uses: Perfumery, Flavouring and Pharmaceutical

Yield Components/ha:Fresh herb (tons) 40-42Oil percentage 0.40-0.50Essential oil (kg) 200-210Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 25,000Net profit (Rs/ha) 77,500Current rate (Rs/Kg) 500RRL-Ob-15 (Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum L., Indian basil)Introduction:- The plant is an indigenous South Indian basil which has been well acclimatized in the sub-troical climatic conditions of Jammu region. The strain has been developed as a rich source of methyl chavicol (85-90%) which is characterized for its conversion into trans-anethol, a flavouring material extensively used in food flavours, mouth freshners and gripe water etc. It is a short duration crop of 80-85 days and can go very well as intercropping in Mentha and Potato crops, depending upon the availability of farmers land. It is an Indigenous South Indian annual herb.Field ViewGLC

Quality profile: l-citronellol (31.8-33.9%), geraniol (26.25- 33.12 %), nerol (10.9-11.5%), linalool (1.9-3.8%), cis-rose oxide (0.3-0.5%), trans-rose oxide (0.13-0.165), PEA (0.29-1.55).

Economics (Returns/hac):Flower yield/hac30-35 qtlsAverage oil yield/hac0.75-1.0 kgAverage sale valueRs. 2.0 Lakhs/kgGross returnRs. 1.5 2.0 LakhsCost of production0.70 lakhsNet return / hac0.80- 1.3 LakhsMarketing centreNational & International Delhi & Mumbai in India.Rosa damascena Mill (Damask Rose)Close upField viewTemperate High Value CropIntroduction: Among all the essential oil bearing plants used in expensive perfumes, rose occupies a distinct place. Out of several varieties of scented rose cultivated in India Rosa damascena Mill (Damask Rose) is the most common due to its quality and yield of very high grade essential oil obtained from it. Other value added products are rose concrete, rose absolute, rose attar, Gul-e-rogan, Gul-Kand and rose water used as fragrance and flavour agents for perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. Besides its use in top grade perfumery, rose oil and rose water are quite suitable for sensitive skins and has anti-wrinkling properties. It has antibacterial properties and is also used as analgesic, antidepressant, diuretic and anti-inflammatory in traditional system of medicine. The institute has successfully standardized the agro and processing technology of Damask rose in Kashmir, where the agro climatic conditions are quite stimulating for production of rose oil for export market. Plantation extended in farmers land under CSIR rural development programme.

Lavendula officinalis L. (Lavender)Economics:Total herbage yield65-70 qtl.Oil recovery on pilot scale1.0 to 1.4%Total oil yield65-70 kgGross return1.50-1.75 lakhsCost of production0.50 0.60 lakhNet profit/hac.1.0-1.15 lakh.Marketing centreNational & InternationalDelhi & Mumbai in IndiaAgrotechnology developed and standardized. 100 hac. of land brought under cultivation.Introduction: Lavender is an incredible and much sought aromatic plant having significant position in trade all over the world due to its essential oil which has multifarious uses and market outlets. True Lavender oil distilled from Lavendula officinalis syn L. angustifolia is the best oil of high aroma value. It is used in perfumery, flavour, cosmetic industries and aromatherapy. Dried lavender flowers are used for scenting drawers , pot pourie and ward robes. Other products like lavender concrete, lavender absolute have immense use in fragrance industry. True Lavender has been successfully cultivated and processed for its oil in Kashmir improved variety developed by RRL contains more than >1.4% oil. Jammu & Kashmir State, hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh and Uttranchal are the ideal places for cultivation of organic lavender which fetches higher price in the international market.

Main constituents: Linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8 cineole, borneol , caryophyllene, terpineol, ocimenes, Lavandulyl acetate

Uses: Perfumery, Flavour and cosmetic industry, Aromatherapy.Close upField view

Salvia sclarea L. Clarysage

Quality Profile: Linalool (16.85%), Linalyl acetate (66.67%), -terpineol (1.47%), Sclareol (0.41%), Germacrene-D (2.12%), Carophyllene (2.39%). Returns/hac.:Oil yield/hac18-20kgSale valueRs 4000/kgGross returnRs 72000-80000Cost of ProductionRs 30000Average profit/hacRs 42000-50000(over a period of 2 years)Marketing centreNational & InternationalDelhi & Mumbai

Agrotechnology developed and standardized for temperate regions and cold desert region of Ladakh (J&K State).

Introduction: Clarysage oil of commerce is obtained by steam distillation of aerial parts of Salvia sclarea. The oil finds tremendous use in perfumery and cosmetic industries because of its delightful odour reminiscent of ambergris. Oil is used in aromatherapy as anti-depressant and soathing, ideal in treating stress related disorders. A powerful muscle relaxant, antiseptic, anti-bacterial aids in the regeneration of skin cells. RRL has successfully introduced Clarysage in the cold desert region of Ladakh (J&K). Sclareol isolated from oil is the starting material for industrial production for industrial synthesis of ambergris like odorants. Close upField view

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary)Economics: Average oil yield/hac 90 kgSale value@12000/kgGross returnRs 108,000Cost of productionRs 40,000Net profit / haRs 68000Marketing CentreNational & International Delhi & Mumbai in India

Introduction: Rosemary oil is obtained by steam distillation of leaves and flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) extensively used in flavour and fragrance industries and as culinary herb. Maximum rosemary oil is destined for aromatherapy. The plant possesses several medicinal properties like carminative, stomachic, spasmodic and well known antioxidant properties due to presence of rosemarinic acid and carnosic acid. The oil has an regenerating effect on hair and stimulates brain. It has excellent antiseptic and antimicrobial properties. Agrotechnology successfully developed by RRL (Branch) Srinagar for temperate regions of J&K state, Himachal and Uttranchal. Extended in farmers land under CSIR Rural Development Programme.

Quality profile: 1,8-Cineole, Camphor, borneol, - pinene, -pinene and Verbenone.Close upField viewGLC

Processing of Essential Oil from the CropTwo ways of hydro-distillation of essential oil form the aromatic plants : At Small scale In Clevenger Apparatus

At Large Scale In Distillation UnitEssential OilClavenger ApparatusDistillation Unit

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (AGB-002)Introduction:- Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Family Solanaceae ) is an important medicial plant known classically for its rejuvenating properties and hence called Indian Ginseng. Roots are the source of drug Ashwagandha an important ingredient of various Ayurvedic formulations and more than 100 formulations in which Ashwagandha alone or in combination with other herbal plant are being sold in the market under different trade name such as Mental Geriforte, Pepcaps, Enegy 30+, Stresscom and Ashwagandharist etc.

Main constituents: Withaferin A, withanolide A , Withanne etc. Our improved variety WSR contains Withaferin A as major constitutent followed by Withanone and Withanolide A.

Uses: As amoebicide, Sedative, adaptogen, antioxident, immunomodulator, anticancer, nervine tonic and antistresser etc.Yield Economics /ha:Root yield dry (Qn) 8-10 Gross income (Rs) 90,000Cost of cultivation (Rs)28,500Net profit (Rs)61,500Selling root price (Rs/kg)100Seed out put 100kgMarketing CentreNational & InternationalField ViewClose-up of the plantSeed

Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Shatavar)Yield economics /ha:

Dry tuber yield (tons)/2yr 10Gross income (Rs)2,20,000Cost of cultivation (Rs)100000Net Profit (Rs) /2 yrs1,20,000Selling tuber price Rs/kg 22Marketing centreAmritsar & Delhi in India/ InternationalIntroduction:- Asparagus racemosus (Fam. Liliaceae) is the accepted source of shatavari (root drug) described in Ayurveda texts. Plant is an armed, climbing under strub, leaves reduced to spines, flowers white , fragrant in raceme, seed black. It grows wild throuthout tropical and subtropical upto an altitude of 1200 mts in the Himalayas and Eastwards .

Main constituent: Four types of saopnins Shatavarin I, II,III, and IV, respectively eatracted from its roots.

Uses: Therapeutic properties as galactogogue, herbtonic useful in dyspepsia, aphrodisiac, antiinfiammatary and antiulcerogenic. Roots form a constituent of medicinal oils used for nervous and reheumatic complaints. According to Unani system of medicine shatavari is also useful in kidney and spleen diseases Field ViewRoots of plant

Introduction:- Tinospora cordifolia (Family:Menispermaceae) is found growing wild in tropical and sub-tropical regions of India. It contains most important group of diterpenes derivatives which are responsible for bitterness.

Chemical Composition: The active chemical constituents are vallanic acid, Tinosporaside, E-dysteroid, cardioside, Alkaloid Berberine and a glucosoid Giloin.

Uses: The stem which forms the product of commerce, has wide spectrum of medicinal virtues and is used as an anthelmintic, anti-arthriticm, anti-pyretic, aphrodisiac, bitter tonic, blood purifier, cardia, carminative, digestive, diuretic & expectorant. A decoction of the leaves is used for the treatment of gout while the dried and powdered fruit mixed with ghee or honey is used as a tonic.

Yield Economics:Fresh Yield (tons/ha)100-230Dry Yield (tons/ha)10-23Cost of Cultivation (Rs./ha)93,000-1,00,000Net Profit ((Rs./ha)46,000-22,00,000Marketing centreNational &InternationalTinospora cordifolia (Willd) Mierss Field View of the cropClose-up of the plant

Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. Ex Kurz. (Sarpagandha)

Yield economics /ha:Root yield dry (kg)800-1000Gross income (Rs) 100,000-1,25,000Cost of cultivation (Rs)35,000-40,000Net profit (Rs)65,000 85,000Selling root price (Rs/kg)125Marketing CentreAmritsar & Delhi in India/ InternationalIntroduction: The genus Rauvolfia was named in honour of a 16th century German Physician and Botanist Leonard Rauvolfia An indigenous perennial undershrub, also known as Indian snakeweed.

Chemical Constituents: Reserpine and reseinnamine alkaloids.

Uses: Drug Rauvolfia consists of air dried root which posses several alkaloids, the most potent being reserpine. It is used for treating mental illness, high blood pressure and hypertension, paranoia, Schizophrenia, insanity, insomnia, epilepsy. Also used as antidote against snakebites and scorpion stings, in dysentery, diriarrhoea, liver diseases, abdominal discomfort, bile vomiting, menstrual disorders, rhenomatoid arthritis and spermatorrhoea etc. Leaf juice used against opacity of cornea. Reseapine is also added to poultry for growth promotion and leaf efficacy.Close-up of the plantDried Roots

Different equipments used for extraction of herbals

Different types of column chromatographic techniques

Bioavailability enhancement of Rifampicin by Piperine in EnterocytesSuperimposition of the structures of rifampicin & piperine;Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in presence of Piperine in ratsRifampicin 200mg + Piperine 10mg & Rifampicin 450mg are bioequivalentCADILA PHARMACEUTICALS in collaboration with INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE (CSIR), Jammu released a new drug formulation RISORINE for the treatment of tuberculosis.

PIPERINE is an active alkaloidal molceule from Peppers, attributed with bioavailability enhancing action.

The action profile of PIPERINE is manifested by its ability to suppress P-glycoprotein and Cytohrome P450 enzymes.

Piperine thus counteracts the accelerated metabolism of rifampicin via these proteins - thus enhancing the oral bioavailability of the drug

RISORINE containing reduced dose (200 mg) of rifampicin + isoniazid (300 mg) + piperine (10 mg) found to be bioequivalent to standard rifampicin regimen.