Maps and Images for McKay 8e

A History of Western Society

Chapter 26

The West and the World

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Industrialization and the World Economy

• The European race for overseas empires resulted in Europe’s domination of non-European areas of the world.– The race was stimulated by industrial, commercial,

and transportation revolutions.• Europe sought markets in Africa and Asia.

– World trade increased considerably because of transportation innovations.

• The railroad, the steamship and other technological innovations revolutionized trade patterns.

Global Inequality

• Lopsided global development – Rich / poor -3rd world – West used science / technology / capital organization /

to make the world better – Others believe that the west used economics and

industrialization to steal the World

• The “New Imperialism” emerged in the European race for overseas markets.– Economic concerns played a subordinate role to

political ones.

Empire and advertisingEmpire had become so much a part of European life in the late nineteenth century that advertisements for biscuits, such as this one for Huntley & Palmers (Manufacturers to the Queen), included colonial scenes. Such media made colonial domination seem normal, part of the natural order of things.

Empire and advertising

Global Inequality

• Revolution in land and sea transportation helped the West – Made the 1st Global Economy – Investment went out / profits came in

• Nationalist and Social Darwinist impulses motivated westerners.

• Europeans saw themselves as protectors and educators of the people of color in Asia and Africa.

• They believed the white Christian community of Europe should shoulder the “white man’s burden”.

Petersen, Danish emigrants departingIn 1890 Danish artist Edward Petersen painted Danish emigrants readying to leave their homeland. Between 1860 and 1914, 300,000 people emigrated from the small country of Denmark, most of them to the United States.

Petersen, Danish emigrants departing

Opening China and Japan

• Peaceful if possible but force in necessary to open markets to the West – China was a regulated society

• Qing or Manchu Government – Forbade sale of opium or export of silver

– Lin Tse Hsu ordered it stopped / Britain failed and were expelled / War broke out /

– Opium Wars

– Treaty of Nanking 1842 --- Britain got Hong Kong Cities opened to foreign trade / $100 million paid by China

Opening China and Japan

• Peaceful if possible but force in necessary to open markets to the West – Japan was a Feudal society closed to

foreigners

– Run by the Shogun and Samurai / Emperor was a figure head

– American Admiral Matthew Perry forced Japan open with threat of war

– Japan struggled to come to terms with issue

Egypt and the West • West appealed to Egypt • Turkish General Muhammad Ali ran Egypt

– Modernized / Set up military / society based on Europe – Established a strong Egyptian State to be ruled by his family – Hurt the peasants by taxing them to produce goods to be sold to the West

• Ismail Ali – Grandson of Muhammad Ali – Set up rule as Khedive (Prince) for 16 years – Not smart / borrowed from West / got into debt / Britain intervened

politically to protect investments – West began running the country / direct control of the country / A Major

break with the Old policies

• Colonel Ahmed Arabi – Egyptian Nationalist Party to overthrow the foreigners – Britain occupied Egypt till 1956 – Formed the NEW model for European Expansion (New Imperialism)

Opening of Suez CanalThis colored engraving depicts the opening of the Suez Canal, which the French had built across Egyptian territory in 1869, linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It significantly shortened the voyage by ship from Europe to East Asia. The Suez Canal exemplified the speeding up of transportation and communication in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Opening of Suez Canal

The Great Migration

• Millions move as a result / The West had a powerful impact on the rest of the World

• Population Explosion – USA took many (less than ½ ) – Europeans took their culture with them

Railroads and immigration, United StatesThe opening of the western region of the United States attracted settlers from the east coast and from Europe. These migrants are waiting for a train to take them to the Black Hills of Dakota during one of the gold rushes of the late nineteenth century.

Railroads and immigration, United States

Jewish market, New YorkThis hand-colored photograph shows a Jewish market in New York City in 1900. The center of economic and social life in the Lower East Side was the market. Jewish immigrants could usually find work with Jewish employers, and New York's Jewish population soared from 73,000 in 1880 to 1.1 million in 1910.

Jewish market, New York

Vaccinating migrants bound for Hawaii

First Chinese, then Japanese, and finally Koreans and Filipinos went in large numbers across the Pacific to labor in Hawaii on American-owned sugar plantations in the late nineteenth century. The native Hawaiians had been decimated by disease, preparing the way for the annexation of Hawaii by the United States in 1898. In this photo, migrants bound for Hawaii in 1904 are being vaccinated onboard ship.

Vaccinating migrants bound for Hawaii

European Migrations, 1820-1910Throughout the nineteenth century, millions of Europeans left home for overseas; most headed for the United States.

European Migrations, 1820-1910

Western Imperialism and Africa

• New Imperialism / Direct control of others – Berlin Conference 1884-1885

• Began Effective Occupation system / meant that to claim you had to occupy / laid the ground rules for imperialism.

• Germany got into the game – Britain took South Africa / Afrikaners left claimed

interior / Rhodes went over the Afrikaners and founded Rhodesia (Whites ruled)

• forced apartheid into the locals as self protection • Boer war between British (won) and Afrikaners • Union of South Africa as a result

– Europe divide up the rest of Africa • Used Egypt as example • Belgium Congo

– Britain lost at Khartoum / won at Omdurman but took control of west Africa

Leopold's treatment of Africans

This 1908 English cartoon, "Leopold, King of the Congo, in his native dress," focuses on the barbaric practice of cutting off the hands and feet of Africans who refused to gather as much rubber as Leopold's company demanded. In 1908 an international human rights campaign forced the Belgian king to cede his personal fief to the Belgian state. (Archives of Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan)

Leopold's treatment of Africans

Map: Africa in 1914

Africa in 1914

European powers in the late nineteenth century conquered most of Africa. Only Liberia and Ethiopia were left unoccupied at the start of the war. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.)

Western Imperialism and Asia

• Dutch East Indies

• Spanish American War / Philippines and Hawaii

• Partitioning of China

• Japan joins the Imperialism club

Map: Asia in 1914

Asia in 1914China, Siam (Thailand), and a portion of Persia were the only parts of Asia still independent after the Great Powers, including the United States and Japan, subjugated the continent to alien rule.

• A multiplicity of causes motivated the European nations and the United States in their quest for foreign dominions.– Economic motives were important but limited.

– Colonies were believed to be crucial for national security.

– Nationalism, racism, and Social Darwinism contributed to imperialism.

– The writer Kipling set forth the notion of the “white man’s burden.”

• Missionaries brought Christianity and education but also racism.

Causes of New Imperialism

Critics of Imperialism

• Critics of imperialism portrayed the bleak side of the European incursion into non-European areas of the world.– They argued that overseas colonies benefited the well-

to-do only.• The English critic Hobson influenced Marxist and socialist

thinkers with his diatribes against imperialism.

• The subject peoples responded in a variety of ways: resistance, violence, resignation, or acceptance.

Response to Western Imperialism

• India (Great rebellion or the Mutiny) – Northern India Military insurrection / put

down by southern Indian Troops • Bloody left Britain with direct rule in India

• Few ran everything / good progress but many resented and wanted freedom

• Hindu Indian National Congress / wanted home rule and independence

Response to Western Imperialism

• Japan – Shoguns and Samurai ran Japan

• Revolt restored the emperor as a power (Called the Meiji Restoration) Turning point in History

• Meiji used the West ---- industrialized / modernized military Imperial colonial ambitions took Korea / humiliated Russia took Port Author got foothold in China

• Defeated China

– Authoritarian / rejected democracy moving toward Imperial Fascism

Response to Western Imperialism

• China – Qing revived by Tzu Hsi – Defeat in Sino-Japanese War led to

unraveling of Chinese society • Open Door Policy saved China

• Boxer Rebellion was last chance to take back China

• Sun Yat-sin wanted a liberal Republic – 1912 Last Emperor China became a republic