MAPPING THE WHOLE PHILIPPINES BY TD ENTRY

Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE LTCP

3.0 RFP REQUIREMENTS AND SUFC PROPOSAL

4.0 MAPPING THE WHOLE PHILIPPINES BY TD ENTRY

5.0 BASIC ELEMENTS OF MAPPING BY TD

6.0 VOLUME OF PARCELS TO BE MAPPED

7.0 SCHEDULE

8.0 PRIORITY AREAS

9.0 COST

10.0 INTERIM PROCEDURE

ABBREVIATIONS - GLOSSARY OF TERMS

REFERENCES

ANNEX 1 Sample MIM of Q.C.

ANNEX 2 Sample MIM of Paranaque

ANNEX 3 Sample MIM of Cebu City

ANNEX 4 Volume of Parcels to Mapped per RD

ANNEX 5 Schedule of TD Mapping per RD

1. INTRODUCTION

During difficult economic times, there is a very strong competition for limited funds in circulation. Financial institutions tend to hold on to their funds while most people would like to borrow money for business activities that will tide them over to better times. Demand for credit is very high. However, banks or other financial institutions will only give a loan if it is secured by a real property with verifiable documents. Thus, PHILARIS is expected to have a lot of transactions because of the required documents in the applications for loans. There is also a need to annotate these transactions on the land titles and register them once they are consummated. Also, many applicants file documents to various institutions simultaneously in order to get the best loan terms. Thus, the need of one person may result in multiple transactions to PHILARIS.

On the side of the financiers, they must verify that the real property documents submitted are accurate. Despite their very strict screening process however, it is estimated that up to 20% of land titles in their possession are spurious. Thus, banks and financial institutions have more reason to conduct queries on PHILARIS to ensure the veracity of documents and facilitate transactions.

Moreover, titled properties have greater values than unregistered lands. Hence, if the land registration system will be simplified and expedited through PHILARIS, more people will register their properties in order to get bigger values when they sell or mortgage these lands. It is estimated that only 40% of the total alienable and disposable lands in the Philippines are titled. About 60% are still untitled which is equivalent to approximately 10 million new titles that will enter PHILARIS during its operation. This will have multiplier effect once the new titles enter the system

In the proposal of LARES to LRA, mapping will be done by TD entry for NCR and the rest of the country by digitizing existing MIMs and PIMs. As required in the RFP, only digital maps for NCR will be updated whenever a title is registered in the RDs. However, an updated and accurate digital map for the whole country is needed to support various LRA transactions. Moreover, maps by digitizing will have limited use and will be replaced eventually, non-NCR RDs will have a lower level of service for the same fees, a hybrid map may make the whole LTCP look half-baked and open to public criticisms, not giving uniform tools to all RDs may be viewed as discriminatory and problematic parcels may pass through the system in RDs outside of NCR.

LRA made known to LARES its position to create a digital map by TD entry for the whole country and not only for NCR. LARES agrees with LRA that creation of accurate and updated digital map for the entire country is good for the Land Registration System but will have cost and schedule implications on the entire LTCP. Thus, LRA requested LARES to make a study and inform LRA of the findings, after which a final agreement may be reached.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE LTCP

LRA embarked on the Land Titling Computerization Project (LTCP), aiming to “enable the quick and secure registration of land titles in the country through the application of state-of-the-art information technology.” Among the available technologies, LRA identified Geographic Information System (GIS) and its corresponding map database as a major component to achieve the following specific project goals:

Provide accurate, current, and speedy lot status verification Provide a system of control to prevent overlapping or duplication of title by

using modern digital mapping technology to create an accurate, updated Municipal/ Cadastral Index Map

Eliminate fraudulent and inaccurate surveys by using modern digital mapping technologies to create Municipal Index Sheets and for updating them with parcel boundaries

Provide fast and timely response to queries through user-friendly electronic information access to land title information from the LRA Central Office and all Registry of Deeds offices.

Provide a system of timely detection and identification of fake land titles which will assist in the identification of persons responsible therefore

Support other government programs directly linked to the land titling system functions

The GIS and mapping system of the LTCP will operate and interface with the major LRA transactions namely: Original Land Registration System, Land Registration Transaction Processing System, Subdivision/ Consolidation Plan Approval System, Title Reconstitution System, and Petition After Original Registration System. It will also update the NCR digital property maps with the technical descriptions of new transactions. The GIS functionalities will be used by LRA examiners to check that: 1.) technical descriptions of parcels close through plotting 2.) there is no overlapping claim to the parcel and a menu of other examination procedures necessary to validate a transaction. The GIS in the LRA Central Office will be responsible for the maintenance and updating of the GIS database (digital property maps which have been created from MIM/PIM sheets and/ or technical description), which will need to be updated whenever a title is finally issued by LRA.

3. RFP REQUIREMENTS AND SUFC PROPOSAL

The objectives of the LTCP clearly spelled out the crucial role that maps would play to ensure the overall success of the project. The Request for Proposal (RFP) of the project, however, only specified that LRA’s existing Municipal Index Maps (MIMs) and Provincial Index Maps (PIMs) will be digitized and later NCR maps will be updated with parcels resulting from

consolidation-subdivision surveys approved by DENR-LMS. This approach to producing digital maps is inconsistent with the specific objectives of the LTCP and will pose difficulties during system implementation because of problems with the source maps, schedule and updating of NCR maps only.

3.1 Digitizing Existing MIMs and PIMs

Digitizing is the most elementary method of converting traditional paper maps into digital form. The process depends largely on the quality of the existing analog maps. Existing MIMs and PIMs of LRA are of dubious quality hence, cannot be good sources in producing the digital maps. The disadvantages of digitizing the existing MIMs far outweighs the advantages as summarized in the table below:

Digitizing Existing MIMsAdvantages Disadvantages

Could be very fast

Relatively cheap

Easy

Doubtful positional accuracy – parcel boundaries were drawn manually, only first corner of lot drawn by computed coordinates from tie point and the rest of the boundary lines drawn by pantograph and scale.

Outdated – information on the existing MIMs are not current, parcel boundaries or title numbers may have changed. For example, out of 120 TCT numbers shown on a MIM of QC, the records officer of QC RD was able to retrieve only 65. The rest were probably burned in 1988.

Incomplete – not all parcels are reflected on the existing MIMs. On the average, parcels cover only 48% of Paranaque MIMs, about 58% of Q.C. and only about 18% of Cebu City MIMs (please see Annex 1-3 for sample MIMs).

Inconsistent – mapsheets are drawn with various scales (1:4000, 1:2000 and 1:1000), on various media

(cardboard, mylar, tracing paper), and some mapsheets have overlaps.

Incompatible with data from DENR – LRA maps are drawn based on a local system using pantograph and scale while cadastral maps of DENR are based on the PPCS (Philippine Plane Coordinate System) and drawn by coordinates. Also, the coordinates of some tie points used by LRA are not the same with those used by DENR.

Will not support LRA transactions - digitized MIMs will not detect gaps, overlaps and duplicate parcels to some degree of certainty and cannot be use for any analysis as required in the RFP. Analytical functionality is the main driving force for all GIS/LIS.

It will be very difficult to produce a seamless digital map by digitizing the existing MIMs due to above disadvantages. Updating and fitting them together with parcels from DENR will even be a bigger problem. Aside from that, the resulting digital maps will not be useful in fulfilling the specific LTCP objectives they were supposed to attain. In fact, the resulting maps will actually magnify the distortions inherent in the existing MIMs and is not adequate for present and future needs of the system. This is a classic example of the adage “garbage in, garbage out” in information technology.

3.2 Schedule of Digitizing MIMs in the RFP

The RFP specifies that digitizing the MIMs should be completed within 36 months (within Phase IV) and updating will be done afterwards during the concession period. This means that digitized maps will not be completely available during Phase I to Phase IV. Thus, maps will not be able to support the major transactions of the LRA. Moreover, even if the maps are digitized within this period, they would have limited use because they are not yet updated and of poor quality.

3.3 Updating of NCR Maps Only

The RFP only requires that NCR maps will be updated by adding parcels from DENR and from new transactions using GIS. With this kind of set-up, only RDs from NCR will have a complete a set of tools for use during transactions. In effect, the RD system outside of NCR will be inferior to that of NCR. Problematic parcels may pass through the system without

getting detected. Consequently, transactions in non-NCR RDs will have lower credibility than those in NCR. However, transactions will be charged the same rate of fees in both NCR and non-NCR RDs. Thus, this unequal situation may invite complaints of discrimination and unfairness from people outside of NCR.

3.4 SUFC Proposal

The SUFC Proposal improved on the RFP requirement by offering to produce the digital maps of NCR through entry of technical descriptions and completing them at the same time with the rollout schedule of the NCR RDs. This solves the quality and availability of digital maps that will support the transactions at NCR RDs. However, non-NCR RDs will have the same type of maps as before and their systems will still be inferior to NCR RDs. The disparity will actually be more pronounced as the difference in map quality is now bigger. Consequently, the discrepancy in service level will be more noticeable.

4. MAPPING THE WHOLE PHILIPPINES BY TD ENTRY

During the BPR process, LRA process experts made mention of the need to map the whole country by TD entry and not just NCR. This is the most accurate method of producing digital parcel maps apart from re-surveying the parcels again. Mapping by TD entry uses a completely different approach that is not dependent on the existing MIMs. TD entry mapping is becoming the standard method of parcel map conversion for GIS/LIS while digitizing is used to capture other map features (roads, rivers, trees, etc.). On a long-term basis, the advantages of TD entry mapping greatly exceeds the disadvantages as summarized in the table below.

Mapping by TD EntryAdvantages Disadvantages

Provide updated, complete and accurate parcel maps for all RDs and CO

Support various transactions in all RDs and CO, may be used for analysis and decision-making with a quantifiable degree of confidence

Uniform quality of content and appearance

Similar functionality for GIS application module in both NCR and non-NCR RDs

Time consuming

Labor intensive

Relatively higher upfront cost

Titles for all active parcels must be accessible

Easy maintenance and updating

Will detect discrepancies in individual parcels (polygon closure, area) and between adjoining parcels (gaps, overlaps or duplicates) for resolution by LRA

Enhance possibilities of linkages with other agencies through the provision of a nation-wide accurate and complete spatial base map

Address present and future user needs for land information

Contribute to the restoration of confidence in the Land Registration System

Enhance revenue generation

Parcel base maps are the necessary foundation upon which all other geospatial data layers are built. The quality of the parcel base maps is especially crucial in a project with GIS component. In this regard, it is mentioned that "it is easy to build a less accurate map on a more accurate base, but virtually impossible to build a more accurate map on a less accurate base."

The LTCP provides a rare opportunity to establish an accurate map database for the whole country. Through mapping by technical description, updated and accurate maps will be produced for all RDs and CO. The availability of current, complete and accurate maps will support various LRA transactions in all RDs and CO. Discrepancies on the technical descriptions of individual parcels between adjoining parcels will be easily detected, facilitating examination of parcels during transactions. An accurate and current digital parcel map will also hasten the resolution of boundary conflicts and may lessen litigations in the future.

Further, user clients will be ensured of a uniform level of service for the same fees in all RDs. This is particularly important for GIS applications. Accurate digital map database will address user needs for land information as well as the development of user-friendly GIS application modules that will possess similar functionalities in both NCR and non-NCR RDs. A good and accurate spatial database will also enhance possibilities of linkages with other agencies that generate other land-related maps and information. It is expected that revenue generation will be enhanced as more land information are incorporated into the database and made available to users.

If incorporated within the original scope of work, the generation of parcel maps by technical description will require additional resources in terms of budget, manpower and logistics. Additional training and/or hiring of technical personnel will be required to support the manpower needs. The completion of the base map will also require longer time. But the quality of the final product is well worth the additional effort and expense. The resulting digital map will be easier to maintain, will not have to be redone when future needs call for greater accuracy, will have the greatest number of potential uses and hence, will broaden the revenue base of the LTCP.

5. BASIC ELEMENTS OF MAPPING BY TD ENTRY

The LTCP intends to eventually create a "seamless digital map" of the entire country with the goal of developing a GIS/LIS that will have credibility and longevity. To accomplish this task, there are three fundamental elements that need to be considered. An additional fourth element would complete a parcel-based GIS/LIS. Literature varies on the descriptions of these elements but agree on what they are:

Geodetic/Geographic Control Data Base Map Data Cadastral Data Attribute Data

5.1 Geodetic Control Data

Geodetic or geographic control is the common geometric framework which ties all objects in a GIS/LIS to a specific point on the surface of the earth, and to each other through a mathematical relationship. This is the underlying foundation upon which all data of a GIS/LIS are systematically and spatially related. Because of this, several items need to be considered in the establishment of geodetic control.

Geodetic Datum Coordinate Systems Geodetic Reference Framework Accuracy of the Framework Control Stations

5.1.1 Geodetic Datum

A geodetic datum is model of the surface of the earth based on assumptions about its size and shape. It is the basis in calculating the coordinate values of points on the earth's surface for a particular system. A horizontal datum is used for calculating relative horizontal positions while a vertical datum is use for calculating relative vertical positions. The horizontal datum used in the Philippines is the Luzon Datum based on the Clarke Spheroid of 1866 with the

following characteristics: equatorial semi-axis (a)=6,378,206.4, polar semi-axis (b)=6,356,583.8 (see figure 1). The vertical datum is the Mean Sea Level (MSL) derived from 19 years (1951-1969) of continuous tidal observations at the Manila Harbor.

Figure 1: Clarke Spheroid of 1866 and the geoid.

5.1.2 Coordinate Systems

A horizontal coordinate system, based on particular datum, provides the mathematical reference framework for describing the position of objects on the surface of the earth and their relative position to each other. The three general types of coordinate systems used are:

Plane coordinates Spherical coordinates Grid coordinates

The plane coordinate system is based on a flat surface with an arbitrary point of origin, and provides information on the relative distance and direction between map objects (see figure 2). This is the type of coordinate system commonly used in land surveys in the Philippines. Most parcels are referred to a “floating” tie point with arbitrary coordinates Northing=20,000.00 and Easting=20,000.00 in a given locality. However, the plane coordinate system is not geo-referenced, i.e. plane coordinates do not

provide a direct reference or tie to a specific location on the earth’s surface. Also, there are so many different local coordinate systems corresponding to the number of municipalities and chartered cities having the same coordinates for their tie points. Thus, it is very difficult to cross-reference parcels and maps between adjacent localities.

Figure 2: The Plane Coordinate System

Spherical coordinate system like the common geographic coordinate system is based on a spherical grid that follows the earth’s curved surface. With its underlying datum, the geographic coordinate system describes a specific location on the earth’s surface with specific latitude and longitude coordinates. The spherical (curved) grid, however, is very difficult to use for flat maps and the related mathematical manipulation is rather complex. Many of the primary tie points in the Philippines have geographic coordinates but using them to determine corresponding geographic coordinates of parcel corners will be very cumbersome.

Grid coordinate systems are based on a rectangular grid derived from mathematically projecting a section of the earth’s curved surface to a flat surface (a map). Grid coordinates are geo-referenced, i.e. tied to specific locations on the earth’s surface. In the Philippines, the Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS), also known as Philippine Transverse Mercator (PTM) Grid System, was adopted as the standard reference system since 1965. Pursuant to Executive Order No. 45 dated January 5, 1992, however, the Philippine Reference System of 1992 (PRS-92) replaced PPCS-PTM as the new reference system for all surveys and maps in the country. A transition up to year 2000 was allowed to integrate all surveys into the new

system. Executive Order No. 280 dated August 14, 2000 extended this period to the year 2005. Thus, PRS-92 should be used as the coordinate system for the digital map of the LTCP.

Figure 3

5.1.3 Geodetic Reference Framework

A geodetic reference framework is a network of permanently monumented control stations with accurately measured locations mathematically described relative to a common datum. The spatial relationship among the points is known; hence the relationship between objects related to these points is also known. For GIS/LIS, the known locations of the geodetic reference framework serves as the basis for tying together the physical locations of features on the earth’s surface to their locations on a map through the coordinate system. These control stations also relates the position of natural and man-made features on the earth’s surface (rivers, streets, buildings, etc.) to the legal property boundaries or technical descriptions.

The National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) is the agency responsible for establishing and maintaining the nationwide geodetic reference framework PRS-92. As of December 1999, NAMRIA has already established 1,356 geodetic control points all over the country. The agency aims to establish a total of 4,000 geodetic control points, providing at least two points for every municipality and city to complete PRS-92. Eventually, all surveying and mapping activities in the Philippines will be tied to these points.

Figure 4

5.1.4 Accuracy of Framework Control Stations

The quality and type of the geodetic framework is one of the major determinants affecting the initial, as well as the long-term, use, efficiency and sustainability of a land registration/information system. A misapplied investment on low accuracy reference framework may form an insurmountable hindrance to the evolutionary development of the system with wider and varied uses. Over time, it will be increasingly difficult and costly to effect necessary improvements to the system.

In our case, most tie points of parcels have geographic coordinates in the PPCS but only a few have PRS-92 coordinates. Since conversion from one coordinate system to another is non-linear and at best just approximations, it is not advisable to use transformation parameters to convert PPCS coordinates of these tie points to PRS-92. In the first place, the PPCS coordinates of most tie points were derived from astronomic observations with varying degrees of precision and not adjusted to a basic geodetic control network. On the other hand, PRS-92 coordinates were taken from GPS observations with rigorous adjustments. Thus, the conversion parameter for a given point or set of points may be different to another point or set of points.

In view of the foregoing, it is recommended that a sufficient number of recoverable tie points with PPCS geographic coordinates or those without any be observed with GPS to get the

equivalent PRS-92 coordinates. If there are no existing tie points in an area, prominent identifiable points should be observed by GPS to get the equivalent PRS-92 coordinates from where other adjoining parcels will be referred to for adjustment.

Figure 5: Control Stations

5.2 Base Map Data

Base map data are natural or man-made features such as roads, railroads, rivers, lakes and other objects seen from above or referenced on the ground. In some cases, these may include administrative boundaries and fence lines. All line work for these data will be taken from the rectified images of the existing MIMs. Information taken from available orthophotos may also serve as the more accurate base map data.

Figure 6: Digital Orthophoto

5.3 Cadastral Data

Graphic information describing and delineating parcels are known as cadastral data. These include property corners, boundaries and parcels of land. Parcels are polygons (closed geometric figures) with unique Property Identification Numbers relating the parcel to attribute information.

Parcels will be generated by entry of technical descriptions in the encoding stage and exporting them to mapping software. Parcels will be group according to tie points and sorted according to the tie line distance. The software will then check for the closure of the sequential set of bearings and distances (polygon closure) and display the computed area. If there are discrepancies within the allowable limits, the operator will make adjustments in accordance with the Philippine Geodetic Engineering rules and practice. The parcel will also be fitted to previously adjusted adjoining parcels until a given area is filled with adjusted parcels. Parcels with discrepancies that cannot be resolved will be listed in a report for submission to LRA.

5.4 Attribute Data

Attribute data are information about the land parcels like owner, title number, area, etc.

Figure 7:

6. VOLUME OF PARCELS TO BE MAPPED

To arrive at a reasonable estimate of the total number of active titles to be mapped, the following assumptions and computations were made:

The total number of titles transacted in the year 2000 is of the same value as 1999.

By the end of year 2000, the total number of titles will be equal to the RFP volume plus half of the total titles transacted during 1998 plus the total number of titles transacted during 1999 and 2000.

The volume of active titles was estimated from the percentage of active titles on the index of microfilmed TCTs at LRA. For NCR, the percentage of active titles was computed at 50% and 60% for areas outside NCR.

The volume of active titles will increase by 10% per year starting year 2000. With the above assumptions, the projected total volume of active titles to be mapped is 11,465,155 broken down as follows:

VOLUME OF PARCELS TO MAPPEDNCR RDs 1,515,428Non-NCR RDs 9,949,727

Total 11,465,155*

*please refer to Annex 4 for volume per RD.

7. SCHEDULE

Mapping by entry of TDs is more complex and costly than digitizing. The volume is also too large to handle efficiently in a short period of time. There may not even be enough people with surveying/geodetic engineering background to perform the adjustments and fitting of parcels for a short period. In this regard, it is recommended that an incremental, more business-like approach to TD mapping be adopted. To prevent increasing the upfront cost by a big amount, the same number of people used in the TD mapping for NCR RDs (with the addition of a few personnel for Cebu City) will be utilized to map the rest of the RDs outside NCR. The duration will just be lengthened to complete all required volume of parcels to be mapped. However, after finishing NCR RDs, the sequence of mapping RDs will be according to demand, volume of transactions, potential for growth and revenue generation. With this approach, the digital maps will have optimum utility and will greatly enhance revenues as soon as they are put on-line.

The original timeframe given for mapping the whole Philippines was 3 years. The schedule was to map NCR by TDs up to the end of Phase 2 and map the rest of the country by digitizing the MIMs and PIMs up to the end of Phase 4. With the recommended approach, it is projected that mapping will be completed in seven years.

(SCHEDULE Per RD – Annex 5)

8. PRIORITY AREAS To strike a balance among the cost, length of time to complete and revenue generation, we deem it necessary to come up with a prioritization scheme for area to be mapped by TDs. After mapping NCR, areas will be prioritized according to demand, transaction, volume, potential for growth and revenue generation. With these criteria, we came up with the following order of priority:

TIMEFRAME PHASE REG. RD1-14 mos. 1 NCR Quezon City

1 NCR Parañaque1 VII Cebu City2 NCR Kalookan City2 NCR Las Piñas2 NCR Makati2 NCR Malabon2 NCR Mandaluyong2 NCR Manila2 NCR Marikina2 NCR Muntinlupa2 NCR Pasay City2 NCR Pasig City2 NCR San Juan2 NCR Valenzuela

15-36 mos. 2 II Ilagan, Isabela2 III Meycauayan, Bulacan2 IV Trece Martirez, Cavite3 IV Batangas, Batangas2 IV Lipa City2 IV Calamba, Laguna2 IV Pasig, Rizal2 VI Iloilo City2 VI Iloilo, Iloilo2 VII Cebu, Cebu2 X Cagayan de Oro City2 X Malaybalay, Bukidnon3 XI Digos, Davao del Sur2 XI Tagum, Davao del Norte2 XI Davao City2 XI General Santos City2 VI Bacolod City4 XI Koronadal, South Cotabato2 I Lingayen, Pangasinan

37-48 mos. 2 XII Kidapawan, North Cotabato4 V Naga City3 III Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija2 III San Fernando, Pampanga2 III Guiguinto, Bulacan2 IV Tagaytay City2 III Tarlac, Tarlac2 VII Lapu-Lapu City2 VIII Tacloban City3 CAR Lamut, Ifugao3 CAR La Trinidad, Benguet3 I Tayug, Pangasinan3 I Batac, Ilocos Norte3 III Olongapo City4 IV Nasugbu, Batangas4 IV Romblon, Romblon4 IV San Jose, Mindoro Occidental4 IV Lemery, Batangas3 IV Siniloan, Laguna2 IX Dipolog City4 V Iriga City3 V Daet, Camarines Norte4 VI San Jose, Antique2 VI Kalibo, Aklan4 VII Bais City2 VII Dumaguete City4 VII Danao City2 CAR Tabuk, Kalinga-Apayao2 CAR Baguio City3 IV Trece Martirez City2 IV Puerto Princesa, Palawan3 IV Baler, Aurora3 IV Puerto Princesa City4 V Legaspi City

YEAR 5 4 IV Batangas City2 IV San Pablo City4 IV Infanta, Quezon4 IV Calapan, Mindoro Oriental3 IV Tanauan, Batangas3 IV Lucena City3 IV Sta. Cruz, Laguna3 IV Boac, Marinduque4 IV Cavite City

4 IV Mamburao, Mindoro Occidental4 IV Morong, Rizal3 IV Lucena, Quezon4 V Virac, Catanduanes4 VI La Carlota City2 VII Mandaue City4 VIII Biliran2 X Ozamis City2 X Oroquieta City2 X Tangub City3 CARAGA Surigao City3 CARAGA Butuan City3 I Vigan, Ilocos Sur3 I Alaminos, Pangasinan2 I San Fernando, La Union3 VIII Borongan, Eastern Samar3 VIII Calbayog City3 X Mambajao, Camiguin2 X Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Or.2 XI Alabel, Saranggani3 XII Isulan, Sultan Kudarat3 I Laoag City3 I Dagupan City3 II Cabarroguis, Quirino2 III Iba, Zambales3 III San Jose City, Nueva Ecija2 V Naga, Camarines Sur4 VII Toledo City4 VI Roxas City

YEAR 6 4 VI San Carlos City (Negros)2 IX Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte2 IX Zamboanga City4 VI Cadiz City4 VI Bago City4 VI Silay City2 VI Roxas, Capiz4 VI Bacolod, Negros Occidental4 VI Guimaras3 VII Tagbilaran City3 VII Tagbilaran, Bohol4 VII Canlaon City4 VII Dumaguete, Negros Oriental4 VIII Catarman, Northern Samar2 VIII Ormoc City

2 VIII Leyte Province4 VIII Maasin, Southern Leyte2 X Gingoog City4 CARAGA Butuan, Agusan del Norte2 III Cabanatuan City3 III Angeles City3 III Palayan City, Nueva Ecija2 III Balanga, Bataan4 IX Dapitan City4 IX Pagadian City4 XI Mati, Davao Oriental3 CAR Bontoc, Mt. Province2 CAR Bangued, Abra4 CARAGA Tandag, Surigao del Sur4 CARAGA Surigao, Surigao del Norte3 I Laoag, Ilocos Norte3 I San Carlos City, Pangasinan4 IX Isabela, Basilan2 X Oroquieta, Misamis Occidental3 XII Iligan City3 II Sanchez Mira, Cagayan3 CARAGA Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur2 V Sorsogon, Sorsogon3 II Basco, Batanes

YEAR 7 2 II Bayombong, Nueva Viscaya2 II Tuguegarao, Cagayan3 II Tuao, Cagayan3 III Talavera, Nueva Ecija4 IX Jolo, Sulu4 IX Bonga, Tawi-Tawi4 IX Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur4 V Masbate, Masbate4 V Legaspi, Albay4 VII Larena, Siquijor4 VIII Catbalogan, Western Samar4 VIII Catbalogan City4 XII Marawi, Lanao del Sur4 XII Tubod, Lanao del Norte4 XII Cotabato City4 XII Marawi City4 XII Maguindanao (Cotabato City)

9. COST

For the first sixteen months, there will be no increase to the mapping cost except for Cebu City. However, for succeeding months there will be additional costs after completing three or four RDs.

10. INTERIM PROCEDURE

While the digital maps by TD entry are being built, geo-rectified scanned images of the existing MIMs will be used by the system to support various transactions. The procedure for generating these geo-rectified scanned images of the existing MIMs is described below:

A. MAP SCANNING

LRA-LPS personnel will prepare (and groom) the MIMs and PIMs prior to scanning.

Map scanning equipments will be transported to LRA.

The geodetic engineers will check the MIMs and PIMs prior to scanning.

The MIMs and PIMs will be scanned, cleaned and checked by the scanning personnel.

The Quality Control team will check the image quality of the MIMs/PIMs. Rejected scanned MIMs/PIMs will be sent back to the scanning personnel for rescanning.

The geodetic engineers will further check the image quality of the scanned MIMs and PIMs. If the images are not clear enough, the GEs will recheck the respective MIMs/PIMs. The GEs will notify the scanning personnel to rescan the respective MIMs/PIMs.

The Mapping manager will then check the overall quality of the scanned images. If the images are not clear enough, the mapping manager will notify the geodetic engineers to recheck the respective MIMs/PIMs. The MIMs/PIMs will be rescanned and rechecked by the scanning personnel.

If the scanned images meet the approval of the mapping manager, the mapping manager will instruct the geodetic engineers to prepare the deliverables.

The mapping manager will check the deliverables prepared by the GEs. If the prepared deliverables fail to meet his approval, it will be sent back to the GEs. Otherwise, the scanned images will be ready for file storage and image rectification.

B. GEO-REFERENCING AND RECTIFICATION OF SCANNED MIMs/PIMs

The mapping manager will receive the scanned images (in WORM CDs).

The GEs will identify the projection type and coordinate system used in the scanned MIMs/PIMs and distribute the images to the mapping operators.

The map operators will apply rubber sheeting to geo-reference and rectify the scanned images according to known map controls (BLLMs).

The Quality Control team will check the quality of the rubber-sheeted images. The images will be sent back to the map operators if the rubber-sheeted images fail to meet their standards.

The rubber-sheeted images/maps will be sent to the GEs for verification. If the GEs find the rubber-sheeted images/maps unsatisfactory, the images will again be sent back to the map operators.

The mapping manager will check the overall quality of the geo-referenced/rectified images/maps. If they do not meet his approval, the geo-referenced/rectified images/maps will be sent back to the GEs. Steps 2 until 6 will be repeated until the geo-referenced/rectified images/maps meet the standards set by the mapping manager.

The mapping manager will ask the GEs to prepare the deliverables.

The mapping manager will check the deliverables prepared by the GEs. If the prepared deliverables fail to meet his approval, it will be sent back to the GEs. Otherwise, the geo-referenced/rectified images/maps will be ready for file storage and vector overlay.

ABBREVIATIONS - GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Accuracy The degree of conformity of a product with a standard or accepted value. Accuracy relates to the quality of a result.

Annotation Labels or text on a map associated with identifying or explaining graphic entities shown.

Area A generic term for a bounded, continuous, two-dimensional object that may or may not include its boundary.

Attribute Alphanumeric (non-graphic) data related to a specific map feature (point, line or polygon). For example, parcel information linked to a specific parcel (polygon) might include the parcel owner’s name and the parcel address.

Attribute Data A characteristic of a geographic feature described by numbers or characters, typically stored in tabular format and linked to the feature by an identifier.

Base Map Data Basic level of data or features to establish and maintain a base map. See also Base Map.

Base Map A term which varies in different applications, but, in general, refers to a map referenced to a coordinate system that depicts the fundamental map elements, such as Public Land Survey System section corners, streets, buildings, streams, etc., which are used for locational reference. It is the control document from which various other maps in a geographic information system are developed.

BLLM Bureau of Lands Location Monument

BPR Business Process Re-engineering

Cadastral Data The graphic and/or non-graphic information describing parcels. These data include property corners, boundaries, parcels of land, and related tabular attribute information. An example would include a polygon representing the boundaries of a property parcel and/or attribute information describing the area and ownership of that parcel

CO Central Office of the Land Registration Authority

Coordinate Systems A framework used to define the positions (locations) of points in space either in two or three dimensions. Examples of such systems would be a spherical system, such as latitude and longitude, or a planar system, such as Philippine Plane Coordinates System (x, y).

Datum In mapping, a numeric or geometric quantity which serves as a reference or base to accurately define other quantities. It most often refers to either a horizontal standard, such as a particular spheroid for referencing coordinate positions, or it refers to a vertical datum, such as the geoid or sea level, from which elevations are reference.

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Digital Orthophoto A rectified digital image of an aerial photograph with distortion and displacements (caused by camera tilt and terrain relief) removed. The result combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map.

Digital Map A computer-readable representation of a geographic area or phenomenon that can be displayed or analyzed by a digital computer. This is in contrast to an analog “paper” map.

Digitizing A method of converting map data that is in analog form (paper or hard copy) into digital data usable by a computer by using a tablet digitizer or by tracing over the scanned image of the analog on-screen.

Feature A defined entity and its object representation.

GE Geodetic Engineer

Geodetic Control A system of horizontal and/or vertical stations tied into horizontal and/or vertical datum, which are established to facilitate the location of other features on, above or below the earth’s surface. Also known as geographic control.

Geodetic Reference This framework consists of permanently monumentedFramework stations whose locations are accurately measured and

mathematically described relative to a common datum.

Geographic Control A geometric framework which ties all object in a GIS/LIS to a specific point on the surface of the earth, such as control on major road intersections. Also known as geodetic control.

Geoid A surface which is everywhere normal to the force of gravity.

Geospatial Data Information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or constructed features and boundaries on the earth.

Geo-referenced Applies to any set of map data that is spatially referenced to a specific location on the earth’s surface.

GIS Geographic Information System. An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Certain complex spatial operations are possible with GIS that would be very difficult, time-consuming or impractical otherwise.

GPS Global Positioning System. A constellation of satellites originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense as a navigation aid. It is now used by the civilian community for navigation and horizontal/vertical positioning of features.

Grid (1) Two sets of parallel lines intersecting at right angles in a plane coordinate system; (2) A set of cells or points arranged in a grid.

Grid Coordinate System Based on a rectangular grid derived from mathematically projecting a section of the earth’s curved surface to a flat surface (a map). Grid coordinates are geo-referenced, i.e. tied to specific locations on the earth’s surface.

Horizontal Datum A surface of constant values used for calculating relative horizontal positions.

LARES Land Registration Systems, Inc. – the corporation put up by the winning consortium to implement the Land Titling Computerization Project.

Latitude The angular distance of a location north or south of the equator.

LIS Land Information System. A geographic information system having, as its main focus, data concerning land records.

LMS Land Management Service, a unit of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Longitude The angle between the plane of a meridian and the plane of an initial meridian arbitrarily chosen (the Greenwich Prime Meridian)

LRA Land Registration Authority

LTCP Land Titling Computerization Project

Luzon Datum The horizontal datum used in the Philippines which is based on the Clarke's Spheroid of 1866.

Map Projection A systematic method of representing the whole or part of the curved surface of the earth on another, usually flat, surface. See also Projection.

Map Scale The relationship existing between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. A scale of 1/2000, also be expressed as 1:2,000, means that 1 m on the map is equal to 2,000 m. on the earth’s surface.

MIM Municipal Index Map, map showing parcels in a given area

MSL Mean Sea Level, average level of tide derived from 19 years (1951-1969) of continuous tidal observations at the Manila Harbor.

NAMRIA National Mapping and Resources Information Authority

NCR National Capital Region

Parcel A single cadastral unit, which is the spatial extent of the past, present, and future rights and interests in real property.

PIM Provincial Index MapPlane Coordinate Based on a flat surface with an arbitrary point of origin, and

provides information on the relative distance and direction between map objects.

Point A zero-dimensional object that specifies geometric location. A single x, y coordinate that represents a geographic feature too small to be displayed as a line or area.

Polygon A closed plane figure bounded by three or more line segments.

Positional Accuracy The variance of the position of a map feature from the true position of the entity on the earth’s surface.

PPCS Philippine Plane Coordinate System

Precision A measure of the uniformity or “reproducibility” of the result of a set of measurements. Precision relates to the quality of the operation by which a result is obtained.

Projection A mathematical model that transforms the locations of features on the earth’s surface onto a 2-dimensional map surface. See also Map Projection.

Property Boundaries A series of lines between various property corners resulting in a closed geometric figure.

Property Corners Legally established points on the earth’s surface.

Property Identification A unique number permanently linking a parcel with Number (PROPIN) information relating to that specific parcel. A reference number.

PRS-92 Philippine Reference System 1992

PTM Philippine Transverse Mercator

QC Quezon City

RD Registry of Deeds

RFP Request for Proposal

Scanning A method of data capture whereby an image or map is converted into digital raster form by systematic line-by-line sampling using a scanner.

Spatial Refers to features or phenomena distributed in space and, thus, having physical, measurable dimensions.

Spherical Coordinate Based on a spherical grid that follows the earth's curved System surface, describes a specific location on the earth's surface

with specific latitude and longitude coordinates.

SUFC Stradec, Unisys, F.F. Cruz & Comfac – the consortium awarded with the implementation of the LTCP

TCT Transfer Certificate of Title

TD Technical Descriptions

Tie points points on the surface of the earth with known coordinates

Title Evidence of the right of the owner or the extent of his interest, and by which means he can maintain control and as a rule assert right to exclusive possession and enjoyment of the property.

Universal Transverse A metric worldwide planar coordinate system Mercator (UTM) predominately used in U.S. federal mapping.

Vertical Datum A reference surface used to accurately define vertical elevations.

WORM Write Once Read Many

REFERENCES

Barnes, Dr. Greenville, PhD. “ Topic Cycle 1 : International Comparative Review ofLand Administration Initiatives. “ International Comparative Review. Indonesia. 2000. Internet; Accessed February 7, 2001.

“ Cadastral Mapping for GIS/LIS “http://wwwsgi.ursus.maine.edu/gisweb/spatdb/acsm/ac94114.html; Internet; accessed February 10, 2001.

“ Methods of Digital Parcel Mapping. “ http://www.blm.gov/nils/general/refdocs/new-jersey-draft.html; Internet; accessed February 9, 2001.

NAMRIA. “ National Mapping and Resource Information Authority : Annual Report 1999. “ Philippines. 1999.

NAMRIA. “ Philippine Reference System 1992 “. The Philippine Geodetic Network. Philippines. 1992.

“ Ozakee County Wisconsin Land Information Office Cadastral Mapping Handbook “ http://www.co.ozaukee.wi.us/landinfo/cadastral.html; Internet; accessed February 10, 2001.

“ Process and Outline for Developing a Nebraska Guidebook for a Local GovernmentMultipurpose Land Information System. “ Standards for Multipurpose Land Information Systems. “ http://www.calmit.unl.edu/gis/LIS_Stds_Intro.html; Internet; accessed January 22, 2001.

“ Revised Manual of Land Surveying Regulation in the Philippines.” Manila, Philippines, July 27, 1998.

Taupier, Dr. Rick. “ A guide to Digital Parcel Map Development for Local Governmentsin Massachusette. ” Parcel Mapping Using GIS. University of Massachusettes, Amherst. August 1999. http://www.umass.edu/tei/ogia/parcelguide/mparcel.pdf; Internet; accessed January 24, 2001.