MAPPING OUR WORLD CHAPTER 2 CARTOGRAPHY The science of mapmaking is called cartography. Study of maps Creation of maps Combines science, aesthetics, and technique Maps communicate spatial information about the earth Creating Maps Cartographers create an imaginary grid of lines to locate exact points on earth Based on the: Equator Latitude Longitude Equator The equator is described as a horizontal circle around the Earth halfway between the north and south poles Separates the north and south hemisphere Latitude The latitude are lines that run parallel to the equator Measured in degrees A degree number is the distance from the equator Identified as degrees North or degrees South depending on where the point is located Northern Hemisphere= degrees north Southern Hemisphere = degrees south Latitude Latitude is always 90 at the poles Latitude is always 0 at the equator Each degree equals 111km on the Earths surface Latitude Notation How do you write down latitude? Degree () Minute () 60 minutes for each latitude Seconds () 60 seconds for each minute Example: Emmett is located 435218 North (latitude only) Not exact location though Need BOTH latitude and longitude! Longitude Longitude is the east and west directions Also known as meridians Not parallel to the equator or anything else! Degrees of longitude are the same measurements as latitudes Measured in the distance east or west from the Prime Meridian (not Optimus Prime!) Prime Meridian Prime Meridian is the reference point for longitudinal directions 0 Longitude Located in Greenwich, England Heading west from Greenwich? 0 - 180 West Heading east? 0 - 180 East Are Longitudinal Lines Parallel? Not parallel like latitudinal lines Semicircles Pole to pole International Date Line Longitudinal line Where east lines of longitude meet west lines of longitude At 180 meridian Transition line for the calendar From the line: Head west = gain a day Head east = lose a day Time Zones There are 24 time zones on Earth Due to 24 hour rotation 6 zones in the U.S. Each time zone represents a different hour Time is always changing Each time zone is 15 wide Time zone boundary lines correspond roughly to longitudinal lines Some zones have been adjusted so towns wont be in two time zones