mapld 2005/140 1loo on the use of reconfigurable hardware in sensor system integration for airliner...

MAPLD 2005/140 1 Loo

On the Use of Reconfigurable

Hardware in Sensor System Integration for

Airliner Cabin Environment Research

Sin Ming LooFAA Center of Excellence for Airliner Cabin Environment Research

Boise State UniversityBoise, Idaho 83725


Outline

Airliner Cabin EnvironmentHealth Issues and AirlinerCoE Airliner Cabin Environment ResearchReconfigurable Sensor System BackboneChallengesConclusions & On-going Work


Cabin Environment

Airline passengers encounter environmental factors that include

Potential exposure to contaminantsO3, CO, CO2

PesticidesVarious organic chemicalsBiological agents

Close proximityLow humidityReduced air pressure

Health effects?Ticket to ride Spreading germs a mile high

?


Health Issues and Airliner

Many reported sickness after flying Including passengers and flight crew

Is there a link?No data collected can conclusively says that there is a linkDue to technique used to collect and

interpret data

NRC’s 2002 report - “The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew”

Concludes that more systematic long-term airliner cabin monitoring and research are required


So, why don’t I feel right after

flying?

Humidity10% to 20%

Temperature < 20 C

Close proximitySardine!

PressurizationCabin pressure at altitude up to 8000 ft (2,440 m)

Partial oxygen levelStress of flying


Operating Environment

Taxiing Takeoff Cruise DescentTemperature

-55C to 50C

Pressure10.1 kPa to 101 kPa

AltitudeSea level to 36,000 ft (typical cruising altitude)

Extreme range of operating environmentsSo, how am I being kept alive?

Environmental Control System - provide a suitable indoor environment


Environmental Control Systems

RoleVentilate and pressurize the cabin

Prevent rapid changes in cabin pressure

Minimize concentrations of contaminants

Typically, large commercial aircraft (>100 passengers) re-circulate about 50% of cabin airRe-circulated air passes through high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters

Not mandated by FAA85% of aircraft (>100 passengers) are equipped with HEPA filters


Bleed Air

Reference: United States General Accounting Office, Aviation Safety: More Research Needed to the Effects of Air Quality on Airliner Cabin Occupants, GAO-04-54, January 2005.

Reference: United States General Accounting Office, Aviation Safety: More Research Needed to the Effects of Air Quality on Airliner Cabin Occupants, GAO-04-54, January 2005.


Source of Contaminants

At cruising altitude, the air is quite pureSource of contaminants

You and I!Industrial and urban sourcesAir supply systems

Leaking hydraulic fluidSpilled fuelDeicing fluid

Intentional agent release

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CoE ACER

FAA established the Center of Excellence for Airliner Cabin Environment Research (http://acer-coe.org) in 2004 ACER consists of an eight-institution team:

Auburn UniversityPurdue UniversityHarvard UniversityBoise State UniversityKansas State UniversityLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryThe University of California BerkeleyThe University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

ACER conducts a comprehensive and integrated program of research and development on the cabin environment

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Airliner Cabin & FPGA?

Why does the FPGA have anything to do with airliner cabin environment

research?

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ACER Needs a…

Sensor backbone:FlexibleScalableInterfaceable to analog- and digital-based sensorsRemovable storageWireless

SolutionCombination of FPGA and microcontroller

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Wireless Sensor Network

Base stations with m remote stationsRemote Station

.

.

.

S0S0

Wire

less

Wire

less

S1S1 S2S2 S3S3

S4S4 Sn-3Sn-3 Sn-2Sn-2 Sn-1Sn-1

RH

Wire

less

Wire

less

RH/C

Indicator

Interface Interface

SD Flash SD Flash

Base Station

S0S0

Wire

less

Wire

less

S1S1 S2S2 S3S3


RH

Sensor Peripheral Board

Remote station interface to n sensorsSensor peripheral unit

AnalogDigital

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Base Station

Xilinx FPGA with Microblaze core802.11b compatible Wireless TransceiverSecure digital flash memoryExtra I/O for future interfaceReal-time clockBattery power

Wire

less

Wire

less

RH/C

Indicator

Interface Interface

SD Flash SD Flash

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Remote Station

Xilinx FPGA with Microblaze core802.11b compatible wireless transceiverLots of I/Os for sensorsReal-time clockBattery powerI2C

.

.

.

S0S0

Wire

less

Wire

less

S1S1 S2S2 S3S3


RH

S0S0

Wire

less

Wire

less

S1S1 S2S2 S3S3


RH

3”

4.5”

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Sensor Peripheral

BoardLow cost microcontroller is used to ease the task of interfacing to analog or digital sensorThis board:

MicrocontrollerAnalog portsDigital ports

Small prototype area

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Wireless Transceiver

WiFi to be used for data collection by base station

802.11b, 2.4GHzCheck out http://ww.connexion.com

Wireless moduleAerocomm AC5124C-10A

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Sensor Interface Prototype

SensorsNational Temperature SensorHumirel Relative Humidity SensorMotorola Pressure SensorFIS Gas Sensor VOCsFIS Gas Sensor Carbon MonoxideFIS Ozone SensorFIS Gas Sensor Combustion Gas

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Challenges

Analog/digital sensor interfaceData storage

Raw data?Scalable number of sensorsMinimize the electronic characterization (certification) required for in-cabin usage

FCC and FAA standardsPower consumption/interface

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Conclusions & On-going Work

Provided an introduction to airliner cabin environment researchPresented a design of an Ad-hoc wireless sensor network with backbone capable of interfacing with large numbers of sensorsAnalysis of the quality of wireless signals in the aircraft cabin

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AcknowledgementThis work is funded by FAA Cooperative

Agreement No. 04-C-ACE-BSU.

DisclaimerAlthough the FAA has sponsored this

project, it neither endorses nor rejects the findings of this research. The

presentation of this information is in the interest of invoking technical community comment on the results and conclusions of

the research.

mapld 2005/140 1loo on the use of reconfigurable hardware in sensor system integration for airliner...

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