Map Link: Europe and the Byzantine Empire about 1000:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-058-059.jpg>

Map Link: The Byzantine Empire in 867:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/ByzantineEmpire867AD4lightpurple.PNG>

860 Byzantines defeat Viking attack

867-86 Reign of Basil I

894-927 Byzantines repeatedly defeat attacksby Bulgars

907 Byzantines defeat prince of Kiev

966 Byzantines under John Tzmiskes(r. 969-76) wage campaign againstBulgars

976-1025 Reign of Basil II Bulgaroctonus(the Bulgar-slayer), who completessubdual of Bulgars

Between 930 and 970 Byzantines take mostof Syria and Palestine from Muslims

961 Byzantines take Crete from Muslims

Byzantine Renaissance

Plato Aristotle Neoplatonism

Symeon (the New Theologian, c. 949-1022)

1055-56 Reign of Empress Theodora. Afterdeath of Theodora, Byzantine Empiredescends into civil war, while variousE. European states shake off Byzantinecontrol

Saljuqs/Seljüks

Map Link: Byzantine Empire under Basil II:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg/1280px-Map_Byzantine_Empire_1025-en.svg.png>

Map Link: Spain, 910-1492:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-082-083.jpg>

1031 Collapse of the Umayyad caliphate ofCordoba

Late 11th c. Unification of most of ChristianSpain into kingdoms of Leon-Castile andAragon-Navarre

1085 Troops from Leon-Castile take Toledo

1086 Berber Almoravids invade Spain, defeatChristians

1139 Creation of Kingdom of Portugal

Compostela

James the Elder (Santiago)

Gregory VII (p. 1073-85)

Alfonso VI of Leon-Castile(r. 1065-1109)

Council of Burgos, 1080

Tribal/Stem Dukes of Saxony, Franconia,Lorraine, Swabia and Bavaria

Map Link: Empire of Otto the Great:

<http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/WestEurope/OttonianEmpire.png>

911-18 Reign of Conrad of Franconia

919-36 Reign of Henry the Fowler of Saxony

936-73 Reign of Otto I (the Great), who soonbrings Franconia under his control

937 Otto seizes Burgundy

951 Otto conquers Lombardy

962 Otto crowned as emperor

973-83 Reign of Otto II

Holy Roman Empire

983-1002 Reign of Otto III Theophano

Gerbert of Aurillac/Sylvester II (p. 999-1003)

1002-24 Reign of Henry II

1024-39 Reign of Conrad II of Franconia(Salian Dynasty)

ministeriales1039-56 Reign of Henry III

986-87 Reign of Louis V

987-96 Reign of Hugh Capet(Capetians)

Ile de France

Map Link: France about 1035:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-061.jpg>

996-1031 Reign of Robert II the Pious

1031-60 Reign of Henry I

1060-1108 Reign of Philip I

Tale of Bygone Years/Laurentian Chronicle

Ascribed to Nestor, but probablycomposite work

Covers 852-1120, compiled in c. 1113 andthe years following

Russian Primary Chronicle

Song of Roland

Chanson de geste (Old French EpicPoem)

Earliest version from c. 1088, in 12th c.manuscript copy

Song of Roland

Basque attack on rearguard of Charlemagne’sarmy in Pyrenees in 778

Saracens (Muslims) Roland

Oliver Ganelon