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Map 6 Asia OrientalisCompiled by M.U. Erdosy, 1997

Introduction

Map 6 embraces four distinct regions: central Asia and the Indus valley, which had lengthy contacts with theGreeks and Romans; and Tibet and Chinese Turkestan, which had practically none. The first two entered Westernconsciousness through the eastward expansion of the Achaemenid empire, which brought them into the orbit ofGreek geographical knowledge, and won them prominence as the theaters of Alexander the Great’s easterncampaigns. Although colonization in the wake of Macedonian conquests was short-lived, classical influence on thearts and crafts of the area, if not its religious and political institutions, remained prominent for centuries. Moreover,even though the Parthians and Sasanians effectively severed overland links between central Asia and theMediterranean world, the Alexander legend helped preserve geographical information for posterity (albeit frequentlyin a distorted form), even if little in the way of fresh data was added until Late Roman times. By contrast, areas tothe north and east of the Himalayas remained in effect terra incognita until the nineteenth century, when the heart ofAsia first received serious exploration by westerners, mostly as a by-product of the “Great Game.” Despite theimpressive lists of toponyms and ethnonyms found in Ptolemy’s Geography and Ammianus Marcellinus, few citiesand tribes can be localized with any certitude, since ancient geographers not only lacked first-hand knowledge of thearea, but were also hampered by a defective image of the world, which was sure to produce serious distortions inperipheral regions.

As a result, the eastern half of Map 6 is largely devoid of identifiable sites (although it contributes extensivelyto the list of unlocated toponyms and ethnonyms), while the western half is densely populated. This is not to say thatthe historical topography of Pakistan and central Asia constitutes a closed chapter. Just how much is left to resolvecan be appreciated by merely browsing through the literature generated by, say, Stein’s localization of the site of῎Αορνος at Pir Sar (for a brief survey, Bosworth 1995, 178-80). The fact that many solutions were proposed byhistorians without first-hand field experience, or by archaeologists who ignored historical questions, has not helped;nor has the inaccessibility of some areas, and the chronic instability of others. These factors have prevented theverification of many recent hypotheses.

Compilation of the Directory follows the principles set out in the introduction to Map 5, except that in citingGreek and Latin sources I have relied more heavily on modern treatments which either list textual references (noteRenou 1925, 75-89; André 1986, 429-453), or mention them in the course of discussing the identification of certaintoponyms or ethnonyms (note André 1980; Bosworth 1980; 1995; Casson 1989). This difference in approach isnecessitated by the multitude of textual references, itself the product of the frequent recycling of information relatingto Alexander’s exploits. I have, however, cited original sources directly if they are omitted from the lists justmentioned, or if the modern treatments either do not correctly identify a name, or take no account of the possibilitythat one name can cover a range of geographical features (Caucasus, for example).

The most important physical changes since ancient times have been hydrological, and they are of a differentorder of magnitude from those experienced in either peninsular India or the Ganges valley. The two principalproblems–debated for over a century–concern the movements of the R. Indus and its tributaries, and the location ofthe R. Oxus delta. I refrain from commenting extensively on the second problem, since both the Aral Sea and mostof the Caspian Sea fall outside the scope of the Barrington Atlas. Suffice it to say that, even if the Oxus drainedmostly into the Aral Sea in antiquity, the Uzboy channel connecting it to the Caspian could have carried some of itsflow, and could have misled ancient authors into equating the channel with the principal branch. This may wellexplain why the Aral Sea remained unknown until Late Antiquity. Another explanation may be deduced from theshape and size of the Caspian Sea in Ptolemy’s system, which suggests that at least the eastern and southern shores ofthe Aral Sea were known, but were considered to belong to the Caspian. It should also be noted that several of the

78 MAP 6 ASIA ORIENTALIS

left-bank tributaries of the Oxus no longer reach it now, but are lost in the sands of Bactria; their lower courses inantiquity can only be guessed at.

The Indus and its tributaries are principal points of reference for all of Alexander’s historians, and theirlocation in protohistoric times is vital to the map. Fortunately, with the advent of remote sensing techniques, andadvances in archaeological surveying, the general outlines of the westward shift of the Indus system, and of thedesiccation of the Ghaggar and Nara channels (representing the Vedic Sarasvatī), are clear. For this reason, I haveadopted Wilhelmy’s scheme (1968; 1968a; 1969, summarized in Eggermont 1975; 1993) for both the palaeochannelsof the Indus system and the ancient shoreline around the Indus delta. While the geographical outlines are clear andseldom contested, one historical issue does remain to be resolved, namely the channel of the Indus delta whichNearchos used as his outlet to the Arabian Sea. Here I cannot accept Eggermont’s preference for the eastern channel,in spite of his detailed arguments. Instead, I maintain that Nearchos must have used a branch of the western channelwhich emptied itself into the Gulf of Kutch at 68° longitude (just east of Pir Patho hill: see the map inEggermont 1975, 31).

DirectoryAll place names are in India unless otherwise noted

Abbreviations

EIA A. Ghosh (ed.), An encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology. Volume 2: a gazetteer of explored andexcavated sites in India, New Delhi, 1989

Avst. AvestanOPers. Old PersianSkt. Sanskrit

Note: For commentary on Arrian references, see Bosworth 1980 (Books 1-3); 1995 (Books 4-5); and Hinüber 1985 (Book 8).

For commentary on PME references, see Casson 1989.

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location References

E5 Abali R people in hills of S Bihar Pliny, NH 6.67; McCrindle 1926, 139-40C4 Abastanoi/

Sambastai§ Megallae§ Sabarcae§ Sabbas§ Sabou§ Subagrae

H/HRH

L

IND / PAKSkt.: Ambaṣt ̣ha / Mekala

Law 1943, 96-97; NPauly

Pliny, NH 6.73; Law 1943, 374

André 1986, 257B4 Aberia R Indo-Greek province

above R. Indus deltaPAK

Skt.: Abhira-deśa

Ptol. 7.1.55; Law 1943, 79-81

A1 Abii HRL UZB Bosworth 1995, 13-15C5 Abiria R hinterlands of Gujarat

coastSkt.: Abhirādeśa

PME 41

C3 Abisareis H Skt.: Abhisāra André 1980, 106; Bosworth 1995, 177-78Acadira = Arigaion

C3 Acutri? R people in Bajaur (cf.Arigaion)

Pliny, NH 6.94

F5 Adamas? fl. R Subarnarekha (contraVogel 1952a, 229)

Ptol. 7.1.17, 41; Chandra 1977, 122

MAP 6 ASIA ORIENTALIS 79


D4 Adisdara R Ramnagar?Skt.: Adhicchatra

Ptol. 7.1.53; Law 1943, 34

C3 Adrestae§ A(n)dri

HRLRL

Skt.: Aratta Bosworth 1995, 328-29André 1986, 141, 257

C3 Agalasseis/Agensonae

§ Gesonae

H/HRL

DiodSic 17.96; André 1986, 141, 257, 383(n. 290); Eggermont 1993, 23-25, 33

F5 Aganagara? R Agradvīpa Ptol. 7.2.14; Law 1976, 112Agensonae = Agalasseis

F5 Agoranis fl. H Garai BAN Arrian 8.4.4C3 Ahin Posh R AFG Ball 1982.17C5 Ajabpura R EIAC3 Akesinos/

Sandabal fl.§ Cantaba

HRL

R

Chenab, as well ascombined streams of R.Indus tributaries IND /PAK

Vedic / Skt.: Asiknī

Strabo 15.1.18, 27; Renou 1925, 87;André 1980, 102; 1986, 429; NPaulyAkesines 2

Akota = Minnagara?C3 Akra CHR PAK Allchin et al. 1986, 184A3 Alexandria AFG See Map 3B3 Alexandria HR Begram (cf. Kapisa) AFG Tarn 1951, 460-42; Bosworth 1980, 369-70;

Fraser 1996, 140-51B3 Alexandria/

Alexandropolis/Cufis

RL/

R

Kandahar AFG IsidChar 19; Ptol. 6.20.4; AmmMarc23.6.72; Tarn 1951, 470-71;André 1980, 120; 1986, 388 (n. 310);NPauly Alexandreia 7

Alexandria =Arachosiorum Oppidum

A3 Alexandria Ariorum/Artacavan/Harey

AFG See Map 98

B1 Alexandria Eschate§ Cyreschata

HRRL

Khojend TAJ Curtius 7.6.13; Ptol. 6.17.6;Bosworth 1995, 15-17, 19

B2 Alexandria Oxiana? AFG See Map 99A2 Alexandria/

Antiochia/Merv

TKM See Map 98

B4 Alexandria/Rhambakia

§ Alexandropolis§ Arbis

HR/HLR

Khandewari? PAK Eggermont 1975, 69-77;André 1980, 127-28;Fraser 1996, 164-67, 178

André 1986, 276, 408 (n. 479)Ptol. 6.21.5

Alexandropolis =Alexandria

B5 Alexandrou Limen/Portus Macedonum

§ Abies§ Barbara§ Barce§ Biblon§ Paricea§ Xylinepolis

H/RRRRRLR

PAK Eggermont 1975, 33-45, 132-37;André 1980, 127

Casson 1989, 188André 1986, 383, 432Philostratus, Vita Apollonii 3.53ItMiller 788; Eggermont 1993, 116

B2 Aliabad AFG See Map 99B2 Altin Dilyar tepe AFG See Map 98F5 Amystis fl. H Ajaya

Skt.: AjamatīArrian 8.4.5; Law 1976, 203

A3 Anauon AFG See Map 3F5 Andomatis fl. H Damodar

Skt.: DāmodaraArrian 8.4.4

E4 Aninacha R Nimsur? Ptol. 7.1.53; EIA Nimsur;Schwartzberg 1992, 330, 358

G5 Antibolei fl. R Meghna channel inGanges delta BAN

Ptol. 7.1.18; 7.2.2



Antiochia = AlexandriaB2 Aornos AFG See Map 99C3 Aornos

§ AornisHRLHL

Pir Sar? PAK André 1986, 294, 431;Bosworth 1995, 178-80; NPauly 2

B3 Aparytai C Afridi AFG / PAKSkt.: Aparīta

Hdt. 3.91; Singh 1972, 133-34

C5 Apokopa M. R Aravalli Mts. (contraVogel 1950, 146-49)

Ptol. 7.1.19; Law 1976, 20, 304

B4 Arabis fl.

§ Arbi(u)s fl.§ Barbarus fl.§ Chariphou fl.

HRL

HRHR

Hab PAKSkt.: Aravī

Ptol. 6.19.2, 6.21.2; AmmMarc 23.6.73;Eggermont 1975, 46-47, 200;André 1980, 127-28

Ptol. 7.1.2, 28

B4 Arabitai

§ Ar(i)bae§ Arbies§ Abritai§ Terabdoi

H

RLHHRR

PAK Arrian 6.21.4; Goukowsky 1976, 143;André 1986, 293, 398 (n. 378)

Pliny, NH 6.77; Eggermont 1975, 102-104Strabo 15.2.1DiodSic 17.104; Ptol. 6.21.4PME 37

B3 Arachosia

§ Arachotoi§ Arachosii§ Rachousoi

HRL hilly country betweenR.Indus, Hilmand basin,Quetta valley andS slopes of HindukushAFG

Arrian 5.6.2; Ptol. 6.18.1, 7.1.1; AmmMarc23.6.72; André 1980, 120; NPauly

Arrian 3.8.4; André 1986, 431Curtius 4.12.6, 7.3.4, 8.13.3PME 47; Eggermont 1970, 122

A3 Arachosia fl.§ Arachotos fl.

RR

Argandhab AFGAvst.: Harāvaiti

Pliny, NH 6.92; André 1980, 120IsidChar 19

B3 Arachosiorum Oppidum/Alexandria

§ Arachosia§ Arachotos§ Demetrias§ (A)Gazaca

R

RHRRH

Kalat-e-Ghilzai? AFG Pliny, NH 6.61, 92; André 1980, 120

StByz ’Αραχωσία; Tarn 1951, 470

IsidChar 19Ptol. 6.18.4; AmmMarc 23.6.70

B3 Arachotos Krene R Dasht-i-Nawar AFG Ptol. 6.20.1; Bernard 1974, 183-85Arana = Chaarene

B4 Arbita M.§ Arbitani M.

RL

Kirthar Mts. PAK Renou 1925, 76; Eggermont 1975, 48

A3 Ar(e)ia AFG See Map 98Argenuus? = Kokala

C5 Ariake/Larike

R hinterlands of Barygazaand parts of N Konkancoast

Skt.: Aryaka / Lāt ̣ā / Lāt ̣adeśa

PME 41; Ptol. 7.1.4, 62; Law 1976, 287-88

A3 Ari(m)aspai AFG / IRN See Map 3C3 Arigaion/

Acadira§ Ariani

H

L

Nawagai? Curtius 8.10.19; Arrian 4.24.6;Bosworth 1995, 163

AmmMarc 23.6.69; André 1986, 215, 293C3 Aristobathra/

OrobatisR/H

ShahbazgarhiSkt.: Ariṣt ̣hapura

Arrian 4.28.5; Ptol. 7.1.57;Eggermont 1993, 11.139

A2 Arius fl. AFG See Map 98D4 Ārjunāyanas HR people in Bharatpur-Alwar

regionMajumdar 1951, 162-63

Arouadis fl. = Hydraotesfl.

C3 Arsagalitae§ Orsaei

RR

inhabitants of Ouarsa Pliny, NH 6.78; Foucher 1947, 216 (n. 12)Pliny, NH 8.76; Eggermont 1970, 105

B2 Artamis? fl. AFG See Map 99Artacavan = Alexandria

AriorumC1 Ascatancas M. RL Talas-Alatau and

Chatkal'sky rangesKYR / UZB

Ptol. 6.13.1; AmmMarc 23.6.60;Fontaine 1977, 106

C3 Asigramma R Asgrām Ptol. 7.1.57; Eggermont 1993, 10-11



Asioi = TochariC3 Aspasioi

§ HypasioiHH

lower Kunar valley AFG Arrian 4.23.1, 4.24.1;Bosworth 1995, 144, 155

Strabo 15.1.17, 27C3 Assakanoi

§ Asmagi§ Assoi§ Assakia

HRRH

Skt.: Aśvakāyanāh

country of Assakanoi

Bosworth 1995, 167Pliny, NH 6.73; Hinüber 1985, 1081Pliny, NH 6.78; Eggermont 1970, 107Arrian 8.1.8

B2 Astakana AFG See Map 99B2 Astakenoi/

Sattagydai§ Aspagani?§ Tatakene

HR/CRR

AFGOPers.: Θattaguš

André 1980, 108

Ptol. 6.19.3E4 Asthagoura R Ahraura? Ptol. 7.1.72A4 Asthala/

Solis?/Karmina? Ins.

§ Karnine Ins.§ Nosala Ins.§ Nympharum Cubile

R/RL/RHHRL

Astalu PAK Ptol. 6.21.6; Eggermont 1975, 81-82;André 1980, 129-30

E3 Astomi R Pliny, NH 7.25C3 Astrybai H Arrian 8.4.8; Renou 1925, 76C3 Attakenoi H along R. Sutlej Arrian 8.4.8; Hinüber 1985, 1100C5 Automula R Vallabhipur? Pliny, NH 6.75;

Schwartzberg 1992, 331, 371

B2 Bactra/Zariaspa

AFG See Map 98

B2 Bactria See Map 99B2 Bactrus?/

Zariaspis? fl.HR/HRL

Balkh-āb AFG AmmMarc 23.6.57; Fontaine 1977, 103;André 1980, 64-65

A4 Bagisara H Ormara PAK Arrian 8.26.2; Eggermont 1975, 81A3 Bagoon M. R AFG Ptol. 6.17.1, 6.19.1A4 Baitia M. R PAK Ptol. 6.19.1, 6.21.3; Ronca 1971, 73F5 Bamanghati RL Turner 1989, 49C3 Bandobene

§ PeukelaotisHHR

Skt.: U(n)dabhanda Strabo 15.1.26; Eggermont 1975, 139Bosworth 1995, 184

B5 Barake Inss. R Beyt Is., in Gulf of Kutch Ptol. 7.1.94; Schwartzberg 1992, 332-333B5 Barakes Kolpos

§ Kanthikos KolposRR

Gulf of Kutch Casson 1989, 195-96;Schwartzberg 1992, 332, 351

B4 Barbarikon R PAK PME 38; Eggermont 1975, 37-40E4 Bargysoi R between Śrāvastī and

VaiśālīSkt.: Bhārga

PME 62; Law 1976, 71

A4 Barna PAK See Map 3C5 Barygaza

§ BargoseRH

BroachSkt.: Bhṛgukaccha

PME 40-47; Ptol. 7.1.62; EIA BharuchStrabo 15.1.73

C5 Barygazon Kolpos§ Barygazenos Kolpos

RR

Gulf of Cambay PME 41Ptol. 7.1.5; Renou 1925, 77

D4 Batankaisara? R Bateshwar Ptol. 7.1.51; EIA BateswarC3 Bazira

§ BeiraHH

Barikot Arrian 4.27.5; Bosworth 1995, 176-77Curtius 8.10.22

G4 Bepyron M. R Ptol. 7.2.8, 9, 11, 15, 18;Berthelot 1930, 395

Bessadae = SesataiBestia Desolata = Bigis

B5 Bibakta Ins.§ Bibaga Ins.

HR

PAK Arrian 8.21.11; Eggermont 1975, 38-41Pliny, NH 6.80

Bibasis fl. = Hyp(h)asis fl.Bidaspes fl. = Hydaspes fl.



A3 Bigis/Bestia Desolata/Parabeste

§ Biyt

R/L/RR

Qila-i-Bust AFG Ptol. 6.19.5; André 1980, 121;Eggermont 1993, 115

IsidChar 19E5 Bilaspur R Turner 1989, 49-50D4 Bolingae R in Alwar region of

RajasthanSkt.: Bhaulinga

Law 1976, 123; André 1980, 106

C3 Boukephala§ Boos Kephalai

HRLRL

Jalilpur? PAK Renou 1925, 78; Bosworth 1995, 311-13

B2 Branchidai See Map 98B2 Bubacene? TAJ See Map 99B5 Butae R Buddas, people living in

Kutch?Pliny, NH 6.76; McCrindle 1926, 151

D2 Byltai§ Bolitai

RR

Scythian people in Pamirs(name may be preservedin modern Baltis /Balitstan)

Ptol. 6.13.3

D3 Caesi R Skt.: Khaśa Pliny, NH 6.73; McCrindle 1926, 145-46E5 Cainnas? fl. H Ken Pliny, NH 6.64; Arrian 8.4.3F4 Campā HR EIAB2 Capisa

§ CaphisaRR

AFGSkt.: Kapiśā

Ptol. 6.18.4; Tarn 1951, 460-62;André 1986, 160, 388 (n. 310)

C2 Capisene R AFG Pliny, NH 6.92; Tarn 1951, 96-97C5 Capitalia M. R Mt. Abu Pliny, NH 6.74; Law 1976, 323

Caspyre = KaspiriaF4 Casuagus/

Kossoanos fl.H/H

Kosi IND / NEPSkt.: Kauśikī

Pliny, NH 6.65; McCrindle 1926, 191-92;André 1980, 94

Caucasus M. = HemodosM.

Caucasus M. =Paropamisos M.

A4 Chaarene/Arana

§ Rhana

HR

L

Kharan region, inBaluchistan

Strabo 15.2.11; Ptol. 6.19.5;Eggermont 1993, 113-15

ItMiller 787E5 Chakerbedha R Turner 1989, 51D4 Charmae R Chamars, inhabitants of

BundelkhandPliny, NH 6.75; McCrindle 1926, 150-51

A2 Chatracharta TKM See Map 3C5 Chatriaioi R Khatri, people in Malwa,

also castePtol. 7.1.64; Vogel 1952a, 232-33

D2 Chaurana RL Khotan CHN Ptol. 6.15.4; AmmMarc 23.6.63;Fontaine 1977, 109

F4 Chirotosagi/Kirradai

§ Cirrabe Indi§ Kirradia§ Korouda§ Piladai§ Sciratae§ Thalutae

R/RLRRRHR

E Himalayas NEPSkt.: Kirāta

Renou 1925, 82 Κιρραδέοι; Law 1976, 98-99;André 1980, 92, 97-98

Aelian, de Natura Animalium 3.35.3Ptol. 7.2.16; Law 1976, 98-99

C3 Choaspes fl.§ Gouraios fl.§ Garoias fl.§ Parospus fl.

H

HR

combined streams of Swāt (Souastos) and Panjkora(Gouraios)

Skt.: Gaurī

Tucci 1977, 47;Bosworth 1995, 156-57, 168-69

Arrian 8.4.11; Hinüber 1985, 1099Pliny, NH 6.94

C3 Choes? fl. H Alingar AFG Arrian 4.23.2; Bosworth 1995, 155-57D4 Chrisobora/

KleisoboraR/H

Gokul? Pliny, NH 6.69Arrian 8.8.5

B5 Chrysoun Stoma R E mouth R. Indus PAK Ptol. 7.1.2, 28; Eggermont 1975, 87E4 Chunar R Wheeler 1951, 379D3 Colobae R Skt.: Kolūta Pliny, NH 6.76; McCrindle 1926, 139-40;

Law 1943, 90



C2 Comedus M.§ Caumestes M.

RLRL

TAJ Ptol. 6.12.3; AmmMarc 23.6.60André 1986, 277

Cufis = AlexandriaB1 Cyropolis/

Kyra§ Cyreschata

H

RL

Kurkat? TAJ Bosworth 1995, 19

Dadikai = DaradraiA2 Dahae TKM See Map 97A3 Dahan-i Ghulaman/

Zra(n)ka?IRN See Map 3

B2 Dal'verzin tepe UZB See Map 99C2 Daradrai/

Dadikai§ Dardae§ Dardaneis§ Datichai

R/CRRLR

Dards in Hindukush range,Nuristan AFG

Ptol. 7.1.42; Renou 1925, 79;Foucher 1947, 197; André 1980, 98

Ptol. 7.1.51B2 Dargamanes? fl. RL Ab-e-Safed AFG Ptol. 6.11.2, 4B2 Dargoidos? fl. R Qunduz AFG Ptol. 6.11.2; Ronca 1971, 25, 67;

Staviskij 1986, 107C5 Dari R Gulf of Kutch PAK Pliny, NH 6.73; McCrindle 1926, 145-46

Diardines fl. = Oidanes fl.B2 Dilbarjin AFG See Map 98

Dionysopolis = NagaraE5 Dosara R Tusra? (contra Sircar) Ptol. 7.1.77; Sircar 1971, 187E5 Dosaron fl. See Map 5B2 Drapsaka AFG See Map 99B2 Dushanbe TAJ See Map 99B1 Dymos? fl. RL Chirtchik UZB Ptol. 6.12.3; AmmMarc 23.6.59;

Fontaine 1977, 105C3 Dyrta H Daggar? Arrian 4.30.5

C5 Eirinon R marsh / Rann of KutchIND / PAK

PME 40

B5 Eiron M. H Makli hills PAK Arrian 8.21.9; Eggermont 1975, 43-45C3 Embolima

§ EcbolimaHRH

Kabulgram? Arrian 4.28.7; Ptol. 7.1.57Curtius 8.12.1

E2 Emodon/Kasia M.

L/R

Altun Shan-Kunlun rangeCHN

Ptol. 6.15.2, 6.16.2; AmmMarc 23.6.64;Fontaine 1977, 111

B2 Emshi tepe AFG See Map 98Eorta = (H)Eorta

D4 Eragassa R ErachSkt.: Erakakṣa

Ptol. 7.1.50; Vogel 1948

E5 Erannoboas/Sonus fl.

§ Eramnomboua fl.§ So fl.

H/HRHR

SonSkt.: Hiraṇyavāhu / Sona

Pliny, NH 6.65; Arrian 8.10.5;Renou 1925, 88 Σῶ;McCrindle 1926, 191-93

A5 Erythr(ae)um/Indicum Mare

See Map 4

A3 Erymandros fl.§ Cymander? fl.§ Ebimaris fl.§ Etymandros fl.§ Ethymantus fl.

HLRRH

Helmand AFG / PAKAvst.: Hætumant

Arrian 4.6.6; André 1986, 390 (n. 328), 398(n. 382), 437; Bosworth 1995, 37

André 1980, 120

C2 Euas(...) fl. H Kunar AFG / PAK Arrian 4.24.1C3 Euthymedeia/

SangalaR/HR

Ptol. 7.1.46, 53; Foucher 1947, 398;Tarn 1951, 486-87;Bosworth 1995, 327-37

E1 ‘Focari’§ *Tochari

R in Tarim basin CHN Pliny, NH 6.55; Tarn 1951, 84

Frakh-kar-Peroz =Phra(da)



C5 Gallitalutae R Gehlots, Rajput people inGujarat

Pliny, NH 6.77; McCrindle 1926, 152-53

C3 Gandaris§ Gandaritis

CHRLH

area N R. Kabul, betweenKunar and R. IndusAFG / PAK

Skt.: Gandhāra

Renou 1925, 79 Γανδάραι; Law 1943, 9-11;Tucci 1977, 11; André 1980, 62

D4 Ganganoi R upper R. Ganges-GhaggarDoab

Ptol. 7.2.13; Schwartzberg 1992, 24

F5 Gangaridae

§ Gandaridai

RL

H

Bengal BAN / INDSkt.: Vangas

McCrindle 1926, 134, 136-37;André 1980, 95; 1986, 163

DiodSic 2.37, 17.91E4 Gange H Allahabad Strabo 15.1.72; Wheeler 1951, 379E4 Ganges fl.

§ Padus fl.§ Phison fl.§ Alibotra? fl.

HRLLLL

Ganges Renou 1925, 78;André 1986, 277, 311-13, 438-39, 448

B2 Garav kala TAJ See Map 99A3 Gari R Girdai Ghundai? AFG IsidChar 16; Ball 1982.378D4 Gatasmira R Kathumar? Ptol. 7.1.50B1 Gaza H Nau? TAJ Arrian 4.2A4 Gedrosia IRN / PAK See Map 3C3 Glauganikai

§ GlausaiHH

IND / PAK Arrian 5.20.2-5

C4 Gogaraei R Pliny, NH 6.76; McCrindle 1926, 151C3 Goryaia

§ GouraioiRH

Panjkora valley Ptol. 7.1.42Arrian 4.23, 4.25.6

B5 Gynaikon Limen/Morontobara

HRL/H

Karachi PAK Arrian 8.22.4-5; Ptol. 6.21.2; AmmMarc23.6.73; Eggermont 1975, 54-55

Harey = AlexandriaAriorum

D3 Hemodos/Imaus/Caucasus M.

§ Emodus M.§ (H)Emoda M.§ Imaikos M.§ Lamnus M.§ Tauros M.

HRL

RLHRHL

HimalayasPāli: Hemoda Skt.: Hīmavat

Curtius 8.9.3; Renou 1925, 80-81;André 1980, 60, 81, 88; 1986, 437,441-42, 452; Janvier 1982

Strabo 11.8.1; Arrian 8.6.4; Ptol. 6.15.2

Bosworth 1995, 237-38

E4 (H)Eorta/Sageda

§ Sagala?§ Arate?

R

L

Faizabad?Skt.: Ayodhya

Renou 1925, 80, 87; Law 1976, 67, 122;EIA Ayodhyā

Ptol. 7.1.53; Schwartzberg 1992, 340

Horaia? = KokalaC3 Hydaspes/

Bidaspes fl.§ Idaspes fl.

HR/RR

Jhelum IND / PAKSkt.: Vitastā

Renou 1925, 77-78; André 1986, 440;Eggermont 1993, 11, 65

C3 Hydraotes/Arouadis/Porrus fl.

§ Hiarotis fl.

HR/R/HHR

Ravi IND / PAKSkt.: Irāvatī VedicSkt.: Parus ̣ṇī

Curtius 9.1.8; Renou 1925, 76;Eggermont 1993, 6-8 (n. 30a)

D3 Hyp(h)asis/Bibasis fl.

§ Hypanis fl.

HR/RHRL

Beas, as well as combinedBeas-Sutlej stream IND/ PAK

Skt.: Vipās

Renou 1925, 77;Eggermont 1993, 11, 65, 130

André 1986, 440

Hypasis fl. = Zadadros fl.Hyperboraei = Ottorokorai

A2 Iasonion TKM See Map 98



C1 Iaxartes/Silis/Tanais fl.

§ Araxes fl.

§ Laxates fl.§ Orexartes fl.§ Oxyartes fl.

HR/R/HRHR

RLRH

Syr DaryaBurushaski: ts.hil, ‘water’

Strabo 11.6.1, 11.11.5; Ptol. 6.12.1;André 1980, 66; Bosworth 1980, 378;Harmatta 1992, 377

Aristotle, Meteorologica 1.13; Strabo11.8.6; Eggermont 1993, 59 (n. 224), 61

Plutarch, Alexander 45.6A4 Ichthyophagoi IRN / PAK See Map 3

Imaus M. = Hemodos M.D4 Indabara R Delhi (Purana Qila site)?

Skt.: Indraprastha?Ptol. 7.1.49; Majumdar 1960, 380

Indicum Mare =Erythr(ae)um Mare

B4 Indoi C inhabitants of Sindh PAK Hdt. 3.94; REB4 Indoskythia R Sindh, Makran coast, and

Rann of Kutch PAKSkt.: Śakasthāna

Ptol. 7.1.55, 62; Casson 1989, 186

B4 Indus/Sinthos/Phison fl.

§ Sindus fl.§ Sygoton fl.

CHRL/R/LRLL

IndusSkt.: Sindhu Avst.: Hīndu

Renou 1925, 81; Wilhelmy 1969;André 1980, 101; 1986, 441-42, 448

D4 Iomanes/Iobares fl.

§ Diamounas fl.

R/HR

JumnaSkt.: Yamuna

Renou 1925, 79 ∆ιαµούνας;Law 1976, 34, 36

G2 Issedones RL NE slopes of Altun-Shan /Kunlun range CHN

Ptol. 6.16.5; AmmMarc 23.6.66

B2 Kafir kala TAJ See Map 99F4 Kakouthis H Kako? Arrian 8 4.4; McCrindle 1926, 194A4 Kalama Kolpos H Bay of Kalmat on Makran

coastArrian 8.26.6; Eggermont 1975, 81

G5 Kamberichon Stoma R mouth of R. Garai BAN Ptol. 7.1.18, 30C3 Kambistholoi H S Panjab

Skt.: Kapiṣt ̣halaArrian 8.4.8; Witzel 1987, 180-82, 212

F5 Kambouson Stoma R Bhāgīrathī, W mouth of R. Ganges

Ptol. 7.1.18, 30; Berthelot 1930, 307

B4 Kamigara§ Camagora?

R Aror PAKSkt.: Kaman(nagar)?

Ptol. 7.1.61; Majumdar 1960, 381 (n. 61)

D4 Kanogiza§ Kanagora?

RR

Kanauj?Pāli: Kaṇṇakujja? Skt.: Kānyakubhya

Ptol. 7.2.22; Wheeler 1951, 379Ptol. 7.1.53; Schwartzberg 1992, 347

C5 Kanthi R Kanthkot Ptol. 7.1.2; Schwartzberg 1992, 347A3 Karkuya/

‘Korok’?IRN See Map 3

Karmina? Ins. = AsthalaIns.

E4 Kāśī HR Rajghat mound inVaranasi

Raschke 1978, 1027-28 (n. 1549); EIARajghat

Kasia M. = Emodon M.Kaspatyros? = Peukelaotis

C3 Kaspiria/Caspyre/Kattybourine

R/L/R

Kashmir IND / PAK PME 48; Ptol. 7.1.42; ItMiller 627

F5 Katadoupe H Katwa? Arrian 8.4.5C3 Kathaioi/

Xathroi§ Catheani§ Mathai

H/HRLH

people between R. Raviand R. Chenab

Skt.: Katha

Arrian 5.22.1, 6.15.1

André 1986, 382-83Arrian 8.4.5; Hinüber 1985, 1095-96

Kattybourine = KaspiriaE4 Kauśāmbī HR Kosam Inam EIA



C3 Kekeoi§ Ceae

HR

E PanjabSkt.: Kekaya

Arrian 8.4.8; Singh 1972, 161-62Pliny, NH 6.77

F4 Kelydna R Malda? Ptol. 7.2.14; Schwartzberg 1992, 348, 353E4 Kindia R Kandwa? Ptol. 7.1.53

Kirradai = Chirotosagi NEPKleisobora = ChrisoboraKoa fl. = Kophen fl.

D5 Kognabanda R Sanchi Ptol. 7.1.50, 65; Eggermont 1966, 263-64B4 Kokala/

Horaia?/Argenuus?

HR/R/R

harbor associated withAlexandria(Khandewari) PAK

Pliny, NH 6.97; Ptol. 7.1.58; Arrian 8.23.4;Eggermont 1975, 73;Casson 1989, 182-84

C2 Komedai R Alai range TAJSkt.: Gomeda

Ptol. 6.13.3, 7.1.42; Sircar 1971, 128

E4 Kommenases fl. H Karmanasa Arrian 8.4.4E4 Kondochates fl. H Gandak Arrian 8.4.4B3 Kophen HRL Kabul? AFG StByz ’Αραχωσία; Tarn 1951, 469C3 Kophen/

Koa fl.§ Cephen fl.

HRL/RL

Kabul AFGSkt.: Kubhā

Arrian 4.22.5, 5.1.1; Ptol. 7.1.26-28, 42;André 1980, 90; 1986, 401(n. 409), 434-35

Korandakaloi =Orumcolae

‘Korok’? = KarkuyaKossoanos fl. = Casuagus

fl.A2 Kuṣān ̣as R dynasty ruling between

Margiana in NW andPunjab in SE

Majumdar 1951, 136-53

D3 Kylindrene Chora R area in Himalayas (namepreserved in modernKulu valley?)

Ptol. 7.1.42; Law 1943, 90-91

Kyra = Cyropolis

C3 Lambatai§ Ambautai

RR

Lamghan AFGSkt.: Lampāka

Ptol. 7.1.42; Eggermont 1975, 151Ptol. 6.18.3

Lamnaios fl. = Namadesfl.

Larike = AriakeD2 Lithinos Pyrgos RL Tashkurgan CHN Ptol. 6.13.2; AmmMarc 23.6.60;

Fontaine 1977, 106B4 Lonibarai? Stoma R E arm of Indus Delta

PAKPtol. 7.1.2, 28; Lambrick 1964, 140

E5 Mactocalingae R Mekalas, people at sourceof R. Narmada

Pliny, NH 6.64; Singh 1972, 279

F4 Madyandinoi H Skt.: Mādhyandini Arrian 8.4.4; Witzel 1987, 194-95, 212E4 Maghas R dynasty of Kauśāmbī Majumdar 1951, 175-76F4 Magon fl. H Mohana

Skt.: MahānādaArrian 8.4.4

G5 Maiandros M. R mountain chain in ArakanBRM

Ptol. 7.2.8, 10; Berthelot 1930, 395

C5 Mais fl.§ Elymaide fl.§ Mophis fl.

RLR

Mahī PME 42ItMiller 788Ptol. 7.1.4, 31

C3 Malamantos? fl. H Kalpani Nala Arrian 8.4.11; McCrindle 1926, 196;Tucci 1977, 43

B4 Malana Pr.§ Balaio Pr.§ Male Pr.§ Maleus M.

HRLR

Ras Malan PAK Arrian 8.25.1; Hinüber 1985, 1132Ptol. 7.1.4; Renou 1925, 77CosmasInd 445, 448Pliny, NH 2.184-85

C4 Mālavas R tribal oligarchy inJaipur-Udaipur

Majumdar 1951, 164-65

F5 Maleus M. HRL Parswanath hill Pliny, NH 6.69; Law 1976, 21, 235;André 1986, 149, 263



F5 Malli H Maler, people in Rajmahalhills

Pliny, NH 6.64; Law 1943, 60-65

C3 Malloi HR people on lower course ofR. Ravi

Strabo 15.1.33; Arrian 5.22.2;8.4.10, 8.19.8; RE; Law 1943, 60-65

F5 Mallus M. H Mt. Mandar Pliny, NH 6.64; Law 1976, 21, 235D4 Maltecorae R branch of Śālvas in Alwar

regionPliny, NH 6.74; McCrindle 1926, 146-47

E5 Mandaei§ Monaedes

HRH

Muṇḍas Renou 1925, 83 Μανδᾶλαι;McCrindle 1926, 141

B2 Marakanda HR Samarkand UZB Strabo 11.11.4; Curtius 7.6.10; Arrian 3.30;Ptol. 6.11.9; Bosworth 1980, 377

A2 Margiana/Margush/Merv

TKM See Map 98

A2 Margus fl. TKM See Map 98C4 Maroae R W India (name preserved

in modern Maruhatribe?)

Pliny, NH 6.74

F4 Maroundai§ Molindae

RR

N Bihar / BengalSkt.: Muruṇḍas

Law 1976, 112Renou 1925, 83

B3 Masianoi H people at confluence ofR. Kabul and R.Ghorband AFG

Strabo 15.1.27; Eggermont 1975, 178-79

A2 Massagetai CHRL Scythians between lowerOxus and Iaxartes UZB

Curtius 8.1.3; Arrian 4.16, 17; Ptol. 6.10.2;André 1980, 67; 1986, 279

C3 Massaka§ Masoga§ Massaga

HHH

fort in Katgala PassSkt.: Maśaka

Arrian 8.1.8; Hinüber 1985, 1083Strabo 15.1.27Arrian 4.26

D4 Mauryas H dynasty of S Asia,322-187 B.C. IND /PAK

Majumdar 1951, 54-92

C3 Mazagae§ Mazi

HR

Massaka Curtius 8.10.22-26; André 1986, 349-50Pliny, NH 6.92

F5 Mega Stoma R mouth of Oxymatischannel in Ganges delta

Ptol. 7.1.18, 30

D5 Memadakhedi R Turner 1989, 67C2 Meros M.

§ Liseus M.§ Nysus M.

HRL

LHR

Tirich Mir? DiodSic 2.38.4; Tucci 1977, 27;André 1986, 408 (n. 482); 443-44;Bosworth 1995, 205-207

Pliny, NH 8.141Merv = AlexandriaMerv = Margiana

B4 Mesae R around Shikarpur, Sindh(modern Mazari) PAK

Pliny, NH 6.77; McCrindle 1926, 152-53

D4 Methora§ Modoura§ Methorgum

HRRR

Mathura Renou 1925, 84 Μοδούρα; Turner 1989, 67;EIA Mathura

Eggermont 1993, 105Minnagar = Patala

C5 Minnagara?/Akota

R Baroda PME 41; Ptol. 7.1.63; Renou 1925, 84; EIAVadodara

E4 Mirzapur R Wheeler 1951, 379D4 Mitras R dynasty of Ahicchatra Majumdar 1951, 171-73

Morontobara = GynaikonLimen

A4 Mosarna HR Pasni PAK Arrian 8.26.10, 27.2; Ptol. 6.8, 6.21.5B4 Mousikanoi H N Sindh PAK

Skt.: MuśikaDiodSic 17.102; Strabo 15.1.21, 33; Curtius

9.8.8; Arrian 6.15.5-17;Eggermont 1975, 5-9

B4 Naagramma R Nausharo? PAKSkt.: Navagrāma

Ptol. 7.1.61; Schwartzberg 1992, 24, 356



A3 Nad-i Ali/Zarang?

AFG See Map 3

C3 Nagara/Dionysopolis

R Nagarahara AFG Ptol. 7.1.43; Tarn 1951, 244

C5 Namades/Lamnaios fl.

See Map 5

C5 Nareae R Nairs, N Mt. Abu Pliny, NH 6.74; McCrindle 1926, 147B2 Nautaka H Shahr-i-Sabz? UZB Curtius 8.2.19; Arrian 3.28.9;

Bosworth 1995, 121Nearti = Oreitae

C3 Nikaia HRL left bank of R. JhelumPAK

DiodSic 17.95; Strabo 15.1.29; Curtius9.3.23; Arrian 5.19.4; André 1986, 445;Eggermont 1993, 12

C3 Nysaioi? HR lower Kunar Valley AFG Strabo 15.1.27; Arrian 8.1.4;Bosworth 1995, 160-61

C2 Oaxus L. R Lake Sar-i-kol in Wakhān AFG

André 1980, 64

A2 Ochos? fl. AFG See Map 98D3 Odonbaeorae R E Panjab, around

PathankotSkt.: Audumbāri

Pliny, NH 6.75; Law 1943, 355

G4 Oidanes/Diardines fl.

H/H

Brahmaputra (contraRenou)

Renou 1925, 79 ∆ιαµούνας

C3 Ora§ Hora

HHL

Udegram Curtius 8.11.1; Arrian 4.27.5

C4 Oratae R Rathors, people in Ajmirregion

Pliny, NH 6.75; McCrindle 1926, 149

B4 Oreitae/Nearti

§ Abor(i)tae§ Noritae§ Oreitidoi§ Oroi

HR

HRHHH

Makran coast, betweenRas Malan andR. Arabis PAK

DiodSic 17.105.1; Arrian 6.21.4, 6.22;8.21.8; Eggermont 1975, 71-74, 103;André 1980, 125

Pliny, NH 6.77Curtius 9.10.6DiodSic 17.105Strabo 15.2.7

Orobatis = AristobathraC3 Oromenus M. HR Salt Range

Skt.: RaumakaPliny, NH 31.77; Eggermont 1993, 16-17

G5 Orumcolae/Korandakaloi

R/R

E Himalayas, perhaps inAssam BAN

Renou 1925, 82; André 1980, 97-98

E3 Oscobares M. L Mt. Kailash CHN André 1986, 405 (n. 449), 446C4 Ossadioi

§ MassanioiHH

people at confluence ofR. Indus and R. Chenab

Skt.: Vasāti

Arrian 6.15; Eggermont 1993, 107DiodSic 17.102

D3 Ottorokorai/Hyperboraei

§ Attacori

R/RRL

N Himalayas CHNSkt.: Uttara-Kuru

André 1980, 78-79

B2 Ouandabanda? R AFG Ptol. 6.12.4; Eggermont 1975, 224C3 Ouarsa

§ OrzaRR

Hazara regionSkt.: Urasā

Ptol. 7.1.45; Foucher 1947, 216 (n. 12)Ptol. 7.1.51

D5 Ouindion M.§ Lymodus? M.

RL

Vindhya range Renou 1925, 84; Law 1976, 20ItMiller 850

E5 Ouxenton M. R mountains linkingVindhya ranges toE Ghat ̣s

Skt.: Ṛks ̣avat

Ptol. 7.1.24, 30, 76; Law 1976, 20, 328

B2 Oxeia? M. UZB See Map 99B1 Oxeiane Limne R marshy area presently

under Aydarkul lake?(not Oxia Lacus) UZB

Ptol. 6.12.3; Fontaine 1977, 105



A1 Oxus fl.

§ Araxes fl.§ Baktros fl.

HRL

CC

Amu DaryaAvst.: Vaxšu

Strabo 11.6.1; Pliny, NH 6.48, 52;Ptol. 6.10.1; Bosworth 1980, 372-74;André 1986, 446

Hdt. 1.205Aristotle, Meteorologica 1.13;

Eggermont 1993, 59C3 Oxydrakai/

Sydrakai§ Hydrakai§ Sodroi§ Sydroi

HR/HRHHH

near confluence ofR. Indus and R. Chenab

Skt.: Kṣudraka

Renou 1925, 80 Ζοδράκη;André 1980, 121-22; 1986, 446;Bosworth 1995, 218-19

Strabo 15.1.6; Eggermont 1993, 43, 92DiodSic 17.102

F5 Oxymatis fl. H Ichamati, channel inGanges delta

Arrian 8.4.5

D5 Ozene§ Ozoamis?

RR

UjjainSkt.: Ujjayīni

PME 48; Ptol. 7.1.63; EIA Ujjain;Ptol. 7.1.65

D4 Ozoana R AujhanSkt.: Ujjhana

Ptol. 7.1.76; Vogel 1955

B4 Pagala§ Pegadai

HR

Naka Kharari PAK Arrian 8.23; Eggermont 1975, 70Philostratus, Vita Apollonii 3.54

C5 Pakidare R Padra? Ptol. 7.1.4C3 Paktyike?

§ KaspiraioiCCR

Pakhtuns AFG / PAKSkt.: Paktha

Hdt. 3.102; 4.44; How 1912, 1.319-20;Hdt. 3.93; Ptol. 7.1.47

F4 Palibothra§ Palimbothra

HRLH

PatnaSkt.: Pat ̣aliputra

Renou 1925, 85; EIA Pataliputra

Parabeste = BigisB2 Pareitakene UZB See Map 99C3 Parenos? H Kurram (contra

Eggermont)Arrian 8.4.12; Cunningham 1871, 88

(Map V); Eggermont 1993, 49-50B3 Paropamisadai

§ Parapinae§ Paroparsisiani

HRL

RL

satrapy in Kabul andGhorband valleys (toR. Indus in Achaemenidperiod) AFG

Renou 1925, 85; Tarn 1951, 95-100;André 1986, 447

Pliny, NH 6.92

B3 Paropamisos/Caucasus M.

§ Parnassos M.§ Paropanisadai M.

HRL

CR

HindukushAvst.: para-uparæsana

Arrian 3.28.5, 8.5.10; Ptol. 6.12.1;Renou 1925, 85;André 1980, 60, 86-88; 1986, 434, 447

Aristotle, Meteorologica, 1.13;Eggermont 1993, 59

B3 Parsyetai R S slopes of HindukushAFG

Skt.: Parśu

Ptol. 6.18.3, 6.20.3; Ronca 1971, 67

B3 Parsyetai M. R S flank of Hindukush Ptol. 6.18.1; Ronca 1971, 66A4 Pasirae

§ Parsidai§ Parsirai

HRRR

Gulf of Ormara regionPAK

André 1980, 129; 1986, 279PME 37Ptol. 6.21.4

B4 Patala/Minnagar

§ Theophila§ Binagara§ Patalete§ Patauitanus Portus

HR

RRL

Bahmanabad? PAK(contra Eggermont)

DiodSic 17.104.1; Pliny, NH 2.184;Renou 1925, 85; Eggermont 1975, 27-28;Casson 1989, 189

Ptol. 7.1.61André 1986, 447

B5 Patalene

§ Patala§ Patale Ins.§ Patalii

HRL

HRRLH

area enclosed by twoprincipal mouths ofR. Indus PAK

Renou 1925, 85; André 1986, 447;Bosworth 1995, 225

C3 Pauravas H between R. Jhelum andR. Chenab PAK

Bosworth 1995, 263

G5 Pentapolis R Chittagong? BAN Ptol. 7.2.2; Berthelot 1930, 379D4 Persakra R Sankra?

Skt.: ParicakraPtol. 7.1.52; Vogel 1952, 80

F5 Pertalis R Tribeni?Skt.: Pūrvasthāli

Pliny, NH 6.66; Schwartzberg 1992, 360



C3 Peukelaotis/Kaspatyros?

§ Kaspeira§ Spatura§ Peucolitae

HRL/CRLR

CharsadaSkt.: Puṣkalāvatī

Renou 1925, 86 Ποκλάεις;Eggermont 1993, 90;Bosworth 1995, 183-84

André 1986, 217, 398 (n. 381), 448Phison fl. = Indus fl.

A3 Phra(da)/Prophthasia/Frakh-kar-Peroz

AFG See Map 3

D1 Phrynoi/Phuni

H/R

Tarim Basin CHN Strabo 11.11.1; Tarn 1951, 84-85Pliny, NH 6.55

Phuni = PhrynoiC4 Phyllitai R Bhils Ptol. 7.1.66; Majumdar 1951, 381B1 Polytimetos fl. HR Zeravshan UZB Strabo 11.11.5; Curtius 7.10.2; Arrian

4.5.6, 4.6.7, 6.5.7D5 Porouaroi? R Pauravas, people in

VindhyasPtol. 7.1.70; Sircar 1971, 133

Porrus fl. = Hydraotes fl.Portus Macedonum =

Alexandrou LimenD5 Poulindai

§ AgriophagiRRL

Jabalpur regionSkt.: Pulinda

Ptol. 7.1.64; Law 1943, 174-75Renou 1925, 75

B4 Praesti H between R. Indus andNara channel PAK

Curtius 9.8.11; Eggermont 1975, 9-15

D5 Prapiotai R people of Paripātra (W Vindhyas)

Ptol. 7.1.65; Eggermont 1966, 263

B4 Prasiane Ins. R area between R. Indus andNara channel PAK

Pliny, NH 6.71; Eggermont 1975, 9-15

E4 Prasii§ Bresioi§ Praesidae§ Praxioi

HRHRH

MagadhasSkt.: Prācyas, ‘easterners’

Renou 1925, 86 Πρασιακή;McCrindle 1926, 55

E5 Prinas fl. H Tons Pliny, NH 6.64; McCrindle 1926, 135Prophthasia = Phra(da)

G5 Pseudostomos R branch of Ganges deltaBAN

Ptol. 7.1.18, 30; Law 1976, 33-35

F5 Puṇḍranagara HR Mahasthan(garh) BAN Law 1976, 246-48

B2 Qal'a-i Zal AFG See Map 99

D4 Rarungae R Veranjā, in Mathura region?

Pliny, NH 6.74; Eggermont 1966, 289

F4 Rājagr ̣ha HR Rajgir EIA RajgirRhambakia = Alexandria

E4 Rhappha? R Aphaur Ptol. 7.2.13D4 Rhodopha H Dabhai? Pliny, NH 6.63; McCrindle 1926, 130-31

C2 Sacae HRL Scythians living inhighlands E SogdianaTAJ

Strabo 11.8.2, 5; Curtius 7.9.17; Arrian3.8.3; AmmMarc 23.6.60;Fontaine 1977, 106

B5 Sagapa Stoma R W mouth of R. IndusPAK (contraEggermont)

Ptol. 7.1.2, 28; Eggermont 1975, 85

Sageda = (H)EortaB4 Sakai R Śakas, after occupying

Sindh and (briefly) NDeccan IND / PAK

Ptol. 7.1.1; Law 1976, 295

C1 Sakarauloi§ Sacaraucae

HL

Scythian people EKhojend (moving W toBokhara and Merv by160 B.C.) UZB

Strabo 11.8.2; Tarn 1951, 80, 291-92Janvier 1982, 227; André 1986, 255



A3 Sakastan(e)§ Paraitakene

includes Drangiana andwestern Arachosia AFG/ IRN

RE

G5 Salariga R Agartala? BAN Ptol. 7.2.14D4 Sambalaka R Sambhal? Ptol. 7.1.53, 73; Schwartzberg 1992, 364

Sambastai = AbastanoiE4 Sambos fl. H Gumti Arrian 8.4.4; McCrindle 1926, 193-94

Sandabal fl. = Akesinos fl.Sangala = Euthymedeia

C3 Saparnos? fl. H Barandu Arrian 8.4.12; Tucci 1977, 43C4 Sarabastrae R Jodhpur region

Skt.: Śālva(-vastya)Pliny, NH 6.75; McCrindle 1926, 149-50

E4 Sarabos fl. R GhaggarSkt.: Sarabhu

Ptol. 7.1.29; Law 1976, 120-21

A3 Saripha M. See Map 98A2 Sarnios fl. TKM See Map 3A3 Sar-o Tar AFG See Map 3

Sattagydai = AstakenoiC5 Sauarabatis R Candrāvatī Ptol. 7.1.54; Law 1976, 312F5 Selampoura R Serampur Ptol. 7.2.22G2 Serae HR CHN (usually confused

with Scythians andParthians up to Pliny'stime)

Tarn 1951, 110-11;André 1980, 74-76; 1986, 377(nn. 254, 263), 450

G4 Sesatai/Bessadae

§ Sosaeadae

R/LR

Assam BAN André 1986, 303, 414-15 (n. 525);Casson 1989, 242-43

C2 Setae R SwātSkt.: Śveta

André 1980, 98

B2 Shakhrinau TAJ See Map 99C1 Shurabashat CHRL UZB Frumkin 1970, 40C3 Sibai

§ Sibarae

HRL

L

kingdom centred onShorkot in Panjab

VedicSkt.: Śiva

DiodSic 17.96; Strabo 15.1.8; Arrian 8.5.12;StByz Σίβαι; Law 1943, 82-85;André 1986, 450; Eggermont 1993, 92

C3 Śibipura HR Shorkot PAK Law 1976, 126B4 Silae R near Shikarpur? PAK Pliny, NH 6.77; McCrindle 1926, 153

Silis fl. = Iaxartes fl.C4 Singae R around Umarkot (modern

Sanghis) PAKPliny, NH 6.74; McCrindle 1926, 146-47

B5 Sinthon Stoma R mouth of R. Indus PAK Ptol. 7.1.2, 28Sinthos fl. = Indus fl.

E5 Siripalla R Salivāra? Ptol. 7.1.31, 63C3 Soanos fl. H Soan

Skt.: SuṣomāArrian 8.4.12; Hinüber 1985, 1100

G3 Sobanos? fl. R Salween Ptol. 7.2.6B4 Sofera

§ OphirLL

realm of Sauvīras of Sindh? PAK

Skt.: Sauvīra

André 1986, 401 (n. 411), 446

B2 Sogdiana

§ Sogdiani§ Sogd(iai)oi

H

HRLCH

province between R. Oxusand R. Iaxartes UZB

Strabo 11.8.1; Curtius 7.10.1; Arrian 3.28.9;RE; André 1980, 65

Mela 1.13; Curtius 7.4.5; Arrian 3.8.3Hdt. 7.66; Foucher 1947, 196-97

B2 Sogdii M. RL Hissar-Alai Range TAJ /UZB


D2 Soita RL Yarkand CHN Ptol. 6.15.4; AmmMarc 23.6.63;Fontaine 1977, 109

Solis? Ins. = Asthala Ins.Sonus fl. = Erannoboas fl.

F4 Souannagoura R Bangarh? BAN Ptol. 7.2.22; EIA BangarhC3 Souastene

§ AmendaRR

Swāt Valley Ptol. 7.1.42Pliny, NH 6.78; Eggermont 1970, 107

C3 Souastos fl.§ Hypobarus

HRR

SwātSkt.: Suvastu

Ptol. 7.1.26; Hinüber 1985, 1099;André 1986, 370 (n. 212)



D4 Sourasenoi H Mathura regionSkt.: Śūrasena

Arrian 8.8.5; Law 1976, 51

E4 Śrāvastī HR Set Mahet EIAB4 Stobera R city at mouth of R. Hingol

PAKPhilostratus, Vita Apollonii 3.55;

Eggermont 1975, 64-65B5 Suarattaratae R in Syrastrene (Map 5)

Pāli: SorattaPliny, NH 6.75

E5 Suari/Uberae

§ Sabarai

R/RR

Suars, people in ChotaNagpur

Skt.: Śabara

Renou 1925, 86 Σαβάραι; Law 1976, 187;André 1980, 97

D5 Śuńgas H successors to Mauryas inGanges valley, 187-75B.C.

Majumdar 1951, 95-99

B4 Surae§ Suri

RR

lower Sindh PAKSkt.: Sauvīra?

Pliny, NH 6.73Pliny, NH 6.77

B2 Surkh Kotal AFG See Map 99Sydrakai =OxydrakaiSydrus fl. = Zadadros fl.

B2 Tachoroi§ Takoraioi§ Tazora

RRL

UZB Ptol. 6.12.4; Ronca 1971, 34Ptol. 7.2.15; Tarn 1951, 515-19ItMiller 797

B2 Takht-i Sangin TAJ See Map 99F5 Tamalites

§ GangeRR

TamlukSkt.: Tāmralipti

Ptol. 7.1.73; EIA TamlukPME 63; Ptol. 7.1.81

Tanais fl. = Iaxartes fl.C1 Tapoureoi R KYR Ptol. 6.14.7-14; Tarn 1951, 516B2 Tarmita/

TermezUZB See Map 99

C3 Taxila§ Taxilae

HRLRL

TaxilaSkt.: Takṣaśila

Renou 1925, 88; Marshall 1951;André 1980, 90

B4 Terabdon Kolpos R Sonmiani Bay PME 37C5 Thorax R Tharad? Pliny, NH 6.75C3 Tiausa R Chuksha district, between

Taxila and R. IndusPtol. 7.1.57; Eggermont 1975, 10

B1 Tochari/Asioi

§ Athagorae§ Tagorae§ Tagouroi

RL/HLRR

Kushans N R. IaxartesKYR

Skt.: Tukhara

Tarn 1951, 277-89, 515-19, 533;André 1980, 78-80

B4 Tonberon fl.§ Lonibarai? fl.§ Tomeros fl.§ Tubero fl.

RRHR

Hingol PAK Eggermont 1975, 64, 86;André 1980, 122-23

Ptol. 7.1.2, 28

B2 Toprakkale AFG See Map 99C3 Toutapos? fl. H Tāvi IND / PAK Arrian 8.4.10; Hinüber 1985, 1099D5 Tripuri HR Tewar EIAC3 Tulamba R Mughal 1967B2 Tulkhar UZB See Map 99

Uberae = Suari

F4 Vaiśālī HR EIAA2 Varakhsha UZB See Map 3D5 Vidiśā HR Besnagar EIA BesnagarD4 Virāta HR Bairat EIA

B3 Wardak R AFG Ball 1982.1229

Xathroi =KathaioiB2 Xenippa H Karshi? UZB Curtius 8.2.14; Bosworth 1995, 109, 117-18



D3 Yaudheyas HR Indo-Gangetic Divide Tarn 1951, 239A2 Yaz tepe TKM See Map 98

C3 Zadadros/Hypasis/Sydrus fl.

§ Neudros

R

H

Sutlej (also combinedstreams of R. Industributaries in Ptol.) IND/ PAK

Skt.: Śutudrī

Renou 1925, 80; Eggermont 1993, 159-60

Arrian 8.4.8; Hinüber 1985, 1099

Zarang? = Nad-i AliB2 Zar tepe UZB See Map 99

Zariaspa = BactraZariaspis? fl. = Bactrus?

fl.Zra(n)ka? = Dahan-i

Ghulaman

Walls

Grid Name / Location Reference

A2 around Munon tepe and Kushmeikhan,“Antiochus wall” TKM

See Map 98

A2 around Merv, “Gilyakin-Chilburj wall” TKM See Map 98

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location References

Aigloi/Augaloi

C/R

people S upper Iaxartes Hdt. 3.92; Ptol. 6.12.4; How 1912, I.284;Foucher 1947, 252

Achaia H city in Areia Strabo 11.10.1; André 1980, 64Akinakai R people in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.6Alexandre(i)a/Iomousa

HR Uch? Curtius 9.8.8; Arrian 6.15; Tarn 1951, 246-47;Eggermont 1993, 106-107

Alexandr(e)ia H city at confluence of Indus andChenab, built (?) onAlexander’s orders

DiodSic 17.96; Curtius 9.8.8; Arrian 5.29;Fraser 1996, 71

Alexandreia R city attributed to Alexander;probably identical withAlexandria / Rhambakia

Fraser 1996, 166

Alexandreia in Opiane H city attributed to Alexander Fraser 1996, 141, 148-50Alexandria H city founded by Alexander on

AkesinesCurtius 9.3.20; Arrian 5.29; Fraser 1996, 70

Alexandria H city N Hindukush founded byAlexander

DiodSic 17.83; Fraser 1996, 141 (n. 69)

Alexandropolis R city in India Appian, Syr. 57; Fraser 1996, 37-38Alicodra RL city in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.8; AmmMarc 23.6.58;

Fontaine 1977, 104Amakatis R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.48Amareis R people in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.6Andaka HR city in Kunar valley Arrian 4.23.5; Bosworth 1995, 158Andiseni HR tribe living in Taxila region Pliny, NH 6.78; Eggermont 1984, 220Andrapana R town in Indo-Scythia, W R. Indus Ptol. 7.1.56Anieseis R people on upper Iaxartes Ptol. 6.12.4Antachara R city in Indus Valley Ptol. 7.1.64Antiochia Tharmata/Arma

RL possibly a blend of two locations,Antiochia (Merv) and Tarmita(Termez)

ItMiller 798; Tarn 1951, 118-19

Ara Alexandri L ItMiller 624, 837



Arasmi? R people in central Asia Pliny, NH 6.48; André 1980, 63Aratha R city in Margiana Ptol. 6.10.3Arbaca RL city in Arcahosia Ptol. 6.20.4; AmmMarc 23.6.72Ardabae HR tribe in Sind Pliny, NH 6.77Ardone R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.49Argadina R city in Margiana Ptol. 6.10.3Argouda R city in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.5Argyre Ins. R probably mythical, in R. Indus

deltaAndré 1980, 109; 1986, 431

Ariaka R city in Margiana Ptol. 6.10.3Ariana/Arioi

HR area between R. Indus, ArabianSea, Caspian Gates andHindukush

Avst.: āryānām Xšaθram

DiodSic 2.37; Strabo 15.2.1;André 1980, 107, 122-23

Ariaspe R Ptol. 6.19.5; Bosworth 1980, 365;Fraser 1996, 127-40

Aratrioi R general term for autonomoustribes of Punjab

PME 47; Bosworth 1995, 320

Arikada/Chorochoad

R city in Arachosia IsidChar 19; Ptol. 6.19.4;Eggermont 1993, 114

Arippara R city of Kaspiraioi in Punjab (cf.Arispai)

Ptol. 7.1.48

Arispai HR people along Sinaros (tributary ofR. Jhelum)

Arrian 8.4.9; Hinüber 1985, 1101

Aristophyloi R tribe in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.3Arius L. RL swamp along R. Hari Rūd Pliny, NH 6.93; Fontaine 1977, 116Arosape/Arusace fl.

R in Ariana Mela 3.71; Pliny, NH 6.93; André 1980, 123

Artacoana/Artacabene

HR/R

Gauriān? André 1980, 123; Bosworth 1980, 356-57

Artoarta R city in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.4Asiake R city in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.5Asinda R town of Indo-Scythia, E Patalene Ptol. 7.1.60Asta R city in Drangiana Ptol. 6.19.5Astauenoi R people in N Areia Ptol. 6.17.3Astrassos R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.48Auxoamis R town of Indo-Scythia, E Patalene Ptol. 7.1.60Azeika R city on Indus Ptol. 7.1.57; Eggermont 1975, 12

Baborana R city in Panjshir valley, 82.5 milesfrom confluence

Ptol. 6.18.4, 7.1.43; Berthelot 1930, 279

Bagarda R city in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.5Balomos HR anchorage of Nearchos, E Gwādar Arrian 8.27.2Barda/Bardaxima

R village in Saurashtra? (contraEggermont)

Ptol. 7.1.3; IsidChar 18; Eggermont 1975, 89

Barzaura R city in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.4Baskatis fl. R tributary of Iaxartes Ptol. 6.12.3Ba(i)tai/Bautae

R/L

people on upper Huang-Ho? Ptol. 6.16.5; AmmMarc 23.6.66;Fontaine 1977, 113

Batanagra R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.48Bateni R people on upper Oxus Pliny, NH 6.48; André 1980, 64Batrioi R people on Drangiana-Arachosia

borderPtol. 6.19.3

Bautis fl. L Huang-Ho AmmMarc 23.6.65; Fontaine 1977, 111Bazaira HR district near Samarkand Curtius 8.1.10Bis R city in Aria (Drang?) IsidChar 16Bisambritae HR tribe along Indus, N Taxila Pliny, NH 6.78Bitaxa/Vitaxa

R/L

city on N slope of Koh-i-Baba Ptol. 6.17.4; AmmMarc 23.6.69;Fontaine 1977, 117

Bonis R town on Indus in Sindh Ptol. 7.1.58Boudaia R town of Indo-Scythia, on Indus Ptol. 7.1.61Brachmanai HRL name of caste, frequently treated

as tribal designationRenou 1925, 78; Hinüber 1985, 1115-18;

Eggermont 1993, 49-63



Brangosi HR tribe in Gujarat / Sindh Pliny, NH 6.76Brasuertae HR tribe in Sindh? Pliny, NH 6.77Brisari R people in inner Asia? Pliny, NH 6.55; André 1980, 81Butae HR tribe in Gujarat / Sindh? Pliny, NH 6.76

Cadrusi R people in Begram area? (cf.Cadrusium)

Pliny, NH 6.92

Cadrusium R fortress in Hindukush Pliny, NH 6.92; André 1980, 122Caetriboni HR hill tribe in Punjab? Pliny, NH 6.73Cartana/Karnasa/Tetrogonis

R Bamiyan? AFG Pliny, NH 6.92; André 1980, 121;Fraser 1996, 149-50 (nn. 87-88)

Cataces R people in Arachosia Pliny, NH 6.92; André 1980, 170Choamani R tribe on border of Bactria and

MargianaMela 1.13; Pliny, NH 6. 47; André 1980, 62

Choana R city in Bactria, near upper Oxus fl. Ptol. 6.11.7Choaspa RL city in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.4; AmmMarc 23.6.72;

André 1986, 399 (n. 392)Cholbesina R city in Sogdiana in highlands

along Oxus fl.Ptol. 6.12.5

Chomara R city in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.8Chomarae R people in Bactria Pliny, NH 6.47; Ptol. 6.11.6Chonnamagara R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.49Chryse/Aurea Ins.

HRL/L

probably mythical, in R. Indusdelta

PME 60; Eggermont 1975, 38;André 1986, 435

Chuni L Huns? (localized in E Himalayas) Orosius 1.2.45; André 1986, 405-406 (n. 449)Cocondae HR tribe in Gujarat / Sindh

Skt.: KokonadaPliny, NH 6.76; McCrindle 1926, 151;

Law 1943, 90Condigramma R city on R. Kabul Pliny, NH 6.94Cosiri HR people in Himalayas

Skt.: KhasīraPliny, NH 6.64; McCrindle 1926, 132

Crocala Ins. R at mouth of R. Indus? Pliny, NH 6.80

Daedali M. HRL mountain region in Bajaur André 1986, 436; Bosworth 1995, 160Daidala R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.49Dammana R city in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.5Dangalae R tribe in Afghanistan Pliny, NH 6.92Darandai R tribe in N Drangiana Ptol. 6.19.3Daritis R tribe in S Afghanistan Pliny, NH 6.95Darkama R city on Areia-Paropamisadai

borderPtol. 6.17.8

Daroakana R city in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.5Dexendrusi R in Arachosia Pliny, NH 6.92; REDimuri HR tribe in lower Indus valley Pliny, NH 6.77; McCrindle 1926, 152Domai/Coralliba Ins.

HR/R

near W mouth R. Indus (contraEggermont)

Pliny, NH 6.80; Arrian 8.22.2;Eggermont 1975, 30, 38, 46

Dorisdorsigi R tribe in Afghanistan Pliny, NH 6.94; André 1980, 123Drastoka R city in Panjkora valley? Ptol. 6.18.4, 7.1.43Drepsianoi R people in Badakshan? Ptol. 6.12.4Drybaktai R people in Hissar-Alai range Ptol. 6.12.4

Eoritai R people in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.3Eorum fl. R tributary of Indus in NW? Pliny, NH 6.94Epipausa R town of Indo-Scythia, on Indus Ptol. 7.1.61Etymandroi R people on upper Helmand? Ptol. 6.17.3

Gabai HR city in W Zeravshan valley? Arrian 4.17.4; Bosworth 1995, 120Galactophagi HRL Scythians E Iaxartes fl. Strabo 7.3.7, 9; AmmMarc 23.6.62;

Fontaine 1977, 108Gammake R city in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.5Gandaris H upper Chenab and Ravi basins Strabo 15.1.30Geretae R tribe Pliny, NH 6.78; Eggermont 1970, 108Godana R city in Areia, on Arius fl. Ptol. 6.17.5



Gorys/Gorya?

H/R

city on Panjkora Strabo 15.1.26; Ptol. 7.1.43;Eggermont 1970, 108

Gouriane R city in Margiana Ptol. 6.10.4Gymnosophistai HRL caste of ascetics treated by

Ptolemy as a tribeRenou 1925, 79; Foucher 1947, 402;

André 1986, 439

Harmatelia H city in Indus valley DiodSic 17.103; Eggermont 1975, 107-66Heptanesia Inss. R in Indus delta? Ptol. 7.1.95; Eggermont 1975, 209

Iatioi R people near Iaxartes fl. Ptol. 6.12.4Indikomordana R city in Sogdiana Ptol. 6.12.6Inna R city in Drangiana Ptol. 6.19.4Isagouros R city in Hazara, N Taxila Ptol. 7.1.45Isari HR people in Himalayan foothills

Pāli: IssaraPliny, NH 6.64; André 1980, 92

Izi HR people in Himalayan foothills Pliny, NH 6.64; André 1980, 92

Kabana HR anchorage between Miani Hor andRas Malan

Arrian 8.23.2; Eggermont 1975, 70

Kaisirotai R people on border of Areia andDrangiana

Ptol. 6.17.3

Kanagara R town of Indo-Scythia, W R. Indus Ptol. 7.1.56Kandak R town in Aria IsidChar 15Kandaroi R people in Sogdii M. Ptol. 6.12.4Karatai R Scythian tribe, in Karatau Range? Ptol. 6.13.3; Eggermont 1993, 131Karbis? HR village on Makran coast E

MosarnaArrian 8.26.8

Kariatas HR city in Bactria Strabo 11.11.4Karnasa R city in Hindukush Ptol. 7.1.43; Fraser 1996, 149 (n. 87)Kauaris R city in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.8Kaumana HR anchorage of Nearchos in Indus

deltaArrian 8.21.3

Killouta/Skilloustis Ins.

HR in W branch of Indus delta Arrian 6.19.3; Plutarch, Alexander 66.1;Eggermont 1975, 28, 209

Kirradaieis R tribe on Oxus fl. (= Chirotosagi?) Ptol. 6.12.4; Eggermont 1993, 54Kodrana R town of Indo-Scythia, W R. Indus Ptol. 7.1.56Koiamba R city on coast of Gedrosia Ptol. 6.21.2Kolta HR city on Makran coast, W Cape

MogalArrian 8.26.6; Eggermont 1975, 81-82

Komoi R people in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.6Koreestis HR anchorage of Nearchos in R. Indus Arrian 8.21.4Kottobara R city in Gedrosia Ptol. 6.21.5Kouni R city in Gedrosia Ptol. 6.21.5Kouriandra R city in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.8Kysa HR village in Gedrosia just inland

from KarbisArrian 8.26.8

Labaka R city of Pandouoi on R. Jhelum Ptol. 7.1.46Labokla R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.48Liganeira R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.49Locharna R city in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.5Lyphorta R city in India? Pliny, NH 6.94

Magarsus fl. L in India André 1986, 443Maliane R city in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.5Manain fl. R on NW Frontier? Pliny, NH 6.94Marakodra R city of Bactria Ptol. 6.11.9Mardyenoi R people S Sogdia M. Ptol. 6.12.4Margania HR city in Sogdiana Curtius 7.10.15; Bosworth 1995, 108Maroae HR people in India Pliny, NH 6.74Marogamatrae HR people in India Pliny, NH 6.77Marotiani R tribe in Central Asia Pliny, NH 6.48; André 1980, 63Marouka R city along upper Oxus fl. Ptol. 6.12.5



Maroukaioi R people in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.6Mathoae HR people in India Pliny, NH 6.77Matiani R people in Central Asia Pliny, NH 6.48Megari HR people in Sindh Pliny, NH 6.77Memaceni HR people in Sogdiana, E Cyropolis Curtius 7.6.17-19; Bosworth 1995, 20Menapi(l)a RL city in Bactria, near Balkh Ptol. 6.11.8; AmmMarc 23.6.58;

Fontaine 1977, 104Min R in Sakasten(e) REMoci R people in Central Asia Pliny, NH 6.48; André 1980, 64Modressae HR people in Punjab

Skt.: MadraPliny, NH 6.67; André 1980, 97

Moruni HR people in Aravallis Pliny, NH 6.74Mousarnaioi R people in N Gedrosia Ptol. 6.21.4

Nasbana R town of Indo-Scythia, W R. Indus Ptol. 7.1.56Naulibis RL Ptol. 6.18.5; 7.1.44; AmmMarc 23.6.70Nereae HR tribe in Sindh Pliny, NH 6.76Nesei HR tribe in Gujarat-Sindh Pliny, NH 6.76Nigranigramma R city in Indus valley Ptol. 7.1.64Nikaia HR city in Paropamisadai? Arrian 4.22.6; Bosworth 1995, 146Niphanda R town in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.4Nisibis RL city in Ariana Ptol. 6.17.7; AmmMarc 23.6.69;

Fontaine 1977, 117Nobundae HR tribe E of Indus delta Pliny, NH 6.76Nostana R city in Paropanisadae Ptol. 6.19.5Nysa HR city in Bajaur Pliny, NH 6.79; Arrian 5.1.1, 5.26.5, 8.1.5,

8.5.9; André 1986, 445;Bosworth 1995, 160

Obareis HR city in Areia Ptol. 6.17.3Ophradus fl. R in Drangiana Pliny, NH 6.94; Fraser 1996, 128-29Opiane R region around Charikar? Tarn 1951, 96-97Orbi R people on NW frontier Pliny, NH 6.94; André 1980, 62Orbitane R town in Areia Ptol. 6.17.7Or(ei)sitoi R people in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.6Organagae HR tribe along R. Indus (in Sind?) Pliny, NH 6.77Orostrae HR people in Indus delta Pliny, NH 6.76Orsi HR tribe in Taxila region Pliny, NH 6.78Orsitoi = Or(ei)sitoiOrtospana/Kaboura

HRL/R

city in Hindukush Strabo 11.8.9, 15.2.8; Ptol. 6.18.5;André 1980, 90; Fraser 1996, 141-45

Oskana R town in Gedrosia Ptol. 6.21.5Ostobalasara R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.48Ostobara R town in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.9Ottorokor(r)a R city in Tibet Ptol. 6.16.8Ouarnoi R people in Bactria Ptol. 6.11.6Oxeiana R city in Sogdiana Ptol. 6.12.5Oxeianoi R people near Oxus fl. in Sogdiana Ptol. 6.12.4Oxydrankai/Oxystacae/Oxyttagae

R people in Sogdian mountains Ptol. 6.12.4; Solinus 49.1; André 1980, 64;Eggermont 1993, 38

Ozola R city in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.4

Palatitae HR tribe in Gujarat-Sindh Pliny, NH 6.76Panda RL city in Sogdiana Pliny, NH 6.49; Solinus 49.3; Martianus

Capella 6.692Pandoouoi R mythical people between

R. Jhelum and RaviSkt.: Pāndava

Ptol. 7.1.46; Tarn 1951, 511-12;André 1980, 105

Parabalei HR garrison town (Parembole) onIndus

Ptol. 7.1.61; Tarn 1951, 86

Paradene R interior region of GedrosiaSkt.: Pārada

Ptol. 6.21.4; Singh 1972, 159-160



Parasangae HR tribe in hills of Indo-Gangeticdivide

Skt.: Para-Tangana?

Pliny, NH 6.73; Law 1943, 388

Pardabathra R town of Indo-Scythia, on Indus Ptol. 7.1.58Parin R city in Drangiana IsidChar 17Parsiana/Parsia

R city in Paropamisadai, nearKhavak pass

Ptol. 6.18.4-5

Parsis R city in Gedrosia Ptol. 6.21.5Pasianoi H Scythian tribe in Bactria Strabo 11.8.2; Tarn 1951, 292Pas(i)kai R people in NW Sogdiana Ptol. 6.12.4Pasikana R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.49Pasipeda R town of Indo-Scythia, on R. Indus Ptol. 7.1.58Pasira HR village in Makran, inland from

Bay of OrmaraArrian 8.26.3

Pentagramma R city in Buner Ptol. 7.1.57; Eggermont 1975, 10-11Petra Ariamazou/Petra tou Oxou/Petra tou Sogdianou

HR Baisun-tau? Curtius 7.11.1; Bosworth 1995, 125-27Strabo 11.11.4Arrian 4.18.4; Bosworth 1995, 125-27

Petra Sisimithrou/Petra Chorienou/Gazaba

HR Koh-i-noor? Strabo 11.11.4; Bosworth 1995, 120,125-27, 135

Pharazana? R city in Drangiana, near Bigis IsidChar 19; Ptol. 6.19.5;Eggermont 1993, 114-15

Pharnacotis fl. R in Afghanistan Pliny, NH 6.94; André 1980, 123Phegeus H limit of Alexander's advance on

W bank R. BeasDiodSic 17.93

Phoklis R town in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.4Phoraua R town in upper Arius valley Ptol. 6.17.5Phratroua R town on upper Oxus fl. Ptol. 6.11.7Pimprama HR city of Adrestai, E Hydraotes Arrian 5.22.3; Bosworth 1995, 329Piska R town of Indo-Scythia, on R. Indus Ptol. 7.1.58Plemyrion/Peukelaotis?

HR city on confluence of R. Choesand R. Choaspes

Strabo 15.1.26

Pomanus fl. R tributary of R. Indus Pliny, NH 6.94; André 1980, 124Posingae HR tribe in Gujarat-Sindh Pliny, NH 6.76Proklais R region around Peukelaotis PME 47, 48

Rhagiraua/Ratira

R/L

coastal city between Indus andArabis


Rhamnai R people between Indus and Kirtharrange

Ptol. 6.21.4

Rhaugara R town in Areia Ptol. 6.17.4Rhea R town in Margiana Ptol. 6.10.4Rhizana 1 R town in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.4Rhizana 2 R coastal town in Gedrosia Ptol. 6.21.2Rhoploutai R people in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.3

Sabadioi R people in Bactria, S Ouarnoi Ptol. 6.11.6Sabalassa R 6th mouth of R. Indus, according

to Ptolemy, but confused withSakala

Ptol. 7.1.2, 28; Eggermont 1975, 87

Saddaros fl. R tributary of Kabul Pliny, NH 6.95; André 1980, 124Sakala HR anchorage of Nearchos near

KarachiArrian 8.22.4; Eggermont 1975, 87

Salagisa R city of Kaspiraioi Ptol. 7.1.48; Tarn 1951, 250Salaterai R people in N Bactria, near Oxus fl. Ptol. 6.11.6Saleantes fl. L branch of Oxus fl. André 1986, 277, 408 (n. 480)Sallenites L city on Saleantes? fl. André 1986, 277Salobriasae HR tribe in Gujarat / Sindh Pliny, NH 6.76Samarab(r)iae HR tribe along Indus, N Taxila Pliny, NH 6.78Sambraceni HR tribe along Indus, N Taxila Pliny, NH 6.78Sangada HR region around W mouth of Indus

deltaArrian 8.21.11; Eggermont 1975, 219



Saparankon R 5th mouth of R. Indus, accordingto Ptolemy but confused withSaranga

Ptol. 7.1.2, 28; Eggermont 1975, 86-87

Saranga HR anchorage just E Karachi Arrian 8.22.3; Eggermont 1975, 86-87Saranges fl. HR tributary of Ravi Arrian 8.4.8; Hinüber 1985, 1099Sarmagana RL city in Ariana Ptol. 6.17.4; AmmMarc 23.6.69;

Fontaine 1977, 117Satraidae L tribe at foot of Hindukush André 1986, 293Scythia R N Iaxartes Ptol. 6.14.1Scythia R Sinkiang and Tarim basin Ptol. 6.15.1, 7.2.1Scythia R Indo-Scythia PME 38, 48Scythae/Sagae/Sacae

CHRL Scythians in general; frequentlydivided into “European” and“Asian” branches, on N and Sbanks of Iaxartes fl.

OPers.: Sakā

Hdt. 7.64; Strabo 11.6.2, 11.8.2; Curtius7.4.32; 7.7.1-3; Arrian 4.3.6, 8.7.2; Solinus49.6; Martianus Capella 6.693;André 1980, 67-69; 1986, 398 (n. 378), 449

Scythae Androphagi/Casiri/Komaroi/Gamerae/Kallatiai

RL/R/R/R/C

Scythians in highlands of Pamirs Hdt. 3.38; Pliny, NH 6.55;Ptol. 6.13.3, 7.2.16; André 1980, 73;Eggermont 1993, 54

Sena R city in Margiana Ptol. 6.10.3Serae R people between Indus and R.

JhelumAndré 1986, 143, 383 (n. 292)

Sigal R royal (?) city in Indo-Scythia IsidChar 18Sigara R city in Arachosia Ptol. 6.20.4Sila L. R in India Pliny, NH 31.21; André 1986, 365 (n. 192)Silai HR people living on Silas fl. Arrian 8.6.2Silas/Side fl.

HR/L

mythical river in HimalayasPāli: sīdā

DiodSic 2.37; Strabo 15.1.38, Pliny, NH31.21; Arrian 8.6.2; André 1986, 365(n. 192), 419-20 (n. 558)

Sinai/Thinai

R people in S China and Tibet? Ptol. 7.3.3, 8.24.2; André 1980, 80

Sinaros fl. HR tributary of R. Jhelum? Arrian 8.4.9Sindimana HR city on caravan route between

Alor (in Sindh) and KandaharStrabo 15.1.33; Arrian 6.16.4;

Eggermont 1975, 16Sires R tribe in Gedrosia? Pliny, NH 6.95; André 1980, 125Sizyges L tribe in Alai Range AmmMarc 23.6.66; Fontaine 1977, 112Skordai R people in Bactria, S Maroukaioi Ptol. 6.11.6Sodamus fl. R tributary of Kophen Pliny, NH 6.94; André 1980, 124Sondrae HR hillmen in hills of N Panjab Pliny, NH 6.78Sorofages HR tribe N Sibai in Panjab? Pliny, NH 6.77Sot(e)ira RL city in Ariana? Ptol. 6.17.7; AmmMarc 23.6.69;

Fontaine 1977, 117Soudassana R city in Indus valley Ptol. 7.1.64Souragana Phratou R city in Bactria, near upper Oxus fl. Ptol. 6.11.7; Tarn 1951, 223Sournis R city in Indus valley Ptol. 7.1.64Sousikana R city of Mousikanoi on R. Indus Ptol. 7.1.58; Eggermont 1970, 78Soxestra R city in Gedrosia Ptol. 6.21.5Stoura HR district in Indus delta, near sea (cf.

Stobera)Arrian 8.21.2; Chantraine 1952, 52

Sugambri R people in Gandhāra? André 1986, 383 (n. 290)

Tambyzoi R people in BactriaSkt.: Kamboja?

Ptol. 6.11.6; Singh 1972, 165-66

Taradastili R people in India Pliny, NH 24.161; André 1986, 364 (n. 184)Tarbakana R town in Paropamisadai Ptol. 6.18.5Taua R city in Areia Ptol. 6.17.4Thinai = SinaiTrybaktra R city in highlands of Sogdiana Ptol. 6.12.6



Umbrae HR tribe in Gujarat-Sindh Pliny, NH 6.76; McCrindle 1926, 151Umbritae HR confederation of 12 tribes in

PanjabPliny, NH 6.77

Xarxiare R town in Drangiana Ptol. 6.19.5; Eggermont 1993, 114Xoana R town of Indo-Scythia, on Indus Ptol. 7.1.61

Zodrake/Sydros?

R city of Sydrakai Ptol. 7.1.60-61

Zotha L. R fed by R. Murghab Pliny, NH 6.47

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