māori youth in education and employment

Te Puni Kökiri (Ministry of Mäori Development) means a group moving forward together.

W H A K A M A N A I N F L U E N C E

Ko Ngä Rangatahi Mäori i te Rängai Mätauranga me te Whiwhi MahiMäori Youth in Education and Employment

Whiringa-ä-rangi November 2012

PÄRONGO F A C T S H E E T : 0 2 2 – 2 0 1 2

BACKGROUND

This fact sheet presents key statistics on

rangatahi. This includes the size of the

rangatahi population, their economic

outcomes, their level of engagement in the

secondary and tertiary education system,

and their ability to transition into the labour

market. Additionally, the fact sheet highlights

differences between teenage rangatahi (aged

15-19) and rangatahi in their 20s (aged

20-24), rangatahi males and females, and

rangatahi and non-Mäori youth.

What rangatahi1 achieve during their compulsory schooling years largely influences their transition from school into further education. Furthermore, the knowledge and skills that young people acquire during this period influences their pathway into tertiary education, the labour market and beyond. An individual’s early engagement with education and employment also has a positive influence on broader socio-economic outcomes including higher levels of overall life satisfaction, increased health status, and a greater ability to save and generate wealth in the future.

Table 1: Summary of Key Youth Indicators.

Key Area of Interest Youth Indicator Mäori non-Mäori 2

Population (A) Number of People 126,410 516,020

Percent of Population (all ages) 18.8% 13.8%

Education (B) Rate of School leavers achieving University Entrance standard 20.0% 47.9%

Secondary School retention rate (to Age 17) 50.6% 75.4%

Formal tertiary participation rate ages 18 and 193 38.5% 48.4%*

Tertiary qualification completion rate (18 and 19 year olds who started a qualification in 2003)

51.9% 66.5%*

Ability to transition into the labour market (C)

Employment Rate (%) 40.4% 51.2%

Unemployment rate (%) 25.7% 14.2%

NEET rate (%) 22.4% 9.1%

Personal Income (D) Average Weekly Income ($)4 $271 $297

Percent of income from Government transfers 25.5% 13.8%

Source:A - Ethnic Population Estimates, Statistics NZ, June 2011.B - School Leavers Statistics (year ending 2010), and, Student Enrolment Statistics (June 2011), Ministry of Education.C - Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics NZ, September 2011.D - NZ Income Survey, Statistics NZ, June 2011.

KeY fACts

• Rangatahi number

approximately 126,000

in 2011 and are projected

to grow to more than

143,000 by 2026.

• Young people with

higher qualifications

generally have higher

levels of incomes. Non-

Mäori tend to earn more

than Mäori youth.

• Rangatahi educational

outcomes are worse

than for non-Mäori

youth, however they are

improving.

• Employed rangatahi,

especially males, are

predominantly in lower-

skilled occupations.

• In 2011, 22.4% of

rangatahi were not in

education, employment

or training compared

to 9.1% of non-Mäori

youth.

1 Rangatahi are young Mäori aged 15–24 years.2 Estimates are provided for non-Mäori where available. Values denoted with an asterisk (*) are for the total population.3 Formal tertiary education does not include non-formal learning or on-job industry training.4 Average weekly income is based on the median weekly income.


tHe DeMOGRAPHICs Of RANGAtAHI

Rangatahi are a distinct group within the Mäori population, and

the wider youth population. Rangatahi comprise 19% of the

total Mäori population and 20% of the total youth population.

The median age for Mäori was 23.1 years in 2011, while the

total population was 36.8 years. By 2026, the median age

for both populations is projected to increase; Mäori to 25.4

years and the total population to 38.8 years.5

The number of rangatahi has grown by 34.7% from 93,822 in

1986 to an estimated 126,410 in 2011. They make up 18.8%

of the total Mäori population, and 19.7% of the total youth

population. By 2026, the rangatahi population is projected6 to

grow to 142,600. They will likely become a more influential

group as they grow to become 17.6% of the total Mäori

population, and 22.3% of the total youth population.

Table 2 : Rangatahi and youth population estimates, 2011.

Mäori total

Age group Males Females Total Males Females Total

15 - 19 34,730 32,630 67,360 163,280 154,040 317,320

20 - 24 29,450 29,600 59,050 167,650 157,460 325,110

15 - 24 64,180 62,230 126,410 330,930 311,500 642,430

Percent of total population 19.4% 18.2% 18.8% 15.3% 13.9% 14.6%

Source: Statistics New Zealand – Ethnic population estimates June 30, 2011

eCONOMIC OUtCOMes Of RANGAtAHI

The economic outcomes of rangatahi are important as they

affect their ability to participate in society, and take advantage

of opportunities available to them. Increased levels of income

are positively associated with overall life satisfaction, perceived

general health status, and feelings of safety.7 Engagement

with education and the labour force are two important factors

influencing economic outcomes for rangatahi.

Not surprisingly, income increases for rangatahi and non-Mäori

youth who have higher educational qualifications and are in

work. However, relative to non-Mäori youth, rangatahi are

more reliant on government assistance, less likely to be wage

and salary earners, and less likely to receive income from other

sources (e.g. investments).

The most common source of income for rangatahi is wages and

salaries which remained stable between 1996 and 2006 (from

61% to 63% ). During this period, the proportion of rangatahi

receiving government support declined from 45% to 29% while

the proportion receiving no income increased from 14% to

19%. Compared to non-Mäori youth, rangatahi are more likely

to receive government support.

5 Projections are based on an assumption of medium fertility and mortality, and a long run annual net migration of 15,000. 6 This projection uses 2006 Census data as its base, and assumes moderate births, deaths, and net migration.7 Based on the results of Statistics New Zealand’s 2010 General Social Survey.

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Source – Statistics New Zealand Census 1996-2006

Source – Statistics New Zealand Census 1996-2006

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Wages & Salary

Government

Other

No Income

Wages & Salary

Government

Other

No Income

0% 100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%

$0

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

NO

N M

ÄO

RIM

ÄO

RI

1996

Mäori-1996 Total-1996Mäori-2006 Total-2006

2001 2006

Figure 1: Sources of Income for Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth population, 1996, 2001, and 2006.

Figure 2: Median annual income for Rangatahi and youth population aged 15-24: 1996 and 2006.

Rangatahi have similar levels of income to total youth, up

until their early 20s, when rangatahi incomes tend to lag.

The graph below shows that the median income (in 2006

dollars) for rangatahi and total youth increases with age.

The median incomes of rangatahi aged 17 to 21 are slightly

higher than for all youth, and may be due to more rangatahi

than all youth going straight into employment versus entering

tertiary education. However, at ages 23 and 24, median income

increases dramatically for all youth, while rangatahi income

increases but at a slower rate from age 20. The difference

between Mäori and all youth at these ages may reflect the

lower proportion of rangatahi who are coming out of higher

level study and entering the workforce in their early to mid

twenties with higher skills.

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Young people who are employed earn considerably more

than those who are unemployed or not in the labour force.

Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth have similar average incomes

by gender. Employed males (both rangatahi and non-Mäori

Rangatahi with a higher tertiary qualification (i.e. Level 4 or

above) earn more than rangatahi with qualifications below

that Level.8 As seen in Figure 4, average weekly income in 2011

for rangatahi and non-Mäori youth is considerably higher

when they have a Level 4 qualification, compared with no

qualification or Level 1 to 3 qualifications. Also, rangatahi

youth) have a higher average income than employed females

of both groups. For those who are unemployed or not in the

labour force, Mäori females have the highest average income.

on average earn less than non-Mäori youth with a similar

qualification and females earn less than males. Although there

have been average income increases between 2006 and 2011

for all groups with Level 4 qualifications or higher, changes

in average incomes for all groups with no or Level 1 to 3

qualifications are inconsistent over the same period.

Figure 3: Average weekly income for Rangatahi and non-Mäori (male and female) by labour force status.

Source – New Zealand Income Survey

Mäori Employed Unemployed Not in Labour Force

Female0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Female Female Female Female FemaleMale Male Male Male Male Male

Non-Mäori Mäori Non-Mäori Mäori Non-Mäori

20112006

Average weekly income ($)

8 Levels 1 to 3 typically refer to Certificates and Level 4 and above are typically Diplomas, Degrees, and higher.

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The occupations that young people are employed in also have a

significant effect on their income. The graph shows that male

rangatahi employed as managers, professionals, machinery

operators and drivers, and sales workers earn more than female

rangatahi and non-Mäori youth in the same occupations.

Female rangatahi managers and professionals earn far less

than male rangatahi and non-Mäori counterparts.

Figure 4: Average weekly income for Rangatahi and non-Mäori (male and female) by highest qualification.

Figure 5: Average weekly income from employment for Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth (male and female) for each occupation group.



Mäori No qualification

Average weekly income ($)

Managers Professionals Technicians and Trades Workers

Machinery Operators

and Drivers

Clerical and Administrative

Workers

Community and Personal Service

Workers

Labourers Sales Workers

Average weekly income from Employment ($)

School or post-school L1-3 School or post-school L4+

Female0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

100

200

300

400

500

700

600

900

800

Female Female Female Female FemaleMale Male Male Male Male Male

Non-Mäori Mäori Non-Mäori Mäori Non-Mäori

20112006

Maöri - Female Non-Maöri - FemaleMaöri - Male Non-Maöri - Male

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0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent %

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010


eNGAGeMeNt WItH seCONDARY sCHOOL eDUCAtION

It is important that Mäori improve their education outcomes at

the secondary school level both in terms of staying at school

longer (participation and retention), and achieving a higher

attainment. Positive engagement at secondary school influences

the potential opportunities and outcomes for rangatahi especially

in terms of how long they stay at school, and the qualifications

they achieve. This also affects potential opportunities once

they have left school in terms of further education, programme

choices, or future employment opportunities.

Compared with non-Mäori, Mäori students have lower

retention rates (one quarter of 16 year olds leave school)

and poorer achievement (less than 20% leave school with

University Entrance and 13% leave school with no or few

qualifications).

More rangatahi are participating in secondary school and

staying for a longer period, with the proportion of rangatahi

15 to 19 years increasing from 37% in 2000 to 47% in 2010.

This remains lower than the participation rates for non-Mäori

female (57%) and male (55%) youth. One in four 16 year old

rangatahi in 2010 left school by the age of 16.

Table 3: Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth school participation rates, by age and sex.

Mäori Non-Maöri

Age group Males females total Males females total

15 95.4% 97.2% 96.3% 98.1% 98.9% 98.5%

16 71.1% 76.6% 73.7% 89.9% 93.8% 91.8%

17 47.2% 54.1% 50.6% 72.5% 78.5% 75.4%

18 9.7% 11.6% 10.6% 17.9% 17.9% 17.9%

19 1.6% 2.9% 2.3% 2.9% 3.1% 3.0%

Overall 45.0% 48.4% 46.7% 54.8% 57.1% 55.9%

Source: Ministry of Education

Figure 6: Rangatahi school participation rates at ages 15 to 19, from 1998 to 2010.

Source: Ministry of Education

15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years

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Fewer rangatahi are leaving school with qualifications

compared to their non-Mäori peers. As seen in the figure

below, one fifth of rangatahi leave with University Entrance,

less than half the rate of non-Mäori school leavers.

Although the achievement rate for rangatahi is low, the rates

are improving. The table below shows that there have been

increases from 2007 to 2010 in the proportion of rangatahi

obtaining Level 1, 2 and 3 NCEA qualification across school Years

11 to 13. Despite these improvements, rangatahi are still not

achieving the highest level qualifications relative to non-Mäori

youth. For example, Year 13 rangatahi have similar rates of

Additionally, a higher proportion of rangatahi (13%) are leaving

school with no or few qualifications compared to non-Mäori

school leavers (5%).

achievement to non-Mäori youth for Level 1 and 2 qualifications,

but still lag behind in achieving a Level 3 qualification.

Mäori students in bilingual and immersion schools in 2010

were twice as likely to leave school with University Entrance

compared to all Mäori school leavers and just as likely as non-

Mäori students in English medium schools to do so.

Figure 7: Distribution of highest school achievement for Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth.

Table 4: Year 11 to 13 Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth achievement rates for Level 1 to 3 qualifications in 2010, and the change since 2007.

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

school Year

ethnic Group

2010 Change since 2007



Year 11 Mäori

non-Mäori

48.4%

69.8%

+6.1

+3.6

2.4%

1.5%

+1.1

+0.4

0.2%

0.1%

+0.1

+0.0

Year 12 Mäori

non-Mäori

83.4%

84.2%

+8.8

+2.4

56.3%

70.0%

+7.1

+2.9

1.1%

0.8%

+0.2

+0.1

Year 13 Mäori

non-Mäori

87.4%

82.2%

+7.2

+0.0

77.7%

79.3%

+6.1

+0.0

36.2%

53.6%

+1.4

-0.1

Source – Ministry of Education


Little or no formal attainment

Less than halfway to a

Level 1 qualification

(with at least 14 credits)

Halfway to a Level 1

qualification



qualification



qualification

University entrance standard

(includes Level 3 qualification or

higher)

Percent %

0

10

20

30

40

50

Maöri Non-Maöri

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eNGAGeMeNt WItH teRtIARY eDUCAtION AND tRAINING

Improving education outcomes at the tertiary level is important

for Mäori future career options and employment opportunities.

Increasing participation and enrolment in programmes beyond

certificate level courses can contribute to improving education

outcomes. This is especially crucial as qualification level is

positively associated with income.

Of particular interest are rangatahi levels of participation (i.e.

enrolments and completion of their studies), qualification

levels (i.e. certificate, diploma, degree or higher), and areas of

study (e.g. trades, science, tourism, or medicine). Compared to

non-Mäori youth, rangatahi are more likely to enrol in lower

level qualifications (Level 1-3), and less likely to enrol in higher

level qualifications (Degrees or higher). Additionally, rangatahi

More rangatahi are participating in lower level tertiary

education than higher level tertiary study. While 67.6% of

rangatahi enrolments were in Level 1-4 qualifications in

2010, 18% of young Mäori females, and 11% of Mäori males

aged 14 years were enrolled in Bachelor degrees (a Level 7

qualification) by age 19 years.

Retention rates after the first year of study are lower for

rangatahi aged 18-19 years. Almost two-thirds (63.6%) of

rangatahi Diploma students move onto second year (compared

are less likely to continue their studies beyond first year and

therefore less likely to complete a qualification.

More rangatahi are participating in tertiary education. The total

number of rangatahi enrolled in tertiary education increased

by 19%, from 27,756 in 2002 to 33,056 in 2010 (26.4% of all

rangatahi). The number of rangatahi males enrolled in tertiary

education increased by 36.2%, compared to 8.2% for females.

More than half (55.0%) of rangatahi who were 14 years old in

2006 were enrolled in some form of tertiary education in 2010.

The majority of these rangatahi (70%) were in formal tertiary

(making up 38.5% of all rangatahi aged 18 and 19), with

the rest enrolled in non-formal learning, or on-job industry

training. For youth in formal tertiary study,9 rangatahi enter

directly from school at a lower rate (61.1%) than that of non-

Mäori youth (74.5%).

to 74% for all Diploma students aged 18–19 years) and 70.9%

of rangatahi Degree students (compared to 89.3% for all

Degree students aged 18-19 years).

In terms of programme completions, fewer rangatahi are

completing their tertiary study compared to non-Mäori youth.

For students that started any tertiary qualification in 2003, 52%

of rangatahi aged 18 and 19 had completed a qualification of

equal or higher level by 2010. This compares with 67% for all

18 and 19 year olds. Youth aged 20 to 24 had lower rates of

completion, with 44% for rangatahi and 52% for all youth.

Figure 8: Distribution of qualification type for enrolled Rangatahi and total youth, by sex.


MäoriFemales Males

Total Mäori Total

Percent %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Certificates 1-3 Certificates 4 Diplomas 5-7 Bachelors degress or higher

9 Formal tertiary education does not include enrolments at Private Training Establishments.


eNGAGeMeNt IN tHe LABOUR MARKet

It is important that the labour market outcomes for rangatahi

are improved, in terms of rates of employment and the

occupations and industries they enter into.

Paid work plays a vital role in improving ones standard of

living, while providing a level of financial independence, and

ability to generate wealth. On the other hand, prolonged

periods of unemployment can have a negative impact on ones

wellbeing, future career opportunities, and risk of long term

reliance on social assistance.

This is especially crucial for rangatahi because they have lower

rates of employment (40%), higher rates of unemployment

(over 26%), are more likely to be in low-skilled jobs, and more

likely to receive government assistance.

There was little change in the estimated number of rangatahi

working in 2011 compared to 2006. As seen in the table below,

the number of rangatahi working decreased by 1.6%, from

51,249 to 50,450, smaller than the 18.1% decrease for the

non-Mäori youth population (from 265,212 to 217,175).

Although the number of rangatahi working has remained

steady, the share of employed rangatahi has fallen from 50.6%

of all rangatahi in 2006 to 40.2% in 2011. This compares to a

slight drop from 59.2% in 2006 to 56.5% in 2011 for the non-

Mäori youth population.

More rangatahi in the labour force are unemployed in 2011

compared to in 2006.10 The number of rangatahi who are

unemployed increased by 39.6%, from 13,185 to 18,400

(or 26.7% of all rangatahi). The number of unemployed for

non-Mäori youth decreased by 15.1%, from 35,217 in 2006

to 29,900 in 2011 (making up 12.1% of the non-Mäori youth

population). These overall patterns are similar for those not in

the labour force, although the changes have been more positive

(i.e. smaller decrease or larger increase).

Table 5: Number of Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth in 2011, by age, and labour force status (employed, unemployed or not in the

labour force) and the percentage change from 2006.

employed Unemployed Not in the Labour force

ethnic Group Age Group 2011 Change from 2006

2011 Change from 2006


Non-Mäori

15-19 years

20-24 years

67,925

149,250

-39.6%

-2.3%

16,075

13,825

-24.1%

-1.6%

94,025

43,025

-4.3%

-12.6%

Total 217,175 -18.1% 29,900 -15.1% 137,050 -7.1%

Rangatahi

15-19 years

20-24 years

19,750

30,700

-19.6%

15.0%

10,850

7,550

26.9%

63.0%

38,625

18,000

51.9%

57.3%

Total 50,450 -1.6% 18,400 39.6% 56,625 53.6%


10 The NEET rates presented here are based on the international definition for NEET, which includes caregivers. NEET rates when not including caregivers are 15.4% for rangatahi and 7.0% for non-Mäori youth.

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Table 6: Number of Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth in 2011, by sex, and labour force status (employed, unemployed or not in the

labour force) and the percentage change from 2006.

employed Unemployed Not in the Labour force

Gender ethnic Group 2011 Change from 2006



Female

Non-Mäori

Rangatahi

106,425

21,850

-16.3%

-7.0%

12,950

8,550

-29.9%

16.6%

66,675

31,475

-11.3%

49.1%

Total 150,125 -13.8% 30,050 -9.4% 129,625 10.4%

Male

Non-Mäori

Rangatahi

110,750

28,575

-19.8%

2.9%

16,900

9,850

1.0%

68.4%

70,375

25,150

-2.7%

59.6%

Total 167,900 -13.3% 36,600 28.7% 120,675 16.2%

Source – Statistics New Zealand – Household Labour Force Survey and Census 2006.

The main difference between males and females is in the number

of unemployed, for both rangatahi and non-Mäori youth. As seen

in the table above, an overall increase in the number of males

unemployed contrasts with an overall decrease in unemployed

females. Additionally, rangatahi males are the only group whose

number of employed have increased from 2006.

Figure 9: Distribution of work by the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors for Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth population, 2006.

Source – Statistics New Zealand – Household Labour Force Survey

Differences exist between teenage youth and youth in their

twenties: both Mäori and non-Mäori. The changes in the

numbers across all labour force statuses from 2006 to 2011

are generally more positive (larger percentage increases or

smaller percentage decreases) for both groups in their twenties,

compared to their teenage peers. The one exception to this is

for non-Mäori not in the labour force where the number of

youth in their twenties has fallen at a faster rate than those in

their teens, from 2006 to 2011.

Mäori15-19 Years 20-24 Years 15-19 Years 20-24 Years 15-19 Years 20-24 Years 15-19 Years 20-24 Years

Females MalesNon-Mäori Mäori Non-Mäori

Percent %

0

20

40

60

80

100

Primary Secondary Tertiary

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The majority of rangatahi and non-Mäori youth work in

the tertiary sector, compared to the primary and secondary

sectors.11 Figure 9 shows that more than 80% of females, both

rangatahi and non-Mäori youth work in the Tertiary sector,

compared to approximately half of rangatahi males, and about

60% of non-Mäori youth.

Although there is little difference between rangatahi (and non-

Mäori youth) in their teens and 20s, slightly more rangatahi

(and non-Mäori youth) in their 20s work in the secondary

sector compared to those in their teens. The proportion of

rangatahi working in the primary, secondary and teritary

sectors changed little from 2001 to 2006. The only change has

been a small increase in the proportion of rangatahi and youth

in their twenties who work in the secondary sector, reducing

the share of those working in the primary and tertiary sectors

in equal measure.

Figure 10: Distribution of occupations for employed Rangatahi (by age and sex).


Female: 15-19 Years Female: 20-24 Years Male: 15-19 Years Male: 20-24 Years

Service and Sales Workers

Labourers and Related Elementary Service Workers

Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers

Clerks

Trades Workers

Technicians and Associate Professionals

Agriculture and Fishery Workers

Legislators Administrators and Managers

Professionals

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

11 The Primary Sector includes industries that produce raw materials and make use of natural resources: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing, and Mining. The Secondary Industry is where basic materials are turned into saleable products, including Manufacturing, Electricity Gas and Water Supply, and Construction. Tertiary Industry is related to services. For this whakapakari, Tertiary includes all identified industries that are not Primary and Secondary, for example industries related to retail, hospitality, finance, education and health.

Between 1996 and 2006, service and sales workers have been

the largest occupation group for rangatahi. In 2006, almost

one quarter (23.8%) of rangatahi were employed in sales and

service occupations. Labourers, plant and machine operators,

and clerks were the next most common occupations for

rangatahi. While smaller numbers of rangatahi are employed as

The biggest difference between the occupational distribution of

rangatahi and the total youth labour force is the concentration

of rangatahi in low skilled occupations such as labourers and

related elementary services, and plant and machine operators

and assemblers.

In terms of occupations however, there has been a clear shift

in the occupational distribution of young Mäori women away

legislators, administrators and managers, and technicians and

associate professionals these have been the fastest growing

occupations for rangatahi (by 78.0% and 55.8% respectively).

Over the same period, the numbers of rangatahi employed in

two occupation groups have declined – agriculture and fishery

workers (by 22.1%) and clerks (by 9.2%).

from low skilled occupations (plant and machine operators

and assemblers, and labourers and elementary service workers)

towards more service oriented occupations (service and sales)

and more highly skilled occupations (clerks, technicians

and associate professionals, legislator administrators and

managers and professionals). By comparison, the occupational

distribution of male rangatahi has changed very little.

Table 7: Change from 1996 to 2006 in the number of Rangatahi occupations by age and sex.

female Male

15-19 Years 20-24 Years 15-19 Years 20-24 Years

Number Change since 1996




Agriculture and Fishery Workers

564 -5.5% 447 -25.1% 1,389 -20.9% 1,302 -28.4%

Clerks 1,914 8.1% 2,238 -23.9% 603 20.4% 780 -12.2%

Labourers and Related Elementary Service Workers

1,167 11.1% 894 -9.7% 2,655 21.6% 2,064 -12.0%

Legislators Administrators and Managers

309 151.2% 939 89.7% 174 87.1% 516 35.4%

Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers

471 12.1% 546 -13.7% 1,965 60.9% 2,940 3.5%

Professionals 216 111.8% 963 7.7% 138 21.1% 498 6.4%

Service and Sales Workers 4,854 17.2% 3,450 7.0% 2,232 4.8% 1,650 -24.7%

Technicians and Associate Professionals

783 121.2% 1,716 51.7% 591 93.1% 1,050 20.7%

Trades Workers 102 -22.7% 171 -8.1% 1,875 55.9% 2,757 20.0%

Overall 10,380 19.4% 11,364 2.5% 11,622 22.2% 13,557 -3.9%

Source – Statistics New Zealand – 1996 and 2006 Census of Population and Dwellings

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Not Studying

Not Studying

Studying/School

Studying/School

Not Studying

Not Studying

Studying/School

Studying/School

Percent Maöri Non-MaöriPercent

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

50 50

60 60

70 70

Female: 15-19 Years Male:15-19 Years Female: 20-24 Years Male: 20-24 Years

EmployedNot

Employed

NOt IN eMPLOYMeNt, eDUCAtION, OR tRAINING (Neet)

An emerging group of interest are youth who are not in

employment, education, or training (referred to as NEET).

NEET provides one measure of transition difficulties. Positive

transitions into further study and employment are important

for young people’s current wellbeing and future prospects.

Young people who become detached from education, training

and the labour-market for a prolonged period of time may

place their future welfare and economic independence at

risk. Additionally, NEET is associated with long term welfare

dependency, for an individual and across generations.

A large proportion of females who are classified as NEET are

also caregivers. Half of NEET rangatahi females, (one fifth of

all rangatahi females aged 20-24 and 5% of all rangatahi

females aged 15-19) are caregivers. This is a higher proportion

In 2011, rangatahi made up over one third of all youth

(27,800 out of 74,000) who were Not in Employment,

Education or Training (NEET). Almost one quarter (22.4%)

of rangatahi fall into the NEET category. This compares with

9.1% of non-Mäori youth.12

The number of NEET were higher for rangatahi in their twenties

(16,800) and non-Mäori in their twenties (33,000), compared

to rangatahi in their teens, whose numbers were closer to

non-Mäori teens (11,000 compared to 13,000). NEET rates are

higher for youth in their twenties (30.6% for rangatahi and

(12.5% for non-Mäori) compared to youth aged 15-19 (15.9%

of rangatahi aged 15-19, and 5.4% for non-Mäori aged 15-19).

than for Mäori males, and non-Mäori males and females, and

is consistent with the rates of parenthood for rangatahi, where

4.1% of rangatahi aged 15-19 years were parents in 2006, one

in four rangatahi aged 20-24 years (25.4%) were parents.

Figure 11: Proportion of Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth by employment and study status, age and sex.


EmployedNot

Employed

12 The NEET rates presented here are based on the international definition for NEET, which includes caregivers. NEET rates when not including caregivers are 15.4% for rangatahi and 7.0% for non-Mäori youth.


fIG

UR

e 1

2f

IGU

Re

13

15-19 YearsFemale Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

Mäori Non-Mäori20-24 Years 15-19 Years 20-24 Years

Percent of Working Age Population

0

10%

20%

30%

40%

NEET - Caregiver NEET - Not Caregiver

Figure 12: Proportion of NEET (who are or are not caregivers) for Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth, by age and sex.


The rates of NEET rangatahi have consistently been higher than

that for non-Mäori youth. The time series below shows that

the rate for both male and female rangatahi has consistently

been double that of non-Mäori. The trends for rangatahi and

non-Mäori males and females suggest that the rate could be

increasing for non-Mäori males and females, and rangatahi

males, and decreasing for rangatahi females, although the

change is small.

Figure 13: NEET rates for Rangatahi and non-Mäori youth males and females from 2004 to 2011.


fOR MORe INfORMAtION check out our website www.tpk.govt.nz or contact us on 04 819 6000 or [email protected]

www.tpk.govt.nz

DISCLAIMER The information contained in this publication is for general information only. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, because the information is generalised, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Readers are advised to seek independent advice on particular matters and not rely on this publication. No liability is assumed by Te Puni Kökiri for any losses suffered directly or indirectly by any person relying on the information contained in this publication.

© Te Puni Kökiri

November 2012

Te Puni Kökiri, Te Puni Kökiri House

143 Lambton Quay, Wellington 6011, New Zealand

PO Box 3943, Wellington 6140, New Zealand

PHN Waea 04 819 6000 FAX Waea Whakaahua 04 819 6299

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2004.03 2005.03 2006.03 2007.03Year and Quarter

2008.03 2009.03 2010.03 2011.03

Mäori - Female Mäori - MaleNon-Mäori - Female Non-Mäori - Male

Percent

māori youth in education and employment

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