manuscript preparation and the publication process lance k. heilbrun, ph.d., m.p.h. professor of...
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Manuscript Preparation and the Publication Process
Lance K. Heilbrun, Ph.D., M.P.H. Professor of Medicine and Oncology
Division of Hematology and Oncology Wayne State University School of Medicine
Assistant Director, Biostatistics Core
Karmanos Cancer Institute [email protected]
313 / 745-4851
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Famous Quotes
“Publish or perish.”
“If I’d had more time, I would have written you a shorter letter.”
“The best writing comes from
rewriting.”
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Types of medical research publications
Case reports; case seriesReview articlesOriginal research articlesLetters to the EditorEditorialsBook or software reviews
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Medical research publication media
Print journals Electronic (E-) journals Websites
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Goals of an original research article
Clearly describe your work and findings Further scientific knowledge Improve patient care Change treatment behavior, but only if justified
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REAL goals of an original research article
Justify your academic existence
Get some research grant (re)funded Get promoted Enrich your curriculum vitae (CV) Impress your friends (and enemies)
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Anatomy of a manuscript (MS)
Title page
Abstract
Introduction section
Materials and Methods section
Results sectionDiscussion section (IMRD = I M Research Doctor)
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Anatomy of a manuscript (MS) - con’t.
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Tables
Figure LegendFigures
MS usually a double spaced document
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Title page
Title of manuscript
List of authors
Their affiliations Corresponding author and contact information
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Authorship list (order / position) First (lead) author Last (senior) author Other (middle) authors Lead author usually makes final decisions
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Abstract (1 page)
VERY short version of the MS
Unstructured (free text)
Structured / formatted Length limitations Why, what, how, primary result(s)
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Introduction section (typically, 1-2 pages) The research issue of interest Other published studies Rationale for this study Goals of this study
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Materials and Methods section (1-4 pages ?) Study population Treatment(s) used Biosamples obtained Laboratory procedures / assays Statistical methods (study design, N, analyses)
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Results section (1-4 pages ?) Where/when/how many subjects recruited Describe ineligibles, dropouts Limit number of tables + figures Present results in a logical sequence
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Results section - con’t. (1-4 pages ?) State only the important observations Use (“data not shown”) as needed Write CONCISELY and CLEARLY AVOID overly long sentences
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Discussion section (1-4 pages ?) Usually the hardest MS section to writeBriefly summarize your principal findingsReconcile findings with the literatureInterpret findings in light of the literatureImplications of your results for other researchersLimitations of your studyConclusions
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Acknowledgements Participants in the (clinical) study Technicians, support staff, consultants All grants or other funding sources
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Bibliography Follow format instructions of target journal Cite only relevant articles Cite every article at least once Verify correct articles are cited in the MS text
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Tables
Use clear, concise titles From title, can new reader sketch the table ?Format table carefullyUse the least numerical content possibleLeave SPACE between rows and between columnsUse footnotes as needed to clarify
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Figure Legend
A list of descriptions of the figures
Use clear, concise titles From title, can new reader sketch the figure ? Leave ample space between figure descriptions
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Figures Avoid clutter (too many numbers or symbols)Should provide a clear statistical messageVertical (“Y”) axis: outcome/dependent variableHorizontal (“X”) axis: exposure/independent var.Good way to show overall patterns in the dataSome numerical details sacrificed
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Manuscript preparation process Literature review (for the Intro., Disc. Sections) Use PubMed, MedLine, conf. proceedings, etc. Draft the bibliography Think of potential target journals and choose one
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Manuscript preparation process - con’t.Coauthors write portions of Materials & Methods
Biostatistician can write part/all of Results
Lead author completes first full draft
Circulate to coauthors for review & comment
Lead author revises MS per coauthors’ comments
Lead author decides when MS is finalized
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Submitting the manuscript
Follow Instructions to Authors carefully
Need signatures from all coauthors Medium: paper vs. electronic Figures as separate files (GIF, other format)
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Response from the target journal
Be patient !
Weeks to several months after MS submission
Decisions: reject, conditional accept, accept Reject: send MS elsewhere (with/without revision) Accept (with no changes required): RARE !
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Conditional acceptance decision
Address all concerns/comments of the (1-3) referees
Number all comments of each referee Write point-by-point response to every comment Agreement with every comment not mandatory Can just defend your position (but not “too often”)
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Submission of revised manuscript
Polite cover letter to EditorThank referees for their suggestions and insightClearly mark changes in the revised MS Peer-review DOES improve MS quality (even yours)
Be patient !
Weeks to several months after MS re-submission
Some journals “RE-review” a revised MS
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Galley proofs
Arrive months after MS acceptancePaper or PDF of page-image version of MSMust proofread/correct galleys within1-2 daysDetailed instructions for marking up galleysYour last chance to find & correct errorsOrder reprints ?
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When MS is finally published
Notify & thank all your coauthors Give them full journal citation (for their CVs) Provide URL link (or website) if online journal Send each coauthor a reprint (if available) Update your own CV
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After MS is published
Letters to the Editor ? Reply politely and address each issue raised Watch for related articles to appear Have another MS(s) already in press orunder review
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MS preparation: learning resources Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Ed., 2003.University of Chicago Press. www.pubmed.com search on “MS preparation”: Mee CL. 10 lessons on writing for publication.J. Infus. Nurs., 26:110-113, 2003. Kern MJ. MS preparation and submission …. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv., 58:391-6, 2003.
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MS preparation: more learning resources Your training program mentors Participate in journal club meetings After publishing several articles, volunteeras a referee for a journal(s) Take a MS writing workshop ?Dr. Stephen Lerner ([email protected])Associate Dean for Faculty Affairs, WSU SoM
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Summary
Always pursue a worthy clinical research question Remember the goals & sections (“IMRD”) of a MS Know the procedure before /after MS submission Read & critique more published articles Find/use MS development learning resources Eventually, become a journal referee
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Final thought
Be patient. The best writing comes from rewriting.
Thank you !
Any questions ?