manufacturing as the key engine of economic growth for middle-income economies

8/16/2019 Manufacturing as the Key Engine of Economic Growth for Middle-Income Economies

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HAIJ ]lrdjbm _hpfr Ufrjfs

Khbu`heturjbm hs tcf Dfy Fbmjbfl` Felblkje Mrlwtc `lr Kjaanf-

Jbelkf Felblkjfs

Ahb Uu hba Zhbm Zhl

Bl. 6=5Khy 9?80

Hsjhb Afvfnlpkfbt Ihbd Jbstjtutf


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Qcf ]lrdjbm _hpfr sfrjfs js h elbtjbuhtjlb l` tcf `lrkfrny bhkfa Ajseussjlb _hpfr sfrjfs4tcf bukifrjbm l` tcf phpfrs elbtjbufa wjtclut jbtfrruptjlb lr echbmf. HAIJ‚s wlrdjbm

phpfrs rf`nfet jbjtjhn jafhs lb h tlpje hba hrf plstfa lbnjbf `lr ajseussjlb. HAIJ fbelurhmfsrfhafrs tl plst tcfjr elkkfbts lb tcf khjb phmf `lr fhec wlrdjbm phpfr (mjvfb jb tcfejthtjlb ifnlw). Ulkf wlrdjbm phpfrs khy afvfnlp jbtl ltcfr `lrks l` puinjehtjlb.

Uummfstfa ejthtjlb7

Uu, A. hba Z. Zhl. 9?80. Khbu`heturjbm hs tcf Dfy Fbmjbf l` Felblkje Mrlwtc `lr Kjaanf-Jbelkf Felblkjfs. HAIJ ]lrdjbm _hpfr 6=5. Qldyl7 Hsjhb Afvfnlpkfbt Ihbd Jbstjtutf. Hvhjnhinf7 cttp7//www.hai.lrm/puinjehtjlbs/khbu`heturjbm-dfy-fbmjbf-felblkje-mrlwtc-kjaanf-jbelkf-felblkjfs/

_nfhsf elbthet tcf hutclrs `lr jb`lrkhtjlb hilut tcjs phpfr.

F-khjn7 sthbnfyahbsuOmkhjn.elk, yyhlObsa.fau.eb

Ahb Uu js wjtc tcf Bhtjlbhn Ueclln l` Afvfnlpkfbt l` _fdjbm Vbjvfrsjty. Zhbm Zhl js tcfafhb hba h prl`fsslr ht tcf Bhtjlbhn Ueclln l` Afvfnlpkfbt l` _fdjbm Vbjvfrsjty.

Qcf vjfws fxprfssfa jb tcjs phpfr hrf tcf vjfws l` tcf hutclr hba al blt bfefsshrjny

rf`nfet tcf vjfws lr plnjejfs l` HAIJ, HAI, jts Ilhra l` Ajrfetlrs, lr tcf mlvfrbkfbtstcfy rfprfsfbt. HAIJ alfs blt muhrhbtff tcf heeurhey l` tcf ahth jbenuafa jb tcjs phpfrhba heefpts bl rfsplbsjijnjty `lr hby elbsfqufbefs l` tcfjr usf. Qfrkjblnlmy usfa khyblt bfefsshrjny if elbsjstfbt wjtc HAI l``jejhn tfrks.

]lrdjbm phpfrs hrf suigfet tl `lrkhn rfvjsjlb hba elrrfetjlb if`lrf tcfy hrf `jbhnjzfahba elbsjafrfa puinjscfa.

Hsjhb Afvfnlpkfbt Ihbd JbstjtutfDhsukjmhsfdj Iujnajbm 3@

5-9-6 Dhsukjmhsfdj, Ecjylah-duQldyl 8??-0??3, Ghphb

Qfn7 +38-5-56:5-66??@hx7 +38-5-56:5-66=8VYN7 www.haij.lrmF-khjn7 jb`lOhaij.lrm

© 9?80 Hsjhb Afvfnlpkfbt Ihbd Jbstjtutf


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HAIJ ]lrdjbm _hpfr 6=5 Uu hba Zhl

Histrhet

Qcjs phpfr rfvjsjts tcf rlnf l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr aurjbm tcf kjaanf-jbelkf sthmf. Iyfxpnljtjbm h nhrmf ahthsft tcht elvfrs jbtfrbhtjlbhnny elkphrhinf sfetlrhn jb`lrkhtjlb, wfprlvf tcht tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr js jkiufa wjtc tcrff jkplrthbt echrhetfrjstjes. @jrst, `lrkjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs, khbu`heturjbm punns hnlbm sfrvjefs, jbstfha l` tcf ltcfr whyhrluba. H afenjbf jb tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr mrlwtc rhtf wjnn bfmhtjvfny h``fet tcf mrlwtcrhtf l` tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr, jb iltc tcf sclrt-rub hba nlbm-rub kfhbjbms. Ufelba, wf sclwtcht khbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt blt lbny prlkltfs tcf jbefbtjvfs l` shvjbms, iut hnslheefnfrhtfs tcf phef l` tfecblnlmjehn heeukunhtjlb. Qcjra, hb jberfhsfa schrf l` tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr jb kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs ehb fbchbef tcf utjnjzhtjlb l` cukhbehpjthn hba felblkje jbstjtutjlbs. Lur fkpjrjehn bajbms jbajehtf tcht tcf khbu`heturjbmsfetlr js stjnn tcf dfy fbmjbf l` felblkje mrlwtc `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs.

GFN Enhssj`jehtjlb7 N80, L81, L1=


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Elbtfbts

8. Jbtrlauetjlb ................................................................................................................ 5

9.

Elbefptuhn @rhkfwlrd .............................................................................................. 6

5. Ahth ........................................................................................................................... 3

5.8 Ahth Ulurefs ................................................................................................. 3 5.9 Elubtry Enhssjehtjlbs................................................................................... 3 5.5 Afserjptjvf Hbhnysjs ....................................................................................... :

1. Fkpjrjes ................................................................................................................... 8?

1.8 Fkpjrjehn Kftclalnlmy ................................................................................. 8? 1.9 Fkpjrjehn @bajbms ........................................................................................ 89

6. Ajseussjlb ............................................................................................................... 81

6.8 Yliustbfss Ecfeds ..................................................................................... 81 6.9 Fbalmfbfjty Jssufs ...................................................................................... 86

0. Elbenusjlb ............................................................................................................... 8:

Yf`frfbefs ......................................................................................................................... 8:

Hppfbajx 8 .......................................................................................................................... 96

Hppfbajx 9 .......................................................................................................................... 59


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8. JBQYLAVEQJLB

Jbaustrjhnjzhtjlb js vjfwfa hs tcf klst jkplrthbt fbmjbf l` felblkje mrlwtc. Qcfspfejhn echrhetfrjstjes httrjiutfa tl tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr ehb if jbtfrprftfa jbkhby whys7 rhpja tfecblnlmjehn echbmfs, felblkjfs l` sehnf, hba fhsy jbtfmrhtjlbjbtl mnlihn prlauetjlb bftwlrds (Uzjrkhj 9?894 Nhvlph hba Uzjrkhj 9?81). Haajtjlbhnny,h bukifr l` jbvfstjmhtlrs chvf fkpjrjehnny elbrkfa tcht trhbs`lrkhtjlb `rlkhmrjeunturf tl khbu`heturjbm, hba ùrtcfr `rlk khbu`heturjbm tl sfrvjefs js tcfprlefss l` felblkje afvfnlpkfbt (Enhrd 8:184 Duzbfts 8:6=4 Ecfbfry 8:=:4 @uecs8:3?). Qcfrf`lrf, jt whs lbef mfbfrhnny heefptfa tcht „sjbef tcf jbaustrjhn rfvlnutjlb,bl elubtry chs ifelkf h khglr felblky wjtclut ifelkjbm hb jbaustrjhn plwfr‛(Hechryh 9??=).

Clwfvfr, tcjs rhtjlbhn chs iffb echnnfbmfa. Qcf jberfhsjbm jkplrthbef l` tcf sfrvjefssfetlr jb tcf wlrna, hs wfnn hs tcf afvfnlpkfbt l` tcf jb`lrkhtjlb hba elkkubjehtjlbstfecblnlmy (JEQ) sfetlr, afklbstrhtfs tcht blwhahys tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr eluna

ifelkf tcf bfw fbmjbf l` felblkje mrlwtc jb afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs (@hmfrifrm,Mufrrjfrj, hba Pfrsphmfb 8:::4 Ahsmupth hba Ujbmc, 9??64 Khrltl-Uhbecfz hbaEuharhal-Ylurh 9??:4 Nff hba KeDjiijb 9?81).8 Jb haajtjlb, tcf `het tcht lèjhn ahthkhy ubafrpnhy tcf jbufbef l` tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr jb tcf wclnf felblky chs ifelkfh mrlwjbm elbsfbsus (Clfdkhb 9??04 Ylsfb hba Ihl 9?86). Jb tcfjr jbufbtjhnphpfrs, Lnjbfr hba Ujecfn (9???) hba Glrmfbslb hba Utjrlc (9???) pljbt lut tchttcf kfhsurfkfbt jssufs hba ajsrfmhra `lr spjnnlvfr f``fets ubafrkjbf tcf rfhnelbtrjiutjlbs l` tcf JEQ sfetlr tl tcf wclnf felblky.

Jb tcjs sjtuhtjlb, jt js blw h mrfhtny afihthinf qufstjlb wcftcfr khbu`heturjbm sclunastjnn if tcf khjb `leus l` jbaustrjhn plnjey jb afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs. Jb `het, h nhed lèlbsfbsus rffets lur njkjtfa ubafrsthbajbm l` clw hba wcy tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr

khttfrs, fspfejhnny `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Qclsf wfnn-aleukfbtfa phttfrbs l`strueturhn trhbs`lrkhtjlb herlss jbaustrjfs hrf blr khnny rfmhrafa hs fkpjrjehn `hets,jbstfha l` prfajetjlbs afrjvfa `rlk efrthjb tcflry.9 Qcfrf`lrf, jt rfkhjbs qufstjlbhinfwcftcfr h pllr elubtry blwhahys stjnn bffas tl ubafrml ùnn jbaustrjhnjzhtjlb if`lrf jtmfts rjec. Haajtjlbhnny, tcf eurrfbt njtfrhturf cjmcnjmctjbm sfetlrhn spfejejty jb felblkjeafvfnlpkfbt js nhrmfny sfphrhtfa `rlk khjbstrfhk tcflrjfs tcht rfmhra mrlwtc hssfetlr bfutrhn. Qcfrf`lrf, afspjtf h vlnukjblus bukifr l` phpfrs httfkpt tl fnhilrhtftcf rlnf l` khbu`heturjbm jb felblkje afvfnlpkfbt, wf hrf stjnn ubhwhrf l` clw tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr js ubjqufny rfnhtfa tl tclsf wfnn-dblwb mrlwtc jbmrfajfbts.

Qcjs phpfr jbqujrfs hilut tcf phrtjeunhr rlnf l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr aurjbm tcfkjaanf-jbelkf sthmf, hba wf prlvf khbu`heturjbm js stjnn tcf dfy fbmjbf l` felblkjemrlwtc `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Iy fxpnljtjbm h nhrmf ahthsft tcht elvfrsjbtfrbhtjlbhnny elkphrhinf sfetlrhn jb`lrkhtjlb, wf ba tcht tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr js

8 Jb h rfefbt phpfr, Hkjrhpu hba Uuirhkhbjhb (9?86) hrmuf tcht `jvf jkplrthbt echrhetfrjstjes hnnlw h

sfetlr tl sfrvf hs hb fbmjbf l` strueturhn trhbs`lrkhtjlb hba prlauef susthjbhinf felblkje mrlwtc.Qcfsf echrhetfrjstjes hrf h cjmc nfvfn l` prlauetjvjty, aybhkje prlauetjvjty mrlwtc, fxphbsjlb l` tcfsfetlr jb tfrks l` jts usf l` jbputs, elkphrhtjvf havhbthmf `lr tcf clst elubtry, hba fxplrthijnjty. Iy`leusjbm lb Jbajh‚s ehsf, tcfy hrmuf tcht slkf sfrvjefs irhbecfs, jbenuajbm `jbhbef, jbsurhbef, hba rfhnfsthtf, eluna rfpnhef tcf rlnf l` khbu`heturjbm sfetlr.

9 Qcfrf hrf khby tcflrftjehn fxpnhbhtjlbs `lr tcfsf strueturhn echbmf phttfrbs, jbenuajbm aj``frfbefs jb

mrlwtc rhtf herlss sfetlrs, echbmfs jb clusfclna prf`frfbef, hba mnlihnjzhtjlb. Qcfsf wlrds jbaffaprlvjaf elbvjbejbm fxpnhbhtjlbs `lr tcjs prjkhry―sfelbahry―tfrtjhry trhbsjtjlb. Clwfvfr, tcfrf js bl

tcflry tcht jb`lrks us tcht tcjs trhbsjtjlb prlefss js enlsfny rfnhtfa tl tcf nlbm-rub mrlwtc rhtf l` hbyafvfnlpjbm felblky.

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jkiufa wjtc tcrff khjb echrhetfrjstjes. Ql prfvjfw lur rfsunts, rst, `lr kjaanf-jbelkffelblkjfs, khbu`heturjbm punns hnlbm sfrvjefs, jbstfha l` tcf ltcfr why hrluba. H(b) afenjbf/jberfhsf jb khbu`heturjbm sfetlr mrlwtc rhtf wjnn bfmhtjvfny/plsjtjvfnyh``fet tcf mrlwtc rhtf l` tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr, jb iltc tcf sclrt-rub hba nlbm-rubkfhbjbms. Ufelba, wf sclw tcht tcf afvfnlpkfbt l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlrprlkltfs tcf jbefbtjvfs l` shvjbms, hs wfnn hs heefnfrhtfs tcf phef l` tfecblnlmjehnheeukunhtjlb. Elkphrfa wjtc ltcfr sfetlrs, tcf khbu`heturjbm jbaustry chs h cjmcfrafkhba `lr ehpjthn hba jbvfstkfbt, tcus prlvjajbm spfejhn lpplrtubjtjfs `lr iltcehpjthn hba tfecblnlmjehn heeukunhtjlb. Lur nhst fkpjrjehn bajbm js tcht hklbm tclsfkjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs., tcf elbtrjiutjlbs l` cukhb ehpjthn hba jbstjtutjlb hrf klrfprlblubefa jb felblkjfs wjtc h cjmcfr schrf l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr. Jt rfvfhnstcht tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr fbchbefs tcf utjnjzhtjlb l` alkfstje cukhb ehpjthn hbajbstjtutjlbs. Ihsfa lb tcfsf bajbms, wf elbenuaf tcht tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlrrfkhjbs efbtrhn ̀ lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs.

Lbf plssjinf fxpnhbhtjlb `lr lur fkpjrjehn bajbms js tcht tcf khglr slurefs l`felblkje mrlwtc `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs hrf elkpnftfny aj``frfbt `rlk tclsf

`lr afvfnlpfa felblkjfs, wcfrf mrlwtc js khjbny arjvfb iy dblwnfamf-ihsfajbblvhtjlb. Jb elbtrhst, jberfhsfs l` nhilr prlauetjvjty jb afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs nhrmfnyelkf `rlk strueturhn echbmf lr jkplrtfa tfecblnlmy `rlk afvfnlpfa felblkjfs.Aurjbm tcjs sthmf, fhsy halptjlb `rlk wlrna `rlbtjfr tfecblnlmy js klrf fssfbtjhn `lrkjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Clwfvfr, aj``frfbt jbaustrjfs pnhy h ajstjbet rlnf jb halptjbm`rlbtjfr tfecblnlmy. @lr jbsthbef, khby stuajfs (f.m., Glbfs hba Lndfb 9??64 Ylarjd9??=) chvf hrmufa tcht tcf trhahinf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr js tcf khglr echbbfn tcrlumcwcjec h afvfnlpjbm felblky hislris dblwnfamf hba jbaustrjhn sejfbef `rlk hirlha. Haajtjlbhnny, vhrjlus wlrds chvf sclwb tcht tcf vfcjenf l` nfhrbjbm hba halptjbmtfecblnlmy js jbvfstkfbt, jbstfha l` elbsukptjlb (Hrrlw 8:094 Ylkfr 8:304 Glvhblvjehba Ylussfhu 9??94 Iluefddjbf, afn Yjl, hba Njehbarl 9??5). Qcfrf`lrf, tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr, wcjec ehnns `lr h cjmcfr nfvfn l` ehpjthn hba jbvfstkfbt, thdfs lbtcf efbtrhn rlnf l` hislrijbm tfecblnlmy, hs wfnn hs erfhtjbm strlbm fxtfrbhnjtjfs l`dblwnfamf lws tl ltcfr sfetlr s. Qcfsf vjthn echrhetfrjstjes khdf tcf khbu`heturjbmsfetlr eruejhn `lr hnn kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Klrflvfr, heelrajbm tl Ihrrl (9??8), j`h elubtry chs ifttfr jbstjtutjlbs hba cjmcfr cukhb ehpjthn nfvfn, jbvfstlrs ehb ifttfrjbtrlauef havhbefa tfecblnlmjfs `lr alkfstje rks. Hs h elbsfqufbef, jb elbtrhst tlltcfr sfetlrs, tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr, wcfrf tfecblnlmy trhbs`fr khjbny thdfs pnhef,ehb ifttfr utjnjzf alkfstje cukhb ehpjthn hba felblkje jbstjtutjlbs.

Lur phpfr khjbny elbtrjiutfs tl twl strfhks l` njtfrhturf. Qcf prjkhry elbtrjiutjlbjs tl tcf njtfrhturf lb tcf rlnf l` tcf khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefs sfetlrs aurjbm helubtry‚s afvfnlpkfbt. Klst l` tclsf stuajfs thdf lb h kherlfelblkje pfrspfetjvf,wjtc slkf ajrfetny fxhkjbjbm clw felblkje elkplsjtjlb js ajrfetny rfnhtfa tl tcf nhilr

prlauetjvjty mrlwtc rhtf, hba ltcfrs fvhnuhtjbm tcf jkplrthbef l` tcf khbu`heturjbmlr sfrvjef sfetlr jb felblkje elbvfrmfbef rhtf (Ifrbhra hba Glbfs 8::0h, 8::0i,8::0e4 _hseuhn hba ]fstfrkhbb 9??94 @rffkhb hba Zfrmfr 9??84 Mluyfttf hba_frfnkhb 8::=). Mfbfrhnny spfhdjbm, tcf sthtjstjehn fvjafbef js blt strhjmct`lrwhra`lr us tl arhw hby afejsjvf elbenusjlb. Elkphrfa wjtc tcf prjlr rfsfhrec, lur phpfrelbthjbs tcrff blthinf aj``frfbefs. Ql ifmjb wjtc, lur jbvfstjmhtjlbs `leus lb tcff``fets l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt lb sfvfrhn jkplrthbt mrlwtcaftfrkjbhbts, jbstfha l` tfstjbm tcfjr elbtrjiutjlbs tl tcf mrlwtc rhtf ajrfetny. Jb tcjswhy, wf ehb blt lbny tfst tcf kfechbjsks tcrlumc wcjec tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlrprlkltfs susthjbhinf felblkje mrlwtc, iut hnsl elkijbf tcf eurrfbt strueturhnjsknjtfrhturf wjtc enhssjehn mrlwtc tcflry. Ufelba, lur phpfr fxhkjbfs tcf spfeje rlnf l`tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr aurjbm tcf kjaanf-jbelkf sthmf. Auf tl ahth njkjthtjlb, klstl` tcf prfvjlus wlrds elbefbtrhtf lb tcf Lrmhbjshtjlb `lr Felblkje El-lpfrhtjlb hba

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Afvfnlpkfbt (LFEA) felblkjfs. Clwfvfr, hs wf chvf bltfa if`lrf, tcf rfnhtjvfjkplrthbef l` tcf khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefs sfetlrs js njdf tl afpfba lb tcfafvfnlpkfbt sthmf. Fvfb h elbenusjvf hrmukfbt arhwb `rlk ahth elvfrjbm lbnyafvfnlpfa felblkjfs alfs blt bfefsshrjny clna `lr afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs. Qcjra,hntclumc h erlss-sfetjlbhn hpprlhec js wjafny usfa jb fkpjrjehn mrlwtc njtfrhturf, wfelbtfba tcht bl sjbmnf kftcla ehb if pfr`fet. Heelrajbmny, jbstfha l` `leusjbmfxenusjvfny lb lbf typjehn djba l` kftclalnlmy, wf halpt h wjaf vhrjfty l` fkpjrjehnkftclalnlmjfs tl prlvf tcf rliustbfss l` lur bajbms.

Lur phpfr hnsl elbtrjiutfs tl tcf ajseussjlb l` tcf kjaanf-jbelkf trhp. Afspjtf jtsprfvhnfbef hklbm seclnhrs hba plnjeykhdfrs, tcfrf js stjnn bl prfejsf afbjtjlb lr fvfbelbsfbsus `lr tcf fxjstfbef l` tcjs tfrk yft. Khby seclnhrs enhjk tcht tcf hnnfmfajbhijnjty l` felblkjfs tl prlmrfss `rlk kjaanf-jbelkf tl cjmc-jbelkf sthmf alfs bltbfefsshrjny jkpny tcht tcfrf fxjsts h „trhp‛.5 Qcf nhed l` h elbenusjvf hbswfr hetuhnnyjbajehtfs tcf `het tcht tcfrf js bl shtjs`hetlry mrlwtc tcflry `lr kjaanf-jbelkffelblkjfs (Mjnn hba Dchrhs 9?86). @lr tclsf nlw-jbelkf felblkjfs, tcf prlinfkihsjehnny njfs jb tcf nhed l` h arjvjbm `lref tl trhbsjt rfslurefs `rlk tcf hmrjeunturf

sfetlr tl tcf klafrb sfetlr. Elbsfqufbtny, tcf bflenhssjehn mrlwtc klafn tchtfkpchsjzfs f`ejfbt pcysjehn hba cukhb ehpjthn heeukunhtjlb alfs cfnp us murf lutclw tl prlkltf felblkje mrlwtc `lr tclsf pllr felblkjfs. Hs `lr afvfnlpfafelblkjfs, mrlwtc js nhrmfny arjvfb iy dblwnfamf-ihsfa jbblvhtjlb, wcjec khdfstcf fbalmfblus mrlwtc klafn klrf hpprlprjhtf `lr tcfjr afvfnlpkfbt. Clwfvfr, `lrkjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs, tcfjr khjb listhenf `lr felblkje mrlwtc njfs jb iltcrfsluref rfhnnlehtjlbs hba jbtrh-sfetlrhn ehtec-up tfecblnlmjehn mrlwtc, wcfrf wf nhedtcf mujahbef l` h sluba mrlwtc tcflry. Lur fkpjrjehn bajbms jb tcjs phpfr prlvjaf hsft l` `hets tcht khy sfrvf hs h mujaf tl afvfnlp klrf sujthinf mrlwtc tcflrjfs `lrkjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs.

Qcjs phpfr js lrmhbjzfa hs `lnnlws. Ufetjlb 9 prlvjafs tcf mfbfrhn elbefptuhn

`rhkfwlrd hba Ufetjlb 5 prfsfbt tcf ahth slurefs hba prfnjkjbhry hbhnysfs. Ufetjlb 1ajseussfs tcf fkpjrjehn kftclalnlmy hba lur khglr bajbms. Yliustbfss l` lur rfsuntshrf tfstfa jb Ufetjlb 6, hba bhnny Ufetjlb 0 elbenuafs.

9. ELBEF_QVHN @YHKF]LYD

Jb tcf nlbm rub, nhilr prlauetjvjty js hnklst fvfrytcjbm (Drumkhb 8::1i). @lrafvfnlpjbm felblkjfs, ehtecjbm up wjtc cjmc-jbelkf felblkjfs js hetuhnny h prlefssl` fnjkjbhtjbm tcf prlauetjvjty mhp. Clwfvfr, elbtrhry tl wcht tcf fbalmfblusmrlwtc tcflry prfajets, `lr tcfsf kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs, felblkje mrlwtc jsfssfbtjhnny tcf elbsfqufbef l` halptjbm sthtf-l`-tcf-hrt tfecblnlmy `rlk afvfnlpfa

felblkjfs. Hakjttfany, h elupnf l` `hetlrs, jbenuajbm cukhb ehpjthn nfvfn, tcf alkfstjeplnjtjehn systfk, hba felblkje lpfbbfss, khy jbufbef tcf trhbskjssjlb l` `lrfjmbtfecblnlmy. Clwfvfr, aj``frfbt jbaustrjfs hrf hnsl njdfny tl if ajstjbet jb tfrks l`fxpnljtjbm wlrna `rlbtjfr tfecblnlmy. Uuec echrhetfrjstje khdfs efrthjb sfetlrsphrtjeunhrny rfnfvhbt `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Qcjs js wcfrf lur phpfr sthrts. @rlklur pljbt l` vjfw, tcf f``fets l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr ml ifylba tcf elbvfbtjlbhnrfhnnlehtjlb f``fets. Jb tcjs phpfr, wf fxhkjbf tcf spfeje kfechbjsks `lr wcy tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr js erjtjehn ̀ lr h kjaanf-jbelkf elubtry‚s afvfnlpkfbt.

5 @lr jbsthbef, Jk hba Ylsfbinhtt (9?85) sclw tcht kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs al blt rfhnny nlld tcht

aj``frfbt jb tfrks l` trhbsjtjlbs herlss tcf jbtfr-elubtry ajstrjiutjlb l` jbelkf. Haajtjlbhnny, tcfy hrmuftcht tcfrf js bl lbf enfhr phttfrb tcht ehb if fhsjny echrhetfrjzfa hs h trhp.

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Ql ifmjb, wf jbqujrf hilut tcf rfnhtjlbscjp iftwffb khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefs, iltcl` wcjec hrf elbsjafrfa tl if jkplrthbt klafrb sfetlrs. Ql if klrf spfeje, wf whbttl fxhkjbf wcftcfr khbu`heturjbm punns hnlbm sfrvjefs, lr tcf ltcfr why hrluba.

Heelrajbm tl Dhnalr (8:6=) hba khby rf`frfbefs tcfrfjb (Bhuaf hba Uzjrkhj 9?894Uzjrkhj 9?89), khbu`heturjbm pjeds up sfrvjefs ifehusf tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr chssfvfrhn rfnfvhbt quhnjtjfs tcht hrf blt schrfa iy ltcfr sfetlrs. Jb haajtjlb, klsttfecblnlmjehn echbmf leeurs rst jb khbu`heturjbm, tcfb aj``usfa lut tl ltcfr sfetlrs(Qrfmfbbh 9??=). Qcfrf`lrf, tcfy elbenuaf tcht spjnnlvfr f``fets hrf strlbmfr jb tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr tchb jb hby ltcfr sfetlr. Haajtjlbhnny, tcf vfcjenf l` tfecblnlmjehnheeukunhtjlb js l`tfb rfmhrafa hs jbvfstkfbt (Hrrlw 8:094 Ylkfr 8:304 Glvhblvjehba Ylussfhu 9??94 Iluefddjbf, afn Yjl, hba Njehbarl 9??5)4 hs h elbsfqufbef, cjmcafkhba `lr jbvfstkfbt jb tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr js jbenjbfa tl erfhtf strlbmfxtfrbhnjtjfs l` dblwnfamf lws tl ltcfr sfetlrs.

Klrf jkplrthbtny, wf afklbstrhtf tcht tcf njbds iftwffb khbu`heturjbm hba

sfrvjefs khy afpfba lb tcf afvfnlpkfbt sthmf, hba fxtfrbhnjtjfs `rlk khbu`heturjbmtl sfrvjefs scluna if strlbmfr jb tcf kjaanf-jbelkf pfrjla. Qcjs js ifehusf `lrkjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs, tcf trhahinf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr js vjfwfa hs tcf khglrechbbfn tcrlumc wcjec h afvfnlpjbm felblky hislris ifst prhetjefs `rlk hirlha(Glbfs hba Lndfb 9??64 Ylarjd 9??=). Hs jbaustrjhnjzhtjlb prlmrfssfs, tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr jberfhsjbmny stjkunhtfs afkhba `lr sfrvjef jbputs (_hrd hbaEchb 8:3:), tcus `urtcfr prlkltjbm tcf afvfnlpkfbt l` tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr. Ihsfa lbtcfsf hrmukfbts kfbtjlbfa hilvf, lur rst cypltcfsjs lb tcf jbtfrsfetlrhn rfnhtjlbscjpiftwffb khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefs js fxprfssfa hs `lnnlws.

Cypltcfsjs 8. Khbu`heturjbm sfetlr punns hnlbm sfrvjefs sfetlr aurjbmkjaanf-jbelkf sthmf.

Qcfb, wf httfkpt tl jbvfstjmhtf clw tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr js rfnhtfa tl sfvfrhnjkplrthbt mrlwtc jbmrfajfbts. Uhvjbms hba felblkje mrlwtc hrf enlsfny rfnhtfa tl fhecltcfr. Lb tcf lbf chba, heelrajbm tl bflenhssjehn mrlwtc tcflry, shvjbms js lbf l` tcfklst jkplrthbt `hetlrs tl nlbm-tfrk felblkje mrlwtc. Lb tcf ltcfr chba, iltc tcf_frkhbfbt Jbelkf Cypltcfsjs (@rjfakhb 8:6=) hba Nj`f Eyenf Cypltcfsjs (Klajmnjhbj8:00), fkpchsjzf tcf jkplrthbt rlnf l` jbelkf mrlwtc `lr prjvhtf shvjbms. Qcfsf twlvjfws hrf wjafny tfstfa iy hiubahbt fkpjrjehn rfsfhrec.1 Clwfvfr, `rlk lur pljbt l`vjfw, tclsf stuajfs `hjn tl heelubt `lr tcf f``fets l` felblkje elkplsjtjlb. Elkphrfawjtc ltcfr sfetlrs, khbu`heturjbm jbaustrjfs chvf h cjmcfr afkhba `lr ehpjthn hbajbvfstkfbt, tcfrf`lrf prlvjajbm spfejhn lpplrtubjtjfs `lr ehpjthn heeukunhtjlb. Hs helbsfqufbef, tcf fkfrmfbef l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr js njdfny tl illst tcf afkhba`lr ehpjthn, nfhajbm tl hb jberfhsf jb tcf prjvhtf shvjbms rhtjl. Hs h khttfr l` `het, khby

Fhst Hsjhb felblkjfs prlkltjbm jbaustrjhnjzhtjlb aurjbm tcfjr kjaanf-jbelkf sthmf, hrfhnsl heelkphbjfa wjtc h cjmc shvjbm rhtjl. Lur sfelba cypltcfsjs js fxpnhjbfa jb tcf`lnnlwjbm sthtfkfbt.

Cypltcfsjs 9. Khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt prlkltfs tcf jbefbtjvfs l`shvjbms `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs.

Hbltcfr wfnn-rfelmbjzfa aftfrkjbhbt l` susthjbhinf felblkje mrlwtc js tfecblnlmjehnheeukunhtjlb. Elbsjafrjbm jts jkplrthbef, khby f``lrts hrf afvltfa tl stuayjbm jts

1 @lr fxhkpnf, Chnn (8:=3), Ifrbhbdf (8:::), Chnn hba Kjscdjb (8:39), hba khby ltcfrs chvf `luba tchtscleds tl felblkje mrlwtc nfha tl echbmfs jb shvjbms. Kfhbwcjnf, h nhrmf bukifr l` wlrds, jbenuajbm

Ihrrl (8::8), Mrfmlrjl (8::9), hba Ihrrl hba Uhnh-j-Khrtjb (9??5), prlvf tcht shvjbms elbtrjiutf h nlt tlcjmcfr felblkje mrlwtc rhtf jb tcf sclrt rub.

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aftfrkjbhbts. Hehafkje wlrds cjmcnjmct tcf rlnf l` h skhnn bukifr l` jkplrthbt `hetlrstcht prlkltf tcf prlauetjvjty mrlwtc `lr afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs, wcjec jbenuaf trhaflpfbbfss, fauehtjlb, jbstjtutjlbs, hba sl lb (Hefklmnu, Glcbslb, hba Ylijbslb 9??64Mrlsskhb hba Cfnpkhb 8::84 Nldl hba Ajlu` 9??:). @lr afvfnlpfa felblkjfs, tcfsfbajbms hrf elbsjstfbt wjtc wcht fbalmfblus mrlwtc tcflry prfajets. Clwfvfr, wchthrf tcf khjb slurefs l` tfecblnlmjehn heeukunhtjlb jb kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs<

Elbsjstfbt wjtc lur cypltcfsjs rhjsfa if`lrf, khby phpfrs strfss tcf jkplrthbefl` fkilajfa tfecblnlmjehn prlmrfss (Mrffbwlla, Cfrelwjtz, hba Drusfnn 8::=4Mrffbwlla hba Glvhblvje 8::34 Iluefddjbf hba af nh Erljx 9??5), wcjec kfhbs bfwkhecjbfs tcht jbelrplrhtf tcf nhtfst tfecblnlmjehn havhbefs, hrf klrf eruejhn tl tcfafvfnlpkfbt l` afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs. @lr fxhkpnf, _cfnps (8:09) prlvfs tcht tcfelkplsjtjlb l` tfecbjehn prlmrfss khttfrs h nlt `lr afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs, hba tcht hnhrmfr schrf l` fkilajfa tfecblnlmjehn prlmrfss wjnn cfnp tcf afvfnlpjbm felblkjfsklvf klrf qujedny tl tcf cjmc-jbelkf mrlup.

Hbltcfr jbufbtjhn rfsfhrec stuay elbsjstfbt wjtc lur vjfw js Mrffbwlla, Cfrelwjtz,

hba Drusfnn (8::=), wcl elbenuaf tcht fkilajfa tfecbjehn prlmrfss fxpnhjbshilut 0?% l` tcf mrlwtc jb nhilr prlauetjvjty. Hntclumc sfvfrhn irhbecfs l` sfrvjefshnsl l``fr spfejhn lpplrtubjtjfs `lr ajsfkilajfa tfecblnlmjehn prlmrfss, suec hsnfhrbjbm-iy-aljbm, tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr hnnlws `lr `hstfr mrlwtc rhtf jb iltcfkilajfa hba ajsfkilajfa tfecblnlmjehn prlmrfss (Elrbwhnn 8:==). H`tfr thdjbm tcjsspfejhnty jbtl elbsjafrhtjlb, lur tcjra cypltcfsjs lb tcf rfnhtjlbscjp iftwffb tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr hba tfecblnlmjehn heeukunhtjlb aurjbm tcf kjaanf-jbelkf pfrjlajs ajspnhyfa ifnlw.

Cypltcfsjs 5. Khbu`heturjbm sfetlr heefnfrhtfs tcf phef l` tfecblnlmjehnheeukunhtjlb jb kjaanf-jbelkf pfrjla.

Khby tcflrftjehn klafns, hs wfnn hs fkpjrjehn stuajfs, chvf hnsl fkpchsjzfa tcf rlnf

l` cukhb ehpjthn hba felblkje jbstjtutjlbs jb tcf mrlwtc prlefss. @lr fxhkpnf,tcflrftjehn wlrds l` Bfnslb hba _cfnps (8:00), Nuehs (8:33), Ifedfr, Kurpcy, hbaQhkurh (8::?), hba fkpjrjehn bajbms jb Ihrrl (8::87 9??8) prlvjaf elbvjbejbmsupplrt `lr tcf mrfht jkplrthbef l` cukhb ehpjthn jb h elubtry‚s afvfnlpkfbt. Ht tcfshkf tjkf, tcf wlrds l` Hefklmnu, Glcbslb, hba Ylijbslb (9??8), Hefklmnu,Glcbslb, hba Ylijbslb (9??6), Hefklmnu, Mhnnfml, hba Ylijbslb (9?81) hba Hefklmnu ft hn. (9?81) khjbny vjfw felblkje jbstjtutjlbs hs tcf `ubahkfbthn ehusf l`nlbm-rub felblkje mrlwtc. Clwfvfr, tcf jkplrthbef l` cukhb ehpjthn hba jbstjtutjlbs,lr klrf spfejehnny, tcf qufstjlb wcftcfr cjmcfr fauehtjlbhn htthjbkfbt hbaafklerhey hrf jbajspfbshinf `lr hby afvfnlpjbm elubtry tl ifelkf rjec, js afihthinf.

Jb tcjs phpfr, wf cypltcfsjzf tcht efrthjb sfetlrs jb tcf felblky ehb ifttfr utjnjzf

cukhb ehpjthn hba felblkje jbstjtutjlbs, hs jt chs iffb elbrkfa jb tcf njtfrhturf tchtcukhb ehpjthn hba felblkje jbstjtutjlbs pnhy hb jkplrthbt `hetlr jb `hejnjthtjbm tcftfecblnlmy halptjlb jb h elubtry (Bfnslb hba _cfnps 8:004 Ylkfr 8::?4 Ifbchijihba Upjfmfn 8::14 Hefklmnu ft hn. 9??6). H cjmcfr nfvfn l` fauehtjlbhn htthjbkfbt ehbcfnp jbvfstlrs klrf fhsjny jbtrlauef havhbefa tfecblnlmjfs tl alkfstje rks, hbahislri supfrjlr tfecblnlmjfs `rlk ltcfr nfhajbm felblkjfs (Ihrrl 9??84 Klscjrjhb fthn. 9?86). Jb haajtjlb, strlbmfr prltfetjlb l` jbtfnnfetuhn prlpfrty rjmcts js njdfny tl erfhtfafkhba `lr jbblvhtjlb hba halptjbm `lrfjmb tfecblnlmy. Cfbef, wf fxpfet tcfelbtrjiutjlbs l` cukhb ehpjthn hba felblkje jbstjtutjlbs ehb if strlbmfr jb felblkjfswjtc h cjmcfr schrf l` khbu`heturjbm sfetlr.

Cypltcfsjs 1. @lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs, hb jberfhsfa schrf l` tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr ehb fbchbef tcf utjnjzhtjlb l` alkfstje cukhb ehpjthn hba

felblkje jbstjtutjlbs.

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5. AHQH

5.8 Ahth Ulurefs

]f sft up h nhrmf ahthsft wjtc jbtfrbhtjlbhnny elkphrhinf ahth lb fkpnlykfbt hbavhnuf haafa iy sfetlr. Qcf elbstruetjlb prlefaurf js fxpnhjbfa hs `lnnlws. @jrst, wfmhtcfr tcf khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjef vhnuf-haafa ahth jb elbsthbt tfrks `rlk hvhrjfty l` slurefs, jbenuajbm tcf ]lrna Ihbd ]lrna Afvfnlpkfbt Jbajehtlrs (]AJ)ahthihsf, tcf ]lrna Jbput-Lutput Ahthihsf (]JLA), tcf ]lrna DNFKU Ahthihsf,tcf Furlpfhb Vbjlb DNFKU Ahthihsf, tcf Hsjhb DNFKU Ahthihsf, tcf LFEA‚sUtrueturhn Hbhnysjs Ahthihsf (UQHB), tcf Mrlbjbmfb Mrlwtc hba Afvfnlpkfbt Efbtfr8?-sfetlr Ahthihsf, hba tcf VBJAL JBAUQHQ9 Ahthihsf. Qcfb wf usf tcf ]AJ hslur ihsje sluref, hba fxtrhplnhtf tcf sfrjfs iy usjbm tcf elrrfsplbajbm mrlwtc rhtf

ehneunhtfa iy haajtjlbhn ahthihsfs.6

Lur bhn elbstruetfa hbbuhn ahthsft elvfrs 83=felblkjfs `rlk 8:6? tl 9?85.0 ]f usf vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf l` khbu`heturjbm(KHBPHM]) hba sfrvjefs (UFYPHM]) hs h prlxy `lr tcf khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefssfetlr afvfnlpkfbt, rfspfetjvfny.

Hs `lr ltcfr vhrjhinfs usfa jb tcjs phpfr, mrlss bhtjlbhn jbelkf (MBJ) pfr ehpjth jbelbsthbt 9??6 VU alnnhrs js khjbny elnnfetfa hba fxtrhplnhtfa iy usjbm ahth `rlk tcf]AJ hba Khaajslb _rlgfet Ahthihsf4= tcf elbstruetjlb l` erlss-elubtry mrlss prjvhtfshvjbm rhtjl ahth `lnnlws twl jkplrthbt wlrds l` Mrjmlnj, Cfrkhb, hba Ueckjat-Cfiifn(9?81) hba Nlhyzh ft hn. (8::3)4 ahth l` tlthn `hetlr prlauetjvjty (Q@_), tcf schrf l`mrlss ehpjthn `lrkhtjlb, hba cukhb ehpjthn jbafx hrf heefssfa ajrfetny `rlk tcf _fbb]lrna Qhinfs4 tcf runf l` nhw jbafx (YLN) ahth js thdfb `rlk tcf _lnjty JP _rlgfet.3

5.9 Elubtry Enhssjehtjlbs

Qcf pcfblkfbh l` tcf kjaanf-jbelkf trhp chvf httrhetfa httfbtjlb, iut hetuhnny tcfrfjs bl elbsfbsus jb afbjbm wcht h „kjaanf-jbelkf elubtry‛ lr „kjaanf-jbelkf trhp‛scluna if. Qcf klst rfnjhinf hpprlhec, tcf jbelkf erjtfrjlb summfstfa iy tcf ]lrna Ihbd, rfnjfs lb MBJ pfr ehpjth hagustfa iy tcf sl-ehnnfa ]lrna Ihbd Htnhs kftcla. : Hntclumc tcfsf yfhrny puinjscfa tcrfsclnas ehb if hppnjfa tl jafbtj`y h efrthjb elubtryjbtl `lur khglr ehtfmlrjfs (nlw jbelkf, nlwfr-kjaanf jbelkf, uppfr-kjaanf jbelkf,hba cjmc jbelkf), tclsf enhssjehtjlbs hrf blt hvhjnhinf if`lrf 8:3=. Qcfrf`lrf, wfjkpnfkfbt hntfrbhtjvf prhetjehn prlefaurfs tl enhssj`y felblkjfs. Jb iujnajbm up tcfsferjtfrjh, vhrjlus prfvjlus wlrds (@fnjpf, Hialb, hba Dukhr 9?894 @fnjpf, Dukhr, hba

Mhnlpf 9?814 Jk hba Ylsfbinhtt 9?854 Nhvlph 9?86) hrf utjnjzfa.

6 Lbf jssuf js tcht mfbfrhnny tcfsf ahthihsfs elbsjst l` aj``frfbt nfvfns l` ajshmmrfmhtjlb, rhbmjbm `rlk1 tl 56 sfetlrs. Jb lrafr tl afhn wjtc tcjs prlinfk, jb tcjs phpfr wf af`jbf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr hsjbaustrjfs ifnlbmjbm tl JUJE ajvjsjlbs 86―5=, hba sfrvjefs hs tclsf ifnlbmjbm tl JUJE ajvjsjlbs 6?―::.Qcf nhttfr elvfrs sfvfrhn aj``frfbt irhbecfs, jbenuajbm trhaf sfrvjefs, trhbsplrt sfrvjefs, iusjbfsssfrvjefs, mlvfrbkfbt sfrvjefs, hba pfrslbhn sfrvjefs.

0 @lr klst felblkjfs, tcf vhnuf-haafa ahth l` khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefs sfetlr sthrts jb 8:=?s.

= Qcf Khaajslb-_rlgfet. cttp7//www.mmae.bft/khaajslb-prlgfet/clkf.ctkn, 9?85 vfrsjlb.

3 Qcf _lnjty JP _rlgfet. cttp7//www.systfkjepfhef.lrm/plnjtyprlgfet.ctkn, 9?81 vfrsjlb.

:

]lrna Ihbd. cttp7//ahthcfnpafsd.wlrnaihbd.lrm/dblwnfamfihsf/hrtjenfs/5=3359-wcht-js-tcf-wlrna-ihbd-htnhs-kftcla

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Mfbfrhnny, wf halpt twl enhssjehtjlb kftclas wjafny usfa jb tcf njtfrhturf7 lbfjb rfnhtjvf tfrks, hba tcf ltcfr jb hislnutf tfrks. Qcf rfnhtjvf hpprlhec js ihsfa lbtcf tcflrftjehn `lubahtjlb l` bfl-enhssjehn klafns, wcjec `leus lb hbswfrjbm wcyefrthjb pllr felblkjfs `hjn tl ehtec up wjtc tcf rjec lbfs. Ql elbstruet lur rfnhtjvferjtfrjlb l` kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs, wf usf tcf Vbjtfa Uthtfs (VU) hs lurelkphrhtjvf elubtry, wcjec js hnsl tcf elbvfbtjlbhn hpprlhec jb njtfrhturf. Jb lurphpfr, kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs hrf afbfa hs tclsf wjtc h MBJ pfr ehpjth nyjbmiftwffb =% hba 16% l` tcf VU MBJ pfr ehpjth ht fhec elrrfsplbajbm yfhr. Qcfecljef l` tcfsf twl tcrfsclnas js ha cle, iut elbenusjlbs al blt echbmf j` wf ecllsfltcfr sfts l` enhssjehtjlb erjtfrjh.8?

Lb tcf elbtrhry, tcf hislnutf tcrfsclna js klrf elbbfetfa wjtc tcf qufstjlb wcy slkffelblkjfs fbtfr tcf rfhn sthmf l` felblkje sthmbhtjlb. ]f elbstruet tcf hislnutferjtfrjlb `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs iy ajrfetny `lnnlwjbm tcf wlrd l` Nhvlph hbaUzjrkhj (9?81). Qcf jafbtjehtjlb tcrfsclnas hrf hs `lnnlws, hnn jb tfrks l` MBJ pfrehpjth7 nlw jbelkf (nfss tchb $9,96? purechsjbm plwfr phrjty (___), kjaanf jbelkf(iftwffb $9,96? hba $81,::: ___), hba cjmc jbelkf ($86,??? ___ hba hilvf).

Heelrajbm tl tcfk, tcfsf erjtfrjh ehb khtec hnklst :?% l` tcf enhssjehtjlbs puinjscfaiy tcf ]lrna Ihbd. Iy kfhbs l` tcfsf enfhr tcrfsclnas hba lur fxtrhplnhtfa MBJ pfrehpjth ahth, wf aftfrkjbf tcf jbelkf ehtfmlry `lr fhec l` tcf felblkjfs iftwffb8:6? hba 9?85. Iltc typfs l` erjtfrjh hrf usfa cfrf tl hnnfvjhtf tcf elbefrbs jb spfejeelubtry enhssjehtjlbs.88 Ql if elbejsf, wf lbny ajseuss tcf rfmrfssjlb rfsunts usjbmrfnhtjvf erjtfrjlb, hba nfhvf lut tcf fkpjrjehn rfsunts tcht halpt hislnutf erjtfrjlb `lrrliustbfss ecfed.

5.5 Afserjpt jvf Hbhnysjs

Afserjptjvf sthtjstjes `lr hnn vhrjhinfs usfa jb lur khjb rfmrfssjlb hrf rfplrtfa jb

Qhinf H8.8. Jb phbfn H hba phbfn I, wf prfsfbt tcf sthtjstjes l` twl aj``frfbt shkpnfselbstruetfa iy usjbm tcf rfnhtjvf erjtfrjlb hba hislnutf erjtfrjlb, rfspfetjvfny. Hntclumctcfrf hrf klafst ajserfphbejfs jb tcf lisfrvhtjlbs hba felblkjfs jbenuafa, sthtjstjehnechrhetfrjstjes al blt echbmf kuec wcfb wf halpt aj``frfbt enhssjehtjlb kftclas.@lr fxhkpnf, jb tcf rfnhtjvf erjtfrjlb shkpnf, kfhbs l` tcf khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefssfetlr vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf hrf 5.:0% hba 1.89%, rfspfetjvfny, hba wf lisfrvfsjzhinf sthbahra afvjhtjlbs lb tcfsf twl vhrjhinfs. Kfhbwcjnf, wcfb wf usf hislnutferjtfrjlb, tcf hvfrhmf bukifrs l` khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefs sfetlr vhnuf-haafamrlwtc rhtf hrf 5.69% hba 1.8:%, wjtc lbny klafst aj``frfbefs `rlk tclsf jb tcfrfnhtjvf erjtfrjlb shkpnf. Ujkjnhr elbenusjlbs clna `lr ltcfr vhrjhinfs usfa jb tcjs phpfr.

]f sthrt lur fkpjrjehn hbhnysjs iy elkputjbm tcf elrrfnhtjlb elf`ejfbts iftwffb fhecphjr l` vhrjhinfs. Qhinf H8.9 ajspnhys twl aj``frfbt typfs l` elrrfnhtjlb elf`ejfbts

ehneunhtfa `lr khbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt hba ltcfr sfnfetfa vhrjhinfs. Qcf „hbbuhn‛tfrk cfrf kfhbs wf jkpnfkfbt lur elkputhtjlb iy usjbm hnn tcf hvhjnhinf elubtry-yfhrlisfrvhtjlbs. Hs `lr „elubtry hvfrhmf‛ elrrfnhtjlbs, wf rst hvfrhmf tcf hvhjnhinfjb`lrkhtjlb `lr fhec elubtry, hba tcfb ehrry lut tcf kfhsurfkfbt iy `leusjbm lbtcf erlss-sfetjlbhn vhrjhijnjty. Hmhjb, phbfn H hba I fxcjijt tcf rfsunts l` tcfshkpnf elvfrjbm kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs iy usjbm rfnhtjvf erjtfrjlb hba hislnutferjtfrjlb, rfspfetjvfny.

8? ]f hnsl ecllsf 8?% hba 66% hs rfnhtjvf enhssj`jehtjlb erjtfrjh. Fkpjrjehn rfsunts hrf blt sfbsjtjvf tl tcf

skhnn echbmfs jb erjtfrjh.88

Jbaffa, tcfrf hrf blthinf aj``frfbefs wcfb wf usf aj``frfbt enhssj`jehtjlbs. Clwfvfr, jb tcf rliustbfsssfetjlb wf prlvf tcht tclsf aj``frfbefs chvf njttnf jkphet lb tcf fkpjrjehn rfsunts.

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Qcf rst elbenusjlb wf ehb arhw `rlk Qhinf H8.9 js tcht khbu`heturjbm sfetlrafvfnlpkfbt js sjmbjehbtny rfnhtfa tl fhec l` tcf sfnfetfa vhrjhinfs. Klrflvfr, tcfelrrfnhtjlb elf`ejfbts hrf hnwhys plsjtjvf, bl khttfr wcjec ehneunhtjlb kftcla wfhalpt jb prhetjef. Jt jbajehtfs tcht h cjmcfr mrlwtc rhtf l` khbu`heturjbm sfetlrjs plsjtjvfny elrrfnhtfa wjtc nhrmfr prjvhtf shvjbm rhtjl, tfecblnlmjehn heeukunhtjlbspffa, hba klrf rhpja mrlwtc rhtf l` tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr. Ufelba, wf ba tchtshvjbm-khbu`heturjbm mrlwtc elrrfnhtjlbs, hba sfrvjefs-khbu`heturjbm mrlwtcelrrfnhtjlbs hrf slkfwcht cjmcfr tchb Q@_-khbu`heturjbm mrlwtc elrrfnhtjlbs,hntclumc tcfy hrf hnn sjmbjehbt jb tfrks l` khmbjtuaf. Qcjra, wcfb wf jbvfstjmhtf tcfshkpnf l` yfhr-hvfrhmfa lisfr vhtjlbs, elrrfnhtjlb elf`ejfbts snjmctny aferfhsf jbklst ehsfs, fxefpt `lr tcht sfrvjef-khbu`heturjbm elrrfnhtjlb js kuec strlbmfr wcfbwf usf erlss-sfetjlbhn ahth.

1. FK_JYJEU

1.8 Fkpjrjehn Kftclalnlmy]f hrf hwhrf l` tcf pltfbtjhn arhwiheds l` rfmrfssjlb hbhnysfs jb fkpjrjehn mrlwtcnjtfrhturf7 cjmcny elrrfnhtfa fxpnhbhtlry vhrjhinfs, elubtry cftfrlmfbfjty, rfvfrsfehushnjty, hba sl lb. Jb `het, khby seclnhrs chvf prlvfb tcht tcf elbvfbtjlbhn lrajbhrynfhst squhrfs (LNU) fstjkhtjlb js lbny elbsjstfbt ubafr strjet hba ubrfhnjstjehssukptjlbs (Ehsfnnj, Fsqujvfn, hba Nf`lrt 8::0). Qcfrf`lrf, jb lrafr tl hnnfvjhtf suecelbefrb, wf hbhnyzf fhec rfnhtjlbscjp iy halptjbm h wjaf vhrjfty l` fstjkhtjlbtfecbjqufs, wcjec hrf tcf nlbm-rub Mrhbmfr ehushnjty tfst, erlss-sfetjlb rfmrfssjlb,hba phbfn hbhnysjs. Blrkhnny, Mrhbmfr ehushnjty tfsts hnnlw `lr vhrjlus aybhkjespfejehtjlbs, wcjec ehb if utjnjzfa tl jbvfstjmhtf tcf f``fets l` tcf khbu`heturjbmsfetlr jb jbajvjauhn felblkjfs jb h klrf hpprlprjhtf why. Erlss-sfetjlbhn hbhnysjs js h

elbvfbjfbt why tl fvhnuhtf tcf hvfrhmf jbufbefs l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlrafvfnlpkfbt herlss felblkjfs, iut tcf elbenusjlb ehb if nhrmfny ubafrkjbfa iy tcfplssjijnjtjfs l` lkjttfa elubtry echrhetfrjstjes. Jb elbtrhst, tcf phbfn ahth fbhinfs us tlafhn wjtc tcf jbufbefs l` ublisfrvfa xfa elubtry cftfrlmfbfjty. ]f irjfy afserjiftcfsf kftclas jb tcf `lnnlwjbm phrt l` tcjs sfetjlb.

1.8.8 Nlbm-Yub Mrhbmfr Ehushnjty

Qcf havhbthmf l` tjkf sfrjfs hbhnysjs njfs jb jts rjec aybhkje spfejehtjlbs. Haajtjlbhnny, tfstjbm tcf fxjstfbef l` Mrhbmfr ehushnjty hs h rst stfp ehb cfnp tlechrhetfrjzf tcf rfnhtjlbscjp l` tcf vhrjhinfs tcht wf hrf jbtfrfstfa jb. H mfbfrhnrfprfsfbthtjlb l` h aybhkje tjkf-sfrjfs klafn njbdjbm twl vhrjhinfs hba js hs

sclwb hs ̀ lnnlws7

, ; ?, + ∘ ,, ,∙

;8 + ∘ ,,

,∙;8 + ,

(8)

, ; ?, + ∘ ,, ,∙

;8 + ∘ ,,

,∙;8 + ,

(9)

Clwfvfr, suec h systfk ehbblt if ajrfetny fstjkhtfa wjtclut fxtrh hssukptjlbs lrrfstrjetjlbs lb jts phrhkftfrs. Mfbfrhnny spfhdjbm, tcf hssukptjlb js rfnfvhbt tl tcfshkpnf ahth, hba ehb if ajvjafa jbtl twl ehtfmlrjfs. J` tcf shkpnf elvfrs h rfnhtjvfnynlbm tjkf clrjzlb, lbf eluna jkplsf tcf hssukptjlb l` elbsthbey jb phrhkftfrslvfr tjkf iut hnnlw tcfk tl if vhrjhinf herlss felblkjfs. Hba j` tcf ahthsft elvfrs h

rhtcfr nhrmf bukifr l` felblkjfs jb erlss-sfetjlb, lbf eluna hnnlw tcf phrhkftfrselbsthbt herlss felblkjfs iut aj``fr lvfr tjkf. @lr tcf sjkpnfst klafn usfa jb tcf

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13/44


ihsfnjbf rfmrfssjlb, wf jbtrlauef haajtjlbhn hssukptjlb l` iltc bl elubtry hba bl tjkfcftfrlmfbfjty89, hs lur ahthsft elvfrs h nhrmf bukifr l` felblkjfs `lr h rfnhtjvfnynlbm tjkf. Qcfrf`lrf, tcf ihsje fquhtjlb fstjkhtfa `lr fhec phjr l` vhrjhinfs js sclwbhs tcf `lnnlwjbm spfejehtjlb7

, ; ?, + ∘ ,∙0 ;8 + ∘ ,∙

0;8 + , (5)

Jb tcf njtfrhturf, cfrf js hnsl ehnnfa tcf sthbahra wjtcjb-fstjkhtlr. ]f ecllsfsjx nhms jb lur ihsje sftup, jb lrafr tl ihnhbef iftwffb tcf aybhkje f``fets làfpfbafbt vhrjhinf jtsfn` hba tcf ahth hvhjnhijnjty. @lnnlwjbm elrrfsplbajbm njtfrhturf(Htthbhsjl, _jeej, hba Uelreu 9???), wf hnsl jbelrplrhtf elubtry xfa-f``fets jb lurrfmrfssjlb klafn.

]f elbstruet twl sthtjstjes cfrf tl khdf jb`frfbefs. Lbf js tcf suk l` hnn elfèjfbts, wcjec rfprfsfbts tcf sclrt-rub f``fets `rlk vhrjhinf tl , hba tcf ltcfr jsehneunhtfa hs ∘

0;8 8∙∘

0 ;8 , wcjec kfhbs tcf nlbm-rub f``fets l` echbmfs jb

tl h`tfr elbsjafrjbm tcf pfrsjstfbef l` afpfbafbt vhrjhinf. Wfrl cypltcfsjs `lr tcf`lrkfr sthtjstje js tcf suk l` hnn elfèjfbts fquhns tl zfrl, wcjec js hsykptltjehnnyelbsjstfbt tl h ecj-squhrf ajstrjiutjlb. Wfrl cypltcfsjs `lr tcf nhttfr sthtjstje js tcht hnn elfèjfbts hrf gljbtny zfrl. ]f ehneunhtf tcf elrrfsplbajbm p-vhnufs `lr fhec sthtjstje.

1.8.9 Erlss-sfetjlbhn Yfmrfssjlb

Lur prlplsfa erlss-sfetjlbhn rfmrfssjlb thdfs tcf ̀ lnnlwjbm ̀ lrk7

; + ??, + 8?, + 9 + + (1)

wcfrf js lur sfnfetfa afpfbafbt vhrjhinfs jb elubtry , ?, js tcf jbjtjhn vhnuf `lr

tcjs prlxy jb elubtry . ?, js tcf jbjtjhn khbu`heturjbm sfetlr pfrefbthmf `lrelubtry . Haajtjlbhnny, js tcf hvfrhmf khbu`heturjbm vhnuf-haafa mrlwtcrhtf. Qwl jbjtjhns hrf haafa cfrf tl hislri tcf f``fets l` prf-aftfrkjbfa `hetlrs. hrfh iubec l` sfnfetfa elbtrln vhrjhinfs jbenuafa jb tcf rfmrfssjlb. Upfejehnny, tcfnhtjtuaf jbafx kfhsurfs tcf hislnutf vhnuf l` tcf nhtjtuaf l` h elubtry, rhbmjbm `rlk? tl 8. H skhnnfr vhnuf kfhbs enlsfr tl fquhtlr. Elnlbjhn aukkjfs hrf jbajehtlrs l`wcftcfr h elubtry whs h Irjtjsc, @rfbec, Mfrkhb, Uphbjsc, Jthnjhb, Ifnmjhb, Autec lr_lrtumufsf elnlby. Jb haajtjlb, wf elbtrln tcf f``fets l` nfmhn lrjmjbs hba rfmjlbs iyjbtrlauejbm elrrfsplbajbm aukkjfs.

1.8.5 _hbfn Yfmrfssjlb

Lur rfmrfssjlb klafn `lr hbhnyzjbm tcf phbfn ahth js sclwb hs `lnnlws7

, ; + ∘ ,∙ ;? + ∘ ,∙

;? + , + + + , (6)

Hmhjb, , js lbf l` lur jbtfrfstfa vhrjhinfs jb elubtry ht yfhr , hba , jstcf prlxy `lr khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt jb elubtry ht tjkf . Cfrf, , js tcfnlm l` MBJ pfr ehpjth ht yfhr `lr elubtry . ]f hnsl jbenuaf sfvfrhn nhms l` MBJ pfrehpjth hba afpfbafbt vhrjhinf lb tcf rjmct sjaf, jb lrafr tl elbtrln pltfbtjhn rfsjauhnsfrjhn elrrfnhtjlb jb tcf frrlr tfrk , . Elubtry xfa f``fets hba yfhr f``fets

89

Jb tcf rliustbfss ecfed, wf jkpnfkfbt tcf Mrhbmfr ehushnjty tfst cfrf ubafr tcf hssukptjlb lèlbsthbey lvfr tjkf.

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hrf hnsl jbelrplrhtfa cfrf tl hislri tcf jkphets l` hby tjkf-jbvhrjhbt elubtryechrhetfrjstjes hba elubtry-jbvhrjhbt tjkf trfbas.

1.9 Fkpjrjehn @jbajbms

1.9.8 Khbu`heturjbm vfrsus Ufrvjefs Ufetlr

Jb tcjs sfetjlb, wf jbvfstjmhtf tcf jbtfrsfetlrhn njbdhmfs iftwffb khbu`heturjbm hbasfrvjefs. ]f ifmjb lur ajseussjlb wjtc Mrhbmfr ehushnjty tfsts. Qcf ihsje fkpjrjehnrfsunts l` nlbm-rub Mrhbmfr ehushnjty hrf prfsfbtfa jb Qhinf H8.5, wcfrf tcf aybhkjeklafn l` Fquhtjlb (5) js fstjkhtfa iy LNU wjtc hbbuhn ahth. ]f jbenuaf sjx nhms l`fhec vhrjhinf jbtl tcf LNU rfmrfssjlb, hs wfnn hs tcf elubtry-spfeje jbtfrefpts.Elbenusjlbs ihsfa lb tjkf-sfrjfs hbhnysjs hrf twl`lna. @jrst, tcf sjmbjehbtny plsjtjvfsjmbs l` khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt jbajehtf tcht tcfrf hrf jkplrthbt f``fetsrubbjbm `rlk khbu`heturjbm mrlwtc tl sfrvjefs sfetlr havhbefkfbt7 j` h elubtry‚skhbu`heturjbm sfetlr elbtjbufs tl mrlw `hst, tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr mrlwtc rhtf wjnn ifcjmcfr. Qcjs bajbm js elbsjstfbt wjtc lbf l` tcf khby rfhslbs wcy tcf khbu` heturjbmsfetlr js l` mrfht jkplrthbef tl lbf elubtry‚s afvfnlpkfbt. Klrflvfr, auf tl skhnnpfrsjstfbef jb sfrvjefs sfetlr vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf, tcf nlbm-tfrk f``fet js snjmctnynhrmfr tchb tcf sclrt-rub f``fet. Qcfsf twl bajbms jbajehtf tcht h afenjbf jbkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr mrlwtc rhtf wjnn bfmhtjvfny h``fet tcf mrlwtc rhtf l` sfrvjefssfetlr, jb iltc sclrt-rub hba nlbm-rub kfhbjbms. Jb tcjs ehsf, sfrjlus httfbtjlb sclunaif phja tl prfkhturf afjbaustrjhnjzhtjlb tcht khby afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs blwfxpfrjfbef (Ylarjd 9?86). Qcf rfsunts l` Mrhbmfr ehushnjty hrf jb njbf wjtc lurcypltcfsjs tcht tcf afvfnlpkfbt l` khbu`heturjbm rks ehb erfhtf tcf elrrfsplbajbmafkhba ̀ lr sfrvjefs sfetlr.

Erlss-sfetjlb rfsunts sukkhrjzfa jb Qhinf H8.1, hba phbfn fstjkhtjlb rfsunts jbQhinf H8.6 `urtcfr elbrks lur cypltcfsjs. @lr erlss-sfetjlbhn rfmrfssjlb, wf jbenuaf

jbjtjhn vhnuf l` mrlss prjvhtf shvjbm rhtjl, hs wfnn hs tcf jbjtjhn khbu`heturjbm schrfl` tcf tlthn felblky, tl elbtrln ltcfr prfaftfrkjbfa jb`lrkhtjlb tcht eluna nfhatl hb jkprfejsf jb`frfbef l` lur jbtfrfstfa vhrjhinfs. Qcf fstjkhtfa elf`ejfbts l`khbu`heturjbm vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc js plsjtjvf hba sthtjstjehnny sjmbjehbt7 h 8%aj``frfbef jb vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf jb tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr js rfnhtfa tl ?.86%mhp jb tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf. Uuec khmbjtuaf js felblkjehnnyelbsjafrhinf. Hs tl lur phbfn rfmrfssjlb rfsunts, mfbfrhnny spfhdjbm, tcf fstjkhtjlbrfsunts lbef hmhjb prlvf tcht tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr chs strlbm spjnnlvfr hbafxtfrbhnjtjfs `lr tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr. Jb Qhinf H8.6, elnukbs (:) tl (89) prfsfbt tcffkpjrjehn rfsunts l` aj``frfbt klafn spfejehtjlbs iy usjbm wjtcjb-fstjkhtlr. @lnnlwjbmtcf wlrd l` Hefklmnu ft hn. (9?81), wf elbtrln `lr nhms l` tcf afpfbafbt vhrjhinf,jb lrafr tl fnjkjbhtf tcf rfsjauhn sfrjhn elrrfnhtjlb jb tcf frrlr tfrk. Hntclumc tcfrfjbaffa fxjsts slkf pfrsjstfbey jb tcf ahth, haajbm klrf nhms jb tcf rfmrfssjlb klafnlbny chs snjmct f``fets lb lur fstjkhtjlbs.85 Ihsfa lb Qhinf H8.6, h 8% jberfhsf l` tcfvhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf l` khbu`heturjbm sfetlr jb tcf tlthn felblky js njdfny tl nfha tlh ?.89%―?.81% jberfhsf jb mrlwtc rhtf l` sfrvjefs sfetlr. Hba suec f``fets hrfsthtjstjehnny sjmbjehbt jb 8% nfvfn.

85 Ihsfa lb Nfvjb, Njb, hba Ecu (9??9), wf hnsl prlvjaf tcf Nfvjb―Njb―Ecu tfst rfsunts `lr h ubjt rllt jb

phbfn ahth. H sjmbj`jehbef jb 8% nfvfn jbajehtfs tcht wf rfgfet tcf zfrl cypltcfsjs tcht tcfrf js h ubjt

rllt jb tcf phbfn ahth. Klaj`jehtjlbs jb tcf bukifr l` nhms hba fstjkhtjlb kftcla al blt echbmf lurkhjb elbenusjlb.

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1.9.9 Khbu`heturjbm Ufetlr Afvfnlpkfbt hba Mrlss _rjvhtf Uhvjbms

Ujkjnhrny, wf ifmjb lur ajseussjlb l` khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt hba prjvhtfshvjbm rhtjl wjtc Mrhbmfr ehushnjty rfsunts. Qhinf H8.5 jbajehtfs tcht tcf suk l` tcfelfèjfbts lb nhmmfa khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt js cjmcny sjmbjehbt ht 8%

sjmbjehbef nfvfn7 khbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt js njdfny tl Mrhbmfr ehusf tcf `lnnlwjbmjberfhsfs l` mrlss prjvhtf shvjbm rhtjl. Elkphrfa wjtc ltcfr sfetlrs, tcfkhbu`heturjbm jbaustry chs h cjmcfr afkhba `lr ehpjthn, wcjec prlvjafs spfejhnlpplrtubjtjfs `lr ehpjthn heeukunhtjlb. Jb haajtjlb, tcf felblkje vhnuf js hnsljkprfssjvf. H 8% jberfhsf jb vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr jsnjdfny tl rfsunt jb h ?.8=% sclrt-rub jberfhsf jb tcf prjvhtf shvjbm rhtjl. Auf tl tcf cjmcpfrsjstfbef l` shvjbms, tcf nlbm-rub f``fet l` khbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt lb shvjbm jskuec strlbmfr, wcjec js bfhrny `lur tjkfs tcf sclrt-rub f``fet. Lur Mrhbmfr ehushnjtyrfsunts sclw tcht felblkje elkplsjtjlb alfs chvf f``fets lb tcf prjvhtf shvjbm rhtjl.

Qcfb wf turb tl erlss-sfetjlb rfsunts tl sff wcftcfr tcf aj``frfbefs l` khbu`heturjbmsfetlr afvfnlpkfbt chvf fxpnhbhtlry lvfr tcf erlss-elubtry ajserfphbejfs jb tcf

shvjbm rhtjl. Ihsfa lb tcf rfsunts sukkhrjzfa jb Qhinf H8.1, lur prlplsfa jbajehtlrl` khbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt fbtfrs wjtc nhrmf hba plsjtjvf elfèjfbts tcht hrfsthtjstjehnny sjmbjehbt jb 8% nfvfn. Ihsfa lb ihsje rfsunts, h 8% aj``frfbef jbvhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf jb khbu`heturjbm js rfnhtfa tl ?.69% ajserfphbey jb prjvhtfshvjbm rhtjl. Hmhjb, erlss-sfetjlbhn rfsunts hrf elbsjstfbt wjtc lur prfvjlus cypltcfsjs. Hs h khttfr l` `het, khby Fhst Hsjhb felblkjfs tcht prlkltf jbaustrjhnjzhtjlb hrf hnslheelkphbjfa wjtc h cjmc shvjbm rhtjl. Hntclumc eunturf hba rfnhtjvf prjef aj``frfbefshnsl elbtrjiutf tl vhrjlus nfvfns l` tcf shvjbm rhtjl herlss felblkjfs, tcf fkfrmfbefl` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr eluna hnsl nfha tl sjmbjehbt scj`ts iy illstjbm tcf afkhba`lr ehpjthn, hs wfnn hs jberfhsjbm tcf jbvfstkfbt rfturb. _hbfn fstjkhtjlb rfsuntsprfsfbtfa jb Qhinf H8.6 ùrtcfr elbrk lur cypltcfsjs hilut tcf jkplrthbt rlnf l` tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr jb prlkltjbm shvjbms.

1.9.5 Khbu`heturjbm Ufetlr Afvfnlpkfbt hba Qlthn @hetlr_rlauet jvjt y (Q@_)

Q@_ js rfelmbjzfa hs pfrchps tcf klst jkplrthbt `hetlr jb nlbm-tfrk felblkje mrlwtc.@lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs, ehtecjbm up wjtc cjmc-jbelkf felblkjfs js h prlefssl` fnjkjbhtjbm tcf prlauetjvjty mhp. Yfmhrajbm jts jkplrthbef, khby phpfrs `leus lbstuayjbm tcf aftfrkjbhbts l` Q@_. @jrst, wf jbvfstjmhtf tcf rfnhtjlbscjp iftwffbkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt hba Q@_ `rlk tcf vjfw l` Mrhbmfr ehushnjty. Ihsfalb tcf rfsunts sclwb jb Qhinf H8.5, wf ba h klafrhtf sclrt -rub rfnhtjlbscjp rubs `rlknhmmfa khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt tl Q@_ jb kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Uuec hrfnhtjlbscjp js strlbmfr jb tcf nlbm-rub. Jt sffks laa ht rst mnhbef sjbef tcflrftjehnny

spfhdjbm, Q@_ scluna prlkltf tcf nlbm-tfrk mrlwtc l` tcf tlthn felblky hs wfnn hstcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr, jbstfha l` tcf ltcfr why hrluba. Lur fxpnhbhtjlb js suec hrfnhtjlbscjp iftwffb Q@_ hba tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt khy blt clna `lrafvfnlpjbm felblkjfs. @lr khby kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs, tcf prlauetjvjty mrlwtckhjbny elkfs `rlk tcf tfecblnlmy jb cjmc-jbelkf felblkjfs, wcfrf mrlwtc rffetsjbsjaf tcf ehpjthn jbvfstkfbt, jbstfha l` jb tcf `lrk l` Q@_. Lur bajbms jb tcjs sfetjlbhrf enlsfny rfnhtfa tl tcf prfvjlus afihtf hilut tcf mrlwtc kjrhenf l` Fhst Hsjh. Ulkfseclnhrs clna tcf vjfw tcht jb tclsf kjrhenf felblkjfs, cjmc ehpjthn heeukunhtjlb js tcfkhjb rfhslb wcy tcfy mrlw `hst jb tcf cjstlry, jbstfha l` fèjfbey mrlwtc (Drumkhb8::1h). ]f ba sjkjnhr elbenusjlbs ihsfa lb tcf rfsunts l` Mrhbmfr ehushnjty tfsts.

Haajtjlbhnny, fkpjrjehn rfsunts l` iltc erlss-sfetjlb hba phbfn hbhnysjs ùrtcfr supplrt

lur cypltcfsjs hilut tcf rfnhtjlbscjp iftwffb khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt

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hba Q@_. Hs sclwb jb Qhinfs H8.1 hba H8.6, h cjmcfr mrlwtc rhtf l` khbu`heturjbmvhnuf-haafa alfs elbtrjiutf tl tcf jberfhsf l` tfecblnlmjehn heeukunhtjlb jbkjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Qcjs bajbm js hnsl elbsjstfbt wjtc sfvfrhn lna njtfrhturfrfvjfws (Elrbwhnn 8:=9, 8:==). Qcfy stjed tl tcf hrmukfbt tcht tcf felblkjfs l` sehnf,hs wfnn hs jts fkilajfa hba ajsfkilajfa tfecblnlmjehn prlmrfss scluna elbtrjiutf tltcf Q@_ mrlwtc jb afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs.

1.9.1 Khbu`heturjbm Ehb Ifttfr Vtjnjzf Cukhb Ehpjthnhba Felblkje Jbstjtutjlbs

Cukhb ehpjthn hba jbstjtutjlbs hrf l`tfb vjfwfa hs jkplrthbt mrlwtc aftfrkjbhbts. Hbukifr l` jbufbtjhn rfsfhrec stuajfs chvf `luba tcht jbvfstlrs wjtc cjmcfr cukhbehpjthn pnhy h eruejhn rlnf jb `hejnjthtjbm tcf tfecblnlmy halptjlb (Bfnslb hba _cfnps8:004 Ylkfr 8::?4 Ifbchiji hba Upjfmfn 8::14 Nulbm ft hn. 9?814 Ifbh ft hn. 9?80).Clwfvfr, aj``frfbt sfetlrs khy utjnjzf tcfsf twl mrlwtc jbmrfajfbts tl h aj``frfbtafmrff. Lbf khjb aj``frfbef iftwffb tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr hba ltcfr sfetlrs jstcht tcf afmrff l` tfecblnlmy halptjlb js cjmcfr jb tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr. Qcfrf`lrf,j` h elubtry chs h nhrmfr schrf jb tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr, tcf wclnf felblky js klrfnjdfny tl khdf havhbthmf l` jts ifttfr felblkje jbstjtutjlbs hba cjmcfr cukhb ehpjthnnfvfn, tl hislri supfrjlr tfecblnlmjfs `rlk ltcfr nfhajbm felblkjfs (Ihrrl 9??8).Qcus, wf fxpfet tcht tcf elbtrjiutjlb l` cukhb ehpjthn hba felblkje jbstjtutjlbsscluna if klrf prlblubefa jb felblkjfs wjtc h nhrmfr schrf l` tcf khbu`heturjbmsfetlr. Ql tfst tcjs elbgfeturf, wf haa hb jbtfrhetjlb tfrk l` khbu`heturjbm schrf hbacukhb ehpjthn jbafx, hs wfnn hs tcf runf l` nhw jbafx jb tcf phbfn rfmrfssjlb (6).

]f sukkhrjzf tcf fkpjrjehn lutelkf jb Qhinf H8.0. Jb hnn klafn spfejehtjlbs, tcffstjkhtfa elf`ejfbts l` jbtfrhetjlb tfrk hrf plsjtjvf hba sjmbjehbt ht tcf 8?% nfvfn lrfvfb cjmcfr. Fkpjrjehn rfsunts jb tcjs sfetjlb summfst tcht tcf plsjtjvf f``fets l` cukhbehpjthn hba runf l` nhw lb fhec l` lur sfnfetfa vhrjhinfs hrf klrf prlblubefa jb

felblkjfs wjtc h cjmc schrf l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr.

6. AJUEVUUJLB

6.8 Yliustbfss Ecfeds

Ql ecfed tcf rliustbfss l` lur fkpjrjehn bajbms, wf jkpnfkfbt hb hrrhy l` haajtjlbhntfsts. @lr tcf shdf l` irfvjty, wf rfplrt tclsf afthjnfa rfsunts jb Hppfbajx 9.

@jrst, wf rfal hnn tcf ihsje rfmrfssjlbs iy usjbm tcf hislnutf erjtfrjlb shkpnf l`kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Efrthjbny, tcfrf hrf blthinf aj``frfbefs jb felblkjfs hba

tcfjr shkpnf pfrjla wcfb wf halpt vhrjlus enhssjehtjlbs. Clwfvfr, jt sclws tcht lurkhjb bajbms ajseussfa jb tcf prfvjlus sfetlr hrf blt arjvfb iy spfeje ecljef l`enhssjehtjlb kftcla. Lur rfsunts hrf qujtf rliust herlss aj``frfbt ahthsfts, jb iltcquhnjthtjvf hba quhbtjthtjvf kfhbjbms.

Ufelba, `lr sfvfrhn jbtfrfstfa vhrjhinfs, wf usf hntfrbhtjvf kfhsurfs. @lr fxhkpnf,wf usf tcf fauehtjlbhn htthjbkfbt ahth l` Ihrrl hba Nff (9?85) hs h suistjtutf `lrcukhb ehpjthn jbafx lithjbfa `rlk tcf _fbb ]lrna Qhinf. Jb haajtjlb, sjbef tcffelblkje hetjvjtjfs tcht rfhnny khttfr `lr nlbm-tfrk mrlwtc hrf mrlss jbvfstkfbtsjbstfha l` purf shvjbms, wf jkpnfkfbt tcf shkf rfmrfssjlbs iy halptjbm h mrlssehpjthn `lrkhtjlb vhrjhinf jbstfha l` mrlss prjvhtf shvjbms hs afpfbafbt vhrjhinfs. ]fba tcht tcfsf echbmfs al blt hntfr lur fkpjrjehn rfsunts quhnjthtjvfny.

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Qcjra, `lr lur Mrhbmfr ehushnjty tfsts hba phbfn rfmrfssjlbs, mjvfb tcf sjzf l` tcf tjkfsphb, jt js cjmcny plssjinf tcht lur prlplsfa wjtcjb-fstjkhtlr alfs blt hpprlxjkhtf wfnn. H skhnn eluna nfha tl hb hsykptltje ijhs. Qcjs js tcf wfnn-dblwb Bjedfnn ijhsaleukfbtfa jb tcf njtfrhturf (Bjedfnn 8:38). Qcfrf`lrf, wf usf tcf mfbfrhnjzfa kftclal` klkfbts (MKK) fstjkhtlr afvfnlpfa iy Hrfnnhbl hba Ilba (8::8) tl afhn wjtc tcfpltfbtjhn f``fets l` tcf Bjedfnn ijhs. Ihsfa lb tcf rfsunts njstfa jb tcf Hppfbajx 9, tcffkpjrjehn rfsunts hrf stjnn elbsjstfbt wjtc lur cypltcfsjs. Elkphrfa wjtc tcf rfsunts lùsjbm wjtcjb-fstjkhtlr, tcfrf js lbny h khrmjbhn aj``frfbef jb tcf khmbjtuafs l` tcffstjkhtfa elfèjfbts7 tcf wjtcjb-fstjkhtlr usfa jb lur phpfr chs ht klst h skhnn ijhs.Ujkjnhrny, wf hnsl rfplrt tcf rfsunts l` HY(9) rfsjauhn elrrfnhtjlb tfsts jb tcf ilttlk l`tcf thinfs. Qcf p-vhnuf rfsunts jbajehtf tcht wf ehbblt rfgfet tcf lrjmjbhn hssukptjlbtcht tcfrf js bl sfrjhn elrrfnhtjlb jb tcf rfsunts. Lur klafn spfejehtjlb elbtrln `lr tcfaybhkjes l` afpfbafbt vhrjhinfs hpprlprjhtfny.

@lurtc, wf rfnhx tcf hssukptjlb l` bl elubtry cftfrlmfbfjty jb lur nlbm-rub Mrhbmfrehushnjty tfsts, sl tcht tcf elfèjfbts l` tcf aybhkje klafn ehb aj``fr jb tcferlss-sfetjlbhn ajkfbsjlb. ]f elbstruet tcf kfhb-mrlup fstjkhtlrs prlplsfa iy

_fshrhb hba Ukjtc (8::6) hba `lnnlw tcf elrrfsplbajbm sthtjstjehn jb`frfbefs tltfst wcftcfr suec hpprlhec wjnn echbmf lur prfvjlus rfsunts sjmbjehbtny. _-vhnufs`lr tclsf kfhb-mrlup fstjkhtlrs hrf elbstruetfa ihsfa lb tcf elubt tfsts. 81 Xuhnjthtjvfny, tcf rfsunts al blt aj``fr sfbsjiny `rlk wcht whs `luba iy jkplsjbm tcfclklmfbfjty hssukptjlb.

@j`tc, `lr lur Mrhbmfr ehushnjty tfsts hba phbfn rfmrfssjlbs, wf hntfrbhtf tcf klafnspfejehtjlbs iy jberfhsjbm tcf bukifr l` nhms jbenuafa jb tcf rfmrfssjlbs tl 3 lr 89,jb lrafr tl sff wcftcfr aj``frfbt bukifrs l` nhms jbtrlauefa cfrf wjnn sjmbjehbtnyechbmf lur rfsunts. Ihsfa lb tcf lutelkf, wf ba tcht lur ihsfnjbf rfsunts hrf rliusttl hntfrbhtjvf echbmfs l` nhm bukifrs. Qcjs js blt h surprjsjbm rfsunt sjbef wf chvfsclwb tcht lur prf`frrfa klafn spfejehtjlb chs hnrfhay elbtrlnnfa `lr tcf aybhkjes l`

afpfbafbt vhrjhinfs hpprlprjhtfny.Ujxtc, wf haa h bukifr l` sfnfetfa elbtrln vhrjhinfs jbenuafa jb tcf erlss-sfetjlbhnrfmrfssjlb. Upfejehnny, tcf nhtjtuaf jbafx kfhsurfs tcf hislnutf vhnuf l` tcf nhtjtuafl` h elubtry, rhbmjbm `rlk ? tl 8. H skhnnfr vhnuf kfhbs enlsfr tl fquhtlr. Elnlbjhnaukkjfs hrf jbajehtlrs l` wcftcfr h elubtry whs h Irjtjsc, @rfbec, Mfrkhb, Uphbjsc,Jthnjhb, Ifnmjhb, Autec, lr _lrtumufsf elnlby. ]f hnsl elbtrln tcf f``fets l` nfmhnlrjmjbs hba rfmjlbs iy jbtrlauejbm tcf elrrfsplbajbm aukkjfs. ]f hnsl haa vhrjlusltcfr elbtrlns tl tcjs rfmrfssjlb klafn. Qcf elbtrlns hrf nhtjtuaf rfprfsfbtjbm tcfajsthbef `rlk tcf elubtry tl tcf fquhtlr, aukkjfs `lr Irjtjsc hba @rfbec elnlbjfs, hbaaukkjfs `lr aj``frfbt elbtjbfbts. Khby rfsfhrec stuajfs sclw tcht tcfsf jbajehtlrs hrfpltfbtjhnny jkplrthbt tl elbtrln tcf f``fets l` lkjttfa vhrjhinfs (Hefklmnu, Glcbslb,

hba Ylijbslb 9??6). ]f ba tcht tcf fkpjrjehn rfsunts al blt echbmf jb hnn l` tcfklafn spfejehtjlbs.

6.9 Fbalmfbfjty Jssufs

Hntclumc rfsunts l` tcf ihsfnjbf rfmrfssjlbs hba sfvfrhn rliustbfss ecfeds hrfelbsjstfbt wjtc lur cypltcfsfs, wf chvf tl hakjt tcht tcf fbalmfbfjty jssufskhy if sfrjlus jb hby mrlwtc rfmrfssjlb. Lbf blrkhn sluref elkfs `rlk tcfublisfrvfa lkjttfa vhrjhinf ijhs. Ql haarfss tcf jssuf l` spurjlus elrrfnhtjlb tcrlumc

81 Heelrajbm tl Htthbhsjl ft hn. (9???), tcjs `rhkfwlrd js sujthinf `lr tcf hbhnysjs l` cftfrlmfbfjty hklbm

felblkjfs. H afthjnfa hbhnysjs l` tcf bhturf l` erlss-sfetjlbhn cftfrlmfbfjty wluna if phrtjeunhrnyrfnfvhbt wcfbfvfr rfnhxjbm tcf clklmfbfjty hssukptjlb nfhas tl quhnjthtjvfny aj``frfbt rfsunts.

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tcf lkjssjlb l` rfnfvhbt elubtry-spfeje jb`lrkhtjlb, wf jkpnfkfbt tcf rfmrfssjlbswjtc xfa f``fets spfejehtjlbs iy fxpnljtjbm tcf havhbthmfs l` aybhkje phbfn ahth.

Hbltcfr jkplrthbt sluref js rfvfrsf ehushnjty7 `lr jbsthbef, tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr khynfha tl tcf afvfnlpkfbt l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr, jbstfha l` tcf ltcfr why

hrluba. H cjmcfr nfvfn l` shvjbms hba Q@_ khy elbtrjiutf tl tcf rhpja mrlwtc l` tcfkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr. Hnn tcfsf pltfbtjhn fbalmfbfjty jssufs khy ubafrkjbf lurhrmukfbts lb tcf rlnf l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr aurjbm tcf kjaanf-jbelkf sthmf. ]fscluna if fvfb klrf ehrfùn hilut tcjs prlinfk j` wf whbt tl fstjkhtf suec f``fetsquhbtjthtjvfny. Qcf rst tfst wf jkpnfkfbt tl afhn wjtc tcf pltfbtjhn fbalmfbfjty jssufsjs tl tfst tcf rfvfrsf ehushnjty tcrlumc tcf Mrhbmfr ehushnjty tfsts. Iy tcjs why, wf ehbajrfetny fxhkjbf tcf rfnhtjlbscjp iftwffb khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt hba lurjbtfrfstfa vhrjhinfs.

Ql elkpnftfny haarfss tcf fbalmfbfjty jssufs, hb jafhn rfsfhrec afsjmb wluna if hrhbalkjzfa elbtrlnnfa fxpfrjkfbt tcht hrijtrhrjny hnnlehtfs felblkjfs tl twl aj``frfbtmrlups7 felblkjfs jb lbf mrlup hrf afsjmbfa tl afvfnlp lbny tcf khbu`heturjbm

sfetlr, wcjnf felblkjfs jb tcf ltcfr mrlup mrlw wjtc sfrvjefs hetjvjtjfs. Lbny jb tcjsehsf, wf ehb heeurhtfny fstjkhtf tcf rfhn f``fets l` khbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt.Clwfvfr, tcjs typf l` fxpfrjkfbt js jb`fhsjinf jb tcf rfhn wlrna. Jb tcf `lnnlwjbm wlrd,wf ecllsf tl halpt hb jbstrukfbt vhrjhinf rfmrfssjlb tl cfnp jafbtj`y tcf f``fet l`khbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt jb kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs.

6.9.8 Yfvfrsf Ehushnjty Qfsts

Yfvfrsf ehushnjty js lbf l` tcf khglr elbefrbs tcht nfha tl fbalmfbfjty. Ql ùrtcfrhaarfss tcf rfvfrsf ehushnjty elbefrb, wf elbauet h tfst tl ajrfetny fxhkjbf tcfrfnhtjlbscjp iftwffb khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt hba lur jbtfrfstfa vhrjhinfs.]f rfplrt tcf tfst rfsunts l` Mrhbmfr ehushnjty rubbjbm `rlk efrthjb mrlwtc jbmrfajfbt tlkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr vhnuf-haafa, jb lrafr tl tfst wcftcfr tcf rfvfrsf ehushnjty jbaffafxjsts. Qcf fkpjrjehn rfsunts hrf sukkhrjzfa jb tcf rjmct elnukbs l` Qhinf H8.5.Ujkjnhrny, wf rfplrt iltc tcf suk l` elfèjfbts lb tcf nhmmfa jbafpfbafbt vhrjhinfs,hs wfnn hs tcf ehneunhtfa nlbm-rub f``fets. Ihsfa lb tcfsf rfsunts, hntclumc wf bastrlbm rfnhtjlbscjps rubbjbm `rlk khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt tl shvjbms, Q@_hba sfrvjefs sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt, tcfrf js bl sjmbjehbt sclrt-rub f``fet rubbjbm`rlk lbf l` tcfk tl khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt. Klrflvfr, tcf nlbm-rub f``fetjs lbny snjmctny aj``frfbt `rlk tcf sclrt-rub f``fet, rffetjbm tcf nhed l` pfrsjstfbey jbkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt. Lbf fxefptjlb js tcht jb tcf nlbm-rub, sfrvjefssfetlr afvfnlpkfbt turbs lut tl chvf sjmbjehbtny bfmhtjvf fxtfrbhnjtjfs lbkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt. Qcjs bajbm js elbsjstfbt wjtc tcf wlrd l` Mlralb(9???h4 9???i). Iy fxpnljtjbm tcf VU ahth, cf bas bl sjmbjehbtny plsjtjvf spjnnlvfrs

hrf thdjbm pnhef `rlk tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr 86

tl tcf rfst l` tcf felblky. Hntclumc jt jstruf tcht tcf trhajtjlbhn vjfw tcht khbu`heturjbm hba sfrvjefs hrf elkpnftfny sfphrhtfhba ùbahkfbthnny aj``frfbt sfetlrs js lutahtfa, tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr ehb chranysuistjtutf khbu`heturjbm jb afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs.

6.9.9 Jbstrukfbt Phrjhinf Yfmrfssjlb

Ql prlvjaf klrf elbvjbejbm fvjafbef, wf halpt MKK-JP rfmrfssjlb. MKK jbstfha lèlbvfbtjlbhn LNU js usfa `lr haarfssjbm tcf jssufs l` cftfrlsdfahstjejty. Jb tcjs why, j`frrlrs hrf cftfrlsdfahstje, iy jkpnfkfbtjbm h sfrjfs l` lrtclmlbhn fquhtjlbs, wf ehb

86 Jb cjs lrjmjbhn phpfr, Mlralb `leusfs lb tcf rfnhtjlbscjp iftwffb jb`lrkhtjlb tfecblnlmy hba mrlwtc.

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stjnn fèjfbtny hba elbsjstfbtny fstjkhtf tcf rfmrfssjlb wjtclut dblwjbm tcf hetuhn `lrkl` tcf frrlr ajstrjiutjlb.80

@jbajbm hb hpprlprjhtf jbstrukfbthn vhrjhinf (JP) `lr khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbtjs ajèunt. ]f elbstruet lur prlplsfa JP jb tcf `lnnlwjbm whys. Qcf khbu`heturjbm

sfetlr jb afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs js l`tfb rfmhrafa hs enlsfny rfnhtfa tl tcf sjtuhtjlbjb tcf shkf jbaustry l` afvfnlpfa felblkjfs. Qcfrf`lrf, iy usjbm tcf JBAUQHQ9ahthihsf, wf afelkplsf tcf vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr jb fhecelubtry jbtl aj``frfbt irhbecfs. @lr h efrthjb yfhr, iy usjbm tcf mrlwtc rhtf l` fhecirhbec jb tcf VU hs prlxy `lr tcht jb afvfnlpfa felblkjfs, wf ehb ehneunhtf hbjbajehtlr `lr afvfnlpjbm elubtry H iy usjbm tcf vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc jb tcf VU hbatcf schrf l` fhec irhbec jb tcjs elubtry. Uuec hb jbajehtlr js enlsfny rfnhtfa tl tcfkhbu`heturjbm mrlwtc rhtf l` elubtry H ht tcht yfhr, iut js hnsl ubrfnhtfa tl ltcfrublisfrvfa f``fets, suec hs tcf kherlfelblkje elbajtjlb hba alkfstje plnjeyechbmfs, jb tcjs elubtry.

]f ajrfetny prlvf tcht lur prlplsfa jbstrukfbts hrf vhnja jbstrukfbts. Qcf ihsje

rfqujrfkfbts hrf rfnfvhbef hba vhnjajty. Jb tcjs phpfr, wf usf fxenuafa @-sthtjstjes l`tcf gljbt sjmbjehbef l` jbstrukfbts jb tcf rst-sthmf rfmrfssjlb tl tfst tcf rfnfvhbef l`lur jbstrukfbts. Chbsfb‚s G sthtjstje wjnn if fxpnljtfa tl fvhnuhtf tcf lvfr-jafbtjehtjlbrfstrjetjlbs. @lr tfstjbm lrtclmlbhnjty elbajtjlbs l` lur prlplsfa jbstrukfbt vhrjhinfs,wf hnsl usf tcf Aurijb―]u―Chuskhb (A]C) sthtjstje cfrf, wcjec jbvlnvfs fstjkhtjbmiltc LNU hba JP klafns, hba elkphrjbm tcf rfsuntjbm elfèjfbts. Qcjs lrtclmlbhnjtytfst whs rst prlplsfa iy Aurijb (8:61), Chuskhb (8:=3), hba ]u (8:=5). Qfststhtjstjes njstfa jb Qhinf H8.= sclw tcht lur prlplsfa vhrjhinf kffts iltcrfqujrfkfbts. Qcf fxenuafa @-sthtjstjes l` tcf gljbt sjmbjehbef l` jbstrukfbts jb tcfrst-sthmf rfmrfssjlb hrf usfa tl tfst tcf rfnfvhbef l` lur jbstrukfbts. Utrlbmsjmbjehbef jb Qhinf H8.= sclws tcht lur prlplsfa jbajehtlr js enlsfny rfnhtfa tlkhbu`heturjbm sfetlr vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc. Klrflvfr, `lr Chbsfb‚s G sthtjstje, tcf gljbt

bunn cypltcfsjs js tcht tcf jbstrukfbts hrf vhnja jbstrukfbts. Qcf G sthtjstje js elbsjstfbtjb tcf prfsfbef l` cftfrlsdfahstjejty hba hutlelrrfnhtjlb. @hjnjbm tl rfgfet tcf bunnjbajehtfs tcf vhnjajty l` lur JPs. @lr tfstjbm lrtclmlbhnjty elbajtjlbs l` lur prlplsfajbstrukfbt vhrjhinfs, wf usf tcf Aurijb―]u―Chuskhb tfst cfrf. Qcf bunn cypltcfsjsjs tcht tcf tfstjbm rfmrfsslr js fxlmfblus. @hjnjbm tl rfgfet hssurfs tcf vhnjajty l`lur jbstrukfbts.

H`tfr prlvjbm tcf fèhey l` lur jbstrukfbt vhrjhinfs, wf turb tl tcf ajseussjlb l`rfmrfssjlb rfsunts. ]f usf twl-sthmf `fhsjinf fèjfbt MKK-JP fstjkhtjlb `lr lurrfmrfssjlb kftclalnlmy, hba halpt tcf elrrfsplbajbm vhrjhbef-elvhrjhbef khtrjxihsfa lb hb Fjedfr―Cuifr―]cjtf rliust elvhrjhbef fstjkhtlr. Qcf ihsje fstjkhtjlbrfsunts hrf thiunhtfa jb Qhinf H8.=. @lr vhrjlus klafn spfejehtjlbs, tcf fstjkhtfa

elfèjfbts l` khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt hnn rfkhjb sjmbjehbt ht 8% nfvfn. Qcfjkplrthbef l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs elbtjbufs tlclna fvfb wcfb wf halpt JP rfmrfssjlb. Elkphrfa wjtc phbfn rfmrfssjlb rfsunts jbQhinf H8.6, tcf felblkje vhnuf l` khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt js jkprfssjvf.@lr fxhkpnf, elnukbs `rlk (8) tl (1) rfplrt lur MKK-JP rfmrfssjlb rfsunts lb tcff``fets l` khbu`heturjbm lb prjvhtf shvjbms. Jt sclws tcht h`tfr wf elbtrln tcf plssjinf

80 Clwfvfr, tcf `nhws l` usjbm MKK hrf hnsl enfhr7 lptjkhn wfjmctjbm khtrjx ht tcf elrf l` f``jejfbt MKK

js h ùbetjlb l` `lurtc klkfbts, wclsf heeurhey hetuhnny rfqujrfs h vfry nhrmf shkpnf sjzf (Chyhscj9???). Qcf elbsfqufbefs l` jkpnfkfbtjbm MKK wcfb ubbfefsshry js tcht hb f``jejfbt MKK fstjkhtlrkhy chvf pllr skhnn shkpnf prlpfrtjfs hba slkf jb`frfbef tfsts eluna nfha tl jbheeurhtf rfsunts(Ihuk, Uech``fr, hba Utjnnkhb 9??5). @lr fnjkjbhtjbm tcht elbefrb, wf hnsl usf h tfst prlplsfa iy

_hmhb hba Chnn (8:35) tl tfst `lr cftfrlsdfahstjejty. Ihsfa lb tcf ubrfplrtfa rfsunts, wf sjmbj`jehbtnyrfgfet tcf bunn cypltcfsjs l` bl cftfrlsefahstjejty jb tcf ahth.

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jssuf l` fbalmfbfjty, h 8% jberfhsf jb khbu`heturjbm vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf wjnnprlkltf 9.?1%―9.91% jberfhsf jb shvjbm rhtjls, wcjec js elbsjafrhinf jb tfrks l`felblkje vhnuf.

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0. ELBENVUJLB

Jb tcjs phpfr wf cjmcnjmct tcf jbufbefs l` khbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt `lrkjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Ql ifmjb, wf jbvfstjmhtf tcf strlbm fxtfrbhnjtjfs l`

khbu`heturjbm sfetlr afvfnlpkfbt lb tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr. Klrflvfr, wf ba tchtkhbu`heturjbm afvfnlpkfbt ehb blt lbny jkprlvf tcf jbefbtjvfs l` shvjbms, iut hnslfbchbef tcf tfecblnlmjehn heeukunhtjlb. Nhst, wf prlvf tcht elkphrfa wjtc ltcfrsfetlrs, khbu`heturjbm ehb ifttfr utjnjzf cukhb ehpjthn hba felblkje jbstjtutjlbs.

Lur fkpjrjehn bajbms jb tcjs phpfr blt lbny chvf strlbm plnjey jkpnjehtjlbs, iut hnslprlvjaf h sft l` `hets tcht khy sfrvf hs h mujaf tl ùrtcfr afvfnlpkfbt l` felblkjemrlwtc tcflry. Qcf klst jkplrthbt plnjey jkpnjehtjlb arhwb `rlk lur wlrd js lb tcfbfefsshry jbaustrjhn plnjey `lr kjaanf-jbelkf felblkjfs. Jt sffks tcht mlvfrbkfbts jbafvfnlpjbm felblkjfs scluna pnhy hb jkplrthbt strhtfmy jb prfvfbtjbm h elubtry `rlkprfkhturf afjbaustrjhnjzhtjlb (Ylarjd 9?80), fspfejhnny jb tcf frh l` mnlihnjzhtjlb. Qcfpllr pfr`lrkhbef l` khbu`heturjbm hba tcf rfnhtjvfny strlbm pfr`lrkhbef l` sfrvjefs

jb slkf afvfnlpjbm felblkjfs khy blt if h mlla sjmb `lr khjbthjbjbm susthjbhinfnlbm-tfrk felblkje mrlwtc.

Klrf jkplrthbtny, lur fkpjrjehn bajbms lb sfetlrhn aj``frfbefs iftwffb khbu`heturjbmhba tcf sfrvjefs sfetlr hrf hnsl jkplrthbt `lr felblkje mrlwtc tcflry. Afspjtf tcfprfvhnfbef l` lbf-sfetlr bfl-enhssjehn tcflry (Inhbechra hba @jsecfr 8:3:4 Ihrrlhba Uhnh-j-Khrtjb 9??5), khby stuajfs try tl fxtfba tclsf ihsje mrlwtc klafns tl hkuntj-sfetlr lbf (Wchbm 9?884 Cfrrfbalr` hba Phnfbtjby 9??0), jb httfkpt tljbvfstjmhtf tcf tcflrftjehn f``fets l` strueturhn echbmf hba sfetlrhn aj``frfbefs.Clwfvfr, jb haajtjlb tl tcf ajseussjlbs lb tcf fxjstfbef hba ubjqufbfss l` tcffqujnjirjuk jb kuntj-sfetlr klafn, clw tl jbelrplrhtf aj``frfbt sfetlrs hba tcfjrjbtfrhetjlbs jbtl tcf klafn rfkhjb tl if h vjthn qufstjlb. Lur fkpjrjehn bajbms lb tcfspfejhn echrhetfrjstjes l` tcf khbu`heturjbm sfetlr aurjbm tcf kjaanf-jbelkf sthmfscluna scfa njmct lb tcf felblkje klafnjbm jb tcf ùturf.

YF@FYFBEFU

Hefklmnu, A., @. H. Mhnnfml, hba G. H. Ylijbslb. 9?81. Jbstjtutjlbs, Cukhb Ehpjthn hbaAfvfnlpkfbt. Hbbuhn Yfvjfws l` Felblkjes 07 3=6―:89.

Hefklmnu, A., U. Glcbslb, hba G. H. Ylijbslb. 9??8. Qcf Elnlbjhn Lrjmjbs lÈlkphrhtjvf Afvfnlpkfbt7 Hb Fkpjrjehn Jbvfstjmhtjlb. Hkfrjehb FelblkjeYfvjfw :87 850:―81?8.

Hefklmnu, A., U. Glcbslb, hba G. H. Ylijbslb. 9??6. Jbstjtutjlbs hs tcf @ubahkfbthnEhusf l` Nlbm-Yub Mrlwtc. Jb _. Hmcjlb hba U. Aurnhu`, fas. Chbailld l`Felblkje Mrlwtc. Blrtc Clnnhba7 Fnsfvjfr.

Hefklmnu, A., U. Bhjau, _. Yfstrfpl, hba G. H. Ylijbslb. 9?81. Afklerhey AlfsEhusf Mrlwtc. BIFY ]lrdjbm _hpfr Bl. 9???1.

Hechryh, H. 9??=. Ujbmhplrf‚s @lrfjmb _lnjey7 Qcf Ufhrec `lr Yfmjlbhn Lrafr. Upffeciy Kjbjstfr Kfbtlr Nff Duhb Zfw ht tcf 5=tc Ghwhchrnhn Bfcru KfklrjhnNfeturf, Bfw Afncj, 98 Blvfkifr 9??6, „Jbajh jb hb Hsjhb Yfbhjsshbef‛,8=3― 8:9. ]lrna Uejfbtje _uinjscjbm Elkphby.

Hkjrhpu, H., hba H. Uuirhkhbjhb. 9?86. Khbu`heturjbm lr Ufrvjefs< Hb JbajhbJnnustrhtjlb l` h Afvfnlpkfbt Ajnfkkh. Efbtfr `lr Mnlihn Afvfnlpkfbt ]lrdjbm_hpfr 1?:. ]hscjbmtlb, AE7 Efbtfr `lr Mnlihn Afvfnlpkfbt.

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Hrfnnhbl, K., hba U. Ilba. 8::8. Ulkf Qfsts l` Upfejehtjlb `lr _hbfn Ahth7 KlbtfEhrnl Fvjafbef hba hb Hppnjehtjlb tl Fkpnlykfbt Fquhtjlbs. Yfvjfw l`Felblkje Utuajfs 637 9==―9:=.

Hrrlw, D. G. 8:09. Qcf Felblkje Jkpnjehtjlbs l` Nfhrbjbm iy Aljbm. Yfvjfw l`

Felblkje Utuajfs 9:7 866―8=5. Htthbhsjl, L. _., N. _jeej, hba H. F. Uelreu. 9???. Uhvjbm, Mrlwtc, hba Jbvfstkfbt7 H

Kherlfelblkje Hbhnysjs Vsjbm h _hbfn l` Elubtrjfs. Yfvjfw l` Felblkjes hbaUthtjstjes 397 839―988.

Ihrrl, Y. G. 8::8. Felblkje Mrlwtc jb h Erlss Ufetjlb l` Elubtrjfs. Xuhrtfrny Glurbhnl` Felblkjes 8?07 1?=―115.

Ihrrl, Y. G. 9??8. Cukhb Ehpjthn hba Mrlwtc. Hkfrjehb Felblkje Yfvjfw :87 89―8=.

Ihrrl, Y. G., hba S. J. Uhnh-j-Khrtjb. 9??5. Felblkje Mrlwtc, 9ba Fajtjlb. Ehkirjamf,KH7 KJQ _rfss.

Ihrrl, Y. G., hba G. ]. Nff. 9?85. H Bfw Ahth Uft l` Fauehtjlbhn Htthjbkfbt jb tcf]lrna, 8:6?―9?8?. Glurbhn l` Afvfnlpkfbt Felblkjes 8?17 831―8:3.

Ihuk, E. @., K. F. Uech``fr, hba U. Utjnnkhb. 9??5. Jbstrukfbthn Phrjhinfs hba MKK7Fstjkhtjlb hba Qfstjbm. Qcf Uthth Glurbhn 57 8―58.

Ifedfr, M. U., D. K. Kurpcy, hba Y. Qhkurh. 8::?. Cukhb Ehpjthn, @frtjnjty, hbaFelblkje Mrlwtc. Glurbhn l` _lnjtjehn Felblky :37 U89―U5=.

Ifbh, G., K. H. @frrfjrh, _. _. Khtls, hba _. _jrfs. 9?80. Hrf @lrfjmb JbvfstlrsNleusts< Qcf Nlbm-Qfrk F``fets l` @lrfjmb Jbstjtutjlbhn Lwbfrscjp. AhrafbIusjbfss Ueclln ]lrdjbm _hpfr Bl. 901??16.

Ifbchiji, G., hba K. K. Upjfmfn. 8::1. Qcf Ylnf l` Cukhb Ehpjthn jb Felblkje

Afvfnlpkfbt Fvjafbef ̀ rlk Hmmrfmhtf Erlss-elubtry Ahth. Glurbhn l`Klbfthry Felblkjes 517 815―8=5.

Ifrbhbdf, I. U. 8:::. _frkhbfbt Jbelkf, Njqujajty, hba Fxpfbajturf lb Hutlklijnfs7Fvjafbef @rlk _hbfn Ahth. Xuhrtfrny Glurbhn l` Felblkjes ::7 63=―081.

Ifrbhra, H. I., hba E. J. Glbfs. 8::0h. Elkphrjbm Hppnfs tl Lrhbmfs7 _rlauetjvjtyElbvfrmfbef hba Kfhsurfkfbt Herlss Jbaustrjfs hba Elubtrjfs. HkfrjehbFelblkje Yfvjfw 307 8980―8953.

Ifrbhra, H. I., hba E. J. Glbfs. 8::0i. _rlauetjvjty Herlss Jbaustrjfs hba Elubtrjfs7Qjkf Ufrjfs Qcflry hba Fvjafbef. Yfvjfw l` Felblkjes hba Uthtjstjes =37856―810.

Ifrbhra, H. I., hba E. J. Glbfs. 8::0e. _rlauetjvjty hba Elbvfrmfbef Herlss V.U.Uthtfs hba Jbaustrjfs. Fkpjrjehn Felblkjes 987 885―856.

Inhbechra, L., hba U. @jsecfr. 8:3:. Nfeturfs lb Kherlfelblkjes. Ehkirjamf, KH7KJQ _rfss.

Iluefddjbf, Y., hba A. af nh Erljx. 9??5. Jb`lrkhtjlb Qfecblnlmjfs, Fkilajkfbt hbaMrlwtc. Glurbhn l` Felblkje Aybhkjes hba Elbtrln 9=7 9??=―9?51.

Iluefddjbf, Y., @. afn Yjl, hba L. Njehbarl. 9??5. Fkilajfa Qfecblnlmjehn Echbmf,Nfhrbjbm-iy-aljbm hba tcf _rlauetjvjty Unlwalwb. Uehbajbhvjhb Glurbhn l`Felblkjes 8?67 3=―:=.

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Ehsfnnj, @., M. Fsqujvfn, hba @. Nf`lrt. 8::0. Yflpfbjbm tcf Elbvfrmfbef Afihtf7 HBfw Nlld ht Erlss-elubtry Mrlwtc Fkpjrjes. Glurbhn l` Felblkje Mrlwtc 87505―53:.

Ecfbfry, C. 8:=:. Utrueturhn Echbmf hba Afvfnlpkfbt _lnjey. Lx`lra, VD7 Lx`lra

Vbjvfrsjty _rfss.Enhrd, E. 8:18. Qcf Elbajtjlbs l` Felblkje _rlmrfss. Nlbalb7 Khekjnnhb.

Elrbwhnn, G. 8:=9. Mrlwtc hba Uthijnjty jb h Khturf Felblky. Nlbalb7Khrtjb Ylifrtslb.

Elrbwhnn, G. 8:==. Klafrb Ehpjthnjsk7 Jts Mrlwtc hba Qrhbs`lrkhtjlb. Nlbalb7Khrtjb Ylifrtslb.

Ahsmupth, U., hba H. Ujbmc. 9??6. ]jnn Ufrvjefs if tcf Bfw Fbmjbf l` FelblkjeMrlwtc jb Jbajh. Efbtrf `lr Iusjbfss Yfsfhrec, Vbjvfrsjty l` Ehkirjamf]lrdjbm _hpfr Bl. 58?.

Aurijb, G. 8:61. Frrlrs jb Phrjhinfs. Yfvjfw l` tcf Jbtfrbhtjlbhn Uthtjstjehn Jbstjtutf 99795―59.

@hmfrifrm, G., _. Mufrrjfrj, hba I. Pfrsphmfb. 8:::. Qcf Felblkje Echnnfbmf `lrFurlpf. Hahptjbm tl Jbblvhtjlb Ihsfa Mrlwtc. Ecfntfbchk, VD7 FawhraFnmhr _uinjscjbm.

@fnjpf, G., H. Hialb, hba V. Dukhr. 9?89. Qrhedjbm tcf Kjaanf-jbelkf Qrhp7 ]cht Js Jt,]cl Js jb Jt, hba ]cy< Nfvy Felblkjes Jbstjtutf l` Ihra Elnnfmf ]lrdjbm_hpfr =86.

@fnjpf, G., V. Dukhr, hba Y. Mhnlpf. 9?81. Kjaanf-Jbelkf Qrhbsjtjlbs7 Qrhp lr Kytc< HAI Felblkjes ]lrdjbm _hpfr Ufrjfs Bl. 198.

@rffkhb, A. M., hba A. I. Zfrmfr. 9??8. Jbtfrprftjbm Erlss-sfetjlb hba Qjkf-sfrjfsQfsts l` Elbvfrmfbef7 Qcf Ehsf l` Nhilr _rlauetjvjty jb Khbu`heturjbm.Glurbhn l` Felblkjes hba Iusjbfss 657 6:5―0?=.

@rjfakhb, K. 8:6=. Qcf _frkhbfbt Jbelkf Cypltcfsjs. Jb K. @rjfakhb (fa.), H Qcflry l` tcf Elbsukptjlb @ubetjlb. _rjbeftlb Vbjvfrsjty _rfss.

@uecs, P. Y. 8:3?. Felblkje Mrlwtc hba tcf Yjsf l` Ufrvjef Fkpnlykfbt. Jb Qlwhrashb Fxpnhbhtjlb l` Felblkje Mrlwtc. Quijbmfb7 G.E.I. Klcr (_hun Ujfifed).

Mjnn, J. U., hba C. Dchrhs. 9?86. Qcf Kjaanf-jbelkf Qrhp Qurbs Qfb. _lnjey Yfsfhrec]lrdjbm _hpfr, ]_U =1?5. ]lrna Ihbd.

Mlralb, Y. G. 9???h. Alfs tcf Bfw Felblky Kfhsurf Vp tl tcf Mrfht Jbvfbtjlbs l`

tcf _hst< Glurbhn l` Felblkje _frspfetjvfs 817 1:―=1.Mlralb, Y. G. 9???i. Jbtfrprftjbm tcf Lbf Ijm ]hvf jb V.U. Nlbm- Qfrk _rlauetjvjty

Mrlwtc. BIFY ]lrdjbm _hpfr Bl. ==69.

Mluyfttf, E., hba U. _frfnkhb. 8::=. _rlauetjvjty Elbvfrmfbef jb LFEA UfrvjefJbaustrjfs. Utrueturhn Echbmf hba Felblkje Aybhkjes 37 9=:―9:6.

Mrffbwlla, G., W. Cfrelwjtz, hba _. Drusfnn. 8::=. Nlbm-Yub Jkpnjehtjlbs l`Jbvfstkfbt-Upfeje Qfecblnlmjehn Echbmf. Hkfrjehb Felblkje Yfvjfw 3=7519―509.

Mrffbwlla, G., hba I. Glvhblvje. 8::3. Heelubtjbm `lr Mrlwtc. BIFY ]lrdjbm _hpfrBl. 001=.

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Mrfmlrjl, G. A. 8::9. Felblkje Mrlwtc jb Nhtjb Hkfrjeh. Glurbhn l` AfvfnlpkfbtFelblkjes 5:7 6:―31.

Mrjmlnj, @., H. Cfrkhb, hba D. Ueckjat-Cfiifn. 9?81. ]lrna Uhvjbm. JK@ ]lrdjbm_hpfr Bl. 81/9?1.

Mrlsskhb, M. K., hba F. Cfnpkhb. 8::8. Jbblvhtjlb hba Mrlwtc jb tcf MnlihnFelblky. Ehkirjamf, KH7 KJQ _rfss.

Chnn, Y. F. 8:=3. Utlechstje Jkpnjehtjlbs l` tcf Nj`f Eyenf-_frkhbfbt JbelkfCypltcfsjs7 Qcflry hba Fvjafbef. Glurbhn l` _lnjtjehn Felblky 307 :=8―:3=.

Chnn, Y. F., hba @. U. Kjscdjb. 8:39. Qcf Ufbsjtjvjty l` Elbsukptjlb tl QrhbsjtlryJbelkf7 Fstjkhtfs `rlk _hbfn Ahth lb Clusfclnas. Felblkftrjeh 6?7 108―138.

Chuskhb, G. H. 8:=3. Upfejehtjlb Qfsts jb Felblkftrjes. Felblkftrjeh 1078968―89=8.

Chyhscj, @. 9???. Felblkftrjes. _rjbeftlb, BG7 _rjbeftlb Vbjvfrsjty _rfss.

Cfrrfbalr`, I., hba H. Phnfbtjby. 9??0. Lb tcf Uthijnjty l` tcf Qwl-sfetlr BflenhssjehnMrlwtc Klafn wjtc Fxtfrbhnjtjfs. Glurbhn l` Felblkje Aybhkjes hba Elbtrln 5?7855:―8508.

Clfdkhb, I. 9??0. Njifrhnjzjbm Qrhaf Jb Ufrvjefs7 H Uurvfy. _lnjey Yfsfhrec ]lrdjbm_hpfr 1?5?. ]lrna Ihbd.

Jk, @. M., hba A. Ylsfbinhtt. 9?85. Kjaanf-jbelkf Qrhps7 H Elbefptuhn hba FkpjrjehnUurvfy. _lnjey Yfsfhrec ]lrdjbm _hpfr 06:1. ]lrna Ihbd.

Glbfs, I. @., hba I. H. Lndfb. 9??6. Al Nfhafrs Khttfr< Bhtjlbhn Nfhafrscjp hbaMrlwtc Ujbef ]lrna ]hr JJ. Xuhrtfrny Glurbhn l` Felblkjes 89?7 356―301.

Glrmfbslb, A. ]., hba D. G. Utjrlc. 9???. V.U. Felblkje Mrlwtc ht tcf Jbaustry Nfvfn.

Hkfrjehb Felblkje Yfvjfw, _hpfrs hba _rleffajbms :?7 808―80=.

Glvhblvje, I., hba _. N. Ylussfhu. 9??9. Kllrf‚s Nhw hba Nfhrbjbm iy Aljbm. Yfvjfwl` Felblkje Aybhkjes 67 510―5=6.

Dhnalr, B. 8:6=. H Klafn l` Felblkje Mrlwtc. Felblkje Glurbhn 0=7 6:8―091.

Drumkhb, _. 8::1h. Qcf Hmf l` Ajkjbjscfa Fxpfethtjlbs. Ehkirjamf, KH7 KJQ _rfss.

Drumkhb, _. 8::1i. Qcf Kytc l` Hsjh‚s Kjrhenf. @lrfjmb H``hjrs Blvfkifr/Afefkifr709―=3.

Duzbfts, U. 8:6=. Xuhbtjthtjvf Hspfets l` tcf Felblkje Mrlwtc l` Bhtjlbs7 JJ.Jbaustrjhn Ajstrjiutjlb l` Bhtjlbhn _rlauet hba Nhilr @lref. Felblkje

Afvfnlpkfbt hba Eunturhn Echbmf 67 8―888.Nhvlph, H. 9?86. Utrueturhn Qrhbs`lrkhtjlb hba Felblkje Afvfnlpkfbt. Ehb

Afvfnlpkfbt Qrhps if Hvljafa< _cA ajssfrthtjlb, Khhstrject Vbjvfrsjty hbaVbjtfa Bhtjlbs Vbjvfrsjty.

Nhvlph, H., hba H. Uzjrkhj. 9?81. Utrueturhn Klafrbjzhtjlb hba Afvfnlpkfbt Qrhps7 Hb Fkpjrjehn Hpprlhec. VBV-KFYJQ ]lrdjbm _hpfr 9?81-?=0.

Nff, G.-]., hba ]. G. KeDjiijb. 9?81. Ufrvjef Ufetlr _rlauetjvjty hba FelblkjeMrlwtc jb Hsjh. HAIJ ]lrdjbm _hpfrs 1:?. Qldyl7 Hsjhb AfvfnlpkfbtIhbd Jbstjtutf.

Nfvjb, H., E.-@. Njb, hba E.-U. G. Ecu. 9??9. Vbjt Yllt Qfsts jb _hbfn Ahth7 Hsykptltje

hba @jbjtf-shkpnf _rlpfrtjfs. Glurbhn l` Felblkftrjes 8?37 8―91.

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Nlhyzh, B., C. Nlpfz, D. Ueckjat-Cfiifn, hba N. Ufrvfb. 8::3. Qcf ]lrna UhvjbmAhth Ihsf. Vbpuinjscfa. _lnjey Yfsfhrec Afphrtkfbt, ]lrna Ihbd.

Nldl, I., hba K. H. Ajlu`. 9??:. Yfvjsjtjbm tcf Aftfrkjbhbts l` _rlauetjvjty Mrlwtc7]cht‚s Bfw< JK@ ]lrdjbm _hpfr Bl. ]_/?:/91.

Nuehs, Y. F. 8:33. Lb tcf Kfechbjes l` Afvfnlpkfbt _nhbbjbm. Glurbhn l` KlbfthryFelblkjes 997 5―19.

Nulbm, N. C., @. Klscjrjhb, C. M. N. Bmuyfb, S. Qjhb, hba I. Wchbm. 9?81. Al @lrfjmbJbstjtutjlbhn Jbvfstlrs Fbchbef @jrk Jbblvhtjlb< Dfnnfy Ueclln l` IusjbfssYfsfhrec _hpfr Bl. 9?81-?1.

Khrltl-Uhbecfz, H., hba G. Y. Euharhal-Ylurh. 9??:. Js Mrlwtc l` Ufrvjefs hbListhenf tl _rlauetjvjty Mrlwtc< H Elkphrhtjvf Hbhnysjs. Utrueturhn Echbmfhba Felblkje Aybhkjes 9?7 961―906.

Klajmnjhbj, @. 8:00. Qcf Nj`f Eyenf Cypltcfsjs l` Uhvjbm, tcf Afkhba `lr ]fhntc hbatcf Uuppny l` Ehpjthn. Ulejhn Yfsfhrec 557 80?―98=.

Klscjrjhb, @., S. Qjhb, I. Wchbm, hba ]. Wchbm. 9?86. @jbhbejhn Njifrhnjzhtjlb hbaJbblvhtjlb. Dfnnfy Ueclln l` Iusjbfss Yfsfhrec _hpfr Bl. 9?81-?3.

Bhuaf, ]., hba H. Uzjrkhj. 9?89. Qcf Jkplrthbef l` Khbu`heturjbm jb FelblkjeAfvfnlpkfbt7 _hst, _rfsfbt hba @uturf _frspfetjvfs. VBV―KFYJQ ]lrdjbm_hpfr #9?89-?18.

Bfnslb, Y. Y., hba F. U. _cfnps. 8:00. Jbvfstkfbt jb Cukhbs, Qfecblnlmjehn Aj``usjlb,hba Felblkje Mrlwtc. Hkfrjehb Felblkje Yfvjfw 607 0:―=6.

Bjedfnn, U. 8:38. Ijhsfs jb Aybhkje Klafns wjtc @jxfa F``fets. Felblkftrjeh 1:7818=―8190.

Lnjbfr, U. A., hba A. F. Ujecfn. 9???. Qcf Yfsurmfbef l` Mrlwtc jb tcf Nhtf 8::?s7 JsJb`lrkhtjlb Qfecblnlmy tcf Utlry< Glurbhn l` Felblkje _frspfetjvfs 817 5―99.

_hmhb, H. Y., hba H. A. Chnn. 8:35. Ajhmblstje Qfsts hs Yfsjauhn Hbhnysjs.Felblkftrje Yfvjfws 97 86:―983.

_hrd, U.-C., hba D. U. Echb. 8:3:. H Erlss-elubtry Jbput-lutput Hbhnysjs l`Jbtfrsfetlrhn Yfnhtjlbscjps iftwffb Khbu`heturjbm hba Ufrvjefs hba tcfjrFkpnlykfbt Jkpnjehtjlbs. ]lrna Afvfnlpkfbt 8=7 8::―989.

_hseuhn, H. M., hba @. ]fstfrkhbb. 9??9. _rlauetjvjty Elbvfrmfbef jb FurlpfhbKhbu`heturjbm. Yfvjfw l` Jbtfrbhtjlbhn Felblkjes 8?7 585―595.

_fshrhb, K., hba Y. Ukjtc. 8::6. Fstjkhtjbm Nlbm-rub Yfnhtjlbscjps `rlk Aybhkje

Cftfrlmfbflus _hbfns. Glurbhn l` Felblkftrjes 037 =:―885._cfnps, F. U. 8:09. Qcf Bfw Pjfw l` Jbvfstkfbt7 h Bflenhssjehn Hbhnysjs. Xuhrtfrny

Glurbhn l` Felblkjes =07 613―60=.

Ylarjd, A. 9??=. Lbf Felblkjes, Khby Yfejpfs7 Mnlihnjzhtjlb, Jbstjtutjlbs, hbaFelblkje Mrlwtc. _rjbeftlb, BG7 _rjbeftlb Vbjvfrsjty _rfss.

Ylarjd, A. 9?80. _rfkhturf Afjbaustrjhnjshtjlb. Glurbhn l` Felblkje Mrlwtc 98(8)78―55.

Ylkfr, _. K. 8:30. Jberfhsjbm Yfturbs hba Nlbm-Yub Mrlwtc. Glurbhn l` _lnjtjehnFelblky :17 8??9―8?5=.

Ylkfr, _. K. 8::?. Fbalmfblus Qfecblnlmjehn Echbmf. Glurbhn l` _lnjtjehn Felblky :37 =8―8?8.

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Ylsfb, A., hba I. Ihl. 9?86. Irldfb Hiheus< H Klrf Heeurhtf Mhumf l` Ecjbh‚sFelblky. Nhbchk, KA7 Ylwkhb & Njttnffna _uinjscfrs.

*

Uzjrkhj, H. 9?89. Jbaustrjhnjshtjlb hs hb Fbmjbf l` Mrlwtc jb Afvfnlpjbm Elubtrjfs,8:6?―9??6. Utrueturhn Echbmf hba Felblkje Aybhkjes 957 1?0―19?.

Qrfmfbbh, @. 9??=. ]cjec Ufetlr ehb if Fbmjbfs l` Mrlwtc hba Fkpnlykfbt jb Ulutc H`rjeh7 Hb Hbhnysjs l` Khbu`heturjbm hba Ufrvjefs. VBV-]JAFY Yfsfhrec_hpfr Bl. 9??3/:3.

]u, A.-K. 8:=5. Hntfrbhtjvf Qfsts l` Jbafpfbafbef iftwffb Utlechstje Yfmrfsslrshba Ajsturihbefs. Felblkftrjeh 187 =55―=6?.

Wchbm, G.U. 9?88. Qcf Hbhnytjehn Ulnutjlb l` Ihnhbefa Mrlwtc l` Blb-njbfhr AybhkjeKuntj-sfetlr Felblkje Klafn. Felblkje Klafnnjbm 937 18?―198.

* Qcf Hsjhb Afvfnlpkfbt Ihbd rf`frs tl Ecjbh iy tcf bhkf _flpnf‚s Yfpuinje l` Ecjbh.

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H__FBAJS 8

Qhinf H8.87 Uthtjstjehn Afserjptjlb

Lis

# l`

Felblkjfs Kfhb

Ut.

Afv. Kjb Khx

_hbfn H7 Yfnhtjvf erjtfrjlb

Khbu`heturjbm vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc 9,11: 88: 5.:0% 88.?3% ―89.8?% 80.51%

Ufrvjefs vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc 9,980 8?: 1.89% =.38% ―5.=:% 8?.:1%

MBJ pfr ehpjth 5,063 8=: 9.33% 0.=8% ―0.06% :.30%

Mrlss prjvhtf shvjbm rhtjl 8,036 :8 90.51% 6?.:5% 0.18% 0?.=9%

Mrlss ehpjthn `lrkhtjlb 9,=?= 8?5 98.8?% 8?.?6% :.11% 1?.65%

Q@_ 9,?=1 38 ?.=8 ?.1: ?.18 8.98

Cukhb ehpjthn jbafx 9,811 =0 9.5? ?.6? 8.1= 5.85

Yunf l` nhw 9,181 8?= 0 =.18 ―8? 8?

_hbfn I7 Hislnu tf erjtfrjlb

Khbu`heturjbm vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc 9,583 8?9 5.69% 88.8:% ―89.?6% 80.0=%Ufrvjefs vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc 9,980 8?: 1.83% 6.?3% ―5.63% 8?.:1%

MBJ pfr ehpjth 5,613 8=9 9.6?% 0.35% ―0.3:% 8?.?:%

Mrlss prjvhtf shvjbm rhtjl 8,6:5 =8 90.=3% 69.81% 8?.1=% 08.8:%

Mrlss ehpjthn `lrkhtjlb 9,6:1 :8 9?.:3% 86.15% :.80% 1?.65%

Q@_ 8,:51 =9 ?.3? ?.68 ?.1? 8.93

Cukhb ehpjthn jbafx 9,901 36 9.55 ?.10 8.60 5.?6

Yunf l` nhw 9,0?= 88: 0 =.58 ―: 8?

MBJ ; mrlss bhtjlbhn jbelkf4 Q@_ ; tlthn ̀ hetlr prlauetjvjty.

Qhinf H8.97 Elrrfnhtjlbs l` Mrlwtc Aftfrkjbhbts hba Ufetlrhn Afvfnlpkfbt

Uhvjbms Q@_ Ufrvjefs

Elrr.Elf``

Yhbd Elrr.Elf``

Elrr.Elf``

Yhbd Elrr.Elf``

Elrr.Elf``

Yhbd Elrr.Elf``

_hbfn H7 Yfnhtjvf erjtfrjlb

Hbbuhn ?.181?*** ?.98=8*** ?.?301*** ?.?:65*** ?.55:8*** ?.193=***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Elubtry hvfrhmfs ?.8018*** ?.9035** ?.?38=*** ?.85:0*** ?.1=58*** ?.6565***

(?.???) (?.?90) (?.???) (?.??:) (?.???) (?.???)

_hbfn I7 Hislnutf erjtfrjlb

Hbbuhn ?.1?=5*** ?.8:55*** ?.8983*** ?.8168*** ?.95:0*** ?.19:0***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Elubtry hvfrhmfs ?.8138*** ?.95=5** ?.?381*** ?.?385*** ?.1:83*** ?.058?***

(?.???) (?.?59) (?.???) (?.??8) (?.???) (?.???)Q@_ ; tlthn `hetlr prlauetjvjty.

Bltfs7 ***, **, * afbltf sthtjstjehn sjmbj`jehbef ht 8%, 6%, hba 8?%, rfspfetjvfny. Ehneunhtfa p-vhnufs hrf sclwbjb phrfbtcfsfs.

96


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Qhinf H8.57 Nlbm-Yub Mrhbmfr Ehushnjty7 Hbbuhn Ahth wjtc LNU Fstjkhtlr

Khbu`heturjbm Yfvfrsf Ehushnjty

Uhvjbms Q@_ Ufrvjefs Uhvjbms Q@_ Ufrvjefs

Uuk ?.80:*** ?.?:?** ?.8:5*** ―?.?8= ―?.??6 ―?.?9=

(?.??9) (?.?10) (?.???) (?.0:3) (?.01=) (?.=63)

Nlbm-rub ?.086*** ?.:?1** ?.983*** ―?.?81 ―?.??0 ―?.?5?***

(?.?8?) (?.?1?) (?.???) (?.9?6) (?.511) (?.??6)

# l` Lis 8,?:9 8,91? 8,08= 8,?:9 8,91? 8,080

# l` Felblkjfs 01 1: 06 01 1: 06

LNU ; lrajbhry nfhst squhrf4 Q@_ ; tlthn ̀ hetlr prlauetjvjty.


Qhinf H8.17 Khbu`heturjbm Afvfnlpkfbt hba Mrlwtc Aftfrkjbhbts7

Erlss-Ufetjlbhn Yfmrfssjlbs

Uhvjbms Q@_ Ufrvjefs

Jbjtjhn afpfbafbt vhrjhinf ?.69*** ?.69*** ?.86***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Jbjtjhn khbu`heturjbm schrf ―?.69*** ―?.=5*** ?.?6

(?.??6) (?.???) (?.9=5)

KHBPHM] 8.80*** ?.15*** ?.50***

(?.??1) (?.???) (?.???)

Elbsthbt 8=.3:*** 1?.:3*** ?.3=

(?.??8) (?.???) (?.900)

# l` Lis 05 6= 1=

Hag, Y

?.6: ?.53 ?.06

KHBPHM] ; vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf l` khbu`heturjbm4 Q@_ ; tlthn ̀ hetlr prlauetjvjty.


90


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Qhinf H8.67 Khbu`heturjbm Afvfnlpkfbt hba Mrlwtc Aftfrkjbhbts7_hbfn Yfmrfssjlbs

Uhvjbms

(8) (9) (5) (1)

KHBPHM] ?.?:*** ?.8?*** ?.?:*** ?.?:***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Afp, 8st nhm ?.0:*** ?.05*** ?.0?*** ?.0?***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Afp, 9b

nhm ?.?6* ?.?=** ?.?=**

(?.?6?) (?.?16) (?.?90)

Afp, 5r

nhm ―?.?8 ―?.?5

(?.099) (?.5=3)

Afp, 1tc nhm ?.?=***

(?.?8?)

MBJ peh, 8s nhm ?.89 ?.10 ?.01 ?.68(?.591) (?.9:9) (?.868) (?.956)

MBJ peh, 9b

nhm ―?.50 ―?.8: ―?.10

(?.18=) (?.==:) (?.133)

MBJ peh, 5ra

nhm ―?.58 ?.6=

(?.6??) (?.5:1)

MBJ peh, 1 nhm ―?.00

(?.811)

Elbsthbt 5.30 6.50 3.59** 0.9:

(?.680) (?.9??) (?.?1=) (?.88=)

Lis 8,113 8,536 8,599 8,96: Hag. Y

?.69 ?.68 ?.1= ?.6?

Vbjt rllt tfst (?.??) (?.??) (?.??) (?.??)

Q@_

(6) (0) (=) (3)

KHBPHM] ?.88*** ?.89*** ?.85*** ?.86***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Afp, 8s nhm ?.:9*** ?.:1*** ?.:5*** ?.:8***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Afp, 9b

nhm ―?.?1 ?.?1 ?.?1

(?.9?5) (?.553) (?.9=8)

Afp, 5ra

nhm ―?.?=*** ?.?8

(?.??:) (?.=68)

Afp, 1 nhm ―?.?3***

(?.??5)

MBJ peh, 8st nhm ?.?0 9.:0*** 9.5:*** 9.9:***

(?.001) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

elbtjbufa lb bfxt phmf

9=


30/44


Qhinf H8.6 elbtjbufa

Q@_

(6) (0) (=) (3)

MBJ peh, 9b

nhm ―9.33*** ―8.6=* ―8.06*

(?.???) (?.?=5) (?.?05)

MBJ peh, 5r

nhm ―?.0: ―?.=9

(?.989) (?.198)

MBJ peh, 1tc nhm ?.9:

(?.08:)

Elbsthbt 6.68** =.93*** 6.6=** 88.59***

(?.?1?) (?.??1) (?.?56) (?.???)

Lis 8,65: 8,6?6 8,10: 8,155

Hag. Y9

?.33 ?.33 ?.33 ?.33

Vbjt rllt tfst (?.??) (?.??) (?.??) (?.??)

Ufrvjefs

(:) (8?) (88) (89)

KHBPHM] ?.89*** ?.89*** ?.89*** ?.81***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Afp, 8st nhm ?.80*** ?.88*** ?.8?*** ?.8?***

(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Afp, 9b

nhm ?.?1* ?.?9 ?.?9

(?.?35) (?.553) (?.15=)

Afp, 5r

nhm ?.?1 ?.?9

(?.8?9) (?.509)

Afp, 1tc

nhm ?.?5(?.88:)

MBJ peh, 8s nhm ―?.8:*** 8.1:*** 8.55*** 8.9=***

(?.??=) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

MBJ peh, 9b

nhm ―8.=9*** ―8.?9** ―8.?0**

(?.???) (?.?18) (?.?59)

MBJ peh, 5ra

nhm ―?.08* ?.?3

(?.?=?) (?.3=6)

MBJ peh, 1 nhm ―?.05*

(?.?6:)

Elbsthbt =.86 9.0= 9.06 6.58

(?.89?) (?.666) (?.66=) (?.958)

Lis 8,:13 8,33? 8,385 8,=1=

Hag. Y

?.85 ?.80 ?.86 ?.8=

Vbjt rllt tfst (?.??) (?.??) (?.??) (?.??)

MBJ peh ; mrlss bhtjlbhn jbelkf pfr ehpjth4 KHBPHM] ; vhnuf-haafa mrlwtc rhtf l` khbu`heturjbm4 Q@_ ; tlthn`hetlr prlauetjvjty.


93


31/44


Qhinf H8.07 Khbu`hetur jbm Afvfnlpkfbt, Cukhb Ehpjthn, hba Yunf l` Nhw

Uhvjbms Q@_

(8) (9) (5) (1)

KHB_E*CEJ 9.83*** ?.81*

(?.??9) (?.?=8)KHB_E*YLN ?.?8*** ??.??0=**(?.??=) (?.?91)

Afp, 8s nhm ?.39*** ?.03*** ?.:9*** ?.:5***(?.???) (?.???) (?.???) (?.???)

Afp, 9b nhm ―?.56* ―?.?5 ?.?90 ?.??80(?.?30) (?.5=5) (?.1:0) (?.:0=)

Afp, 5r nhm ?.5:* ―?.??9 ?.?55 ?.?95(?.?=?) (?.:06) (?.5:5) (?.601)

Afp, 1 nhm ―?.8: ?.?6* ―?.8?*** ―?.?=:***(?.968) (?.?39) (?.???) (?.??3)

MBJ peh, 8s nhm 5=.66*** ―?.58 5.59*** 9.10***(?.???) (?.668) (?.???) (?.???)

MBJ peh, 9ba nhm ―16.10*** ?.8: ―5.88*** ―8.35*

(?.???) (?.39?) (?.???) (?.?6?)MBJ peh, 5ra nhm ―5.83 ?.0? ―?.=8 ―?.3=

(?.108) (?.1=:) (?.15=) (?.565)MBJ peh, 1tc nhm 85.53*** ―?.=? ?.06 ?.9:

(?.???) (?.9?:) (?.90:) (?.051)Elbsthbt ―:5.68** =.56** 91.0:*** 81.8:***

(?.?8:) (?.?18) (?.???) (?.???)Lis 36= :18 8,110 8,558 Hag. Y9 ?.53 ?.69 ?.:6 ?.:?Vbjt rllt tfst (?.??) (?.??) (?.??) (?.??)

Ufrvjefs MBJ pfr ehpjth

(6) (0) (=) (3)

KHB_E*CEJ ?.90*** ?.??69***

manufacturing as the key engine of economic growth for middle-income economies

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