manual engleza anu i zootehie

8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie

1/34

18

suffix

-ise

sadness,

-ncss is

-ist is

-ist |a

-c rAor

-


2/34

tngbih

2 9 f o u n d

1

1

arc

3 5h e

4

1

$ 1

8 $ 1

privatised*

5h i s f i rm ha - (

5 &e r only faul t is

6 5h e Cl u b r e f us e s t o a d m it a n yo n e n o t ! e a ri n s h o e s$ 5 h e Cl u b

: o s t o f h i s

sentences$ /se

6 a type!riter 4 a C ; p l a y e r

8$ \ht

t he re i n y our l i s t

8$ = 9 $ is l

8$ > f a c h

p e r s on t o ! h o m

5h e t h i n t h $ i t

d i c t i ona ry ( i ry

9 * s c

l , o a n y o f t he

the -trl-ar, -ee and 4H

Exercises

suff ixes to ma+e die

l o o + i n

Example: A pe rs on !h o p l a y s j a ? ?

! i p e s r a m

6 A p e r s o n

5 A pe rs on !h o t a +e s pro f e s s i ona l phot ora phs $

A A person !ho acts in

2 5h e p e r so n t o ! h o m a c h e @ u e

A ma c h i ne f or ! a s h i n d i s he s $

7 A person who dona t e s i hc i r

a letter i s

pi c t ure i s o f a n ob j e c t e nd i n i n -er.

s ix j obs y ou ! oul d l i +e t o ha v e i n orde r o f p re f e re nc e $ & o !

o h n a m e s n ot h a 3 c

these !ord s mean a thin(

a c o o + e r 5 a t ic+et- holde r 2

4

8 $ C o m p e t e e a ch o f t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s b y c h a n i n t h e ! o r d s u n d e r l i n e d i n

a suff ix f rom the le f t -hand pae and m a +e

c r i m e s c a n b e f o r iv e n$

re fuses 9

anyone not !earin sht ics

that she i s

produc e d a

recent years

the ho o+ very easy and pleasant to$ r f f j j $

8$ B Ca n y ou t h in+ o f a ny t h i n i n y our c ount ry ! hi c h s houl d benationalisedstandardised, modernised,

8$ )hic h !ord is

1 b r o t h e r h o o d n e i h b o u r h o o d m a n h o o d p r i e s th o o d

6 tearful spi te ful d readful hand ful

D a p po i n t m e nt i nvo l vement c o m p l i m e n t ar ranement

! ors h i p + i ns h i p f r i e nds h i p pa r t ne rs h i p

Vocobuhr

i


3/34

mb way

ex-wrte

man

two.

of

Mere

il-

I When

Prefixes art-

Prefixes

often used ro gin

cirnifortahleAincomfttrtablc.Other examples are 'unjust', 'inedible*,

knoing hich prefix an! adjecti"e ill use

you k*m

# in- becomes im-

impartial,

before .$ ord beginning ith

illiterate.

# %he prefix in- &and its "ariations docs not ala!s ha"e .$ negati"e meaning - often

gi"es the idea

%he prefixes un- and dis- can also form the opposite*

appear(disappear.

more examples) disagree,

dispro"e,

are examples of other prefixes in

h!phen. heck in

anti-war antisocial

or by onese

twiceformer

out o

autograph auto-pilot autobiography

bicycle bilateral bunnual

ex-smoker ex-bou

extract exhale excommurncate

mKro-castette

/

too much

after

before

in favour of

false

again or backhalf

under

not enough

overdo overtired oversleep overeat

postwar postgraduate post-impressionist

preconceived pre-war pre-udge

pro-government

pseuoo-sciemific

submarine subdivisionunderworked underused undercooke

Knowing aboui

!" #nffan

disappro"e,

'dislo!al'.

disbelie"e,

dis+ualif!, unbend,

bctorc

%.

$dftcrivci

nfortunatel!,

.$ root beginning ith'm'

improbable. imilarl!

e.g. irreplaceable,

of inside or into. e.g. internal,

disconnect,

undo, undress, unfold, unload,

a new *d%&'uv*

or 'p

in-

a negati"e

con"enient(incon"enientthere is

note down

e.g. immature,

becomes ir-

irre"ersible,

import,

of "erbs,

%hese prefixes are used to re"erse the action of the

discredit,

unlock,

laigiish.

pseudo-intellectual

retype reread replace rewind

semicircular semi

Vocobutor,

or .in

whether it h u in

illegal,

insert,

dislike,

un"eil,

m

opposite meaning.(otand similar(dissimilar are oppos

no eas! a!

to torm its opposite.

opposite formed with a prefix an

impatient,

before a ord beginning ith

illegible,

income.

e.g. tic(untie,

"erb. Mere

dismoun

unrap,

ome of these ords are used ith a

a dictionar! if !ou're not sure.

anubtoue

b-)ngual

microwave microscopicmisunderstand mistranslate misinform

monotonous monologue monogamous

multi-national multi-purpose multi-media

pro-revolutionary

-final semi-detached

#nglish prefixes can helpyou to understand the meaning o unfamiliar word

)se %)ppef-&ferme*me

exam

vo. what itk>

/,it

arc so

u

prefix mantag exomplr s

anti

auto

bi

m

exmicro

mis

mono

molti

over

post

+*$&

propseudo

re

semi

sub$ do

against

,

f

small

badly wrongly

oe.nngtc

d

s

f


4/34

.of*/

5

0

I 1he

0

2 3 3 kind

n ,is

4

2

I

5 . 2

6

0

Vocobulary

6ollow-up0 6ind

,e made so many mistakes in

7 8hes still on good terms with

9 ,e dated

3ost people say they have

Example: ,es

1.2 )sing the table opposite construct words or phrases 2"

7 ,ow does a passenger aeroplane normally

What kind

1.3 :nswer the following ;uestions.

ph on e was be ca use he di dn t pa y hi s

It look the removal men an hour . ..< hristinas

Example: I

1.4 )se ihe

7 .K66.

going to be hard to his story. +(LM# ?

Nueen the new statue. +M6.IO?

our things +mm the van. +O :P?

last bill.

answers are all 222

of oven cooks things particularly fastF

of drug can help somebody with an infectionF

4 What kind of company has branches in

$

4 What is a student who is studying for a second degreeF

fC

replace the underlined words.

favour of the :merican approach. .

QQ> tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly.

work too

che;ue wiih

be he r hu sb and .

the letter that he

prefix in

)se +)ppeRerme:Kei

fair in

Sot .ill

6,es very*

always find her

greiy

poin t. 5 Im sure shes hyaT

-

giving iiidgcment.

What word means underground railway* in the )8 and underground passage

hard hi l

$ date thai

> opposite )w

hul

for

after a

m a n y

222

m

A

the words you

manH .@,3Q3O

efficient.

responsible.

our help.

to the firm.

4 8hes always obedie nt. 2" ,es a ttdeani person.

means unable to read or w rite.

not favouring one

the sentences. :dd the necessary pref ix and put th e

bl oo d te st . +N):OI6U?

I>SSK>1

the table opposite.

countriesF

the )K

IksRQ-:- raowv.

i f f . Wf@

later ih.in

had to write i t again.

dKlioniry

need .ire on die left-.

.

side.

?

?

.

IW l ink-

the real date-

if necesur y

!2


5/34

f ngbth

advertise

depor

1l,

I his

8he

7 P89.88 %

@apan

,o w

Ihc

hack

I

11c

sonic of ihc

1he government have

tr ied the

po li ce su sp ec te d he

3any words in

8oots

Knglish

fairly formal in

ringhsh

seeH looUou should respect your parent* / the bws of a countryH

was guilty hut they had no proofH

3any pioneers travelled west in

new make of cotlce

%

3issionaries went to :frica to convert people to >hristianityH

royal scandal diverted

are you going to transport your things to tlic

Qritain imports cotton and exports wool. %huys

8he was educated at a very small private schoolH

,e conducted ihc

pr od uc es a lo t of el ec tr on ic e; ui pmen t. %n ukes %

pres sH pu sh

was impressed by his

weather depresses me.

8he always expresses hcrscll

meeting has been postponed until next weekH1he king was deposed by his

imposed a si/eable

1he examples above are of verbs only. Sote that for all the verbs listedH

least one noun and at least one adective as well. ,ere arc

person noun

:bstract noun

inspector

advertiser3upcctme

advertising

inspection

advertisement

tintroduce

oppress

compose

deporteeintroducer

oppressor

composer

deponedintroductory

oppressive

composite

deportationintroduction

oppression compos

Vocobuhrf

ar c formed

tax increaseH

t r o m O m n

hut I

very

roots. 1hese

+had a

soon reverted to inv

.ittention

8tatesF

orchestra with

%makes

articulately. %pnts

Vchanged

+put

tr.-rn tin-

sonic

m )ie

words arc often considcrc

Knglish. ,ere are some examples of the more common I

words derived from them

+look up to%

feeling?

:merica to prospect for gold. %*carch

old favourite brandH

+change belictsl

po li ti ca l cr is is . %t oo k ane nti on

%scnd across

in. sells out%ur opinions arc supponcd by a considerable amount of research. %hed up

+went to school

great vigour. %led %

presen ta tion . %f u l l of ad mi ra tion an d re sp ec tT

me feel miserablc

her thoughts into words?

to a later datc%own son. %put off the throne%

into forceT

there is usuall

examples.

+)ppcf-miefmedREe

aim ro ots H w

.

ts m %

%

MI , I turn

+wc

a w a

arrvHI,KI

leadIK & . I K t 1

%

l

placeH p u ttx*stH IEI3

verb od/ectft r

inspect H

i-on

?


6/34

'or)i

example pnnse o3

9

= 9

1

de" do(n,

intro" (ithin,

9

5he

3

end1I$>

18$1

Vxobu)u

Jollo!-up"J3#K

support put off opp &e al!ays seems to oppose everythin 9

She*s a very

in(ard o$ ob"against in$ im"

I$= Can you !or+ out the meanins of the underlined !ords in the sentences

belo! 5o help

MM-NNNNNNNNNNN-NN

B 5he ne!-

tax N

:ay 9

5he maa?ine seems to have nothin in

reimes$ 0P6SS,

> &e !as Q

1 5he dictators behaviour

Jill in the n$ips

presented in

Complete

3F

clo!

it but N$

in 0he

E$

Exercises

as much as possible til

/se a dictionary to help you if necessary

person noon

sentences belo! usin !ords based on the root in brac+ets at theof the sentence

is typical of that of leaders of NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

from the

for cosmetics$ 0V6#5

you to the manain director 09F/C

decided 9

ta+e-a!ay pi??a place has a

offer$ 0;/C,

Eefore you buy a ne! house be

8 5chai+ovs+y NG

some !onderful ballet music$ 0OS6

you$ here are the meanins of the main Ratin prefixes"

in. into re.

rom ex"out sub"under trans"across

introspective person and her husband*s also very uuroverted

suest$

healthy to repress one*s emotions too much$

4 erhaps you can deduce !hat the !ord means from the !ay it

She tried hard to suppress a lauh$ She transposed

are some !ords based on Ratin roots and their t!o part verb e@uivalents$ :atch

each !ord !ith its synonym(

loo+ at cut do!n deposit hold up

postpone turn a!ay inspect o aainst divert reduce put do!n

three other !ords

sentence fcr each one

/se i/pp3c3.em2ed!teK

based on each I3

/SA for havin

the roots teed 32

!hich

the table !ith other forms of some

political

a fored passport$ 0OP5,

o!ed a lot of money$ 0S6C5

very ood

sure to

it thorouhly$ 0S#C5

again, hac)

is formed$

the music for the flute$

in each pair is more formal

A opposite )rite an

of the !ords

$

+trt & abstract n

convert

produce

conduct

impreii

convert

produce

conduct

impreii

convert

produce

conduct

impreii

convert

produce

conduct

impreii

convert

produce

conduct

impreii

convert

produce

conduct

impreii

lupportlupportlupportlupportlupportlupport

9mpose9mpose9mpose9mpose9mpose9mpose

$

,

,

l

,

,

$

>=


7/34

Lnjinh

:ootH it down m

it

.

1he

adust

I lere

-mentH

-ncss

8ulfixcs

Uou will

your vocabulary book wtth

,ere are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes.apprenticeship

com

1he suffix -ih

Oess common suffixes that

and ity.

>ertain suffixes are used

can touch. 6or exampleH

:n $3)38

th*

Abstract nouns

noun represents .in

happinessH

and trousers are not.

are letters added to the end of words to nuke

fre;uently

1he suffix -ion sometimes becomes -lion.

and -ion. are usually used to make

1he suffixes -ncss and -iiy

are some

achievementaggressiveness

mentamaement

collection

combinationattractiveness

bitte rne ss

anonymity-

complexit

discouragementimprovement

investment

replacement

retirement

illusionimagination

produc tion

recognition

reduction

carelessnessconst

friendliness

tenderness

ugliness

curiosity

generosity

hostility

prospe ri ty

sensitivity

form abstract nouns are -shipH

suffixes -ship

is added to an adective

with cither

membershipownership

pa rtne rshi p

relationship

bo re dom

freedom

kingdo

adulthood

br ot her ho od

childhood

moihcrh'*C

3any abstract nouns do not use any suffi

all. ,ere are some examplesH

belieffear

principle

sight

new adective. find

ad%&>)v*.for

find more examples of the use of suffixes in )nits 8 and 2 " and of abstractin )nits X7

Mbco3ory

id e H experience or ;uality

intention and shock -ire

-dom. -th

d

neighbourhood

I

exampleH

in

-sion. -aiion

warmH

m Utr

rather than an obect that

abstract nouns but pen.

new words .

abstract nouns. 1he most common are -ment

or -itinn

verbs into abstract nouns.

are added to adectivesH

examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes

and -hood

to form an abstract noun and -dom can comb

a noun or an adective.

m

martyrdom

stardom

wisdom wo?manhoo

warmth +abstrac

and 3

fljpptt-murmeiouf

$

$

.

.

action absurdity

y

tousncs s

.

and -hood arc usually added to other nouns to form abstract nouns

pan ionsh ip

breadth

depth

length

strength

warmthwidth d

angerfaith

luck

sense

calm

humour

rage

speed

out if hai Y

chance

idea

reason

thought

rvoun?.

.


8/34

'3)$

. 1 $2

=

1>

11

1>

1I

1=

1

1 $>

1

9 D !in 9

! li$it is the

Exercises

abstract noun related to each of the

formed in

tender riv excited

= +ind scai

amusedB raceful

attentive19happy

11

e@ual 1 hopeful

DD hich

tTA:9t

collection intensity action

> emptiness strenth 8 excitenu-n o!nership 11

= satisfaction B boredom adjustment

On the opposite pae(follo!in nouns$

tTA:4f

1 astonishment 0-mem,

> in@uisittvcncss / lameH vision 0no suffix,

1I

fraternity 0-hood,

possibility 0no suffix,decrease 0-lion,

T community 9-hood

fury 0no suffix,

!ealth 0-ity,

$ Complete each of the @uotations !ith one of the !ords in

imitation advice injustice +indom daritnes

1 *Eetter to liht a candle than to curse the

> *;o not as+ of the inorant$

*better to suffer than to commit it$

* is

*9t*s easy to overn a

)rite your o!n @uotations to describe the follo! in abstract nouns$

sayin in your o!n lanuae that you could translate into #nlish

1 freedom > love = life

Jollo!-up" Jind

Vocabularm

!ays

find

described

a synonym

on the opposite pae

!ith the

follo!in adjectives$*

althouh not $ill

suffix in brac+ets(

the sincercst

All the

verb3

it lean one more noun usin each o3

Rft3

nouns arc

arc listed opposite$

oriinal

8 stupid

popular

arc related to these abstract nouns

arument OUK

H production

resentful

9f3

imaination

for each of the

animosity 0-ity,

substitution 0-mcnt

liberty l-dom

*

form of flattery$*

but difficult

to rule one*s family$*

erhaps you +no! a

curiosity imainatio

the suffinei

f/pOf-Tfrneox#c,

. . $ i

11$5

u

re 1> !ea+

R

i

aisc

hefl:lj

,

l-ity, l-dom,

,

,

the bo

i

*

*

n

3i E and C

>


9/34

sentence

1h i s

1 h a t

hc a ncd % kmd %

shin H

h ipped.

hiiCc eyed.

22

,ere is

it

descnbmg

e x a mp l e H

iwo-faced

3elissa was absent-minded

w e l l -d re sse d H

someone or

Ahypocritical % H

ompound adjecti"es

: c o m p o u n d ad e c ti v e

ne ve r -e nd ing . i nd

c o m b i n e s . 1 h e s e c o n d p ar t o f t h e a d e c t i v e i s f r e ; u e n t l y a p re se nt o r p a s t

: large

a r a t h e r f a r - f e t c h ed d es c r i p t i o n o f

compound

1'nn was a curly-hairedH

rosy-cheekedH

hyphen before

a noun but notafter

br oad -s ho ul der ed H

long-legged. I 3 , S

young ma n .

bran d-ne w. ti gh t-fi t t ing ea ns

and open-toed sandals.

well known

t h er c o m p o u n d ad i c c t i u - s

% fo rge t fu l % .

and ;uick-wit ted % imel l igcni %

tc l f -eenired

: no th e r spe c i a l g r oup o f c ompou n d a d e ct ive s ha s a p re pos i t i o n in it s

1 h e w or k er s

n ce t h e re w e r e

s tude n t s pa re n t s a re ve ry w e l l -o f f bu t t he y don t g ive hi m

a l w a y s c o m p l a i n i n g o f b e i n g h ar d - u p .

I

a re a w a s o r u c

, e r e a r e s o me o t h e r c o m po u n d

a i r - c on d i t i o n e d r o o m s b u l l e t- p r o o f w i n d o w s o n th e p r e s i d en t s c a r

c u t - p r i c e g o o d s i n

in t e res t - f r ee c re d it l a s t -minu te r e v i s ion fo r

r e m o t e - c o nt r o l l e d t o y c a r s e c on d - c la s s t i c ke t s o - c a l l e d e x p e r t s u g a r - f r e e d i e

t i m e - c o n s u m i n g w r i t i n g o f r e p or t s l o p - s e cr e t

U o u c a n v a r y t h e c o m p o u n d a d e c ti v e s l i s t e d b y c h a n g i n g o n e

c u r ly - h ai r e d H

f i r s t - c l a ss + t i c ke t ?

W he n yo u

something you knowH

second-hand

!X #nffaft

% cgousik .a l %

i s ma de up o f tw o pa r t s . I t i s u sua l ly w r i t t e n w i th

s h o c k i n g - p i n k . I ts m e a n i n g i s

a noun

+e.g. a

de sc r ibe

easy-going Arelaxed?H

and stuck-up %vnohbish

d e c l a r a t i o n o f a n a l l - ou t

f i e ld s he re bu t now i t s

l o ve t h e s e s h o e s a n d . a l t h o u gh t h c C r e

p rosp er ous bu t it

a d e ct ive s wi t h

l o ng - ha i re d H

come across a compound ad%e'liv*

for example. 3ara b

car. (ersonating

Voco!ory

3 i r i n g a n

t h e v i l e s

the words in this way will

m "#t

a h v p h e n

u s u al l y c l ea r f r o m t h e

n u m b e r o f c o m p o u n d a d e c t i v e s d e s c r ib e p e r s o n a l a p p e a r a n c e .

a p e r s on st a r t i ng fr o m t h e h e a d d o wn .

well-

known $-ngf

sun - t a nne d H

thin-lippedH

l e f t -ha nde d H

ope n -ne c ke d

a pe r son s c ha ra c t e r

good-tempered % chcerful %.

l c o l lo;uu l ? %

s e c o n d p a r t .s t r i k e f o r c e d

a t o t al l y b u i lt - u p a r e a

m u c h m o n e y

w o r n - o u t . I c a n t t h r o w t h e m

n o w l o o k s v e r y r u n - d o w n .

t y p i c a l n o u n s .

d u ty - f re e c i ga r et t es h a n d - n u d e

a n e x a m l o ng - di s ta n c e l o r r y d r i v e

l o n g - s t an d i n g r e l a t i on s h i p o f f - p e a k t r a i n t r a v e l p a n - t i m e i o b

i n f o r m a ti o n w o r ld - f am o u s f i l

p a n o f t he a d e c t i ve H

r e d - ha i r ed a n d s t r a i g h t - h a i r e d Y

a n d fi r s t - b o r n + c h i l d ? .

that you want to learnH

curly-haired. ur

help you to learn them.

%Uppet-ixtmxxnt

p r t i c i p

S1 #

but 1hai linger

?

slun-

.

w a

i fpe rhap s a li tt le bi g- he ad ed Ip to ud of he rsc lf l

a t

Ocam a n a ge m e n t t o i m p r o v e c o n d

.

an

a w a y .

c l o t h e s

f i r s t - ha n d + k n o w

w r i t e & dow n & ap h r a t

&


10/34

n*sh

2 ! . D

X

7

2

2 ! - X

2 ! - 4

@

2

tW3 S I

clement as

2 ! . 7

2 ! - 9 I

2 ! . !

dull

2 ! - 2

I

! 1he two cars were involved in a head-

8hes done

Would

Isnt she rather

Is he working

:nswer the ;uestions by

ist as many compound adectivesH

(ut the words in # opposite into any

6ill the blanks with the words from the

the

Exerci'e'

box to fo rm ne w

dictionary if necessary.

bald brigh

fir*

hot hin

0 /nited0ations

stress falls on

the lut.' Erime

E :emberofe g She wor&sfor the =.A

heard .t on theFF

three cases,

pronounced as indiidual letters"numbers

=. A (>SA Ml*

Some abbreiations arc

0orth Atlantic


18/34

dngfcsn

1

1

11

1

on

2 Otp 1299

1B$

=) 0eit

:ay 9 remind you that

.

.

6I$ @air

l

. 4$1

acronyms(

Jollo!-up" Chee+

B$S (

N)plain1-

purchase(

>B8=, 4E

ai ne! tab e@uipnient

:emo from7

1 FSc 6 F. 5 r T e) t$

B$> UU hai

Borchridgc

ister A$

Hhat things in

or$ K

i e$ !3!i

ne! 3ems

thou&

=fcoa

thcUc

!hether the dictionary

must be nothod

:r Pichard &eod

6 s

0:;,

E$ cldmm

Exercises

addresses arc normall! ahhrc

$1 0$

lat number 2 care

=rescent 4$

Ercsion

do these ahhrc

according to groups

2 =O 4 a

4$5 '


19/34

sno!

+cypal7

lun+

jusi 0o r

=B ngt"Bh

individuals havin their o!n des+s,

!ailpcrson"

hot-des+in"

do!n-si?in" reducin the sic

politicians or other public fiures

dcclulterin7

danerous

road rae"

docusoap" a television enre sho!in people oin about their ordinary live3

cvbercafe"

had hair day" a day !hen everythin oes !ron and you feel

drop-dead

video joc+ey 0VK,7

!heels in

cope !ith

information fatiue syndrome" 9

e-commercc"

surfin the net "

a + ind

e-mail" unsolicited material(

cyberspace" the realm !here electronic data are sorted or transmitted

!ords and expressions and ne!

fun `Fr usually because somethin

4o lanuae stands

t i n -

uses of

ne! i s

4e! !ords in 6nlish

still $ 4e!

invented$ Eelo! are some

old !ords$ 4ote that all these ne! !ords hbeen in use for at least a fe! years before the publication of this hoo+$

Science( technoloy and medicine

b y c o m p u te r

such as adverts( sent by

of penfnend

explorin the !orld-!ide !e

business based on the 9nternet

mouse potato" someone !ho spends a lot of time in front of a computer(

condition of psycholoical stress induced by tryin

too much information

eatin disorder" a venous disturbance i n

6ntertainment

hoardin" lidin on sno!

upriht on a lare sinle s+i

in -line s+atin" roller-s+atin

or roller-bladin

a straiht line

a 5V presenter

ofmusic videos

audio boo+" an audio recordin of a boo+ read aloud - sometimes i n

oreous" inspirin admiration for someone*v

unattractive

Social trends

cafe !here customers can eat and drin+ and also

extreme aner experienced by drivers in stressful conditions( resultin i

drivi n or attac+s on other drivers

sinleton" an unmarried man or ! oma n

span

art of discardin unnecessary items

off-messae" depa rtin from the official party line

rey

6mployment

of a company or oranis$ition$

the practice of sharin des+s or !or+stations bet!een !or+ers 0rather

!aiter or !aitress

Vocobuloy

eatin habits ottcn

doctor" someone !hose job it is 1I

caused bv

manipulate popular opinion in

! o r d s

vote(

m / 4

and expression3 are al!ays bein created(

relatively

that you exchane e-mails !ith rather than letters

especial[, I p h o n e t i c s y m b o l 3

is not real ly necessar y to learn

pron oun c e d $ Vo! e ls a rc i mpo r t a nt bee $

ma ny d i f f e re nt ! a y s "

i$ $ $ $ e met c

* s or rv % o m lose (

Z & 9 U / "

U

$" $


22/34

fngfish

X

2

2[ .X

2

I

8

D I w ish I

ft

t

2

I

2

2

2 [ .2

down with th&*

pronouncing Uou m-ht

6ollow-up0 :re there

ph ot og ra ph ph ot og ra ph y ph ot og ra ph er ph ot og ra ph ic al ly

! telephone telephonist

9 oology oologist oologica

! k a i x 3r a d

mssal

[.4 Write

Pespite the disgraceful v


23/34

Anv m with

$ckle. -gglc.

gash +.2 l on g deep

so

-ash

tiny

mouth?H

cl-

gr- ai

It the

7" #ngfaft

;uick short twistings?.

e.g. trickle

andviolentH

+come out in

drops either by the wind

knocking together?.

when metal obiects

metallic noiseH

at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/or metallicH e.g. click

+make a short sharp souiid%.

or people expressing disagreement or boredom%H

%make .2

the Ivcginning

peep pi0p

usually signifies a longerH

sound. If it

vowel sound in

examples

aQfeltoptk

clang

i s

Onomatopoeic ords

words .ire

arc verbs relating to the

an onomatopoeic word is

long +indicated in

slower sound. >ompare pip pip

which is

>ertain combinations of letters have particular sound associations in

of a word can suggest

deep sound forced out by pain

tempered way?H

growl Vmake a

%make a loud ringing noise% H

not as loud as a clang?H

strike togetherTH clink Amake the sound of small bits

,orses go clip-clop

splutter +make a seties

or some instrumentTH

a sudden burstT.

what the beginning of a word often suggests the movement of airH e.g. whistle %a high-

pi tche d no ise made by +orc in g

piec e of rope or leather or to hi t wi th

at the end of a word can suggest something fast

e.g. smash Abreak violently intosmall piecesTH dash Amow

as to break or inureH

cut or wound?.

or /le

%to +low in

sile %in.ikc

in fat?H drile +smallH

Mbeobutory

air or steam through a small openingl. whirr +sound likea birds wings moving rapidly?H whi +make the sound of something rushing through

air?H wheee

N33>

a thin

which seem

on the road.

sp- at the beginning of a word can have an association with

Ibreathe noisily especially with

stream or drops?H

ii sound like

clash %make a loudH

water or other li;uids or

po wdersH e. g. sp la sh +cau se a li;u id to fly ab out in drop s? H

a whistling sound in

crackle +make a scries

a hissing sound like

their

or be

meaning. 1he

noises which animals makeH

the International (honetic :lphabet by 0?

which is a

something unpleasant or miserableH

or despair%.

brokenH

spit +send

the chestTH

moved

violently?H crash Asuddenly strike

violent? and noisilyTH

of short crackingsounds%. tinkle Amake a succession ot light ringing soundsTH giggle %laugh

something

P5"3

shortH it

d e e p H

mash

t

lightly

n )sf

obvious

e.g. cows moo and

usually signifies a shortH sharp

then the word

short sound with

a long sound

Knglish

e.g. groan

grumble %complain

grumpy %bad-tempered%. grunt +make a low. rough sound like

threatening

clank %makc a dull

contused noise as

of metal or glass

li;uid out from ilie

of spitting sounds%H spray Vsend li;uid through the air in

sprinkle %scatter small drops?H

whip +long

one of these?.

ba sh +s tr ike heav il y

%makesoft or pulpy by beating or crushing?H

the end of a word can

suggest something light and repeatedH

%H wriggle

cooking

fine rainT

tUppt.-tnutme/#

horses

.

.

in a bad-

pigs do.

sound?.

spurt

.

&


24/34

N"ifHi

ip-

18$4

.

$ .

.

18$T

5

.

18$5

.

T

. .

. She

18$6 UU

eer

18$1

H)of)riar,

or wichollow-up#Coo& V

Eair

8$2 tt hai

T Spea& up$ Oon't mjiiubjc#couldn't concentrate on the pla! because of the rustle


25/34

FF F

P)

I


26/34

tnhh

l $ i

9

9

&e3s

B

9 here is

9

)rite

9; 9 ts

3

1

riavh

9

Vocobvbr

$$ $ >a

)hy is history-

)hat do you et if you cross a

part of each of these children*s jo+es !ith

&omophones and homoraphs arc at 0he root of many jo+es in Jnlish$

rcil

= *pric+iis

TA:R6>H$= )rite

8 ;on*t thro! a!ay that orane pi" l $

oin i3ru"

Ret*s pfit+lis

ou are not \.F\

G &e bro+e a pent

a hole in

) atchin 5V ame sho!s is

9TA:JR6

the !ord in phonetic script in the correct spellin

@uite hard to yrijid

!ound the rope around the tree to strenthen it

)hat a ro!7

B &e*s the lead

5he violinist in

ou so!

9t*s no use$

> 5he main house hli/SSS

5he irl 9

choose ihc

underlined

m 0ht

ihc

peil A t v3s ifjrf5 xt), dfv nDt !noZone

9 need it

9

0or

siner in the roup *RsjK

liye$ !ith

from the

6xercises

!ord rhyme

matchintc

+no!s a ood pub !ith

$1 collection of rare sumps(

9 can*t /AC

the seeds

the ho! tie

pipinZ-

last house in

S ;ocs he still suffer from his !ar !ound 0foundtuned

aainst 0he

in the sails in

the context$

really must do

such a !cisl

the s$nFl

of lass in the +itchen !indo!$

5he eldest son ot the monarch is

to tal+ durin the test$

our s!immin toether this

a rather difficult fci

for a recipe$

sentence usin both of the Dsords correspondinof !ry y

!ain

B brci+

:atch the first

second pan and then explain the play on

!ords involved in each$

sheep and a +anaroo l et*s play drauhts$

)hat did the south !ind say to the north !ind A drum ta+es a lot of heatin

)hy did the man ta+e his pencil to bed A !oolly jumper

the s!eetest lesson &e

Choose pairs of !ords from 0$* opposite to describe the pictures belo!(

=a

6#pxt%!0crmedotp,

!ilh$

-*xb

or sounds similar to(

this adet(

!hile 9 teed the so!$

the ro!

this !ind-

some more exercise

the e$ZF

a)oKj

one of 0he !ord3

liye$ music$

tool7 a butt-

ale(

or

t o

tit thef)

H +

in brac+ets7

0neivc

0mousebro!se,

0snoocjuice

0co!o

0no!so,

0headdeed,

0plouhthouh

0roundspooned9

0findtinned

9*ll never lose!el

of time$

of my shoe$

the throne

evenin$

at the moment$

phonetic scripl$of 33my$

sai

8 prei

!anted to dra! the curtains$

)hat*s the best birthday present Eecause it*s full of dates$

a

19 1

# # T

!ord$

,

,

l

,

l

,

l

$

l

*

2V=

> iiv

matt*1I rci

$

$

.h b

=


27/34

& E

I

I

I

:fter

I

'nippcm in

:s I was

While I

wrntcnY

1he city is

I was in

Ii

I

Qefore I

Qy the

last met him

1he new

Pinner will

met rolls

1he moment/the minute I

:s soon as weve

When Im rich

6ollowing my visit to Qei%ing.

,e fell ill

Puring d'n-s

Puring and throughout are different0

Puring the

and more precise than as or ust a v

Whenever I

8he was entering at the

saw her ust as she

driving to work. I

now called 1hatchers

the office from 0..$F.

was nice

had written to her prior 2"

Qefore going to work I

;G$to

lime I

in l`84 .

b e

I

war. I liscd in

svatch

saw

illc.

I was

retireH I

computers are arriving soon. 1ill

reads in

at Kens wedding. n that

saw his

pa ck ed we ca n le av eH

very time / the vers moment I

6ormerly it

to be in

Work I

svill

thenH

face I

w a s

ted ihe cat . %*

Menise.

% im e

One thing before another

clause0 K3

wrote some letters. %&

meeting the committee.

(reviously Id only been

would be

out earlier on. %beforc

+irahtown.

used when

%hings happening at the same time

waitedH I read the newspaper. %or. more formal0 While waitingH Iand readin g happen togetherR

an accident. %:s describes the background

the foreground. :s cannot be

was turning the corner. Iprecise

was leavingH

a sad film.

Publin. 1hroughout the warH

not specif?

be(innin(

One thing after another:fter I d locked up. I went to bed. %or. more formal0 :fter locking upY we do not usualls

having locked up ...*. which is very formal style.?6irst we went to theatre. 1hen / :fter thaiH

and was admitted to hospital. ,e died soon afterwards. %ln these two examples.

after thai

bo ught se ve ra l bo ok s ab ou t >hin a. %fai rl y

%ime hen

and famous. Ill buy a yacht. %lhm)t

+immediately after?nce weve finished we can go and have a coffeeH

knew I d met hintstaved in that hospital the time

occasion she was with

onnecting to perio' or e"ents

about an hour In the meantimeH

now and the mv,i%

well have to use

8ince then I

have worked here*f+

#r*W*wWory

rclav

to Koine. %fairly

and have

+ these

yearsH

formalH

two .ire

a different man.

a dr inkH

ont $ay.Qy the time

-ing

more

the nH fairly

I

bow

lo ibe tmi

wc

/y . When I

+less

+ tha t? I

I svill

& )se

typical?

form0 formal/written

%fornul/writtcil

inform.i

Qefore thatH

informal

+fairly formalH typically

something has changed ilv

read the waning

when something

immediately followed by -mn&

momentT

stronger

cry. +every time

food was rationed.

lon(within a period of t ime. 1hroughout means

of a period of time.

had a meal

and afterwards are interchangeable.T

fo rmal %

will be rich . . .

specific?

befo re.bro ke my leg.

+more formal

+between

the old ones.

havent seen him.

retire ...*

0Uppn-^ttrmaiote

styleT

stylc%

l

I . . . T

nameH s tate H e tc.?

?

from tin-

saC

.

%

%

%

H

i


28/34

Epghh

9t you

B

1

> 1 $ =

> 1 $ >

s-

1

> llcr

1 toI..

l.fV$

/ p !t j $ - ) fa!f rc : m 3 v

:on

>

fF

Vtxobuhrr

find any$ !rnc

there arc an

Jollo!-up" 5ry and

Eefore 9Once 9*ve finished my lanuae course$

9*m doin vocabulary

5hrouhou t my

5 h e m o m e n t 9

)hile 9 *m asleep$

5hin+ of thins that

:a+e more sentences !ith connectors you haven*t used(

N

she had said ctodbye

She !ent to the theatre in

mail !aitin for her$

she !as at 4ic+*s place on the

She !as

next trip alter ]laso! is on >th$ - - she

to oin to :anchester$ 9

f i l l in d ie

)

3tf

i33F

bbF

#mt

f)is

from ihc

n /se

et

! a + e u p $ 9$$N .G

9 h t h $

in

Kura

.!.)

f t 3 i c

U . (.3f$*

- 4m

a !hole icmence

!hich you

hold o* a ne! report m

o on holiday$ 99*ll -

r iht no!$ tarl icr

c h i l d h o o d 9

9$ sfi3l0j$$032po$

are true

based on the

she ans!ered all her

to 4ic+ (

aris for over a !ee+ N

can have a @uiet t im e

personal diary

m

can

6nrhsh

o n $ 9

2 $ $ 0 3 $

d i a rs

6xercise s

1 9

o f l $aura $

s 3vU23u

Jri

m G 1 3

ft3 . (

o f

*

blan+s !ild connectors$ An example is iven

!as in aris$

a t home$

she ot

she met :a ura $

aris on :onday$ $ she had been to the

ompidou Centre$

she left$

letters( she felt she could !atch 5V fo r a !hi le$

8 she put the phone do!n it

information$

for you in these situations and complete the sentences$ Add

more sentences if you can$ An example is iven$

-

-

G

!as - -%$

$$-

al!ays N-$.M

8 Jollo! in an arument ! ith someone$ 9 al!ays feel

/nderline all the time connectors and

add to those on the left-hand

your noteboo+ vSo!in

"#pJr*ntem*diotK

a business!oman

ran aain$ 5his time

!ho travels a lot(

home there !as a hip

i t !as l ,ouy

-

GN

ho! the connector .

oo+ at the

then do th

2e

e

panes

exercise

Iv*n

nkit*s $

2

S$ii

1

i3 rs .f l : : : - )m ( #p Sun

18

4otes

$

pi le of

$

G

> After 9*ve eaten too much( -

sec

pae$

used

t A%


29/34

I

I hese

Uoull gel

:l.lt

3KKY

strong

.*

thatticker.

7X #nglish

wo u ld n o t m o v e

What are the

universityH

: good standard of Knglish

So mat ter hmv

four sentences can also be

to the railway stationH

,owever you do itH

1he -ever suffix means it

20 8upposing / What if he doesn t turn upY what shall we

(auls

So te th e use f su pp os in g an d what if Vusu al ly

(roviding

also say in the event of.? *`

is usually seen

In case

you return i t by f ive

! Uou can borrow the bfke

% . . . i f you do no t have

Uou can t

In addition to / / .

IO%5

In the examples

S1#

Pont confuse

i n

+ t h a t ? o r

l `n L a* ?Bd less

Moeooulery

to Oondon under any circumstances. %fai rly

entry re;uirements i .Mkwuiamantv

+absolutely necessaryY very

is a prere;uisite pii iekw

you do i t .

expressed using no matter. Sote

whichever bus you tak e.

Whoever wins the \eneral #lectionH

i t w i l l co s t 9

docs not matter which 1he

coming

spoken language

p ro vided + th at ?

on notices Y you can Bdeeping

of fireH dial 22!.

conic in

there arc scvcr.il

m:.Qand>

in caseo f

tn )se

i/it

cm

A W h en

with in case.

stress is

tomorrow.

also be used

on the sofaH

there 7

the present

1ake your#'H..#.H

+ less

Uou

casei tin

rains*

in examples ! and 7 . 1hey

can s tay H

tense is used in

means *lt isnt

ondition

other words and phrases for expressing condition.

unless you have

on conditiona t i ck e t o clock.

raining but it

as long as you don t mind

formal than

formal and not so

as on condi t ion tha i

are less

formal and not so strong as on condition that but stronger and more rest ricting than

long as. e .g. (rovided/(roviding you don t mind catsH you can stay with us.

for possible situations

in the futureH What if is more direct .

,e l l he lp us .

do then

onditions ith -e"er

normally on e0er

lot of money.

the conditional

nothing will really change.

1hat box is so big i t will be in the way wherever you leave i t .

the 'tre''

i t will cost a lot of money.

Uoull get to the railway stationH no matter1hich bus you take.

ome nouns hich express condition

>ertain conditions must be met before the (eace 1alks can begin. %rathe r formal%

for studying at a Qritish

formal word %

for doing a diploma in 3anagement a tyour collegeF +official conditionsH rather formal?

f o r m a

lUppcrmtermediett

clause. Pont'of) 1ake yourumbrella m

m-ghi rain.

case k will ram.

a

?

a s

F

)

)

?

0


30/34

N"ifTsh

1

1

2

1

$$

t U H.


31/34

!ith them 0e$

&is

5he

9 hc

&e

ihan

9 *ve invned

9

9

ihc

9 he rise in

9

9

O!in

8 6nfah

)hen recordin ihcsc

9hc upshot of all ihese

5he events had an outcome thai

remar+s resulted in

5hc examples !ith

rcsultconse@ucncc

&e did no !-or+$

:ost of these expressions arc fairly formal(

refused to ans!er on the

you here !ith a vie!

!onder !hat prompted him

5he follo!in sememes

didn*t o !ith us !as What

&er reason for not oin !ith

events and statcs

politicalsocial

stron than spar+ 0off,

5he

resident33

prices spar+ed loff,

contexts $ 1

be cause

5he collisiitn

O!in lo W l ie

reason lor

o u pr oba bl y +n o! ho! - to us e

full clause

)e

no-one

riey ar c

Cause( reason( purpose and result

Cause and reason

!ords l i+e

somethin$ &ere

4ote the use

of theicyconditions,

lo the fac i

! as due lo the icy

follo!ed by he collision !as caused by ice

of the collision

cannot say

*O!in co

0that, themeettn

&ere are some other *cause*

all raihcr

a lot of political protest(

perhaps violent( reactions to events

statement ave rive

ne! la! has brouht about led lo reat chanes in

chane,

5his probl em stems from the inflation of recent years(

5he court-case arose from out of alleation s

the process thai

Peasons for and purposes of doin thins

us !as thai$ $ $ 0 less

arc all fairly for mal (

!onder !hat his motives !ere in sendin thai

lo send thai

She !rote to the press !ith the aim of exposin the scandal(

to resolvin our differences(

!ith the aim of

rounds ihai

purpose of her visit

Pesults

and more fre@ucm

As a resul t *

of all rhese

conse@uence*conse@uently

eversone

could have predicted$ result

or of meetins( discussions( etc$,

problems !as thai

)hen the election results !ere announced( chaos ensued(

expression3

result 0Z$conse@uence

Vbeobutary

because( since and as

she had no money(

and more

t h e

(it ice

his

i n

! e h a d W o

in your

to refer lo

are some other !ays to cvprev$

t!o lorries collided(

1n the

formal (

0often used

to provo+ed 7

made in

or 5he

fre@uent in

0sounds a bn

la!yer !asn*t 0here(

! n i t c n

As a conse@uence Conse@uently(

chanes is

sound more formal

start aain$ less formal

noteboo+(

th a i i h c

ro3d$

! . 2rKv and t j pfca l

led 1I

9 d l e r

!as 1I

ot

i h a n

0v e ry

Z 9A3

fact

that* !hen

Zo!in loZ

!as

oncelitd

the cause of or

cause and reason$

Wrather inlormal

conditions !ere icy

conditions$

on the road$

LiLL=V'%L;,U * i U V U U i f -

and more suitable tor ! ritten use$

for very stron

enerated a lot of criticism$ 3hhtly

educat ion$ Wo f f:

0explainin the direct oriin3

a ne!spaper$ the alleations started

the court-case

reason 0!hy, sh

fo rn u l

!ritten #nlish

purpose

letter reasoncause

0purpose,

more indirect

0reason,

inspect the e@uipment$

#nlish

he tai led 9ns

that no-one is happy any more

than resul0

ettin anry(

a process or events

outcome,

formal

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opposite if sou arent sure.

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announcement

2 3tt

t 1here was a controversial decision. 8he wrote to the local newspaper to protest.I

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prompt? 1ht

strong attack from

Exerci'e'

3ake full sentences using cause

closure of

opposition! new :ct of (arliament Z great changes in industry

"

food shortages serious riots in several citiesX food shortages Z

using the reason

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passed a new law. It was in

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H lowering inflation.

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33/34

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s tupid. I

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n the otherhand meansthat

first four are fairly informal0 KH youre sorry. 1hats all well

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bo ri ngH and he a

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oppositeY

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ollocating phrases for contrast

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: yawning gap divides the rich

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one pan ti t an idea

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vavutg you love dogsH

rather cold and unfriendlyH

raining now. n the other handH

les

r c

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i t

or fact H

very kindH

you arc nghi

you going to pay

so surprised. :fter all. I

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pu t a lo t ot ef fo rt in H

use metric measurements. In contrastH

may rain

comes to politics. @im

and right wing

and poor in

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point m

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in

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bu t pu tt in g an ot he rH mo re

they were independent.

nevertheless.

comment

he has worked

about the

less lormal

what Im accused of.

our argumentHdebates/arguments

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us backF

did warn you

walks if

he i 'your uncle and

was all wasted.

to be fat .

the )8: still uses many non-mctrtv

laterH so take the umbrella.

and :nn arc poles apart .

general.

many countries.1heres a huge discrepancy between his ideals and his actions.

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.

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we

than

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.

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34/34

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w i t h f a i r ha i r .

t h i n k we s h o u l d

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h a d a h u g e b r e ak f a s t .

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l o o k a t > o p po s i t e .

(

d i s c r e p an c y

D a pa r t

t o m a k e c o m m e n t s o n t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s .

w o r l d d i v tr ma me n t

8 a n d r a s a t o t a l a t h e i s t .

t e a c h e r s ; u i t e a n o t h e r .

o p p o s i t e .

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d o e s n t s t a r t t i l l s i x .

a f r i en d .

w h a t / wa n t t o k n o w

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tUpp8t9ermt+Ul

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