manual de tunel completo

8/13/2019 Manual de Tunel Completo

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CAPITULO I

CONCEPTOS GENERALES Y TERMINOLOGIA BASICA

1.1.- TNEL DE SECCIN PEQUEA: (TSP)Excavacin su!"##$n"a %i'&n!a & incinaa #"ai'aa "n " *aci'&c&s& "n +*a " ,a"#a sin #&*"# a c&*&sicin " as #&cas/ +u"#a" &s *i!"s " c&n!n& " a "xcavacin0 u"" s"# c&ns!#uia *"i&s *anua"s " "#+acin/ "sc&*#"& #"v"s!i*i"n!&/ sin "*"&" +u"#'a " !#aa2& a!a*"n!" cai+icaa/ " incus& a &acin a2&a i#"ccin " "s"ciais!as.

1.3.- CALICATA 4 P45TAL:Pcin " !"##"n& 6u" s" "xcava "i*ina " as ""vaci&n"s c&n

"ni"n!"s *"n"s " n&v"n!a ,#a&s (789)/ a#a &,#a# " c!" & +a#aan"c"sa#ia a#a a "xcavacin " Tn" " S"ccin P"6u";a (TSP) "*an"#a 6u" su is& 6u"" a niv" "s"a& c&n " !"c%& #&!"c!*ni*&.

1.


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1.F.- P4G4: Excavacin su!"##$n"a c&ns!#uia v"#!ica*"n!" 6u" vincua ,a"#as &

,av"!as "n!#" s c&n " "x!"#i.

1.7.- SALIDA CU?IE5TA:C&ns!#uccin 6u" s" "2"cu!a a & a#,& " as caica!as a#a uni# &s!n""s " s"ccin "6u";a c&n &!#as as/ a s"an su!"##$n"as & n&.

1.18.- PUEST4 DE T5ATAHIENT4 SANITA5I4:C&n2un!& " as "n " in!"#i " !n"/ 6u" "#*i!"n a"sc&n!a*inacin/ "sin+"ccin " "#s&na " a#*a*"n!& "in+an!"#a/ ui"n& !a*in "*"a#s" c&*& u"s!& *ic&.

1.11.- AANCE HJKIH4 P45 54NDA DE EKCAACIN:L&n,i!u " !n" 6u" s" "xcava " *an"#a si*u!$n"a sin 6u" s" "c&&6u" nin,n !i& " s&s!"ni*i"n!& a a "xcavacin. En a "xcavacinc&n ca#,a "x&siva/ 6u"a "+ini&/ #&+unia " &s a##"n&s"#+a&s a accin *"c$nica " as ca#,as.

1.13.- DISTANCIA HAKIHA PE5HISI?LE SIN 5EESTI5:L&n,i!u *$xi*a " "xcavacin/ *"ia "s" &s *i!"s " a a#!"#"v"s!ia " +#"n!" " !#aa2&/ 6u" u"" "#*an"c"# sin nin,n !i& "

s&s!"ni*i"n!& u#an!" " #&c"s& c&ns!#uc!iv&.

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CAPITULO II

REGULACIONES ORGANIZATIVAS Y ORGANIZACIN DEL TRABAJO

2.1.- Regula!"#e$ "%ga#!&a'!(a$)a. L&s C&*an&s " as Unia"s a a#!i# " &s niv""s " ?a!an &

#u&/ ""n as",u#a# a c&ns!#uccin " as as a#a sus Pu"s!&" C&*an& a#a a #&!"ccin " "#s&na c&n sus #&ias +u"#'as *"i&s.

. Las as s" inicia#an #"via a#&acin " a C&*anancia "n"#a" E2#ci!& ?&iva#ian&/ a#a "& &s C&*an&s c#"s&ni"n!"s una

v"' "s!uia& " !"##"n& "!"#*ina& &s &si"s u,a#"s "uicacin & in+*an una c&*isin " "s"ciais!as "vaua#$n as#&u"s!as a#a su &s!"#i a#&acin.

c. Las Unia"s " in,"ni"#a #"ai'a#an a asis!"ncia !cnica"s"ciai'aa/ as c&*& " ai"s!#a*i"n!& " "#s&na #&+"si&na 6u"i#i2an as as. A"*$s "n c#"s&n"ncia c&n as is&niiia"s" "6ui&s #"ai'a#$n " a&& !cnic& " su c&ns!#uccin.

. In""ni"n!"*"n!" " &!#as "x"#i"ncias/ s" ""n cu*i# as

"xi,"ncias " caa un& " &s #&c"i*i"n!&s 6u" "n "s!" &cu*"n!&s" #"s"n!an.

". Es!as as +!i+icaas ""n "2"cu!a#s" "n "s"cia/ "n !n""s "s"ccin "6u";a/ &s 6u" su "nv"#,au#a c&ns!#uc!iva &+#"c"nun c&n2un!& " v"n!a2as:1. La a&cin " s&uci&n"s c&ns!#uc!ivas/ in""ni"n!"*"n!"

" !i& " !"##"n&.

3. La ""vacin " a "+"c!ivia "n su ca*u+a2".


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@. Su &cuacin "n c!&s a'&s " !i"*&/ #&uc!& a suvincuacin i#"c!a a &s &2"!iv&s *ii!a#"s.

C&n "s!as v"n!a2as s" a#,u*"n!a a i*!ancia " ,"n"#ai'a# a

c&ns!#uccin " "s!&s !i&s " as "n caa un& " &s u,a#"s " uicacin" &s &2"!iv&s *ii!a#"s.

2.2.- P%"e*!+!e#'"$)La ,ani'acin " &s !#aa2&s a#a a c&ns!#uccin " &s !n""s "s"ccin "6u";a c&ns!a " !#"s (8


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") D"+ini# as "!aas " "2"cucin/ c&n " &2"!iv& " &"#"x&!a# a#cia*"n!" a a.

+) Es!a"c"# " "6uia*i"n!& as +u"n!"s " su*inis!#&.,) Eaa# " an& ,"n"#a/ "i*i!an& " $#"a " a a.

%) D"+ini# as s&uci&n"s c&ns!#uc!ivas.i) L&s !i&s " v"n!iacin ci*a!i'acin.

2) E sis!"*a "c!#ic&.) E sis!"*a %i#$uic& sani!a#i&.

4!#as c&nici&n"s "xi,"ncias 6u" " c&*anan!" "cia 6u" "a !"n"# aa.

E #&"c!& !cnic& "2"cu!iv& " a a s" "aa una ins!i!ucin "#&"c!&/ #"via #"s"n!acin " a !a#"a !cnica/ " "s!ui& In,"ni"#& -"&,ic& " "van!a*i"n!& !&&,#$+ic&.

L&s #&"c!&s " as su!"##$n"as s" ivi"n "n &s "!aas/ c&*& +*a" a,ii'a# as +as"s " a c&ns!#uccin " !n"/ "#*i!i"n& a# " va "us& " *is*& & *$s #$i& &si"/ as "!aas s&n:

P#&"c!& Tcnic& E2"cu!iv& " Excavacin 5"v"s!i*i"n!&.

P#&"c!& Tcnic& E2"cu!iv& " !"#*inaci&n"s.

E #&"c!& Tcnic& E2"cu!iv& " Excavacin 5"v"s!i*i"n!& "" c&n!"n"#&s si,ui"n!"s &cu*"n!&s:

a. C&n!"ni& " P#&"c!&.. H"*ia "sc#i!iva " #&"c!&.c. Lis!a& " *a!"#ia"s.. Pan& " caica!as.". Pan& " #"an!"&.+. P"#+i"s &n,i!uina"s.,. P"#+i"s !#ansv"#sa"s.%. Pan& " an!a "n"#a.i. Pan&s " "!a"s " as i+"#"n!"s s&uci&n"s c&ns!#uc!ivas.

2. P#"suu"s!&.. H"*ia " #"suu"s!&.. P#&,#a*acin cuan!i!a!iva.

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E P#&"c!& Tcnic& "2"cu!iv& " T"#*inaci&n"s/ "s!$ c&n+*a& &s#&"c!&s " !&as as "s"ciaia"s 6u" ,a#an!i'an as c&nici&n"s " via"n " &2"!iv&:

a. P#&"c!& " !"#*inaci&n"s " M!i+icaci&n"s

. P#&"c!& =i#&-Sani!a#i&c. P#&"c!& " Sis!"*a c&n!#a inc"ni&. P#&"c!& " H"c$nica.". P#&"c!& Ec!#ic&+. P#&"c!& " c&*unicaci&n"s

La ,ani'acin " as +u"#'as/ ""n" " a can!ia " +#"n!"s " !#aa2&/6u" s" c#""n a#a a "2"cucin " a a "n !n" " s"ccin "6u";a. Caa+#"n!" " !#aa2& u"" ,ani'a#s" c&n una "scua#a " &c%& (F) a &c"(13) %&*#"s/ "6uiaa c&n %"##a*i"n!as *anua"s. L&s +#"n!"s " !#aa2&& c&ns!i!u"n as "n!#aas %i'&n!a"s & v"#!ica"s ("n &'&s) 6u" !"n,a aa.

E as",u#a*i"n!& " &s #"cu#s&s *a!"#ia"s/ s" #"ai'a " +*a "sca&naa &!una 6u" "#*i!a inin!"##u*ia*"n!" a "2"cucin " &s !#aa2&s.La "2"cucin " a a incu":

a. La uicacin " as "n!#aas.. La c&ns!#uccin " as caica!as.c. La +unicin " &s "*&6uia*i"n!&s.

. La "xcavacin.". E #"v"s!i*i"n!&.+. L&s !#aa2&s " !"#*inacin.

2.,.- O%ga#!&a!# *e l"$ '%aa/"$. a. Excavacin

1. C&n " "*"& " "x&siv&a) 5"an!"& " a!#n " v&au#a) ?a##"na& " +#"n!"c) Ca#,a " &s a##"n&s c&n "x&siv&/ a!#a6u" " ins!aacin

" ci#cui!& "c!#ic& & i#&!cnic&) &au#a v"n!iacin " +#"n!"") 5"san"+) Esc&*#&,) P"#+ia&.

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3. Sin "*"& " "x&siv& (*anua)1. Excavacin c&n *a#!i& n"u*$!ic&/ a##"!a & ic& aa3. Esc&*#"&


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CAPITULO III

ESTUDIOS PRELIMINARES

T&as as c&ns!#ucci&n"s su!"##$n"as n"c"si!an " una "!aaa "x!"nsainv"s!i,acin an!"s " ac&*"!"# su #&"ccin c&ns!#uccin/ a#a 6u" s"u"a %ac"# a *"2 ""ccin " su !#a'a& is";&/ "s!a n"c"sia "s/ sinuas *a 6u" a#a &!#& !i& " c&ns!#uccin " i*ica#$ :


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En " "s6u"*a 1/ !"n"*&s una #",in "!"#*inaa " nu"s!#& !"##i!i&naci&na/ &n" s" #"sa!an !#"s #",i&n"s "nc"##aas "n c#cu&s/ 6u" !i"n"n&siiia"s a#a a c&ns!#uccin " !n""s " s"ccin "6u";a.

!gu%a N 1 Ma%"l"al!&a!#

D"sus " anai'a& uica& " &2"!iv& "n a +a%"l"al!&a!# a#&aa a '&na "sc&,ia c&*& a c#"c!a/ s" asa *"ian!" un *aa &ca#!a !&&,#$+ica " "scaa 1:3.888 %as!a 1:18.888 a "+"c!ua# a+!%"l"al!&a!#/ c&*& s" *u"s!#a "n " "s6u"*a 3 &n" s" "n*a#ca "u,a# 6u" #"su! "sc&,i& c&*& " &si" uicacin " !n"/ inican&.a. Uicacin " &s i+"#"n!"s &2"!iv&s/ "s"ci+ican& ic%a uicacin c&n

#"acin a niv" na!u#a " !"##"n&.. 42"!&s/ "s"ci+ican& sus ca#ac!"#s!icas #incia"s

!gu%a N 2 M!%"l"al!&a!#.

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D"sus " "2"cu!aas a *ac#&&cai'acin *ic#&&cai'acin s" "s!a#$"n c&nici&n"s " #"ai'a# " #"c&n&ci*i"n!& " $#"a/ c&n&ci"n& "an!"*an& a #",in/ s" #"ai'a#$ a ""ccin " u,a# &n" s" va a uica# aa/ "i"n& !"n"# "n cu"n!a &s si,ui"n!"s as"c!&s:

a. Exi,"ncias !$c!ic& O !cnicas. Exi,"ncias c&ns!#uc!ivas.c. C&nici&n"s %i#&,"&,icas. C&nici&n"s ,"&,icas". T&&,#a+a.+. #a& " "n*asca#a*i"n!&.

Pa#a una *"2 in!"##"!acin v"#"*&s a i*!ancia " &s un!&s 6u"c&n+*an caa un& " &s as"c!&s an!"#i"s:

a. La$ E3!ge#!a$ '4'!" 5 '6#!a$)N& s&n *$s 6u" &s ""*"n!&s 6u" ""*&s !"n"# "n cu"n!a/ a#a#"ai'a# a ""ccin " u,a# &n" s" va a uica# a a/ c&*& "2"*&:1. #a& " #&!"ccin.3. D"si,nacin " a a.. P&siiia"s " "vacuacin.

. E3!ge#!a$ "#$'%u'!(a$)S&n &s as"c!&s/ "s" " un!& " vis!a " c&ns!#uccin 6u" ""*&sanai'a# a #"ai'a# a uicacin "n " !"##"n& " u,a# &n" s" "2"cu!a#$a a/ c&*& "2"*&:1. Acc"siiia3. E6ui&s 6u" s" u!ii'a#$n (&siiia"s " !#aa2&)


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>. P"#*"aiia " !"##"n&

*. C"#*!!"#e$ ge"lg!a$)P#$c!ica*"n!" "s " as"c!& +una*"n!a a !"n"# "n cu"n!a a#a uica# "u,a# " c&ns!#uccin " una a su!"##$n"a "n " !"##"n&/ "in&s"#"ai'a# a *is*a "n un su"& %&*&,n"&/ "vi!an& as a &siiia "6u" aa#"'can !"nsi&n"s "i,#&sas "n as "s!#uc!u#as 6u" s" "ncu"n!#an"n &s *i!"s " as caas " #&cas c&n #iia"s "+*a!ivasi+"#"n!"s/ si"n& as c&nici&n"s *$s +ava"s as si,ui"n!"s:1. Un *aci'& #&c&s& #"sis!"n!" 6u" s" "ncu"n!#a a2& a caa " #&cas

anas.3. Un *aci'& %&*&,n"& " #&cas #"sis!"n!"s.


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c. 5"#"s"n!an!" " *an& su"#i.

. Es"ciais!a " a unia " #&"c!&s.". "&,&.+. T&,#a+&.

P&s!"#i*"n!" s" #"ai'a un ac!a " #"c&n&ci*i"n!& a 6u" s" a2un!a aa !a#"a !$c!ic&O!cnica #"i*ina#/ c&*& a!& a#a a "aacin "#&"c!& " a a.

E ac!a " a c&*isin 6u" #"ai'a " #"c&n&ci*i"n!&/ "" #"c&,"# !&& "+"#"n!" a a uicacin " a a !"n"# an"x& un c#&6uis " u,a# "uicacin a a#!i# " un!&s " #"+"#"ncia/ 6u" "#*i!a ",a# sini+icu!a"s a u,a# "sc&,i&/ as c&*& " c#i!"#i& " &s "s"ciais!as 6u"a#!ician a +i#*a " !&&s &s in!",#an!"s " a *is*a.

,.1.,.-O/e'!("$ ;ue *ee# *e u+8l!%$e e# el %e"#"!+!e#'" *e "%a$

*e '


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,.1.=.-Da'"$ *e la 'a%ea '4'!" '6#!a 8%el!+!#a%.

a. D"si,nacin " a 4#a (Pu"s!& " C&*an&/ P#&!"ccin " "#s&na/Ha!"#ia " u"##a/ P&sici&n"s "+"nsivas a#a as a#*as).

. Can!ia " 4#as a c&ns!#ui# s",n su "si,nacin.c. Ca!",a niv" " a 4#as(?#i,aas/ ?a!a&n"s/ C&*a;as/ "!c.). Pa#a " cas& " Tn""s/ can!ia " "#s&nas 6u" s" asi+ica#$n "n

&s Pu"s!&s " C&*an& & 5"+u,i&s a#a "#s&na can!ia "*a!"#ia " ,u"##a a #&!","# !i&s.

". Ca#ac!"#s!icas T&&,#$+icas (N&*#" " a #",in '&na "uicacin !i& " !"##"n& &n" s" uica#$n as as/ H&n!a;&s&/&nua&/ an&/ "n ciua"s)

+. Acc"siiia " &s u,a#"s " uicacin (si "xis!" #" " ca##"!"#as &ca*in&s/ n"as "c!#icas/ c&nuc!as " a,ua/ c&*unicaci&n"sc"#cas/ "+ini# is!ancias "n!#" "as).

,.1.>.- D"u+e#'"$ a e#'%ega% ua#*" "#lu0e el %e"#"!+!e#'".A c&ncui# " #"c&n&ci*i"n!& s" ""#$n "n!#",a# a &s *an&ssu"#i"s &s si,ui"n!"s &cu*"n!&s.a. Ac!a " #"c&n&ci*i"n!&.

. Haas & c#&6uis c&n a uicacin " &s &2"!iv&sc. Ta#"a T$c!ic& Tcnica P#"i*ina#.

,.1.?.- Re"+e#*a!"#e$ 8%4'!a$ 8a%a el %e"#"!+!e#'".L&s !n""s ""n uica#s" "n:a. Su"&s %&*&,n"&s. Haci'&s #&c&s&sc. ?a2&s niv""s +#"$!ic&s. Pun!&s &n" s" +acii!" " "n*asca#a*i"n!&". Pun!&s " +$ci acc"s& a#a su c&ns!#uccin.

+. Pun!&s 6u" ,a#an!ic"n a u!iia +unci&naiia " a a.,. Lu,a#"s &n" n& a+"c!"n as a,uas su"#+icia"s & cu"nca "n!#" &s

""vaci&n"s.

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,.1.?.-E/e+8l" *e u# A'a *e Re"#"!+!e#'".

ACTA DE RECONOCIMIENTO

1. 42"!iv&s3. D"n&*inacin " a a.

a) Uicacin) Lu,a#c) Pun!&s " #"+"#"ncia) C#&6uis " a #",in un!& &n" s" "+"c!ua#$ a a.

. 5"c&*"naci&n"s@. Ca#,&/ n&*#"s a"i&s +i#*a " caa un& " &s

in!",#an!"s " a c&*isin.

,.2.-Le(a#'a+!e#'" T"8"g%49!")

La !&&,#a+a "n as as su!"##$n"as s" #"ai'a a#a "!"#*ina#as &sici&n"s #"a!ivas as c&!as " &s !#aa2&s su!"##$n"&s/+*aci&n"s ,"&,icas ca#ac!"#s!icas " a su"#+ici"0 "+"c!ua#*"ici&n"s "s!a"c"# n"as "ni"n!"s " &s +u!u#&s !#aa2&s.

Pa#a ,a#an!i'a# "s!&s !#aa2&s s" %ac" n"c"sa#i& "va# un c&n!#&,"&sic& #i,u#&s&/ " cua "" "s!a# asa& "n un sis!"*a ""s!aci&n"s " c&n!#& %i'&n!a v"#!ica & 6u" "#*i!i#$ c&n&c"# c&*&*a#c%a a a &s #&,#"s&s a!#as&s 6u" "xis!"n "n a *is*a unav"' c&*"n'a&s &s !#aa2&s.

S" "2"cu!a a2& as inicaci&n"s " #&"c!is!a una v"' 6u" "s!"

!i"n" "n su &"# a !a#"a !cnica "aaa a#a a inv"#sin.

E "van!a*i"n!& "s "aa& "#s&na "s"ciai'a& "n!&&,#a+a/ &s !#aa2&s 6u" ""n #"ai'a#s" a#a c&n!#&a#,"&sica*"n!" una a s&n:

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a. L"van!a*i"n!& a ,#an "scaa " a '&na &n" va a "s!a# "ncavaa aa/ &s "van!a*i"n!&s u""n "2"cu!a#s" i#"c!a*"n!" a#a "&2"!iv& 6u" s" %a ani+ica& & c&*ina&s c&n in+*acin!&&,#$+ica "xis!"n!"/ #"+"#i& a sis!"*a " c&"naas naci&na"s

c&n "scaas " 1:1.888 & 1:3.888/ a#a as as 1:@88/ a#a as"n!#aas.

b. S" u!ii'a "n a *&nu*"n!acin #"an!"& " &2"!iv&.c. Pa#a a "2"cucin " c&n!#& " avanc"s " a i#"ccin " a a.d. Pa#a a niv"acin " a a.e. Pa#a "!"#*ina# "#+i"s !#ansv"#sa"s &n,i!uina"s

,.2.1.- C"+" %e$ul'a*" *e e$'"$ le(a#'a+!e#'"$ $e 8ue*e "'e#e%)a. Pan& " "van!a*i"n!& !&&,#$+ic&.. H&"&s i,i!a"s " #"i"v".c. Pan& " ac!uai'acin " avanc"s.

!gu%a N , Rel!e(e '"8"g%49!" *!g!'al.

E "van!a*i"n!& !&&,#$+ic& "" #"c&,"# !&as as a#!icua#ia"s "!"##"n&/ c&n " +in " &"# #&"c!a# a a c&n a *a #"cisin &si"/ !a *&!iv& "s n"c"sa#i& a&a#s" "n a #" ,"&sica naci&na a#a!&*a# &s un!&s " a&& n& !"n"# 6u" !#aa2a# c&n sis!"*as "c&"naas a#i!#a#ias. Pa#a +i2a# " "van!a*i"n!& a a #" ,"&sicanaci&na s" u""n "*"a# i+"#"n!"s *!&&s c&*& a !#ian,uacin/!#ia!"#acin & as #""s &i,&n&*!#icas.

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!gu%a N = Le(a#'a+!e#'"$ T"8"g%49!"$.

"'" N 1 C"+!$!# '"8"g%49!a e/eu'a#*" u# le(a#'a+!e#'"T"8"g%49!".

Pa#a a6u"&s cas&s "n 6u" n& s" u"a c&n!a# c&n un "van!a*i"n!&!&&,#$+ic&/ s" u""n "*"a# *aas !&&,#$+ic&s a "scaas " 1:3888-

1:18888 c&*& si!uacin "xc"ci&na s" ui"#a "*"a# una a*iacin "*aas 1:3@888 6u" s"#vi#a c&*& un "s6u"*a/ in!"#&an& as cu#vas "niv"/ "n "s!" cas& s"#a n"c"sa#ia una un!uai'acin *$s "x%aus!iva "n "!"##"n&./ un *a c&n!#& " &s !#aa2&s " "2"cucin " !n".

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E #"an!"& " a a s" #"ai'a#$ a a#!i# " "van!a*i"n!& n&s"#*i!i#$ c&n&c"# !&&s &s ""*"n!&s " a a/ "#*i!in&n&s c&n!#&a# a*a#c%a " &s !#aa2&s/ &"*&s a&a#n&s "n a #" &ca a !#avs "*"ici&n"s ,"&sicas uica# &s ""*"n!&s " a a.

E c&n!#& " a i#"ccin " a a u i"n!acin/ #"vis!" ,#ani*!ancia #&uc!& a 6u" c&n "s!" as& s" "vi!a &si"s "sviaci&n"s/as"c!& 6u" #""#cu!" "n " "ncu"n!#& " *$s " un +#"n!" " !#aa2&/a"*$s si n& s" c&n!#&a a i#"ccin " !n" "s!" a i+"#i# *uc%& " &"c!a&/ !#a"n& c&nsi,& un ,as!& su"#i " *a!"#ia"s/ c&n "c&nsai& au*"n!& " #"suu"s!& " a *is*a.

,.2.2.- M6'"*"$ *e "#'%"l ge"*6$!".Pa#a ,a#an!i'a# " c&n!#& " a i#"ccin " !n" & a i"n!acin s"u""n "*"a# i+"#"n!"s *!&&s c&*& s&n:

!gu%a N > O%!e#'a!# "# e;u!8"$ ge"*6$!"$ 9!/a#*" el '


21/268

!gu%a N C"#'%"l *e la #!(ela!# "# #!(el *e +a#gue%a@ " "# %egla

(!'"la@ "# #!(el *e u%u/a.

,.,.- El E$'u*!" I#ge#!e%" 5 Ge"lg!".

Pa#a #"ai'a# cua6ui"# !#aa2& " #&!"ccin asa& "n "s!#uc!u#assu!"##$n"as/ "s *u i*!an!" a #"ai'acin " un "s!ui& ,"&,ic&" $#"a &n" s" va a "2"cu!a# a a.

,.,.1.- O/e'!(" *e la$ !#(e$'!ga!"#e$ I#ge#!e%" 5 Ge"lg!a$.

a. D"!"#*inacin " a si!uacin " a a "n "#+i an!a.. D"!"#*inacin " &s *!&&s " a"&s *$s +ava"s.c. D"!"#*ina# as c&nici&n"s " s&s!"ni*i"n!& a#a as",u#a# a

"s!aiia " as as.. D"!"#*ina# as *"ias " #&!"ccin " #"v"s!i*i"n!& " as

as an!" a a,#"sivia " as a,uas su!"##$n"as &s ,as"s.". P#"visin " s&uci&n"s a#a a v"n!iacin "vacuacin " as

a,uas.

Las inv"s!i,aci&n"s in,"ni"#& ,"&,icas/ s" "2"cu!an "nc#"s&n"ncia c&n as "!aas " #&"ccin " as as/c&nsi"#an&:

a. C&*"2ia " a s&ucin an!"aa.. La ca#ac!"#s!ica " *aci'& #&c&s&.

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23/268

#&cas/ sin& 6u" "a "s!uia &s +"n*"n&s #"aci&na&s c&n " *aci'&c&s&/ a #"ai'a#s" "n " &s !#aa2&s *in"#&s & " as c&ns!#ucci&n"ssu!"##$n"as/ a "s!aiia " &s !au"s/ " c&n!#& " &s"sa'a*i"n!&s " a c!"'a !"##"s!#" "+"c!& " as c&ns!#ucci&n"s

su!"##$n"as/ "!c.

S" "n!i"n" 8%e$!# +!#e%a" *e %"aa as +u"#'as ac!uan!"s"n as #&cas 6u" #&"an a una "xcavacin *in"#a & su!"##$n"a 6u"su#,"n s" "sa##&an a causa " "s!&s !#aa2&s.

E ca#$c!"# " aa#icin " a #"sin " #&ca ("sa'a*i"n!&s/"+*aci&n"s "s!#uccin " as #&cas)/ ""n" " +ac!"s na!u#a"sc&*& s&n as #&i"a"s +sic&-*"c$nicas " as #&cas/ c&nici&n"s "ac"ncia/ a #"s"ncia "n as #&cas " a,ua ,as"s/ "!c. La is&sicin

" a "xcavacin " sus i*"nsi&n"s/ " !i& " +!i+icacin "*"aa !a*in " *!&& u!ii'a& a#a " a"& " a "xcavacin.

Las #&i"a"s " as #&cas s&n *u va#iaas "s!$nc&nici&naas a su i,"n/ a *a!"#ia c&*&n"n!"/ su "s!#uc!u#a &!#&s*uc%&s +ac!"s.

Las #&cas/ c&*& "s " !&&s c&n&ci&s/ "s!$n +*aas ,#an&s" *in"#a"s/ &s cua"s "s!$n i,a&s "n!#" s. E !i& " *a!"#ia "ca#$c!"# " "nac" "n!#" &s ,#an&s *in"#a"s/ "n ,#an *"ia"!"#*inan as #&i"a"s " as #&cas.

S",n su i,"n/ as #&cas s" ivi"n "n: Ig#ea$@ +e'a+%9!a$ 0$e*!+e#'a%!a$ s",n " ca#$c!"# " su "nac"/ s" u""n ivii# "n:#&cas 9!%+a$@ $e+!9!%+e$@ l!ga*a$ 0 *e$l!ga*a$. Las #&cas i,aas "si,aas/ +una*"n!a*"n!" as !i*as/ cuan& s" "ncu"n!#an+*aas ,#an&s " "6u";as i*"nsi&n"s/ a sa!u#a#s" " a,uau""n a6ui#i# a caacia " *&v"#s"/ "n&*in$n&s" #&cas*&v"i'as/ as 6u" #"su!an *u "i,#&sas "n a c&ns!#uccin "!n""s.

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24/268

!gu%a N 1F R"a$ Ig#ea$.

!gu%a N 11 Me'a+"%9!$+" *e la$ %"a$.

D"i& a a ,#an c&*"2ia %"!"#&,"n"ia 6u" #"s"n!a " *aci'&c&s&/ su "s!ui&/ as c&*& " *"i& s" " cua s" #"ai'an s&s!i"n"nas "xcavaci&n"s su!"##$n"as/ "s as!an!" c&*"2& ai&s& "i& a a

,#an can!ia " +ac!"s 6u" inci"n s" . Es "s!& 6u" "n *uc%&scas&s/ cuan& " ca#$c!"# " !#aa2& 6u" s" "a #"ai'a# as & #"6ui"#aa#a " "s!ui& " as #&i"a"s " as #&cas/ s" u!ii'an a !"a " as#&aiia"s " c$cu& "s!as!ic&.

Es c&n&cia a i*!ancia 6u" !i"n" " c&n&ci*i"n!& " as #&i"a"s+sic&-*"c$nicas " as #&cas/ a 6u" n&s "#*i!" vaa# una s"#i" "

24


25/268

nic"s n"c"sa#i&s a#a a c#"c!a #"ai'acin " &s !#aa2&s su!"##$n"&s/"n!#" &s cua"s &"*&s ci!a#:

a. E ,#a& " "s!aiia " a "xcavacin.

. La ca#,a & #"sin " #&ca "xis!"n!" s" a "xcavacin.c. La "+"c!ivia " un& u &!#& "*"& " *!&& " a"&.. E !i& " #"v"s!i*i"n!& 6u" s" n"c"si!a c&&ca#."!c.

,.,.,.- P%!#!8ale$ 8%"8!e*a*e$ 9:$!a$ *e la$ %"a$.

En!#" as #incia"s #&i"a"s +sicas " as #&cas 6u" s" %ac" n"c"sa#i&"s!uia# c&n&c"# a a %a " #"ai'a# un c$cu& " #"v"s!i*i"n!& " un!n"/ "s!$n.

a. Pe$" e$8e!9!".Qu" s" "n&*ina a a #"acin 6u" "xis!" "n!#"

" "s& " a #&ca " v&u*"n 6u" &cuan sus a#!"s s&ias &"s6u""!&. ,"n"#a*"n!" s" "!"#*ina "n aa!i&s.. Pe$" ("lu+6'%!")N& "s *$s 6u" a #"acin 6u" "xis!" "n!#" su

"s& " v&u*"n 6u" "a &cua %ai!ua*"n!" s" cacua +*ua "n &s !#aa2&s " aa!i&.

c. 7u+e*a*)Es a can!ia " a,ua 6u" a #&ca & cu"#& c&n!i"n""n sus &s/ ,#i"!as u &!#&s vaci&s/ "s!" !#*in& s" a "n R.

. P"%"$!*a*)S" a*a a a #"acin "xis!"n!" "n!#" " v&u*"n 6u"&cuan sus &s " v&u*"n !&!a " "as.

". E$8"#/a+!e#'")Es " au*"n!& " v&u*"n 6u" "a su+#" a s"#a##ancaa " *aci'& s" "x#"sa "n!#" " v&u*"n 6u" &cua a

#&ca "sus " s"# a##ancaa/ c&n #"s"c!& a 6u" &cuaa "n" *aci'&/ "s "ci# "s!" "s " a*a& c&"+ici"n!" ""s&n2a*i"n!&.

+. Pe%+ea!l!*a*)Es a caacia 6u" !i"n" a,un&s cu"#&s/ "n un*a & *"n ,#a&/ " "2a# asa# " a,ua a !#avs " "&s. La"#*"aiia " a #&ca "s!a "n ""n"ncia " &s a*a&sinica"s " "#*"aiia/ &s cua"s s&n: c&"+ici"n!" ""#*"aiia ascin "s"c+ica c&"+ici"n!" " +i!#acin.

,. A#gul" *e %e8"$" #a'u%al)S" " a*a a $n,u& +*a& &sa&s " un c&n& " *a!"#ia su"!&/ c&n #"s"c!& a un an&%i'&n!a.

%. Ag%!e'a+!e#'")En nu"s!#&s as/ s" c&nsi"#a "*&s!#a& 6u" "a,#i"!a*i"n!& "#cii& u#an!" a a"#!u#a " &s *aci'&s#&c&s&s/ "s " #"su!a& " a "+*acin 6u" su+#i"#&n a & a#,&" #&c"s&s !#ascu##i&s u#an!" *i"s " a;&s s&n " is!in!ain!"nsia "n as i+"#"n!"s #",i&n"s " ,&& !"##$6u"&. Pa#a"s!ui& " &s !n""s/ " a,#i"!a*i"n!& " as #&cas s" v" "s"" un!& " vis!a/ " a" 6u" "s!" !i"n" "n " "ii!a*i"n!& "

25


26/268

*aci'& #&c&s& "n"/ "n a in+u"ncia 6u" "2"#c" s" ae$'a!l!*a* *e la$ e3a(a!"#e$.

i. C"e9!!e#'e 0 A#gul" *e 9%!!# !#'e%#a *el +a'e%!al: Ec&"+ici"n!" " +#iccin/ s" "ncu"n!#a #"aci&na& c&n " $n,u& "

+#iccin a si,ui"n!" #"acin *a!"*$!ica:

D&n":

C&"+ici"n!" " +#iccin in!"#na.

An,u& " +#iccin in!"#na.

E $n,u& " +#iccin in!"#na "s un a#$*"!#& *u i*!an!"/ a 6u"

" ""n" " *i!" " #"sis!"ncia a c!an!" " a #&ca/ 2u",a una" +una*"n!a "n " c$cu& " &s 5"v"s!i*i"n!&s " as as

su!"##$n"as. E *is*& s" u"" %aa# "nsa&s " aa!i& &*a!"*$!ica*"n!"/ " *is*& ""n" " ,#a& " %u*"a " a,#anu&*"!#a " a #&ca.

2. C"e9!!e#'e *e 8"!$$"#. Es c&n&ci& !a*in c&*& c&"+ici"n!"" as "+*aci&n"s !#ansv"#sa"s n& "s *$s 6u" a #"acin6u" "xis!" "n!#" as "+*aci&n"s "$s!icas #"a!ivas!#ansv"#sa"s as &n,i!uina"s a c&*#"sin/ s" u"""!"#*ina# *a!"*$!ica*"n!".

,.,.=.- L"$ 8a%4+e'%"$ 9u#*a+e#'ale$ ;ue $e *ee# 'e#e% e# ue#'a $"#

l"$ $!gu!e#'e$:

a. Mac! " u#"'a " *a!"#ia #&c&s&.. #a& " c&ns"#vacin " as #&cas 6u" c&n+*an " *aci'&

#&c&s&.c. Esacia*i"n!& " as +#ac!u#as (,#i"!as). C&nici&n"s " as +#ac!u#as (!"x!u#a " as ,#i"!as)". C&nici&n"s " a,ua su!"##$n"a.+. 4#i"n!acin " !n" #"s"c!& a &s "s!#a!&s & caas 6u" a!#avi"sa.

En &s !i*&s 1@ a 38 a;&s #&uc!& " an$isis " a "s!aiia " &s*aci'&s +una*"n!a*"n!" "n as su!"##$n"as/ s" %a ",a& a ac&ncusin s" cu$"s s&n &s ""*"n!&s "!"#*inan!"s " a *is*a/c&incii"n& iv"#s&s au!"s "n casi+ica# &s *aci'&s/ a#!i"n& " a&n"#acin in!",#aa " &s si,ui"n!"s ""*"n!&s "!"#*inan!"s.

26


27/268


28/268

*"ia u#as/ c&n,&*"#a&s suav"s. 9

a 5&cas " u#"'a

*"ia

Dis!in!&s "s6uis!&s n& u#&s/ *a#,a c&*ac!a. < 19


29/268

""n"ncia " a i*!ancia ca!",a 6u" !"n,a " &2"!iv& 6u" s" va ai*an!a#/ "s!&s *!&&s a usa# s&n:

a. H"ian!" un "s!ui& ,"&,ic& " a '&na & " $#"a "s"c+ica&n" s" #"v a a. Es!" "s!ui& "s #"ai'a& un ,#u& "

"s"ciais!as c&n "6ui&s "s"cia"s "nsa&s " aa!i&.. H"ian!" a "vauacin i#"c!a " !"##"n& aua&s a

"x"#i"ncia "nsa&s #$c!ic&s #"ai'a&s "#s&na n&"s"ciai'a&.

E 8%!+e% +6'"*""s "va& a ca& +una*"n!a*"n!" "n a6u"as as6u" su "nv"#,au#a/ i*"nsi&n"s/ i*!ancia ca!",a/ #"6ui"#anuna in+*acin #&+una #"cisa "s" " un!& " vis!a ,"&,ic&(i+"#"n!"s !i&s " "s!#a!&s su &!"ncia/ c&*&sicin 6u*ica " as a,uassu!"##$n"as su a,#"sivia/ niv" " *an!& +#"$!ic&/ #"sis!"ncia " &si+"#"n!"s "s!#a!&s/ su asa*"n!&/ +aas &ca"s #",i&na"s/ "!c.)/Exis!i"n& i+"#"n!"s "!aas a#a " "sa##&& " "s!as inv"s!i,aci&n"s.

,.,.>.- E'a8a$ *e !#(e$'!ga!"#e$ !#ge#!e%" ge"lg!a$.a E$'u*!"$ Reg!"#ale$.

Inv"s!i,acin " as c&nici&n"s ,"&,icas " %i#&,"&,icas " asi+"#"n!"s va#ian!"s a#a +una*"n!a# a #&u"s!a " uicacin c&n!#iui# a a &cu*"n!acin n"c"sa#ia a#a as !a#"as !cnicas #&"ccin " as as.

A$8e'"$ a ala%a%)1. C&nici&n"s ,"&*+&,icas/ "s!#uc!u#a #",i&na su #"acin c&n as

a,uas su!"##$n"as.3. C&nici&n"s !"c!nicas #",i&na"s su #"acin c&n &s +in"s " a

c&ns!#uccin #&"c!aa.. C&nici&n"s %i#&,"&,icas #",i&na"s su in+u"ncia "n " $#"a "

"s!ui&s.

@. C&nici&n"s in,"ni"#& ,"&,icas #",i&na"s " $#"a " "s!ui& 6u"incu"n *"!"i'acin/ "si'a*i"n!&s/ &siiia " c&as& +"n*"n&s +sic& ,"&,ic&s.

. 4#i"n!acin s" &s !#aa2&s " "xcavacin s&s!"ni*i"n!&!"*a"s "+ini!iv&s.

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I#(e$'!ga!"#e$ *e'alla*a$.Inv"s!i,acin "!aaa " as c&nici&n"s in,"ni"#& ,"&,icas " ava#ian!" s""cci&naa a#a a #&"ccin "+ini!iva.

A$8e'"$ a ala%a%)1. H!&&s " avanc" *$s "+"c!iv&s.3. Ti&s " s&s!"ni*i"n!&s !"*a"s "+ini!iv&s.


31/268

!gu%a N 1, E$'u*!"$ ge"lg!"$ %eg!"#ale$.

E 'e%e% +6'"*""s *u #$c!ic& "s " a*a& a #"ai'a#s" " un

+*a *asiva a#a a "vauacin " "s!&s a#$*"!#&s/ & 6u" "" s"#&*ini& a#!" " !&& a6u" "#s&na n& "x"#!& 6u" !"n,a n"c"sia "c&ns!#ui# un !n" " s"ccin "6u";a "n in!"#s " a "+"nsa/ a s"a a#aa #&!"ccin " "#s&na/ *"i&s & !cnica " c&*a!"0 n& cu"n!" c&n"#s&na "s"ciai'a& 6u" #"aic" a Inv"s!i,acin In,"ni"#&- ,"&,ica/ a#a&,#a# "s!& c&n!a*&s c&n " *!&& a#a a casi+icacin " *aci'& #&c&s&" +*a #$c!ica.

Es!" *!&& c&nsis!"/ "n #"ai'a# una vaacin " *aci'& #&c&s& a&as ca#ac!"#s!icas " "s!"/ c&n a aua " &s !aas *"ian!" as cua"s

&"*&s &!"n"# &s a#$*"!#&s +una*"n!a"s 6u" "s n"c"sa#i& c&n&c"#a#a a c&ns!#uccin " un TSP.

!gu%a N 1= E$'u*!" ge"lg!" *el 'e%%e#" e# el luga%.

,.,.?.- Me'"*"l"g:a a $egu!% 8a%a la Val"%a!# T6#!a *el Te%%e#")a. C&n a aua " a !aa 3 a#a a vaacin !cnica " !"##"n&

(.T.T) s" "vaan &s si,ui"n!"s a#$*"!#&s.1.5"sis!"ncia a c&*#"nsin " a #&ca 5c &!"n"*&s " M3.#a& " c&ns"#vacin " as #&cas 6u" +*an " *aci'&. (C5)


32/268

. Una v"' "vaua& caa a#$*"!#&/ "s!&s s" su*an s" "n!#a "n a!aa


33/268

Da& " cas& " 6u" c&n un s&& ,&" s" "s"ac" a #&ca/ s"#"ai'a#$ a "vauacin *"ian!" a #u"a " cuc%i&/ 6u" c&nsis!""n a#"cia# a +aciia c&n 6u" s" "s"a'a a #&ca c&n " *is*& " "s!a +*a s" "n!#a "n a Taa 3 a#a a "vauacin 6u"

c#"s&na.

. G%a*" *e "#$e%(a!# *e la$ %"a$ ;ue "#9"%+a# el +a!&"GCR

La "!"#*inacin " "s!" a#$*"!#& s" *"i#$ "n as #&cas "nuaas/a+a*i"n!&s " #&cas/ caica!as/ a#""s +#"n!" " !n"/ a#a &cua !&*a#"*&s una cin!a *!#ica " 1 * a &n#"*&s " +*av"#!ica s" a su"#+ici" a "vaua#0 s" *i"n &s "saci&s *a"s "18c* 6u" "xis!"n "n!#" ,#i"!as %u"c&s. Es!as is!ancias s" su*an

"n!#" s c&n "s" va s" "n!#a "n a Taa 3/ "!"#*inan& " vac#"s&ni"n!".

Es!as *"ici&n"s s" ""n #"ai'a# "n < > u,a#"s i+"#"n!"s a & a#,&" *aci'& & " a s"ccin " !n" s" !&*a#$ " va *"n " &s*"i&s.

Pa#a &s "+"c!&s " "s!as *"ici&n"s/ s" !&*a#an &s %u"c&s 6u"c&ns!i!uan an&s " +aas/ 6u" &s"an #&+unia *a " < c* a"*$s/ 6u" n& "s!n #""n&s " un *a!"#ia 6u" s"a & ac!" c&*&c"*"n!an!".

. D!$'a#!a e#'%e g%!e'a$.S" #"ai'a una &s"#vacin cuia&sa " +#"n!" a#""s sin #"v"s!i#/as c&*& " as #&cas "nuaas/ a+a*i"n!&s caica!as0"!"#*inan& &s sis!"*as " ,#i"!as "xis!"n!"s/ "sus s" *i" ais!ancia "#"nicua# 6u" "xis!" "n!#" &s sis!"*as " ,#i"!asc&n!i,uas/ !&*a*&s a *"n is!ancia 6u" *"i*&s c&n "s!" va"n!#a*&s "n a !aa 3.("# An"x& 1).

*. La e(alua!# *e la 'e3'u%a *e la %"a $e %eal!&a%4 'e#!e#*" e#ue#'a l"$ $!gu!e#'e$ 8a%4+e'%"$.1.5u,&sia " a su"#+ici"

33


34/268

3.Anc%u#a " as ,#i"!as.Exis!"ncia " %u"c&[email protected]#"'a " as a#""s " as ,#i"!as

1) La #u,&sia " a su"#+ici" s" "!"#*ina &s"#vacin/!"ni"n& "n cu"n!a " ,#a& " a!"#acin #&uc!& " aaccin " a,ua/ " in!"n"#is*& & *&vi*i"n!& " !"##"n&.

3) La anc%u#a " as ,#i"!as s" "!"#*ina *!&&s #$c!ic&s/in!#&uci"n& "n "as una %&2a " a"/ cuc%ia " a+"i!a#/un!a " $i' & &,#a+&s0 "s!& s" #"ai'a#$ s",n &ssi,ui"n!"s c#i!"#i&s.

Tala N ,) T!8"$ *e g%!e'a$.T!8" *e g%!e'a A#" e# ++ %!'e%!" *e *e'e%+!#a!#

C"##aas X 8/1

N& ca" a cuc%ia " a+"i!a#

ni a %&2a " a".

Es!#"c%as 8/1 O 1Ca" a cuc%ia " a+"i!a# u%&2a " a".

Anc%as 1 - @Ca" a un!a " un $i'/ n&Ca" " &,#a+&/ ni " $i'.

Ai"#!as Ha " @ Ca" " &,#a+& & $i'.


35/268

@) La u#"'a " as a#""s " as ,#i"!as s&n:

a. Du#as: cuan& "s i*&si" & i+ci "nsanc%a# & "sc!"'a#

u!ii'an& un cuc%i&0 n& "xis!" a#cia u &!#& *a!"#ia su"!&"n su in!"#i n& "xis!"n *ic#& ,#i"!as " &ca &n,i!u/"#"nicua#"s a a ,#i"!a 6u" s" "s! anai'an&.

. ?anas: cuan& n& cu*" a *"n&s un&/ " &s inica"s6u" a "+in"n c&*& u#as

e. E3!$'e#!a 0 a#'!*a* *e agua$ $u'e%%4#ea$.

Pa#a a "vauacin " as a,uas su!"##$n"as "" *"i#s" " caua(,as!&) " &s &'&s "xis!"n!"s "n a #",in 6u" "s!$n uica&s "n a

c&!a su"#i a a c&!a " i*an!acin " !n"/ !a*in s" #"ai'a#$ unaa#"ciacin " a %u*"a 6u" !i"n" a #&ca "n " in!"#i " !n".

9. O%!e#'a!# *el '


36/268

a c&%"sin*aci'& #&c&s&

@88 >88- D!$'a#!a e#'%e g%!e'a$.

a P#i*"#a *"icin Fa s",una *"icin 78a T"#c"#a *"icin a Cua#!a *"icin >

S" !&*a#$ a *"n: >a " Evauacin " 1 *


38/268

+. La i"n!acin " &s "s!#a!&s "n " +#"n!" "s %i'&n!a "n asa#""s "s incinaa0 &s "s!#a!&s van "s" " +#"n!" %acia a &ca "!n"/ a incinacin " &s "s!#a!&s (u'a*i"n!&) "s " 8Y.

P & !an!& s",n a !aa 3/ as c&nici&n"s a#a a c&ns!#uccin "!n" s&n #",ua#"s " va " a "vauacin "s " si,ui"n!":a"#a - @En!#aa -3@

E a !&!a " "vauacin (TT) s"#$:

TT AZ?ZCZEZM ATT En!#aa Z1 E

M En!#aa - 3@

M a"#a - @

C&n &s va"s " &s .T.T "n!#a*&s "n a !aa > &!"ni"n& asi,ui"n!" in+*acin:

Pa%4+e'%"$ E#'%a*a Gale%:aCa!",a " a #&ca I IIITi& " #&ca P"s 5",ua#

Insc#icin " asc&nici&n"s a#a ac&ns!#uccin.

Haas 5",ua#"s

a " a c&%"sin "*aci'& #&c&s& (Pa) 388-188


39/268

a"*$s "n ci"#!&s *in"#a"s " a,ua "n!#a "n c&*&sicin " as #&cas/6u*ica*"n!" unia a a sus!ancia *in"#a & 6u" +#"cu"n!"*"n!" a"s!" +"n*"n& s" " "n&*ina c#is!ai'acin.

E a,ua "n "s!a& " va/ 6ui& ,as"&s&. S" "ncu"n!#a "n as&6u"a"s " as #&cas/ (&s/ cavia"s/ +isu#as %u"c&s caia#"s).A!"ni"n& a "& " a,ua 6u" s" "ncu"n!#a "n " susu"& u"" s"#a,ua vai'aa %i,#&scica/ a*inas/ caia# a ,#avi!a!ia/ 6u" ""as "s a *$s i*!an!" & "#2uicia " su "+"c!& "n as assu!"##$n"as/ a 6u" "s!as s" *u"v"n "n as #&cas a2& a in+u"ncia "na i#"ccin "n 6u" ac!a a +u"#'a " ,#av"a/ "s "ci# " a##ia a#aaa2&.

E a,ua 6u" ca" s" a su"#+ici" !"##"s!#" "n +*a " uvia/ ni"v"/

#&c&/ "!c. S" "vaa a#cia*"n!" vu"v" a a a!*&s+"#a/ una ci"#!aa#!" " a,ua #"cii!aa +u" a su"#+ici" !"##"s!#" "s" &su,a#"s *$s ""va&s a &s *$s a2&s !"#*ina +ina*"n!" i# a"n,#&sa# " caua " &s #&s *a#"s/ " #"s!& " a,ua s" +i!#a a !#avs" &s su"&s "n"!#an& "n as #&cas asan a +*a# a#!" " asa,uas su!"##$n"as.

As u"s " a,ua a!*&s+#ica s" is!#iu" "n "vaacin/ "sa,[" ascin & in+i!#acin0 " "sa,[" "s!$ #"aci&na& c&n " #"i"v" "!"##"n& as ca#ac!"#s!icas " a v","!acin.

La "vaacin ""n" " as &sciaci&n"s " a !"*"#a!u#a/ " a#"sin a!*&s+#ica " &s vi"n!&s/ *i"n!#as 6u" a ascin &in+i!#acin "s!$ #"aci&naa c&n " ca#$c!"# " as #&cas 6u" a+an a asu"#+ici" " a !i"##a a na!u#a"'a " a v","!acin.

En "!"#*inaas &!unia"s as a,uas su!"##$n"as "n"!#an "nas as 6u" s" #"ai'an "n " susu"& "s" cavia"s ca#sicas#xi*as/ as cua"s ""n "vi!a#s" a a %a " #&"c!a#s" as as/ & cua "s n"c"sa#i& c&n!a# c&n un u"n in+*" in,"ni"#& ,"&,ic&.

Aun6u" "n &casi&n"s "s in"vi!a" a c&&cacin " a a "n '&nas c&n&siiia"s " !"n"# %u*"a & +i!#aci&n"s.

Es & 6u" "n a "!aa " "s!ui&s #"i*ina#"s s" "":

a. a#an!i'a# 6u" s" #"aic"n c&n *!&&s a"cua&s &s "s!ui&s=i#&,"&,ic&s " u,a# " &si" uicacin " &2"!iv&/ cuian&

39


40/268

6u" a s&ucin " a a s"a &!i*a/ a n& #"s"n!a# a #&ca un a!&nic" " "#*"aiia +una*"n!a*"n!" 6u" n& "xis!an a,uassu!"##$n"as.

b. Qu" " !#a'a& 6u" s" #"aic" " &2"!iv& au" a a "vacuacin "as #"cii!aci&n"s ,a#an!ic" un a"cua& #"na2" su"#+icia "!"##"n&/ " *an"#a 6u" s"a *ni*& " niv" " ascin " as#"cii!aci&n"s/ %acia " in!"#i " a !i"##a "n" " u,a# &n"s" ui6u" nu"s!#a a.

En as !aas @ s" "s!a"c"n &s *i!"s "#2uicia"s a#a#"v"s!i*i"n!&s " %*i,n ac"#&/ !an!& a#a as a,uas c&*& su"&s/6u"an& ca#& 6u" "s inis"nsa" inv"s!i,a# a "s!#uc!u#a 6u*ica "su"& " as a,uas su!"##$n"as an!"s " "*"'a# a c&ns!#uccin "

un !n". S&& "n "s" *&*"n!& "s &si" "",i# &s *a!"#ia"s "c&ns!#uccin " i*"#*"aii'acin usa#&s " *an"#a 6u" u"ancu*i# c&n su *isin.

Tala N > L!+!'e$ 8e%/u*!!ale$ e# la$ agua$ $u'e%%4#ea$.

Su$'a#!a$ L!+!'e$ 8e%/u*!!ale$C"#%e'" Ae%"

Su+a!&s \388*,#V!. \*,#V!.Ha,n"si& \1*,#V!. -

Tala N ? L!+!'e$ 8e%/u*!!ale$ 8a%a la (al"%a!# *e la ag%e$!(!*a* *el"$ $uel"$.

a'"%e$ 8e%/u*!!ale$ G%a*" *e ag%e$!(!*a*Di Mu"#!"

#a& " aci"' \38 -Su+a!& "n *,#V, " su"& s"c& 3888-@888 \@888,.,.11.- Agua$ $u8e%9!!ale$.

Pa#!i"n& " a as" 6u" &s !n""s s" c&ns!#ui#$n "n c&nici&n"s!&&,#$+icas iv"#sas/ c&*& s&n:a. En ""vaci&n"s

40


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. T"##"n&s &nua&sc. En c!"s "n " !"##"n& #&uc!& " as c&ns!#uias/ !a"s c&*&

as&s su"#i"s/ vas +##"as/ "!c.. En " !"##"n& an&.

Du#an!" a c&ns!#uccin " "s!as as/ s" %ac" n"c"sa#i& "!"#*ina# a"xis!"ncia " a,uas a,#"sivas. S&n a6u"as 6u" c&n su accin s"as as u""n a+"c!a# su c&ns!#uccin "x&!acin.

Es!as a,uas u""n "nc&n!#a#s": "a2& " niv" " is&/ s" " niv"" is& & s" a a/ "n !&&s &s cas&s s" %ac" n"c"sa#i& !&*a#*"ias a#a "vi!a# 6u" a+"c!"n a a0 "s!as u""n s"#i*"#*"aii'acin " a a/ s"a2" cana"s " #"na2".

Cuan& s" va a #"ai'a# a uicacin " as as su!"##$n"as "s " vi!ai*!ancia " "s!ui& an$isis " as a+"c!aci&n"s " as a,uassu"#+icia"s.

Un u"n "s!ui& %i#&,"&,ic& u"" #&ci&na# inici&s vai&ssi*&s"n & 6u" s" #"+i"#" a a "s!i*acin " a &si" #"s"ncia " a,uas as"an su!"##$n"as a " &s &si"s a!"s " as a,uas in+i!#aas "n" *aci'&/ "s inn",a" a i*!ancia 6u" !i"n" " #"ai'a# "s!&s"s!ui&s/ #"vi&s a a c&ns!#uccin " un !n"/ "s!&s "s!ui&s u""n

#&ci&na# as as"s a#a "s!i*a# &s a#$*"!#&s " c&nuc!ivia !#ans*isiiia %i#$uica a caacia " a*ac"na*i"n!& " un*aci'&/ as c&*& a,un&s inici&s #"+"#"n!"s a a &si" is!#iucin "as in+i!#aci&n"s " un !n" una "s!i*acin " "s!&s.

En!#" &s "+"c!&s 6u" s" #"s"n!an u#an!" a "xcavacin a #"s"ncia" a in+i!#acin " a,ua "s!$n.

a. H"!"i'acin " as #&cas un ca*i& inc&nv"ni"n!" " susca#ac!"#s!icas ,"&*"c$nicas/ #incia*"n!" "n *aci'&s #&c&s&s "caia *"n.

. Dis*inucin " a "s!aiia " a "xcavacin "n a#!icua# "n cas&s"n 6u" a #&ca "s +#a,*"n!aa & +#ac!u#aa/ c&*& c&ns"cu"ncia " &an!"#i s" inc#"*"n!an as +u"#'as 6u" !i"n"n a #&v&ca# " c&as&" a "xcavacin.

41


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c. Sa!u#acin " #&cas anas su"&s s"nsi"s a &s ca*i&s "%u*"a/ & 6u" inc#"*"n!a su "+*aiia #"uc" su#"sis!"ncia.

. Dis*inucin " "+"c!& " as v&au#as c&*& c&ns"cu"ncias #"!#as&"n " avanc" a #&icia#s" a ins",u#ia.

". Dis*inucin " "+"c!& " s&!" !"*a a #&v&ca#s" &xiacin/"!"#i& a+&2a*i"n!&.

+. Acu*uacin +u2& " a,ua && "n " is&/ & 6u" u"" &casi&na#acci"n!"s a "#s&na i+icu!a# &s *&vi*i"n!&s " &s "6ui&s.

Es!" ca!u& "s un& " &s " *$s c&*"2a "sc#icin a 6u" "n a#ac!ica a "s"ciaia " ,"&&,a/ 2u",a un a" " "x!#aina#iai*!ancia "n a c&ns!#uccin " !n""s & !an!& "s una " as 6u"*$s "" in!"#"sa# a c&ns!#uc! " !n""s/ cuan!& "n ""n"ncia "c&n&ci*i"n!& 6u" s" !"n,a " !"##"n& &n" s" va a c&ns!#ui# a asu!"##$n"a/ as s" +acii!a#$n & c&*ica#$n as s&uci&n"s c&ns!#uc!ivas a"2"cu!a# a su v"' ""n"#$ " !i"*& " via !i " a a.

En " ca!u& s" *u"s!#a un *!&& #$c!ic& " anai'a# " !"##"n&/ cuan&n& s" cu"n!a c&n in,"ni"#& ,"&,& ni c&n " "6uia*i"n!& n"c"sa#i& a#a

#"ai'a# una inv"s!i,acin In,"ni"#&-,"&,ica/ 6u" u"" s"# aica" a!n""s " s"ccin "6u";a.

En " cas& " !n""s " s"ccin *"ia ,#an" "s &i,a!i& #"ai'a# aInv"s!i,acin In,. "&,ica "!aaa.

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CAPITULO IV

SISTEMAS DE PROCTECCION

=.1.- P%"'e!#)

E c&nc"!& " vi!aia "n " As",u#a*i"n!& In,"ni"#& "s!$c&*u"s!& > ""*"n!&s +una*"n!a"s/ &s 6u" ,a#an!i'an " xi!&"n as acci&n"s c&*a!ivas: si"n& "&s

a. D"sc&nc"n!#acin.

. Hania.

c. P#&!"ccin.

. En*asca#a*i"n!&

D"n!#& " "s!&s cua!#& +ac!"s/ a a "s"ciaia " in,"ni"#a "c#"s&n" ,a#an!i'a# !#"s " "s!&s ""*"n!&s/ (P#&!"ccin/"n*asca#a*i"n!& "n a,un&s cas&s "sc&nc"n!#acin " &s&2"!iv&s 6u" as",u#an " xi!& " c&*a!".

43


44/268

En "s!" ca!u& aa#"*&s la 8%"'e!# " as assu!"##$n"as sus un!&s *$s vun"#a"s. Pa#a &"# ,a#an!i'a#una u"na #&"ccin " ic%as as/ & #i*"#& 6u" %a 6u"#"ai'a# "s a a8%e!a!# *el e#e+!g"/ "s!a in+*acin "" s"#

su*inis!#aa " aa#a!& " in!"i,"ncia " *an& 6u" s" va %ac"#us& " &2"!iv&/ sin "*a#,& "n &casi&n"s "s!a in+*acin n& ",aa #&"c!is!a/ " incus& aun cuan& s" su*inis!#a n& !#a" !&&s &s""*"n!&s n"c"sa#i&s a#a &"# #"ai'a# &s c$cu&s " #&!"ccinc&n a #&+unia 6u" s" #"6ui"#"/ "s & 6u" " #&"c!is!a "as " T4H "" !"n"# c&n&ci*i"n!& s" " a#*a*"n!& "n"*i,&/sus +*as " "*"&/ a aviacin 6u" u!ii'a a#a #"ai'a# &s a!a6u"s a in+u"ncia 6u" !i"n" caa un& " "s!&s ""*"n!&s "n " &2"!iv&.Pa#a &"# in!"#ac!ua# c&n &s *an&s 6u" s&ici!an " #&"c!&/ "+*a 6u" s" &!"n,an &s a!&s " "n!#aa/ a#a 6u" &s c$cu&s "#&!"ccin s"an & *$s c"#!"#&s &si"s.

=.2.- V!'al!*a*.=.2.1.- C"#e8'" *e la (!'al!*a* *e u#a O%a $u'e%%4#ea.

Es a caacia 6u" !i"n" " &2"!iv& a#a cu*i# as *isi&n"san!"aas "n !i"*& " ,u"##a/ as c&*& a caacia " 6u" u"a#"s!a"c"#s" c&n ,#an #ai"'/ a &cu##i# av"#as "n a,un&s " &ssis!"*as 6u" c&*&n"n " *is*&.

=.2.2.- Pa%'!ula%!*a*e$ *e la (!'al!*a*)

a. La !"a " a vi!aia " un &2"!iv& s" anai'a s" c#i!"#i&s#&ais!ic&s/ a 6u" ""n" " ""*"n!&s casua"s/ 6u"u""n s"# & n& a+"c!a&s "n " "sa##&& " c&*a!"/ c&*& s&n" #&i& "sa##&& " as acci&n"s c&*a!ivas/ &s nic"s "#&!"ccin #"sis!"ncia 6u" !"n,a " &2"!iv& as ca#ac!"#s!icas" *aci'& &n" s" "ncu"n!#" " &2"!iv&.

b. T"ni"n& "n cu"n!a a a!a #&!"ccin 6u" s" &,#a "n &s &2"!iv&s

su!"##$n"&s a caacia " uc%a " as +u"#'as 6u" &"+i"nan/ s" u"" an!"a# 6u" " &2"!iv& n& s" u"" &n"#+u"#a " s"#vici& c&*"!a*"n!" cuan& & i*ac!a un HDC/u"" su+#i# av"#as "n a,un& " sus sis!"*as s",ui#+unci&nan& a i+"#"n!"s niv""s. (M6'"*"$ *e a#4l!$!$ *e la(!'al!*a*.

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=.2.,.- E'a8a$ 8a%a el a#4l!$!$ *e la V!'al!*a*)

a. Pun!uai'acin " &s c#i!"#i&s " an$isis 6u" s" s""cci&na#ana#a #"ai'a# &s c$cu&s " &2"!iv&.

. D"sc#icin +unci&na-"s!#uc!u#a " &2"!iv& !"ni"n& #"s"n!a as*isi&n"s a cu*i#/ &s as&s !"cn&,ic&s "n!#" &s i+"#"n!"s""*"n!&s 6u" c&*&n"n " &2"!iv& sus s&uci&n"s "sacia"s.

c. Eaacin " *&"& *a!"*$!ic& " +unci&na*i"n!& " &2"!iv&"n !i"*& " ,u"##a.

. S""ccin " &s *!&&s " c$cu& s" &s c#i!"#i&s " a vi!aia.

=.2.=.- E$'e a#4l!$!$ (a *!%!g!*" a %e$"l(e% la$ $!gu!e#'e$ +!$!"#e$)a. aa# a "+ici"ncia " &2"!iv& "n ""n"ncia " su

+unci&na*i"n!&.. D"!"#*inacin " &s nic"s n"c"sa#i&s " a #&!"ccin " &s

""*"n!&s in""ni"n!"s " a a/ c&*& s&n:

1. P#&+unia " uicacin.

2. Ti& " #"v"s!i*i"n!&.

3. Can!ia " "n!#aas a c&&ca#.

4. #a& " #&!"ccin " &s sis!"*as 6u" c&*&n"n " &2"!iv&

=.2.>.-Me*!*a$ !#ge#!e%a$-"#$'%u'!(a$ 0 '6#!a$-"%ga#!&a'!(a$*!%!g!*a$ a la lua 8"% la (!'al!*a*.

Es!as *"ias "s!$n i#i,ias a a &cai'acin " &s a;&s &c&ns"cu"ncias &si"s " as av"#as c#"acin " as c&nici&n"sa#a *an!"n"# a uc%a " a vi!aia " &s &2"!iv&s. Su as" ac&ns!i!u" "n a ivisin " a a si"*#" 6u" s" u"a "n &6u"sau!n&*&s in""ni"n!"s/ a "&s "#!"n"c"n:

a. Me*!*a$ !#ge#!e%"-"#$'%u'!(a$.1. C#"acin " &s ia#"s " s",u#ia & #&!"c!"s/ "+ini"n& as

'&nas 6u" s&n "i,#&sas & vun"#a"s a s"# i*ac!aas &sHDC as 6u" n& u""n s"# i*ac!aas ic%&s *"i&s/ a#a &6u" %a 6u" c#"a# un sis!"*a " canc""s #&!"c!"s a a#!i# 6u" s"

45


46/268

acan'a a c&!a " #&!"ccin " &2"!iv&/ " +*a 6u" as"#"sin n& u"a a+"c!a# &s sis!"*as !"cn&,ic&s " &2"!iv&.

3. D"+ini# &s *i!"s " %"#*"!icia " a a/ *"ian!" a c&&cacin" canc""s %"#*!ic&s/ s"a#an& a a s",n &s niv""s "

c&n!a*inacin/ a#a & 6u" "" "+ini#s" "n cas& " !"n"# II#,i*"n " v"n!iacin/ &s as&s " !#a!a*i"n!& sani!a#i&s a c&&ca#.


47/268


48/268

*$s vun"#a" " *is*&/ & cua "n ca!u&s &s!"#i"s%ac"*&s as #"c&*"naci&n"s "#!in"n!"s.

L&s !n""s s" c&ns!#u"n sin a!"#a# su caa " cui"#!asu"#i/ & 6u" " a *a #&!"ccin +av"c" a su

"n*asca#a*i"n!&/ a 6u" n& %a 6u" #"*&v"# "n a su"#+ici" "!"##"n&/ c&*& &cu##" "n as as a ci"& ai"#!&.

Aun6u" "s #"+"#i" a c&ns!#uccin " !n""s " s"ccin"6u";a "n ""vaci&n"s/ "s!&s u""n c&ns!#ui#s" "n &!#as va#ian!"sc&*& s&n: !"##"n&s &nua&s/ an&s $#"as u#ani'aas sin 6u""s!& "s!#ua su caacia " #&!"ccin.

!gu%a N 1 D!9e%e#!a e#'%e "%a $u'e%%4#ea 0 a !el" a!e%'".

!gu%a N 1 T


49/268


50/268

!gu%a N 2, P%"'e!# "#'%a e38l"$!# Nulea%.

A #&uci#s" una "x&sin nuc"a# a una is!ancia c"#cana a !n"/ a&na " c%&6u" "s!#ui#$ !&& &s!$cu& 6u" s" "ncu"n!#" "n "sa i#"ccin/" !n" "s!a#a #&!",i& " "s!a " as #"si&n"s v"#!ica"s "n ,Vc* 3 6u"ac!ua#an s" " !"##"n&. A"*$s a a #&+unia 6u" s" c&ns!#u"n &s!n""s su cui"#!a & !"c%& #&!"," " as #aiaci&n"s " #a&s ,a**a n"u!#&n"s a "#s&na 6u" s" "ncu"n!#a "n " !n".

50


51/268

!gu%a N 2= U!a!# *e l"$ '


52/268


53/268

BOMBAS DE LA SERIEVIEJA DE DESTINO

GENERAL

TIPO DETERRENO

TP-1 TP-2@ TP-,

54CA

HEDI4

!gu%a N 2? Pe#e'%a!# ':8!a *e l"$ a%+a+e#'"$ e# l"$ 'e%%e#"$.

53


54/268

!gu%a N 2

!gu%a N 2

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55/268

"'" N 2 B"+a$ *e *e$!g#a!# ge#e%al '!8"

M-11 A1@ M-, 0 M-=.

Tala N 11 T!8"$ *e %e(e$'!+!e#'" e# R"a$)

TIPO DEREVESTIMIENTO

MEDIO DEDESTRUCCION

SERIE VIEJA DEDESTINO

GENERAL

PENDIENTE DEL TERRENO EN GRADOS

,F ?F F

R7

PROTR

7PROT

R7

PROTSIN

5E

ESTI5

?4H?A 3@8 s 17.F8 18.


56/268


57/268

c&n a "n!#aa " as ?U-1/ ,"n"#acin ca#ac!"#i'aa a"!as#"!#ac!a"s.

A a#!i# " 177 s" "sa##&an as (Pav"_a III)/ 6u" s&n as v"#si&n"s

*&"#nas c&n as ?U-3>/ 3 3F/ ca#ac!"#i'aas "n!#" &!#as *"2as/ &s""# un sis!"*a " ,uia& #&ci&na " +"xin " as a"!as i#"c!#ic"s"n un $n,u& #&ci&na a $n,u& " "##/ a &siiia " s"# an'aas aa2a a!u#a "i& a inc#"*"n!& " a "+ici"ncia a"#&in$*ica "inc#"*"n!& " su caacia " "n"!#acin.Es!as !#"s !i*as +u"#&n usaas "n as ,u"##as c&n!#a u,&savia " I#a6.

!gu%a N 2

"'" N , B"+a$ GBU-2= 0 GBU-2B (e%$!# 8a%a el -11A)

57


58/268

"'" N = B"+a$ GBU-2 0 GBU-, (e%$!# gu!a*a 8"% GPS.

S",n +u"n!"s " a 5"vis!a In!"#naci&na " "+"nsa " Es!a&s Uni&s/ a%aiia " "s!&s *"i&s a#a "s!#ui# &s &2"!iv&s su!"##$n"&s/ "s!$"!"#*inaa una va#i"a " +ac!"s s" a as" " as #&i"a"s!an!& " #&"c!i "*"a& c&*& " #&i& anc& +!i+ica&.

=.,.1.-C"# %ela!# al 8%"0e'!l e$'a$ !#lu0e#)a. La v"&cia " $n,u& " "ncu"n!#& " a &*a.

. E "s& " #&"c!i "n ,.c. E *a!"#ia " a ca"'a " ,u"##a (ac"#& !"*a& c&n "nv&!u#a" !i!ani& "n!#" &!#&s).

. La +*a " a na#i' " cu"#& " a &*a.". La #"acin a#,& a i$*"!#& " #&"c!i.

=.,.2.- L"$ a$8e'"$ ;ue a9e'a# la %e$!$'e#!a *el la#" !#lu0e#)a. E *a!"#ia usa& "n " &2"!iv& +!i+ica& (=*i,n/ #&ca/ "!c.). Di*"nsi&n"s " a "s!#uc!u#a.c. Ea " a "s!#uc!u#a (a+"c!a a #"sis!"ncia).

. P#&i"a"s n& c&n!inuas (#"+u"#'&).e. Capas de distribucin (tal como hormin sobre suelo!.

Es c&n&ci& 6u" " ,#a& " #&!"ccin 6u" acan'an &s !n""s/ as#&aiia"s " i*ac!a#&s *"ian!" " us& " &*a#"&s *asiv&s "sa!u#acin/ s" %ac" *u i+ci aun6u" "s!a &siiia n& s" "sca#!"!&!a*"n!"/ "s inua" 6u" a "!"ccin " "s!&s &2"!iv&s ""n" "n

58


59/268

,#an *"ia "n a &cai'acin " sus "n!#aas saias/ & 6u" "an$isis " "s!&s ""*"n!&s "" %ac"#s" c&n!#a "s!&s *"i&s/ si"*#" 6u"a i*!ancia " &2"!iv& as & 2us!i+i6u"/ a 6u" as &*as " a,"n"#acin Pav"_a III s&n *u c&s!&sas/ & cua n& s&n u!ii'aas/ a n&

s"# 6u" " "n"*i,& #"su*a 6u" " &2"!iv& a "s!#ui# "s " ,#ani*!ancia.

Las &*as ?U-3>V? " accin ins!an!$n"a c&n ca"'a " c&*a!" "una H-F> as ?U-3> AV? " "n"!#acin/ c&n ca"'a " c&*a!" " una?LU-187/ c&n ,#an &"# "s!#uc!iv&/ & cua ,"n"#an a!ass"#"si&n"s/ +u"#&n as *$s usaas "n a ,u"##a " I#a.

La ?U-3F su ,#an !a*a;& s&& u"" s"# !#ans!aa %as!a "*&*"n!& " avin M-1@E/ "s *u c&s!&sa ,"n"#a*"n!" "s usaa a#a

&2"!iv&s " *a"s i*"nsi&n"s/ 6u" is*inuan " "## ci#cua# #&a"" a &*a/ & 6u" n& suc"" "n &s !n""s/ "n &s 6u" as #&aiia"s" 6u" " *"i& " "s!#uccin n& i*ac!" a &2"!iv& s&n ,#an"s/ a 6u" "i&!& s&& u"" i"n!a#s" a &ca " !n"/ sin c&n&c"# " v"#a"#&"2" " *is*&.

En &s !i*&s a;&s s" %a c&n!inua& " "#+"cci&na*i"n!& " &s *"i&s" "s!#uccin c&n " &2"!iv& " ac!ua# c&n!#a as as +!i+icaas(!n""s)/ "n!#& " &s 6u" s" "ncu"n!#an: C"e'e %ue%" AGM-?D@C"e'e$ AGM - =E SLAM AGM - =7 SLAM - ER@ Mu#!!#

"#/u#'a *e a'a;ue *!%e'" JDAM +"#'a*a e# GBU-,1@ "/!(a M -,.GBU-,2@ "/!(a M - =.B"+a 'e%+"4%!a BLU-11HB@ +"#'a*a$ e#Cue%8" a$e GBU-2=@ "# "/!(a BLU-1FHB@ *e$*e 8"%'a*"% -1>E@A%+a+e#'" +a$!(" *e "#*a e38a#$!(a MOAB +"#'a*a e# GBU-=,@C"e'eGu!a*" AGM-11= 7ELL IRE "# "/!(a 'e%+"4%!a@C"e'e AGM-?> MAVERICQ@B"+a #ulea% *e 8e#e'%a!# a#'!-u#e% B-?1-11.C"e'e%ue%" AGM-?D)

59


60/268

"'" N > La#&a+!e#'" *e Me*!" *e *e$'%u!# *e al'a 8%e!$!#.

=.,.=.- Te#*e#!a$ *e *e$a%%"ll" *el a%+a+e#'" a6%e" *e 8e#e'%a!#

a. E*"& " *a!"#ia"s *$s "ns&s #"sis!"n!"s.. E6uia*i"n!& " c&%"!"s as!ic&s in!"#c&n!in"n!a"s (IC?H)

an'a&s "s" su*a#in&s (SL?H)/ c&n &2iva " "n"!#acin.c. Inc#"*"n!& " a &n,i!u " a#*a*"n!&.. E*"& " "n"!#a"s ac!iv&s.". A#*a*"n!& an'a& "s" nav" a"#&"sacia/ 1338 *Vs",.+. Sinc#&ni'acin " &s an'a*i"n!&s " &*as " 3888 s.,. a#ian!" " "n"!#acin " a &*a H4A?.%. ?&*as " "6u";& i$*"!#&.i. Inc#"*"n!& " a &!"ncia "n a#*as nuc"a#"s " "n"!#acin: ?-

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61/268

D"n!#& " &s !n""s/ s" #"6ui"#" #ii'a# a #&!"ccin " "#s&na "n,av"!as "s"cia"s/ ac&nici&naas c&n u"#!as #&!"c!as +i!#&-v"n!ia"s.

=.,.>.- Pa%a ;ue el a'a;ue %e$ul'e e3!'"$"@ %e;u!e%e#)a. C&nsi"#a# a DAA.. C&nsi"#a# a i&n"ia " a#*a*"n!& su #"cisin.c. C&nsi"#a# a caacia " "n"!#acin c&n!#a " &2"!iv&.. C&n&c"# a &sicin "xac!a " &2"!iv&/ " sus a#!"s

vun"#a"s.". 4s"#va# " &2"!iv& "s" " ai#".

Exis!" una *"!&&&,a " c$cu& a#a "!"#*ina# a #&!"ccin " as"n!#aas/ c&ns!i!ui# &s un!&s *$s vun"#a"s c&n!#a " a#*a*"n!& "

a!a #"cisin/ a 6u" n&s "#*i!" "!"#*ina# &s sis!"*as " #&!"ccinn"c"sa#i&s a c&ns!#ui#/ cuan& s" a#"cia a ac!uacin " "s!" a#*a*"n!&/"s!&s c$cu&s su c&*"2ia s&n #"ai'a&s &s "s"ciais!as "#&"c!&s " as " +!i+icaci&n"s.

61


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!gu%a N ,F

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Tala N 1, P%!#!8ale$ a%a'e%:$'!a$ '4'!" - '6#!a$ *e la$

"+a$ *e al'a 8%e!$!# #"%'ea+e%!a#a$.

N& D"n&*inacin Sis!.

ua

Pa#!"

C&*.

P"s&

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,

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T&!a

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,

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*

1 ?U 13CV? Las"# H-F3 3F@ 78 >88 >8 @.3 3.8 > 18@8 >>88 3>88 >8 @.3 3.8 >3>8 38>8 3>88 >8 @.3 3.8 >8 @11 AH 1


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a.- Seg


65/268

Su u!ii'acin ""n" " a ca!",a " !n"/ s" u!ii'an "s"" niv" " ?a!an %acia aa2&/ &n" s" si*i+ican &s""*"n!&s 6u" c&n+*an " sis!"*a " "n!#aa/ & 6u" a&n,i!u " a "n!#aa s" ac!a.

3. D" !#$nsi!& La#,&:S" u!ii'an "s" " niv" " 5",i*i"n!& %acia a##ia/ &n" s"c&ns!#u"n !&&s &s ""*"n!&s " sis!"*a " "n!#aas &6u" a &n,i!u " sis!"*a "s *a.E 6u" a "n!#aa s"a " !#$nsi!& c!& & a#,& ""n" !a*in" a is!ancia "n 6u" s" &!"n,a a c&!a " s",u#ia &!"ccin "n a ""vacin.

.- Seg


66/268

Cu*"n va#ias +unci&n"s c&*& u""n s"# a#a a in"ccin "x!#accin " ai#" a su v"' c&*& saias " "*"#,"ncia(auxiia#"s)/ "n!#aas " ca"s "n!#" &!#&s.


67/268

Cuan& a a #incia !i"n"n un ,#a& " #&!"ccin a!& c&n#"acin a a "n!#aa/ s" cu*" 6u":

APM ENT APM 4?5A

E #i*"# (1"#) i*i!" #&!"," a a "n!#aa " a s"#"sin "*"i& " "s!#uccin c&nv"nci&na (HDC)/ n& ,a#an!i'a%"#*"!icia/ "n " s",un& (3&) i*i!" s" ,a#an!i'a a #&!"ccin a %"#*"!icia/ a 6u" "n "s!" *i!" s" incu" " *&u&c&*"!& " &s is&si!iv&s " #&!"ccin/ %"#*!ic& O #&!"c!as %"#*!ic&s.

9.- Seg


68/268

c&*ican/ & 6u" si %a #"s"ncia " a,uas su!"##$n"as/"s!as !i"n"n 6u" s"# &*"aas.


69/268

". A"cuaa #&!"ccin c&n!#a &s "+"c!&s " a &na " c%&c%"/ a+#a,*"n!acin/ as sus!ancias inc"nia#ias.

+. L&s va"s " a s"#"sin 6u" ",u"n a in!"#i/ s"#$n &sa*isi"s s",n su "si,nacin (v"# a !aa 1>).

Tala N 1= Val"%e$ *e $"%e8%e$!"#e$ a*+!$!le$.

De$!g#a!# *e la "%a 0 e9e'"$*e la $"%e8%e$!#

Val"% *e la $"%e8%e$!#a*+!$!le$ e# QgH+2.

Pa#a "#s&na: S" #&uc"n!#au*as "v"s "n &s &&s/c&n!usin ,"n"#a +#ac!u#as.

H"n " 8.3

E6ui&s " *a6uinas %"##a*i"n!as.

H"n " 8.3

D"si!&s *"!$ic&s "c&*us!i"s

1.1 a 1. *3 (usaas "n TSP).. H"ianas. \>-@8 *3

c. #an"s\ @8 *3

. S",n as ins!aaci&n"s:a. Hanua. H"c$nicac. Ec!#icas.

Pa#a cacua# as u"#!as s" ""n !"n"# "n cu"n!a as si,ui"n!"s "xi,"ncias:1. La caacia " #&!"ccin.3. E !a*a;& " van&

. Ha!"#ia"s a u!ii'a#.

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@. Haniuacin/ *an!"ni*i"n!& "aacin.

5"6uisi!&s a !"n"# "n cu"n!a a#a a "cisin " c$cu& " as u"#!as:1. N& ""n in!"##u*i# " as& " &s "+"c!iv&s.

3. 5ai"' "n su *aniuacin.


86/268

La can!ia " canc""s 6u" s" c&ns!#u"n/ ""n" " a ca!",a "&2"!iv& " as ca#ac!"#s!icas " a a/ !a*in s" !i"n" "n cu"n!aas "xi,"ncias " c&*a!" a can!ia " "+"c!iv&s c&n 6u" cu"n!a "!n". Es as c&*& &s Pu"s!&s " C&*an& " niv" " 5",i*i"n!&

%aca a##ia/ ""n " c&n!a# c&n !&& " sis!"*a " canc""s. D" niv"" ?#i,aa %acia aa2&/ u"" #"uci#s" " sis!"*a " canc""s.

E sis!"*a " canc""s "s!$ c&*"!& cuan& cu"n!a c&n:1. Un canc" #&!"c!

3. Un canc" %"#*!ic&-#&!"c!


87/268

I II Canc""s

="#*!ic&s

Canc" P#&!"c! Ai#" C&*#i*i&

Canc" ="#*!ic&-#&!"c!

!gu%a N =F S!$'e+a *e a#ele$.

G 1@ *in. (Ti"*& 6u" "s n"c"sa#i& in"c!a# " ai#" c&*#i*i&). Pa#a

asa# &s u"#!as #&!"c!as < %"#*!icas "s n"c"sa#i& 1@ *inu!&s.

Las a#""s " 3& canc" %"#*!ic& ""n "vi!a# a c&n!a*inacin/ 6u"s" u"a in+i!#a# a !#avs " #"v"s!i*i"n!& "s & 6u" ""n +#a#s"c&n una a*ina *"!$ica isa (#"+"#i"*"n!" au*ini&)/ "2an& un"saci& "n!#" " #"v"s!i*i"n!& a a*ina *"!$ica &n" u"anc#"# a %u*"a &n" ci#cu" " ai#" cai"n!".

e. C4+a%a$ *e *!la'a!#.

La c$*a#a " ia!acin n& "s *$s 6u" un "nsanc%a*i"n!& "n " cana &c&nuc!& " "n!#aa/ a *isin " as c$*a#as " ia!acin "s a "a*ia# " v&u*"n " ai#" 6u" a!#avi"sa " sis!"*a " "n!#aa/ c&n "&2"!iv& " is*inui# a s"#"sin " a &na " c%&6u" 6u" "n"!#a a!#avs " c&nuc!& & sis!"*a " "n!#aa/ ,a#an!i'an& " "s!a +*a6u" "s!a s"#"sin s" a!"nu an!"s " ",a# a as u"#!as " "asa sis!"*a in!"#i " a a.

Las c$*a#as " ia!acin !a*in s" c&ns!#u"n "n " sis!"*a "ac&*"!ias " as ins!aaci&n"s !an!& sani!a#ias c&*& "c!#icas & "

v"n!iacin/ c&*& +*a " "vi!a# a "s!#uccin " as *is*as.

E "+"c!& " as c$*a#as " ia!acin ""n" " !i"*& " accin "a &na " c%&6u" "n " "x!"#i/ !"ni"n& un "+"c!& inv"#sa*"n!"#&ci&na a !i"*& " a a.

87


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P1 P3

E$;ue+a =1 C4+a%a *e D!la'a!#.

Exi,"ncias ,"n"#a"s a#a a uicacin " as c$*a#as " ia!acin.a. La i#"ccin " "2" " a "n!#aa " a c$*a#a n& "" c&incii# c&n

" "2" " a saia.. E a#,& " a c$*a#a " ia!acin !i"n" 6u" s"# *a 6u" cua6ui"#a

" &s a&s " "nsanc%".

La is*inucin " a s"#"sin %as!a &s *i!"s a*isi"s an!"a&s "na !aa 1>/ s" cacuan "x#"si&n"s " M!i+icaci&n"s "xis!i"n&i+"#"n!"s *"!&&&,as/ a#a " c$cu& " a s"#"sin "n &s c&nuc!&s cana"s " sis!"*a " "n!#aa (Escu"a 5usa/ C"ana/ M#anc"sa/ Cuana) c&ns!#uc!iva*"n!" s" &,#a c&n a c&*inacin " &s si,ui"n!"s

""*"n!&s:a. 5"ai'a# ca*i&s " i#"ccin & " niv" " a s"ccin !#ansv"#sa "a ,a"#a " !n" #"s"c!& a a ,a"#a " "n!#aa/ a#a & cua s"u!ii'an in!"#s"cci&n"s a 1


89/268


90/268

!gu%a N => Pue%'a 8%"'e'"%a P-?F@ !#$'ala*a$ e# ga(e'a$. Va%!a#'eD.

!gu%a N =? P%"'e!# *e e#'%a*a "# *"$ lae%!#'"$ *e !#" F>l";ue$ a*a u#" Va%!a#'e E.

!gu%a N = De'alle *e la "l"a!# *e l"$ l";ue$ e# el lae%!#'".


91/268


92/268

En &s !n""s %a ac&*"!ias 6u" una v"' c&ns!#uias s" u""n!aa# (caa+a!"a#) ina#ia*"n!"/ c&*& "2"*& as n"as

"c!#icas/ " c&*unicaci&n"s.

=a &!#as c&*& as "n!#aas saias " ai#"s/ as c&*& a "n!#aa "a,ua &!a" a "vacuacin " &s #"siua"s (a,uas n",#as) 6u" sus ca#ac!"#s!icas !i"n"n un !#a!a*i"n!& "s"cia/ a#a & 6u" "sn"c"sa#i& c#"a# &ca"s c&n +i!#&s "s"cia"s/ "x!in!"s " &nas(v$vuas C4E) & +i!#&s " ,#ava/ as c&*& c$*a#as " ia!acin "ins!aacin " v$vuas " s"#"sin/ a#a "vi!a# 6u" " ai#"c&n!a*ina& & a s"#"sin " a &na " c%&6u"/ "n!#" a in!"#i" !n"/ L&s sis!"*as " v$vuas +i!#&s s&n "6ui&s "s"cia"s 6u"

s" c&ns!#u"n su*inis!#an +a#icas *ii!a#"s "s"ciai'aas. L&s"x!in!"s " ,#ava s" u""n c&ns!#ui# " "#s&na 6u" s""nca#,u" " a c&ns!#uccin " !n" su *isin "s !#ans+*a# "ca#$c!"# " a &na " c%&6u" 6u" ui"#a "n"!#a# a in!"#i "&2"!iv& a !#avs " as ac&*"!ias " !a *an"#a 6u":En " #i*"# !#a*& s" is*inu" a "n"#,a " a &na/"s,ani'$n&a !#ans+*$n&a "n &na " #"+"xin.

5"6uisi!&s a#a a c&ns!#uccin.

a. E "x!in! s" u"" %ac"# c&n !#"s & &s caas " ,#avas "i+"#"n!"s i$*"!#&s/ "#& si"*#" a ,#ava *$s +ina "" !"n"# 1Va 1@ x 18->.

Las v$vuas " &6u"& cu*"n a *isin " !aa# as ac&*"!iasa#a 6u" n& "n!#" "n " in!"#i " !n" a &na " c%&6u"/ u!ii'an&a *is*a #"sin a#a *&v"# " is!n c"##a# as "n!#aas/"in&s" ,a#an!i'a# 6u" " #"c#i& " a &na " a*!i,ua

s"a *a 6u" " !i"*& " ci"##" " a v$vua.

!.- Pu#'"$ *e T%a'a+!e#'" Sa#!'a%!" PTS.E as& " !#a!a*i"n!& sani!a#i& & un!& " !#a!a*i"n!& 6u*ic& s"u!ii'a cuan& a a s" "ncu"n!#a "n " II #,i*"n " v"n!iacin.

6


98/268

En " I #,i*"n s" asa i#"c!a*"n!" a a a a "n!#aa #inciasin n"c"sia " a!#av"sa# " as& sani!a#i&/ cuan!& "n " "x!"#i

n& "xis!" c&n!a*inacin.En " III #,i*"n n& asa nai" a a a/ & 6u" s" u"" "ci#/ 6u" asas " "s!ancia " "#s&na !i"n"n &s "n!#aas.

1. En!#aa i#"c!a.

2. ntrada a tra#s del paso sanitario.

M!$!"#e$ ;ue u+8le el 8a$" $a#!'a%!".1. I*"i# a c&n!a*inacin "n " in!"#i " a a.3. As",u#a# a aua *ica a "#s&na c&n!a*ina& si "s n"c"sa#i&

aisa#& " #"s!& " "#s&na.


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101/268

1F. E PTS !i& ? n& "va uc%a "sin+"c!an!"/ as sus!ancias 6u*icass" u""n a*ac"na# "n " "s-v"s!i & %ac"# un a*acn "

*"n"s i*"nsi&n"s.

17. E PTS !i& C "s *$s #"uci& !&& s" a*ac"na "n un s&& &ca(a#*as/ &cu*"n!&s ,a#"!as)/ n& %a &ca " v"n!iacin/ niaisa/ ni a*ac"n"s " #&a.

38. E PTS !i& D "s *$s #"uci& / ,"n"#a*"n!" s" usan as u"#!as" "n!#aa/ !"ni"n& c&*& "sv"n!a2a 6u" "sus 6u" s" usa "PTS %a 6u" "sc&n!a*ina#& u#an!" "s" !i"*& a "n!#aa "s!a&s!#uia/ & cua s" usa "n as *u "6u";as.

Rela!# *e l"ale$ *e u# 8a$" $a#!'a%!" '!8" A.1. P#i*"# Canc" #&!"c!. (S" c&ns!#u" un nic%& a#a a

c&ns"#vacin " a #&a c&n!a*inaa.3. S",un& canc" P#&!"c!.. S",un& canc" %"#*!ic& #&!"c!.@. Duc%a "s-,asi+icaa.. D"sv"s!i.. C$*a#a a#a as ca#"!as an!i,$s.F. P#i*"# canc" %"#*!ic&.7. S",un& canc" %"#*!ic&.18. Duc%a %i,inica.11. L&ca a#a " c%"6u"& *ic&.13. "s!i. Cua#"n!"na.1@. Canc" " a cua#"n!"na.1. S"#vici& sani!a#i& " a cua#"n!"na.1. L&ca a#a !#a!a*i"n!& " a#*as &cu*"n!&s.

1F. C&ns"#vacin " a#*as &cu*"n!&s.17. S"#vici& sani!a#i&.38. L&ca " "scans&.31. L&ca " #"ac!iv&s ca"n!a.33. A*acn " #&a i*ia.3


102/268

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CAPITULO V

ECAVACION DE TUNELES

La "xcavacin "" &,#a# c&*& &2"!iv&/ a##anca# " *a!"#ia "n " +#"n!"" !#aa2& " *aci'& #&c&s& c#"a# "n "s!a a cavia n"c"sa#ia a#a as&ucin c&ns!#uc!iva " a a s",n su "si,nacin.Pa#a #"ai'a# "s!" !#aa2& " "xcavacin "s n"c"sa#i& c&n!a# c&n &s an&s" #"an!"& " caica!as " !n"/ &s 6u" "+in"n " !#a'a& " *is*& " *&vi*i"n!& " !i"##a a #"ai'a#.

>.1.- Re8la#'e" *el '


106/268

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#"an!"& " as ,av"!as s" c&nsi"#an c&*& un!&s aici&na"s "#"an!"&.

+. L&s un!&s " "n!#aa & inici& s" #"an!"an ("n a su"#+ici"!"##"s!#") "s" &s &s *&nu*"n!&s *$s #xi*&s " a&i,&n&*"!#a +una*"n!a &s un!&s in!"#i"s "s" &s un!&s" "n!#aa/ c&n+*" a &s c$cu&s " #"an!"& #"ai'a&s a*"ia 6u" s" vaa avan'an& "n " !#a'a& " !n".

,. L&s an&s " #"an!"& " &s !n""s s&n "2"cu!a&s "#s&na

"s"ciai'a& " #&"c!&s !i"n"n una ,#an i*!ancia "n ac&ns!#uccin " !n""s/ a 6u" s&n &s 6u" "#*i!"n 6u" s" u"a"2"cu!a# " !#aa2& a2& !i"##a " "*a!" " &s +#"n!"s " !#aa2& " *an!"ni*i"n!& " as "ni"n!"s "s!a"cias.

%. En &s !n""s " s"ccin "6u";a (TSP)/ cuan& s" n"c"si!aa,ii'a# " !#aa2& #"6u"#i*i"n!&s " a is&sicin c&*a!iva/ s"u"" a# inici& a a c&ns!#uccin " &s *is*&s/ una v"' "+"c!ua&" #"c&n&ci*i"n!& " !"##"n& "ciin&s" " un!& "

"*&6uia*i"n!& a i#"ccin inicia 6u" !"n#$ " "2" " !n"/"#*i!in&s" " "sa +*a 6u" s" inician &s !#aa2&s/ *i"n!#as6u" s" "2"cu!an &s an&s " !&&,#a+a #&"c!&.

>.2.- C"#$'%u!# *e al!a'a$)C&nsis!" "n a #"ai'acin " un c!" v"#!ica " !"##"n& "n " u,a# "uicacin " as "n!#aas/ sus a#$*"!#&s ""n"n " !i& "s"ccin " !n" &s ,#a&s " "ni"n!"s " !"##"n&.

D&n":

L- La#,& " a caica!a.

=- A!& " a caica!a

A- Anc%& " a caica!a

15


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"'" N 12 E3a(a!# *e Cal!a'a e# $uel" "# +a%'!ll" %"+8e*"%.

"'" N 1, E3a(a!# *e Cal!a'a e# $uel" "# e;u!8" +ea#!&a*"R"&a*"%a.

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+e*!a$.

"'" N 1? Ca%ga *el e$"+%" *e la Cal!a'a 8"% +6'"*" +a#ual.

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"'" N 1 Pe%9!la*" *e la Cal!a'a.

>.,.- M6'"*"$ *e e3a(a!#.

L&s *!&&s " "xcavacin " !n""s ""n"n "n #i*"# u,a# "

+*a +una*"n!a " !i& " !"##"n& a a!#av"sa#.

D" "s!" *&& ca" %aa# s"a#a& ":a. Excavacin " !n""s "n su"&s & !"##"n&s an&s.. Excavacin " !n""s "n #&ca.

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#&ca "s *u a#asiva #"sis!"n!" & s" "ncu"n!#a "n "s!a& *asiv&.

?$sica*"n!" c&nsis!" "n "2"cu!a# un&s a##"n&s "n " +#"n!" ""xcavacin/ ca#,a#&s c&n "x&siv&s %ac"#&s "!&na#. La #"accin"x&siva ,"n"#a una "n"#,a "n +*a " #"sin " ,as"s "n"#,a" vi#acin caa' " 6u"#an!a# a "s!#uc!u#a " a #&ca.

Las a#!"s & !#aa2&s ""*"n!a"s " 6u" c&ns!a " cic& " !#aa2&ca#ac!"#s!ic& " "s!" *!&& "s " si,ui"n!":

1. 5"an!"& " a!#n " v&au#a.3. P"#+acin " &s a##"n&s.


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Exis!"n i+"#"n!"s +*as " "2"cu!a# " cu"":a) En b) En aanic&.c) Pa#a"&.) P#is*$!ic&s.") D" #anu#a.

E cu"" *$s usa& su si*icia "s " a#a"&. C&nsis!" "nc&&ca# un a##"n& vac& (a##"n& auan!") sin "x&siv&/ " *ai$*"!#& 6u" " #"s!& (@ a 183 **) a su a#"" !#"s (8) a##"n&s ca#,a&s 6u" "x&!an suc"siva*"n!" si,ui"n& unas"cu"ncia #""s!a"cia. La *isin " a##"n& auan!" "s a "&+#"c"# una su"#+ici" i#" 6u" "vi!" " c&n+ina*i"n!& " a #&ca/ "*&& 6u" +acii!" su a##an6u"/ " i$*"!#& " "s!" a##"n& va#a "n!#"188


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!gu%a N > Cuele e# CuKa (e%'!al.

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. Ma;u!#a *e 8e%9"%a!#)La "#+acin " &s a##"n&s s" u"" %ac"# &s #&c"i*i"n!&s:

E 8%!+e%" "s *"ian!" " us& " *a#!i&s *anua"s acci&na&s ai#" c&*#i*i& " $egu#*"*"ian!" *a#!i&s %i#$uic&s *&n!a&ss" una *a6uina " in,"ni"#a "n&*inaa u*&.E *!&& *$s usa& "n !n""s " s"ccin "6u";a/ "s " #i*"#&(*a#!i& *anua) aun6u" " s",un& *!&& !a*in u"" u!ii'a#s"/*"ian!" " us& " u*&s "s"cia"s a#a a "#+acin " TSP.L&s a##"n&s " c&n!n& " i"/ "xi,"n 6u" s"an "#+a&s c&n una"!"#*inaa incinacin %acia " in!"#i " *aci'&/ 6u" n& "xc"a "c&n!n& " a "xcavacin/ & s"a 6u" " +&n& " a##"n& n&s"as" " "#+i " #&"c!& " a "xcavacin "n " cas& "

*aci'&s #&c&s&s c&n una a!& c&"+ici"n!" " u#"'a " !"##"n& (*a" 18) & s"as" a#"" " @ c*/ u" si &s a##"n&s "c&n!n& " i" +u"s"n a#a"&s/ aua!ina*"n!" s" i#a c"##an& a"xcavacin.

TalaN 2Nu+e%" *e a%%e#"$ e# la $e!# TP-2-TP-,.

M N*"#& Hni*& " a##"n&sA ?

1 7 @3 13 F< 1> 11> 1 1 El le(a#'e@ $!+6'%!a+e#'e *e$*e l"$ a%%a#;ue$a$'a la la(e.

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"'" N 2> C"#$'%u!# *e $ell" *e #!(ela!# 8a%a &a8a'a$

"'" N 2? C"l"a!# *e ae%" e# &a8a'a$ 0 "lu+#a$ *e !e%%e

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"'" N 2 E#"9%a*" 0 "%+!g"#a*" *e "lu+#a$ *e !e%%e.

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"'" N ,F C"#$'%u!# *e la$ 8a%e*e$ la'e%ale$ *e l";ue$ *e

"%+!g#.

"'" N ,1 C"#$'%u!# *e (e*a *e la*%!ll"$ "# u$" *e la !+%a.

"'" N ,2 C"#$'%u!# *e B(e*a *e la*%!ll".

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#"&!a/ #&ucin&s" una #ia " *a!"#ia 6u" #"ci" " n&*#" "%ea&".

La 9"%+a *e 8%"0e'a% la +e&la 8ue*e# $e% *"$)1. V:a $ea) Es a c&*inacin " $#i&s " %u*"a na!u#a

c"*"n!& 6u" s" i*usan c&n a aua " ai#" c&*#i*i&/a;ain&" " a,ua a a saia " a &6uia " in"ccin.

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>. C&n u&n"s.

Es!" *!&& s" u"" usa# a#a s&s!"ni*i"n!&s #"v"s!i*i"n!&s"+ini!iv&s/ a 6u" "s *u "+ica' a!a*"n!" #&uc!iv&/ Exis!i"n&

" "6uia*i"n!& a niv" *unia/ a#a &"# usa#& "n cua6ui"# !i&" s"ccin ("6u";a/ *"iana ,#an"). Sin "*a#,& "s!as*a6uinas s&n c&s!&sas/ & cua " sis!"*a "s *$s u!ii'a& "n!n""s " s"ccin *"ia ,#an".

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N& "s *$s 6u" a c&*inacin " *$s " &s " &s *!&&s"s!uia&s c&n an!"#iia "n &s !#aa2&s " c&ns!#uccin " un

!n".

?.=. Ta8a$ e I#'e%$e!"#e$.

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Las !aas " +&n& " &s !n""s " s"ccin "6u";a/ s" ""n"2"cu!a# c&n a#""s " =*i,n a#*a& " 8.38 * " "s"s c&n&"s *aas " ac"#& " k 1V3l m a 38 c* "n a*as i#"cci&n"s/ ""s!a +*a s" ,a#an!i'a 6u" a *is*a u"a s&!a# as ca#,as#&ucias " *aci'& #&c&s&/ a su v"' !"n,an a "ia#&!"ccin c&n!#a &s *"i&s " "s!#uccin c&nv"nci&na.

Las !aas +#&n!a"s s" u""n "2"cu!a# " %*i,n a#*a& & c&n&6u"s *aci'a&s / a "cisin " "2"cu!a#as c&n un& u &!#& *!&&""n" " &s niv""s " #&!"ccin c&n 6u" "s!" &!a& " sis!"*a" "n!#aas/ si as "n!#aas !i"n"n !&&s &s canc""s #"vis!&s %a,a#an!a " n& "n"!#acin " a s"#"sin " &s *"i&s ""s!#uccin " "n"*i,& "n as ,a"#as " acc"s&s & asi&s s"u""n "2"cu!a# as a#""s c&n &6u"s/ si"*#" 6u" s" *acic"n #"+u"#c"n c&n ac"#&/ " +*a !a 6u" u"an s&!a# as &nasss*icas 6u" s" u"an #&uci# !"ni"n& "n cu"n!a as ca#ac!"#s!icas,"&,icas " a '&na " uicacin as ca#,as in$*icas 6u"#&uc"n &s *"i&s " "s!#uccin a i*ac!a# s" " !"##"n&/ as6u" s" *ani+i"s!an c&*& &nas ss*icas "n " *is*&.

La *a s",u#ia an!" "s!&s "v"n!&s s" #&uc" c&n a c&ns!#uccin" "s!as a#""s/ !an!& as " +&n& c&*& as +#&n!a"s c&n =*i,na#*a&.

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A as !aas " +&n& s" "s c&&ca " *is*& ac"#& 6u" a as +#&n!a"s/sin "2"cu!$#s""s " van& " as u"#!as.S" c&n&c" c&*& in!"#s"cci&n"s "n !n""s a as '&nas &n" s"#&uc"n ,i#&s " i+"#"n!"s $n,u&s "n as ,a"#as " acc"s&

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a. In!"#s"ccin " s"ccin TP-1 c&n TP-1.. In!"#s"ccin " TP-1 c&n TP-3VTP-


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CAPITULO VII

DRENAJES E IMPERMEABILLIZACION

.1. Me*!*a$ !#:!ale$ a 'e#e% e# ue#'a e# l"$ e$'u*!"$ 8%el!+!#a%e$*e u!a!# *e u#a "%a $u'e%%4#ea8a%a e(!'a% la 8%e$e#!a *eagua. E c&n!#& " a %u*"a & +i!#aci&n"s "n!#& " as assu!"##$n"as %a 6u" %ac"#& "n !&as as "!aas " a via "&2"!iv&/ "s & 6u":

.1.1. E'a8a *e 8%"0e'")

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aa#"c"#.. 5"ai'a# " is";& " as %i#$uicas "x!"#i"s 6u" au"n a

a "sviacin #"c&"ccin " as a,uas uvia"s " #&s/a##&&s u &!#& !i& " acu*uacin " a,uas.

c. P#"v"# as as " #"na2" in!"#i 6u" canaic"n "vacu"n asa,uas 6u" ui"#an acu*ua#s" "n a a.

. P#"v"# s&uci&n"s " i*"#*"aii'acin " *aci'& #&c&s&/ &a# s&uci&n"s " "vacuacin " as a,uas "xis!"n!"s "n "*is*& "n a "!aa " is";& " #"v"s!i*i"n!& " a a.

.1.2. E'a8a "#$'%u'!(a)

=a "+"c!&s 6u" s" #&uc"n u#an!" a "xcavacin " un !n" a#"s"ncia " a in+i!#acin " a,ua/ 6u" c&*ican ,#an"*"n!" su"2"cucin/ "n!#& " &s 6u" &"*&s *"nci&na#:

a. H"!"i'acin " a #&ca un ca*i& inc&nv"ni"n!" " susca#ac!"#s!icas ,"&*"c$nicas/ #incia*"n!" "n *aci'&s#&c&s&s " caia *"n.

. Dis*inucin " a "s!aiia " a "xcavacin/ "n a#!icua# "

&s cas&s "n &s 6u" a #&ca "s +#a,*"n!a#ia & +#ac!u#aa/ c&*&c&ns"cu"ncia " & an!"#i/ s" #&uc" " inc#"*"n!& " as+u"#'as 6u" !i"n"n a #&v&ca# " c&as& & "##u*" " a"xcavacin.

c. Sa!u#acin " as #&cas anas su"&s s"nsi"s a &s ca*i&s" %u*"a/ & 6u" inc#"*"n!a a "+*ia #"uc" a#"sis!"ncia.

. Dis*inucin " "+"c!& " as v&au#as/ c&*& c&ns"cu"ncia s"#&uc"n #"!#as&s " &s avanc"s a #&ci&na# ins",u#ia "na #"ai'acin " &s !#aa2&s.

". Dis*inucin " "+"c!& " s&!" !"*a a #&v&ca#s"&xiacin/ "!"#i& a+&2a*i"n!&.

+. Acu*uacin +u2& " a,ua "n " is&/ & 6u" u"" &casi&na#acci"n!"s a "#s&na/ i+icu!a " *&vi*i"n!& " &s "6ui&s.

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L&s *e$-u+!9!a*"%e$s" "*"an cuan& s" #"6ui"#" !"n"# unc&n!#& *a " a %u*"a "n!#& " a a n& "s n"c"sa#i& un

c&n!#& #,i& " a !"*"#a!u#a..2.- T%a'a+!e#'" *e la$ agua$ $u8e%9!!ale$.

E c#"c!& !#a!a*i"n!& " as a,uas su"#+icia"s !i"n" una ,#ani*!ancia "n a uicacin c&ns!#uccin " !n""s/ a 6u" ""& ""n"#$ a is*inucin " a a+u"ncia " a,ua/ %aca "in!"#i " !n". P "s!a #a'n "n " #"c&n&ci*i"n!& " !"##"n&6u" s" #"ai'a a#a uica# una a su!"##$n"a "" !"n"#s" "ncu"n!a "s!" as"c!&/ "n a,unas &casi&n"s as +i!#aci&n"s s&n "a,ua &!a"/ "n &!#as &s""n "xc"s& " a,uas *in"#a"s/ si"n&as *$s "#2uicia"s as a,uas aa;a"s. Pa#a !&&s "s!&s cas&s/

s" #&"c!an " an!"*an& as ins!aaci&n"s %i#$uicas "#"na2"/ !&*an& c&*& as" a "ni"n!" " c$cu&.Puin&s" s";aa# 6u" a *"2 uicacin " un !n"/ a#a "vi!a#a "n"!#acin " as a,uas su"#+icia"s "s una ""vacin/ a"2an&as "n!#aas " as va,uaas na!u#a"s " "s!a.

a. C"#$'%u!# *e '


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!gu%a N , E/e+8l" *e *e$(:" *e agua$ $u8e%9!!ale$.

1.C&*& s" u"" a#"cia#/ s" #"ai'a c&ns!#u"n& una 'an2a"6u";a 6u" "svia#$ a c#i"n!" " a,ua %acia &s a!"#a"s "!n" " "s!a +*a n& a+"c!a#$ ni "#&si&na#$ a "n!#aa " !n".

3.S" c&&can "n a &ca ""*"n!&s #"+a#ica&s (& +uni& in si!u)."vi!an& as a+"c!aci&n"s as #"cii!aci&n"s/ c&*& !a*inc&n!#iui#$n "n ,#an *"ia a ""va# su #&!"ccin ""n*asca#a*i"n!&.


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!gu%a N > C"#$'%u!# *e '


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!gu%a N Va%!a#'e$ *e $"lu!"#e$ *e *%e#a/e 8a%a 'e%%e#"$"#*ula*"$ " lla#"$.

1. C&ns!#uccin " 'an2as " #"na2" in!"#c"!as " as a,uassu"#+icia"s/ "n a a#!" su"#i " a a an!"s " as "n!#aas" as as c&n "ni"n!"s 6u" "sa,["n as *is*as a as '&nas*$s a2as " !"##"n&.

3. C&ns!#uccin " #",is!#& " #"na2" "n a a#!" in+"#i " a #a*a" "n!#aa/ " 6u" s" c&n"c!a#$ a "x!"#i *"ian!" !u"#as/"x!#a"n& " a,ua &*"&.Es!as 'an2as " #"na2" s" c&ns!#u"n c&n &s niv""sc#"s&ni"n!"s a#a a "vacuacin " a,ua %acia " "x!"#i/

a"*$s s" #""nan c&n i"#as/ ,#avas a#a 6u" +acii!"n aci#cuacin " a,ua.

Ta*in s" u""n c&ns!#ui# 8"&"$ *e *%e#a/e &s 6u" s" uican auna is!ancia " a a " 8 R " a &n,i!u !&!a/ !"ni"n& "ncu"n!a as c&nici&n"s %i#&,"&,icas/ ui"n& s"#:

1. En un niv" a un a& " a a.

3. En &s niv""s a un a& " a a.

. En &s niv""s a a*&s a&s " a a.

Es!&s &'&s s" uican a una a!u#a !a 6u" a cu#va " "#"sin "niv" " as a,uas/ 6u"" a *is*& niv" " a a & "a2& ""s!a.

75


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Ta*in s" u""n #"ai'a# a##"n&s c&"c!"s asc"n"n!"s ,a"#as/ &s 6u" au*"n!an " &"# " ca!acin " a,ua/ "vi!an& 6u"as *is*as "n"!#"n a a a. Es!as s&uci&n"s s" #"ai'an "n a#"s"ncia " +u2&s " a,uas su!"##$n"as 6u" s" "ncu"n!#"n "n!#& "&s *i!"s " a a/ " a,unas ,#i"!as "saci&s vaci&s/"2"cu!$n&s" "n !#a*&s " &ca &n,i!u & ,"n"#a "nci*a " aa/ unin&s" "n!#" s c&n ,a"#as &n,i!uina"s & c&n &'&sc&"c!"s asc"n"n!"s " %as!a 188 * " &n,i!u/ a"*$s " "s!&sa##"n&s asc"n"n!"s s" u""n c&ns!#ui# a##"n&s "sc"n"n!"s a#aasa# " a,ua " as caas acu+"#as %i'&n!a"s su"#i"s a ascaas acu+"#as in+"#i"s.

Es!as &s s&uci&n"s s&n ca#as s&& s" 2us!i+ican si as c&nici&n"s%i#&,"&,icas " u,a# " uicacin " !n" s&n c&*"2as/ ,"n"#a*"n!" s" !#a!an " c&*ina# c&n &!#as s&uci&n"s c&ns!#uc!ivas" a a/ c&*& s&n &s sis!"*as " v"n!iacin &s &'&s " saias" "*"#,"ncia.

Una s&ucin *$s "c&n*ica s" u"" #"

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