man's impact on the environment: the freshwater marsh · man is the pre- cipitating factor in...
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Man's Impact on the Environment: The Freshwater Marshas an Ecosystem. Update.Brevard County School Board, Cocoa, Fla.Bureau of Elementary and Secondary Education(DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C.(75]187p.; For the Pilot Test Edition, see ED 106 078.Related documents are SE 020 014-016. Maps and chartsmay reproduce marginallyThe slides described in the abstract are availablefrom ERIC/SMEAC, The Ohio State University, 1200Chambers Roadv 3rd Floor, Columbus, Ohio 43212 (onloan)
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$10.03 Plus PostageDESCRIPTORS Conservation Education; *Ecology; *Environmental
Education; *Instructional Materials; LearningActivities; Science Education; Science Materials;*Teaching Guides
IDENTIFIERS Elementary Secondary Education Act Title III; ESEATitle III
ABSTRACTThis environmental education program emphasizes the
cause and effect of change in a freshwater marsh ecosystem withspecial attention given to man and his role in environmental change.Concepts are employed from the natural and social sciences toinvestigate environmental problems. Unit activities are inquiryoriented and answer these questions: (1) What is an ecosystem?; (2)
What is a description of the ecosystem being investigated?; (3) Whatare some of the biotic and abiotic features -f the ecosystem and howdo these features interrelate?; (4) Where arm some specific locationsof the ecosystem being investigated?; (5) What biotic and abioticfeatures in the ecosystem have changed and are undergoing change?;(6) What are the natural factors causing change in the ecosystem andhow have they been brought about?; (7) What arc the man-made factorscausing change in the ecosystem and how have they been broughtabout?; (8) What are the results of the changes?; (9) What, if any,new changes are needed in the ecosystem?; and (10) How might theseneeded changes to the ecosystem be brought about? Questions 5-10 aredesigned into a role-playing simulation game. The guide also containsreadings, maps, and other handouts, resources, evaluation technique,and teacher suggestions for program implementation. Slides withdescriptions are included. (Author/MR)
Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished materials not available from other sources ERIC makes everyeffort to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal reproducibility are often encountered and this affects thequality of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS)EDRS is not responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made fromthe original.
U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EOUCATIOH & WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO.OUCED EXACTLY AS RECEyE0 FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN-ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE-SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY
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or r
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in w
as p
erfo
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pur
suan
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agr
ant f
rom
the
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ted
Stat
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ffic
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du-
catio
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do
not n
eces
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rily
ref
lect
the
posi
tion
or p
olic
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the
Uni
ted
Stat
es O
ffic
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n,an
d no
off
icia
l end
orse
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t by
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es O
ffic
e of
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catio
n sh
ould
be
infe
rred
.
RE
PRO
DU
CT
ION
OF
TH
IS M
AT
ER
IAL
Con
trar
y to
usu
al p
ract
ice,
no
rest
rict
ions
are
pla
ced
on th
e us
e, r
e-pr
oduc
tion
or q
uota
tion
from
thes
e re
sour
ce u
nits
if th
e go
al is
inte
nded
toim
prov
e th
e en
viro
nmen
tal a
war
enes
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of te
ache
rs, s
tude
nts,
and
the
publ
ic in
gen
eral
RA
TIO
NA
LE
Env
iron
men
tal d
egra
datio
n is
rec
ogni
zed
as a
con
cern
of
incr
easi
ng m
agni
tude
. Man
is th
e pr
e-ci
pita
ting
fact
or in
the
dete
rior
atio
n of
the
hum
an a
nd n
on-h
uman
fac
tors
of
his
envi
ronm
ent,
his
high
lyto
uted
acc
ompl
ishm
ents
not
with
stan
ding
.It
is p
ostu
late
d th
at e
nvir
onm
enta
l pro
blem
s lr
e ex
acer
bate
dby
man
's la
ck o
f kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
his
sur
roun
ding
s, b
oth
phys
ical
and
soc
ial,
as w
ell a
sin
divi
dual
mot
ivat
ion
to a
ct r
espe
ctfu
lly to
war
d hi
s en
viro
nmen
ts.
Thi
s br
oad
spec
trum
env
iron
men
tal e
duca
tion
prog
ram
has
bee
n de
velo
ped
to c
omba
t thi
s sh
orta
geof
und
erst
andi
ng a
nd f
eelin
g. E
mp:
oyin
g co
ncep
ts f
rom
bot
h th
e di
scip
lines
of
natu
ral a
nd s
ocia
l sci
ence
s,...
3a
lear
ner
can
be e
xpos
ed n
ot o
nly
to th
e ph
ysic
al p
heno
men
a th
at a
re b
eing
aff
ecte
d in
his
env
iron
men
tbu
t als
o ca
n be
mad
e aw
are
of th
e hu
man
con
sequ
ence
s of
thes
e ch
ange
s. T
he a
pplic
atio
n of
the
self
-di
scov
ery
tech
niqu
es u
sed
in th
is le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ity p
acka
ge w
ill r
esul
t in
a le
arne
r w
ho:
1.D
emon
stra
tes
a si
gnif
ican
tly in
crea
sed
leve
l of
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
ein
terr
elat
ions
hip
of b
oth
hum
an a
nd n
on-h
uman
asp
ects
of
his
envi
ronm
ent.
2.D
emon
stra
tes
a si
gnif
ican
tly h
ighe
r po
sitiv
e at
titud
e to
war
d hi
s en
viro
nmen
t.
By
acco
mpl
ishi
ng th
ese
obje
ctiv
es w
ith a
sub
stan
tial n
umbe
r of
stu
dent
s, th
ey w
ould
be
equi
pped
with
the
basi
c to
ols
with
whi
ch to
act
ivel
y pu
rsue
sol
utio
ns to
env
iron
men
tal p
robl
ems.
v
TA
BL
E O
F C
ON
TE
NT
S
The
Fre
shw
ater
Mar
sh a
s an
Eco
syst
em
Rat
iona
leV
Tab
le o
f C
onte
nts
vi
Fore
wor
dvi
iA
ckno
wle
dgem
ent
XX
Loo
king
Ahe
adX
Xi.
A M
odel
for
Inv
estig
atin
g C
hang
e in
Eco
syst
ems
xxii
CO
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
1
Stud
ent C
omm
ents
36
Tea
cher
Com
men
ts13
4
35m
m S
lides
163
FOR
EW
OR
D
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent i
s a
lear
ning
act
ivity
pac
kage
des
igne
d to
fos
ter
an im
prov
emen
tin
the
lear
ner's
kno
wle
dge
of a
nd a
ttitu
de to
war
d hi
s en
viro
nmen
t. A
s th
e tit
le m
ight
sug
gest
, thi
s pa
ckag
evi
ews
man
as
he a
ffec
ts h
is e
nvir
onm
ent,
both
the
livin
g an
d no
n-liv
ing
feat
ures
.C
onse
quen
tly, t
he u
nit
of a
naly
sis
used
for
this
stu
dy is
the
ecos
yste
m, a
sys
tem
in w
hich
the
man
y re
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g th
eliv
ing
(bio
tic)
and
non-
livin
g (a
biot
ic)
aspe
cts
of a
ny g
iven
env
iron
men
t are
inve
stig
ated
.
The
eco
syst
em v
iew
of
the
envi
ronm
ent i
s br
ough
t int
o sh
arp
focu
s by
util
izin
g th
e co
ncep
tual
them
eof
cha
nge.
Bio
logi
cal,
phys
iolo
gica
l, an
d so
ciol
ogic
al c
hang
e ar
e al
l fac
ets
of th
is p
artic
ular
con
cept
ual
appr
oach
. Maj
or e
mph
asis
is g
iven
to th
e ca
use
and
effe
ct o
f ch
ange
in a
n ec
osys
tem
and
spe
cial
atte
ntio
nis
giv
en to
man
and
his
rol
e in
env
iron
men
tal c
hang
e.
To
faci
litat
e th
e in
vest
igat
ion
of c
hang
e in
var
ious
eco
syst
ems,
an
anal
ytic
al m
odel
a se
ries
of
gene
raliz
ed b
ut b
asic
que
stio
ns a
pplic
able
to a
num
ber
of s
imila
r un
its o
f an
alys
is -
abo
ut c
hang
e in
an
ecos
yste
m h
as b
een
deve
lope
d.In
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent,
lear
ning
act
iviti
es a
re p
rovi
ded
that
appl
y th
is a
naly
tical
mod
el to
a s
erie
s of
spe
cifi
c ec
osys
tem
s: b
arri
er b
each
, est
uary
, fre
shw
ater
mar
sh,
the
city
.It
is b
elie
ved
that
onc
e a
lear
ner
beco
mes
acq
uain
ted
with
this
mod
el, h
e ca
n us
e it
as a
gui
deto
stu
dy a
ny e
cosy
stem
he
wis
hes.
The
app
licat
ion
of th
is m
odel
to s
elec
ted
ecos
yste
ms
is m
ade
thro
ugh
an in
quir
y, o
r se
lf-d
isco
very
,le
arni
ng a
ppro
ach.
Eve
n th
ough
the
lear
ning
act
iviti
es a
re b
ased
on
a ve
ry d
irec
ted
inqu
iry
tech
niqu
e, th
ele
arne
r st
ill b
enef
its f
rom
usi
ng h
is a
naly
tical
ski
lls, g
aini
ng f
acts
, and
exp
lori
ng a
nd c
lari
fyin
g hi
s va
lues
and
attit
udes
tow
ard
the
envi
ronm
ent.
vii
How
To
Use
Thi
s L
earn
ing
Pack
et
Thi
s le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
pac
kage
is d
ivid
ed in
to th
ree
maj
or s
ectio
nsL
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es,
Stud
ent C
omm
ents
(SC
) an
d T
each
er C
omm
ents
(T
C).
The
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
sec
tion
prov
ides
in-
vest
igat
ions
for
eac
h in
quir
y qu
estio
n lis
ted
in th
e an
alyt
ical
mod
el. T
hese
inve
stig
atio
ns a
re d
esig
ned
to g
uide
the
lear
ner
tow
ard
a w
ell g
roun
ded
conc
lusi
on to
the
inqu
iry
ques
tions
.A
long
with
the
Lea
rnin
g
Act
iviti
es, t
his
divi
sion
incl
udes
Res
ourc
es n
eede
d to
com
plet
e th
e in
vest
igat
ions
, sug
gest
ed E
valu
atio
npr
oced
ures
for
stu
dent
per
form
ance
, and
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
. The
eva
luat
ion
tech
niqu
es a
re e
xpla
ined
in d
epth
late
r in
this
For
ewar
d. S
tude
nt C
omm
ents
are
rea
ding
s, m
aps,
and
oth
er h
ando
uts
that
are
inte
gral
par
ts o
f th
e L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es a
nd a
re to
be
repr
oduc
ed f
or le
arne
r us
e. T
he S
tude
nt C
omm
ents
are
num
bere
d an
d lo
cate
d al
l tog
ethe
r fo
llow
ing
the
sect
ion
onL
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es.
Tea
cher
Com
men
tsgi
ve b
ackg
roun
d in
form
atio
n on
a v
arie
ty o
f as
pect
s of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
stu
died
. Eve
n th
ough
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
ts a
re p
rim
arily
des
igne
d fo
r th
e te
ache
r, m
any
inst
ruct
ors
have
fou
nd it
use
ful t
o re
prod
uce
thes
efo
r th
eir
stud
ents
to u
se.
In a
n ef
fort
to m
ake
this
lear
ning
pac
ket a
s st
uden
t-or
ient
ed a
s po
ssib
le, t
here
has
bee
n in
clud
edan
exp
lana
tion
of a
wor
kabl
e pr
ogra
m in
whi
ch s
tude
nts
cond
uct c
lass
dis
cuss
ion.
Rea
d ca
refu
lly th
efo
l-
low
ing
Sugg
este
d M
odel
for
Stu
dent
-Dir
ecte
d C
lass
Dis
cuss
ion
for
poss
ible
impl
emen
tatio
n in
you
r cl
assr
oom
.
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent a
lso
prov
ides
a s
erie
s of
sug
gest
ed m
etho
ds f
or e
valu
atin
g le
arne
rpe
rfor
man
ce. E
mpl
oym
ent o
f th
ese
part
icul
ar te
chni
ques
are
not
cri
tical
to th
e su
cces
s of
the
lear
ning
unit,
but
are
pro
cedu
res
that
hav
e pr
oved
mea
ning
ful t
o th
e cl
assr
oom
teac
hers
who
dev
elop
ed th
is le
arni
ngac
tivity
pac
kage
. A P
ropo
sed
Sche
me
of T
echn
ique
s fo
r E
valu
ati..
.g S
tude
nt P
erfo
rman
ce m
erits
clo
se a
ttent
ion
and
can
be f
ound
in th
is F
orew
ard.
viii
A S
ugge
sted
Mod
el f
or S
tude
nt-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n
"The
onl
y le
arni
ng w
hich
sig
nifi
cant
ly in
flue
nces
beha
vior
is s
elf-
disc
over
ed, s
elf-
appr
opri
ated
lear
ning
. Sel
f-ap
prop
riat
ion
or 'l
earn
ing
it fo
r m
ysel
f '
happ
ens
whe
n th
ere
is p
roce
ss, o
r w
hen
the
stud
ent i
s an
act
ivis
t ..
. or
whe
n th
e st
uden
t is
sear
chin
g, o
r w
hen
the
stud
ent
is d
oing
any
thin
g w
ith
the
teac
her
-- li
ke u
nder
stan
ding
or
lovi
ng h
im."
*O
ne p
roce
ss th
at c
an b
e ac
tivel
y ut
ilize
d fo
rse
lf-d
isco
vere
d le
arni
ng is
the
stud
ent-
dire
cted
cla
ss
disc
ussi
on. D
iscu
ssio
n re
volv
ing
arou
nd c
halle
ngin
g,in
quir
y or
ient
ed q
uest
ions
sup
plie
d by
the
teac
her,
but c
ondu
cted
exc
lusi
vely
by
the
stud
ents
, will
pro
vide
the
part
icip
ants
the
oppo
rtun
ity f
or a
ctiv
e in
volv
e-
men
t. St
uden
t-di
rect
ed d
iscu
ssio
ns a
llow
the
stud
ent t
o ex
pres
sop
inio
ns o
penl
y an
d ar
gue
free
ly f
or h
is
poin
t of
view
in a
n at
mos
pher
e m
onito
red
by h
is p
eers
inst
ead
of th
e, m
ore
ofte
n th
an n
ot, s
taid
que
stio
n1.
.i..
4an
d an
swer
situ
atio
n st
ruct
ured
by
the
teac
her.
Cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
ns d
irec
ted
by s
tude
nts
also
fre
e th
ete
ache
r to
bec
ome
a sh
arpe
r ob
serv
er o
f st
u-
dent
inte
ract
ion,
a b
ette
r lis
tene
r, a
nd m
ore
effe
ctiv
eev
alua
tor.
By
allo
win
g st
uden
ts th
e ch
ance
to c
on-
duct
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
ns a
nd r
efra
inin
g fr
om v
oici
ngpe
rson
al o
pini
ons
and
mak
ing
auth
orita
tive
stat
emen
ts,
the
teac
her
will
hav
e m
ore
time
to o
bser
ve, l
iste
n, a
ndev
alua
te.
Stud
ent c
onfi
denc
e is
dev
elop
ed w
hen
the
teac
her
allo
ws
them
to w
ork
out t
heir
ow
n pr
oble
ms
and
acts
as
a gu
ide
and
not t
he s
ole
inte
llect
ual
auth
ority
in th
e ro
om. T
each
er s
ugge
stio
ns s
houl
d be
off
ered
spar
ingl
y an
d on
ly if
stu
dent
s ge
t too
far
off
the
subj
ect a
nd ju
st c
an't
get b
ack
to th
e bu
sine
ss a
tha
nd.
One
hig
hly
succ
essf
ul m
odel
for
stu
dent
-dir
ecte
d cl
ass
disc
ussi
on h
as b
een
empl
oyed
for
sev
eral
year
s in
soc
ial s
tudi
es c
lass
es a
tDeL
aura
Jun
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
, Sat
ellit
e B
each
, Flo
rida
.
* C
arl R
oger
s
ix
Stud
ents
ass
ume
the
thre
e fo
llow
ing
posi
tions
:(1
) M
oder
ator
, (2)
Boa
rd R
ecor
der,
(3)
Des
k R
e-co
rder
. The
se p
ositi
ons
are
all v
olun
tary
and
stu
dent
sm
ay c
hoos
e to
be
one,
two,
or
all t
hree
, not
all
at o
nce.
A s
heet
of
pape
r fo
r ea
ch p
ositi
on m
ay b
e pa
ssed
aro
und
the
room
, and
stu
dent
s m
ay s
ign
upfo
r an
y, a
ll, o
r no
ne o
f th
ese.
Whe
n an
y po
sitio
n is
nee
ded,
the
teac
her
can
just
pic
k on
e st
uden
t, st
art-
ing
at th
e to
p of
the
list.
Mod
erat
or a
nd B
oard
Rec
orde
r se
rve
one
clas
s pe
riod
and
the
Des
k R
ecor
der
serv
es th
roug
hout
the
entir
e di
scus
sion
of
the
over
all i
ssue
. The
se p
ositi
ons
are
exce
llent
for
thos
e qu
iet,
shy
stud
ents
who
hes
itate
to e
xpre
ss th
eir
opin
ions
ina
larg
e gr
oup.
A te
ache
r sh
ould
aw
ard
extr
a po
ints
to th
ose
stud
ents
who
vol
unte
er f
or th
ese
posi
tions
.(1
)T
he M
oder
ator
- R
espo
nsib
ilitie
sA
.C
alls
on
stud
ents
who
wis
h to
exp
ress
them
selv
es.
B.
Con
tinue
s to
cal
l on
stud
ents
who
wis
h to
spe
akas
long
as
ther
e is
qui
et c
oope
ratio
n.o
f th
e re
mai
ning
stu
dent
s.C
.M
aint
ains
par
liam
enta
ry p
roce
dure
.(S
impl
e pa
rlia
men
tary
pro
cedu
re m
ight
be
ex-
plai
ned
by th
e te
ache
r--
poi
nt o
f or
der,
cal
l for
que
stio
n,m
akin
g a
mot
ion,
etc
.)D
.D
oes
not e
xpre
ss a
n op
inio
n.(2
)T
he B
oard
Rec
orde
r-
Res
pons
ibili
ties
A. R
ecor
ds p
ertin
ent i
nfor
mat
ion
on c
halk
boar
d as
dir
ecte
d by
stu
dent
s so
that
the
Des
kR
ecor
der
can
mak
e a
copy
of
the
info
rmat
ion
for
the
clas
s lo
g an
d he
lp k
eep
disc
ussi
onon
the
poin
t.
B. M
ay e
xpre
ss o
pini
ons
whe
n re
cogn
ized
by
the
Mod
erat
or.
(3)
The
Des
k R
ecor
der
- R
espo
nsib
ilitie
sA
. Rec
ords
in a
cla
ss lo
g in
form
atio
n ex
actly
as it
app
ears
on
the
chal
kboa
rd.
B.
Act
s as
sec
reta
ry w
hen
argu
men
ts o
ccur
over
pre
viou
s m
ater
ial b
y re
ferr
ing
to p
re-
viou
s re
cord
s in
log.
x
Cv
C.
Plac
es p
revi
ous
day'
s w
ork
onch
alkb
oard
at t
he b
egin
ning
of
each
cla
ssm
eetin
g.
D. R
ecor
ds in
form
atio
n on
ditt
oat
the
conc
lusi
on o
f th
e di
scus
sion
sfo
r di
stri
butio
n to
mem
bers
of
the
clas
s.
0 00 0 e 0
CH
ALK
BO
AR
D
00
00
0O
n0.
,,0
0,o
0`--
10 On0
0000
0...
,, __i
0000
KEY:
BOARD RECORDER
a)STUDENT
MODERATOR
CD
DESK
RECORDER
STUDENTS
TEACHER
xi
Phys
ical
arr
ange
men
ts o
f th
e cl
ass
envi
rc,/,
-, e
nt
cont
ribu
te s
igni
fica
ntly
to c
lass
dis
cuss
ion.
Des
ks s
houl
d be
situ
ated
so
that
stu
dent
s ca
nge
nera
lly f
ace
each
oth
er f
or e
asie
rin
tera
ctio
n
and
see
the
chal
kboa
rd w
ithou
tdi
ffic
ulty
.Se
e
diag
ram
at l
eft.
Rem
embe
r! T
he te
ache
r is
an
obse
rver
,lis
tene
r, a
nd e
valu
ator
! O
ne s
ugge
sted
sche
me
for
eval
uatin
g la
rge
grou
p di
scus
sion
is e
xpla
ined
in th
e ne
xt s
ectio
n on
Eva
luat
ion
Tec
hniq
ues.
If
this
Stu
dent
-Dir
ecte
d C
lass
Dis
cuss
ion
is to
be
adop
ted
in y
our
clas
sroo
m, t
horo
ugh
expl
anat
ion
shou
ld b
e m
ade
to y
our
stud
ents
befo
re s
tart
ing
the
unit
of s
tudy
. -Dav
id M
acD
onal
d, J
une
Schm
idlk
ofer
Soci
al S
tudi
es te
ache
rsD
e L
aura
Jun
ior
Hig
h sc
hool
Sate
llite
Bea
ch, F
lori
da
A P
ropo
sed
Sche
me
of T
echn
ique
s fo
r E
valu
atin
g St
uden
t Per
form
ance
Eva
luat
ing
stud
ent p
erfo
rman
ce is
dif
ficu
lt at
bes
t. M
ost c
lass
room
teac
hers
hav
e de
velo
ped
syst
ems
for
"gra
ding
" th
eir
stud
ents
with
whi
ch th
ey a
re m
ost c
omfo
rtab
le. O
ther
teac
hers
are
qui
teun
com
fort
able
with
any
tech
niqu
es f
or m
easu
ring
stu
dent
pro
gres
s. W
e m
ake
no a
ttem
pts
at s
olvi
ng th
epr
oble
ms
and
in-
equi
ties
inhe
rent
in m
ost e
valu
atio
n sc
hem
es. W
e on
ly p
rese
nt s
ome
way
s th
at s
ome
clas
sroo
mte
ache
rs
have
use
d an
d ha
ve f
ound
to b
e su
cces
sful
for
them
. Ple
ase
revi
ew th
e su
gges
ted
met
hods
incl
uded
her
e
and
mod
ify
for
use
in y
our
own
situ
atio
n. W
hate
ver
gene
ral e
valu
atio
n pr
oces
s is
cho
sen,
expl
ain
its f
unct
ion
to y
our
stud
ents
bef
ore
begi
nnin
g th
e un
it of
stu
dy.
Stud
ent a
chie
vem
ent c
an b
e ev
alua
ted
on m
ore
than
wri
tten
test
s, e
ven
thou
ghth
ese
have
thei
r pl
ace.
Add
ition
al a
reas
of
mea
sure
men
t may
incl
ude
larg
e gr
oup
disc
ussi
on, s
mal
l gro
up w
ork,
self
-eva
luat
ion,
oral
rep
orts
, vis
ual c
reat
ions
(po
ster
s, c
hart
s, g
raph
s, d
iagr
ams,
col
lage
s), a
ndw
ritte
n as
sign
men
ts.
1-1
One
sug
gest
ed m
etho
d of
sco
ring
thes
e an
d ot
her
area
s is
thro
ugh
a po
int s
yste
min
whi
ch a
hig
her
num
ber
of p
oint
s re
flec
ts h
ighe
r qu
ality
. A p
oint
sca
le is
est
ablis
hed
for
each
are
abe
ing
judg
ed, p
oint
s
are
gran
ted
eith
er b
y st
uden
ts o
r te
ache
r fo
r an
indi
vidu
al's
perf
orm
ance
and
eac
h st
uden
t rec
ords
his
ow
n
accu
mul
atio
n of
poi
nts.
Thi
s re
cord
cou
ld ta
ke th
e fo
rm o
f an
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
et (
I.P.
S.)
show
n on
the
next
pag
e. T
he s
heet
ser
ves
as a
sum
mar
y fo
r po
ints
giv
en in
the
four
cat
egor
ies
of e
valu
atio
n di
scus
sed
in th
is s
ectio
n on
Eva
luat
ion
Tec
hniq
ues.
Oth
er a
spec
ts o
f ev
alua
tion,
not
incl
uded
on
the
Indi
vidu
al P
oint
Shee
t may
be
incl
uded
at t
he te
ache
r's d
iscr
etio
n.B
e cr
eativ
e an
d re
war
d yo
ur s
tude
nts
for
the
good
they
do.
Acc
entu
ate
the
posi
tive
and
elim
inat
e th
e ne
gativ
e.Po
int S
heet
s ar
e ke
pt f
or o
ne w
eek
at a
tim
e by
the
stud
ent w
ho to
tals
his
poin
ts a
nd th
en tu
rns
them
in to
the
teac
her.
At t
he e
nd o
f a
stan
dard
gra
ding
per
iod,
all
I. P
.S. t
otal
s ar
ead
ded
and
the
teac
her
conv
erts
them
into
a g
rade
.E
ach
of th
e di
visi
ons
on th
e I.
P.S
. are
exp
lain
ed o
n th
e fo
llow
ing
page
s an
dde
taile
d sc
orin
g in
stru
-
men
ts a
re p
rovi
ded
for
your
con
side
ratio
n in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t sec
tion.
xii
IND
IVID
UA
L P
OIN
T S
HE
ET
1 I T
otal
Poi
nts
i I i I
1
Nam
e
Peri
od
Wee
k
'L
arge
Gro
up D
iscu
ssio
n Po
ints
Self
-Eva
luat
ion
Poin
tsI
M.
M.
T.
T.
W.
W.
i
Th.
Th.
F.F.
Sub-
tota
lSu
b-to
tal
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Poin
tsO
ral-
Vis
ual-
Wri
tten
Poin
ts
M.
M.
T.
T.
W.
W.
Th.
Th.
F.F.
Sub-
tota
lSu
b-to
tal
Lar
ge G
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
Lar
ge g
roup
dis
cuss
ion
is p
roba
bly
the
mos
t wid
ely
used
lear
ning
tech
niqu
e in
the
clas
sroo
m.
Mos
t of
the
time
this
type
of
disc
ussi
on is
teac
her-
cent
ered
or d
irec
ted.
How
ever
, it i
s po
ssib
le f
orcl
ass
disc
ussi
ons
to b
e st
uden
t dir
ecte
d; th
is le
aves
the
teac
her
free
to b
ean
obs
erve
r, li
sten
er, a
ndev
alua
tor.
The
sec
tion,
A S
ugge
sted
Mod
el f
or S
tude
nt-D
irec
ted
Cla
ss D
iscu
ssio
n,pa
ge ix
, giv
es d
e-ta
ils in
how
to e
stab
lish
a st
uden
t-di
rect
ed d
iscu
ssio
n.
With
stu
dent
s di
rect
ing
clas
s di
scus
sion
the
teac
her
has
the
oppo
rtun
ity to
bec
ome
a m
ore
re-
liabl
e ev
alua
tor.
Mos
t tea
cher
s ha
ve th
eir
own
met
hods
for
judg
ing
thei
r st
uden
ts' c
omm
ents
as a
grou
p di
scus
sion
pro
gres
ses,
how
ever
for
thos
e in
stru
ctor
s w
ho m
ay w
ish
som
e he
lp in
this
mat
ter
we
have
incl
uded
a s
ampl
e ch
eckl
ist i
n th
e T
each
er C
omm
ent S
ectio
n as
a p
ossi
ble
mea
suri
ng d
evic
e.
Lar
ge g
roup
dis
cuss
ions
are
use
d fr
eque
ntly
thro
ugho
ut th
is u
nit o
f st
udy,
esp
ecia
llyas
as-
tC
.:.te
chni
que
for
sum
mar
izin
g or
-.L
eac
hing
a c
oncl
udin
g an
swer
to th
e. I
nqui
ry Q
uest
ion
bein
gin
vest
igat
ed.
Cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n ha
s be
en s
how
n to
be
one
of th
e st
uden
ts' f
avor
item
eans
for
lear
ning
, the
refo
re it
isan
exc
elle
nt o
ppor
tuni
ty f
or th
e te
ache
r to
eva
luat
e yo
ung
peop
le's
thin
king
and
exp
ress
ion.
If th
e su
g-ge
sted
che
cklis
t men
tione
d ab
ove
is to
be
empl
oyed
, exp
lain
its
use
to th
e st
uden
ts b
efor
e th
e un
it of
stud
y is
beg
un.
xiv
MIM
SM
EM
ME
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
is a
n ef
fect
ive
met
hod
used
to d
evel
op c
omm
unic
atio
n, c
oope
ratio
n, s
elf-
expr
essi
on, l
eade
rshi
p, c
reat
ivity
, int
erac
tion
and
shar
ing
of id
eas
and
know
ledg
e.T
his
tech
niqu
e is
succ
essf
ul w
ith s
tude
nts
in m
ost l
earn
ing
situ
atio
ns.
The
pur
pose
of
this
tech
niqu
e is
to d
evel
op a
stu
dent
-cen
tere
d cl
assr
oom
rat
her
than
a te
ache
r-di
rect
ed c
lass
room
. Thr
ough
thes
e sm
all g
roup
dis
cuss
ions
, stu
dent
s fe
el f
reer
to e
xpre
ss th
emse
lves
and
som
e de
velo
p le
ader
ship
ski
lls w
hich
are
not
pre
sent
in la
rge
grou
ps.
Oth
er b
enef
its a
re th
at s
tu-
dent
s le
arn
to w
ork
or c
oope
rate
with
a v
arie
ty o
f th
eir
peer
s an
d no
t jus
t the
sam
e gr
oup
all t
he ti
me.
Mos
t stu
dent
s le
arn
to c
ope
with
a n
ew s
ituat
ion
and/
or p
robl
em to
sol
ve.
It is
impe
rativ
e th
at a
teac
her
stri
ve to
allo
w s
tude
nts
to s
olve
thei
r ow
n gr
oup
prob
lem
s. T
each
ers
shou
ld a
llow
stu
dent
s in
sm
all
grou
ps to
ele
ct th
eir
lead
ersh
ip e
xcep
t in
No.
4 (
Cap
tain
-sel
ectio
n) o
f th
e id
eas
belo
w.
Her
e ar
e so
me
sugg
este
d w
ays
to o
rgan
ize
stud
ents
into
sm
all g
roup
s.
I.C
ount
ing-
off
a.D
ecid
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
gro
ups
need
ed.
b.Su
gges
t fou
r to
six
men
,ber
s in
eac
h gr
oup.
c.St
art c
ount
any
whe
re in
the
room
with
#1
and
go to
des
ired
num
ber
(4-5
-6).
d.C
ontin
ue c
ount
ing
off
until
all
stud
ents
are
mem
bers
of
a gr
oup.
2.D
raw
ing
num
bers
a.Sa
me
as N
o. la
abo
ve.
b.Sa
me
as N
o. lb
abo
ve.
c.Pu
t in
a bo
x th
e de
sire
d se
ts o
f nu
mbe
rs.
d.St
uden
ts w
ill d
raw
fro
m th
e bo
x a
num
bere
d sl
ip o
f pa
per
whi
ch w
ill d
eter
min
e th
eir
grou
p.
3.Se
lf-g
roup
ing
a.A
rran
ge f
urni
ture
pri
or to
cla
ss m
eetin
g fo
r de
sire
d nu
mbe
r of
gro
ups.
b.C
hoic
e of
loca
tion
sele
cted
by
stud
ent u
pon
ente
ring
the
room
.
4.C
apta
in-s
elec
tion
a.C
ount
off
and
sel
ect d
esir
ed n
umbe
r su
ch a
s ev
ery
tent
h pe
rson
fro
m th
e ro
llboo
k.St
uden
t has
cho
ice
of b
eing
or
not b
eing
a c
apta
in.
b.C
ontin
ue th
is u
ntil
the
desi
red
num
ber
of c
apta
ins
have
bee
n ob
tain
ed.
c.Po
sitio
n ca
ptai
ns a
t var
ious
sta
tions
in th
e ro
om, a
s se
lect
ion
is b
eing
mad
e.d.
Cap
tain
sel
ects
team
mem
bers
. Cap
tain
's p
ositi
on is
rot
ated
am
ong
team
if d
esir
ed.
e.C
ontin
ue u
ntil
all m
embe
rs o
f th
e cl
ass
are
on a
team
.
-D
avid
McD
onal
d, J
une
Schm
idlk
afor
Soci
al S
tudi
r. s
Tea
cher
sD
e L
aura
Jun
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
Sate
llite
Bea
ch, F
lori
da
Man
y te
ache
rs r
efus
e to
inco
rpor
ate
smal
l gro
up w
ork
in th
eir
clas
sroo
ms
beca
use
they
lack
asa
tisfa
ctor
y pr
oced
ure
for
eval
uatin
g th
e ou
tcom
e of
suc
h ef
fort
s.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
this
uni
t of
stud
y,w
e su
gges
t the
use
of
the
follo
win
g pr
oces
s fo
r ch
ecki
ng th
e re
sults
of
grou
ps in
vest
igat
ing
each
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n. U
se o
nly
whe
re it
is p
ract
ical
to d
o so
.
1.A
t the
end
of
the
stud
y of
eac
h In
quir
y Q
uest
ion,
ther
e w
ill b
e an
exe
rcis
e in
the
Lea
rnin
gA
ctiv
ities
col
umn
entit
led
Che
ck L
Q.
At t
his
poin
t hav
e ea
ch in
divi
dual
with
in a
sm
all g
roup
wri
te o
ut w
hat h
e th
inks
is th
e an
swer
to th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion,
by
filli
ng o
ut th
e up
per
half
of
the
I. Q
. (In
quir
y Q
uest
ion)
Che
ck f
orm
pro
vide
d in
the
Stud
ent C
omm
ent s
ectio
n.
xvi
2.T
each
er c
olle
cts
I. Q
. Che
ck s
heet
s an
d gi
ves
to a
dif
fere
nt s
mal
l gro
up f
or g
radi
ng.
3.C
lass
mem
bers
will
:a.
Hav
e in
fro
nt o
f th
em a
cop
y of
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n fo
r th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion
arri
ved
atdu
ring
the
Inve
stig
atio
ns.
b.D
ecid
e ho
w m
any
tota
l gra
de-p
oint
s sh
ould
be
poss
ible
for
the
prop
er r
espo
nse
to th
eIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion.
4.E
ach
smal
l gro
up w
ill c
ompa
re th
e an
swer
she
et h
ande
d it
with
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n an
d th
en f
illou
t the
low
er h
alf
of th
e I.
Q. C
heck
for
m. E
xper
ienc
e ha
s sh
own
that
mor
e ho
nest
and
ser
ious
eval
uatio
ns a
re m
ade
whe
n st
uden
ts d
o no
t kno
w w
ho is
che
ckin
g w
hose
pap
er. T
he n
ame
ofth
e ch
ecke
r on
the
I. Q
. Che
ck f
orm
is f
or th
e te
ache
r on
ly.
5.R
etur
n I.
Q. C
heck
s to
teac
her
who
may
rev
eal s
core
s to
stu
dent
s.
If th
is m
etho
d of
eva
luat
ion
is e
mpl
oyed
, it w
ould
be
esse
ntia
l for
stu
dent
s to
rem
ain
in th
e sa
me
smal
l gro
up u
ntil
com
plet
ion
is m
ade
of a
ll in
vest
igat
ions
for
any
one
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n.
Self
-Eva
luat
ion
App
rais
ing
one'
s ow
n pr
ogre
ss is
pro
babl
y th
e m
oste
ffec
tive
mea
ns o
f ev
alua
tion.
No
one
bette
r
than
the
stud
ent h
imse
lf k
now
s ho
w in
tere
sted
he
was
in th
e su
bjec
t, ho
w c
lear
ly h
eun
ders
tand
s th
e co
n-
cept
s, h
ow m
uch
effo
rt w
as e
xpen
ded
on th
e le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
, or
how
muc
h co
oper
ativ
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
heto
ok in
gro
up v
entu
res.
A s
yste
m o
f se
lf-e
valu
atio
n ca
n gu
ide
a st
uden
t to
a pl
ace
whe
re h
e ca
n se
e hi
s
own
stro
ng f
eatu
res
as w
ell a
svea
k on
es. F
rom
this
van
tage
poi
nt,
he c
an b
egin
to m
ake
cons
truc
tive
chan
ges
in h
is b
ehav
ior.
in th
e St
uden
t Com
men
t Sec
tion
ther
e is
pro
vide
d on
e sa
mpl
e m
easu
ring
dev
ice
whi
ch c
ould
be
utili
zed
thro
ugho
ut th
is u
nit o
f st
udy.
If th
is in
stru
men
t or
som
e si
mila
r fo
rm is
ado
pted
, ple
ase
expl
ain
its u
se to
stu
dent
s be
fore
any
lear
ning
act
iviti
es s
tart
.
Ora
l - V
isua
l - W
ritte
n A
ssig
nmen
ts
Var
iety
is a
key
to c
ompr
ehen
sive
eva
luat
ion
of s
tude
nt p
rogr
ess.
Ora
l rep
orts
, vis
ual c
reat
ions
and
wri
tten
assi
gnm
ents
are
but
a s
mal
l lis
t of
activ
ities
that
can
be
used
to m
easu
reth
e gr
owth
of
stu-
dent
s.W
hile
for
mal
ora
l pre
sent
atio
ns a
re a
t a m
inim
um in
thes
e un
its o
f st
udy,
they
may
be r
equi
red
and
we
have
incl
uded
a s
ampl
e fo
rm f
or e
valu
atin
g su
ch r
epor
ts in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t Sec
tion.
Vis
ual w
ork
is c
alle
d fo
r m
ore
freq
uent
ly th
roug
hout
the
lear
ning
act
iviti
es,
ther
efor
e w
e ha
ve s
ugge
sted
som
e gu
idel
ines
for
sco
ring
this
type
of
effo
rt in
the
Tea
cher
Com
men
t Sec
tion.
The
se tw
o fo
rms
coul
d
be e
asily
mod
ifie
d fo
r an
y lo
cal s
ituat
ion.
The
ran
ge o
f w
ritte
n as
sign
men
tsre
ques
ted
is s
o gr
eat t
hat
the
eval
uatio
n of
this
are
a is
left
com
plet
ely
up to
the
teac
her.
Wha
teve
r m
etho
ds f
or e
valu
atin
g or
al,
visu
al, a
nd w
ritte
n as
sign
men
ts a
re a
pplie
d sh
ould
be
care
fully
exp
lain
ed to
stud
ents
bef
ore
begi
nnin
g th
e
unit
of s
tudy
.
xix
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
EM
EN
T
Thi
s Pr
ojec
t wou
ld h
ave
been
impo
ssib
le w
ithou
t the
eff
orts
and
coo
pera
tion
of th
e cl
assr
oom
teac
hers
who
hel
ped
deve
lop,
test
, and
rev
ise
thes
e en
viro
nmen
tal l
earn
ing
units
.T
he a
ssis
tanc
e gi
ven
by D
r. E
dwin
Shi
rkey
, of
Flor
ida
Tec
hnol
ogic
al U
nive
rsity
in O
rlan
do, F
lori
da, t
o ev
alua
te th
e st
uden
ts'
perf
orm
ance
out
com
es w
as in
valu
able
.St
uden
ts p
artic
ipat
ing
in a
ll th
e Pi
lot C
lass
es m
ade
man
y co
n-st
ruct
ive
sugg
estio
ns f
or r
evis
ing
the
lear
ning
uni
ts.
r
Spec
ial m
entio
n go
es to
thos
e te
ache
rs w
ho p
erfo
rmed
ext
ra ta
sks.
Dav
id M
acD
onal
d an
d Ju
ne
Schm
idlk
ofer
wer
e in
stru
men
tal i
n w
ritin
g A
Sug
gest
ed M
odel
for
Stu
dent
-Dir
ecte
d C
lass
Dis
cuss
ion
and
part
s of
the
sect
ion
on e
valu
atin
g st
uden
t per
form
ance
. Eri
c Jo
hnso
n, R
ober
t Fin
dlay
and
Jo
Ann
Str
inge
rac
ted
as th
e re
visi
on c
omm
ittee
, mak
ing
the
chan
ges
that
mad
e th
is f
inal
pro
duct
pos
sibl
e. N
ina
Bel
le F
ritz
,E
llen
Cla
usse
n an
d L
inda
Lin
coln
spe
nt ,h
ours
dra
win
g up
a p
acka
ge o
f m
ater
ial t
hat w
ould
exp
lain
to te
ache
rsho
w th
ey c
ould
use
Man
's I
mpa
ct o
n th
e E
nvir
onm
ent.
My
grea
test
app
reci
atio
n is
ext
ende
d to
all
of th
ese
indi
vidu
als.
Rog
er L
. Hen
ryC
hair
man
LO
OK
ING
AH
EA
D
Loo
king
Ahe
ad is
a f
eatu
re p
rovi
ded
for
thos
e te
ache
rs w
ho w
ish
to b
e pr
epar
ed f
orth
e le
arni
ng
activ
ities
by
secu
ring
the
need
ed r
esou
rces
not
sup
plie
d w
ithin
this
pac
kage
bef
ore
it is
tim
e to
use
them
.
Loo
king
Ahe
ad a
t the
Bar
rier
Bea
ch
Res
ourc
e N
eede
dPl
ace
Use
(Pa
ge N
umbe
r)
1.Fi
lmst
rip:
Key
s to
Bas
ic E
colo
gy3
2.Fi
eld
trip
site
8
3.M
ater
ials
kit
8
4.Fi
lm: O
ne D
ay a
t Tet
on M
arsh
11
or W
orld
in a
Mar
sh11
5.M
aps:
cou
nty
and
stat
e13
6.Sp
ecia
l For
mat
for
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns V
X15
7.R
esou
rce
pers
on24
8.Fi
lms:
Alli
gato
r or
Pro
wle
rs o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s24
A M
OD
EL
FO
R I
NV
EST
IGA
TIN
G C
HA
NG
E I
N E
CO
SYST
EM
S
An
Inqu
iry
Stud
y
I.W
hat i
s an
eco
syst
em?
II.
Wha
t is
a de
scri
ptio
n of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
III.
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
biot
ic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
of th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
do
thes
e fe
atur
es in
terr
elat
e?
IV.
Whe
re a
re s
ome
spec
ific
loca
tions
of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
V.
Wha
t bio
tic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
in th
e ec
osys
tem
hav
e ch
ange
d an
dar
e un
derg
oing
cha
nge?
VI.
Wha
t are
the
natu
ral f
acto
rs c
ausi
ng c
hang
e in
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
ow h
ave
they
bee
n br
ough
t abo
ut?
VII
.W
hat a
re th
e m
an-m
ade
fact
ors
caus
ing
chan
ge in
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
ow h
ave
they
bee
n br
ough
t abo
ut?
VII
I.W
hat a
re th
e re
sults
of
the
chan
ges?
A.
Ben
efic
ial?
B. D
etri
men
tal?
IX.
Wha
t, if
any
, new
cha
nges
are
nee
ded
in th
e ec
osys
tem
?
X.
How
mig
ht th
ese
need
ed c
hang
es to
the
ecos
yste
m b
e br
ough
t abo
ut ?
LE
AR
NIN
G A
CT
IVIT
IES
1
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#1:
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
A.
INT
RO
DU
CE
1.W
rite
this
que
stio
n on
chal
kboa
rd: "
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?"2.
Tel
l cla
ss th
ey a
re g
oing
to:
a.O
bser
ve a
n ec
osys
tem
.
B.
OB
SER
VE
B.
OB
SER
VE
1.T
his
Inve
stig
atio
nw
ill le
ad s
tude
nts
to d
efin
eec
osys
tem
.2.
The
sch
ool g
roun
dsw
ill s
erve
as
an a
dequ
ate
ecos
yste
m f
or o
bser
vatio
n.
B.
OB
SER
VE
b.R
ecor
d al
l the
y se
e or
sens
e in
thei
r ob
ser-
vatio
ns.
c.Pr
edic
t a d
efin
ition
of
ecos
yste
m.
B.
OB
SER
VE
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps.
2.T
ake
grou
ps o
utsi
de o
nsc
hool
gro
unds
and
dep
loy
atva
riou
s si
tes.
3.T
ell a
ll gr
oups
to r
ecor
dal
l the
y se
e an
d se
nse
in th
eir
sur-
roun
ding
s.
C.
PRE
DIC
T/D
ISC
USS
C.
PRE
DIC
T/
C.
PRE
DIC
T/
C.
PRE
DIC
T/D
ISC
USS
1.U
sing
thei
r re
cord
ed o
b-:
serv
atio
ns, h
aVe
each
gro
up d
evel
opa
pred
icte
d de
fini
tion
of e
cosy
stem
.
DIS
CU
SSD
ISC
USS
1.A
t thi
s tim
e, d
o no
tm
ake
any
com
men
t onw
heth
eror
not
the
defi
nitio
n is
cor
rect
2.R
ecor
d co
nsen
sus
onch
alkb
oard
.
Col
lect
wri
tten
copi
es o
f de
fini
tions
and
chec
k,2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
rep
ort i
tsde
fini
tion
to th
e cl
ass
and
thro
ugh
disc
ussi
on, r
each
a c
onse
nsus
on
the
mea
ning
of
ecos
yste
m.
2
EN
E =
I M
t
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:I.
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
D.
VIE
WD
.V
IEW
D.
VIE
WD
.V
IEW
1.T
ell t
he c
lass
they
are
goin
g to
: a.V
iew
a s
ound
film
stri
pb.
Com
pare
thei
r de
fi-
nitio
n of
eco
syst
emw
ith w
hat t
hey
see
and
hear
.c.
Rev
ise
thei
r cl
ass
defi
nitio
n if
nec
essa
ry.
2.Sh
ow f
ilmst
rip
on e
colo
gy.
E.
DIS
CU
SS
F.K
eys
to
E.
DIS
CU
SS
1.A
n al
tern
ate
film
-st
rip
that
cou
ld b
e us
ed:
a.O
ur E
nvir
on-
Bas
ic E
colo
gy "
In-
terr
elat
ions
hip
Set"
Film
stri
p #1
- E
co-
syst
em.
2.O
rder
fro
m:
Olin
Edu
catio
nal S
er-
vice
s, 4
60 P
ark
Ave
.N
ew Y
ork,
N. Y
.10
022.
E.
DIS
CU
SS
men
t: Pr
oble
mor
Pro
mis
e,Fi
lmst
rip
#211
-"E
colo
gy: T
heW
eb o
f N
atur
e."
b.O
rder
fro
m:
A.J
.Nys
trom
and
Co.
, 33
33E
lsto
n A
ve.,
Chi
cago
, Illi
nois
6061
8.2.
Any
loca
l vis
ual-
aid
that
sho
ws
the
defi
nitio
n of
an
ecos
yste
m c
an b
e us
ed.
E.
DIS
CU
SS1.
Thr
ough
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n,re
vise
pre
dict
ed c
lass
def
initi
on if
need
ed,
2.Fa
mili
ariz
e st
uden
ts w
ithth
e m
eani
ng o
f bi
otic
and
abi
otic
, as
1.O
ne d
efin
ition
of
ecos
yste
m -
- "a
sys
tem
inw
hich
the
biot
ic (
livin
g) a
ndab
iotic
(no
n-liv
ing)
fea
ture
sar
e in
con
stan
t int
erac
tion.
"2.
Mea
ning
s:B
iotic
mea
ns a
ll th
ings
livi
ngth
ey r
elat
e to
the
defi
nitio
n of
ecos
yste
m. T
hese
wor
ds w
ill b
eus
ed th
roug
hout
the
unit
of s
tudy
.or
rec
ently
livi
ng.
Abi
otic
mea
ns a
ll th
ings
non
-liv
ing.
Bio
- fr
om th
e G
reek
, bio
s,m
eani
ng li
fe.
A-f
rom
the
Gre
ek, m
eani
ngno
t.
3
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:L
Wha
t is
an e
cosy
stem
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
F..
OB
SER
VE
F. G.
OB
SER
VE
F.O
BSE
RV
E
3.T
C #
1,
p. 1
35,
will
hel
p in
a d
etai
led
dis-
cuss
ion
of w
hat.
is c
onsi
dere
dliv
ing
and
not l
ivin
g.
F.O
BSE
RV
EI.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Tel
l stu
dent
s th
ey a
re g
oing
to:
a.C
heck
thei
r ne
w d
efi-
nitio
n w
ith th
e ec
o -
DIA
GR
AM
Col
lect
list
of
ob-
serv
atio
ns.
_
G.
DIA
GR
AM
Rem
ind
stud
ents
to c
arry
are
vise
d de
fini
tion
with
them
to th
e sc
hool
gro
unds
.
1
.
G.
DIA
GR
AM
syst
em th
ey f
irst
obse
rved
.b.
Lis
t spe
cifi
c ex
ampl
esof
:(1
)bi
otic
/abi
otic
feat
ures
they
ob-
serv
e(2
)re
latio
nshi
psam
ong
thos
efe
atur
es.
3.T
ake
stud
ents
bac
k ou
t to
scho
ol g
roun
ds.
G. D
IAG
RA
MH
ave
each
gro
up w
ork
toge
ther
usi
ngC
olle
ct d
iagr
ams
and
chee
k.I.
Sugg
est t
hat a
rrow
s(-
-.-)
cou
ld b
e us
ed to
sho
wre
latio
nshi
ps.
2.T
his
coul
d be
an
indi
vidu
al a
ssig
nmen
t and
wor
ked
on a
t hom
e.
obse
rvat
ion
lists
and
pro
duce
one
diag
ram
whi
ch il
lust
rate
s th
e va
riou
sin
terd
epen
dent
rel
atio
nshi
ps a
mon
gth
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
.
4
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
I.W
hat i
s an
eco
syst
em?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Eva
luat
ion
Res
ourc
esH
. CH
EC
K L
Q.
Hav
e st
uden
ts c
heck
res
ults
of
thei
rsm
all g
roup
wor
k.
LE
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
H. C
HE
CK
L Q
.T
each
er S
uoes
tions
H. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.SC
#1,
p. 3
7.
L E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FI.
EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
SC #
2, p
. 38.
H. C
HE
CK
L Q
.T
C #
2, p
. 136
, giv
es p
ro-
cedu
re f
or th
is c
heck
.
LE
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FIf
Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
(I. P
. S.)
are
to b
e us
ed,
repr
oduc
e sa
mpl
e fo
rm o
npa
ge x
iii o
f th
eFo
rew
ord
and
dist
ribu
te to
stu
dent
s.
5
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
Wha
t is
a de
scri
ptio
n of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
uIn
vest
igat
ion
#1A
. VIE
W S
LID
ES
Show
stu
dent
s th
e se
t of
mar
shsl
ides
.
B. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
T1.
Div
ide
clas
s in
to s
mal
lgr
oups
.2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
dis
cuss
the
slid
es a
nd m
ake
a lis
t of:
a.ph
ysic
al c
hara
cter
istic
sof
a m
arsh
, and
cob.
plan
ts a
nd a
nim
als
foun
d in
the
mar
sh.
3.O
ne li
st (
part
s a
and
b)fr
om e
ach
grou
p w
ill b
e su
bmitt
edfo
r ev
alua
tion.
C. D
EFI
NE
/RE
POR
T
1.U
sing
thei
r lis
ts a
s gu
ides
,ea
ch g
roup
will
com
pose
a d
escr
ip-
tion
of a
mar
sh.
2.E
ach
grou
p's
desc
ript
ion
is r
epor
ted
by b
eing
pla
ced
on th
ech
alkb
oard
.
D.
DIS
CU
SSH
ave
clas
s di
scus
s ea
ch d
escr
ip-
tion
and
arri
ve a
t a c
ompo
site
of
the
best
sug
gest
ions
.
A. V
IEW
SL
IDE
SSl
ides
1-2
0, p
. 163
.
B.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
C. D
EFI
NE
/R
EPO
RT
D. D
ISC
USS
6
A. V
IEW
SL
IDE
S
B.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
Col
lect
list
and
eval
uate
.
C. D
EFI
NE
/R
EPO
RT
D.
DIS
CU
SST
C #
4, p
.138
, can
be u
sed
as a
gui
defo
r ev
alua
ting
clas
sdi
scus
sion
s.
estio
ns
A. V
IEW
SL
IDE
SPo
se I
nqui
ry Q
uest
ion
to s
tu-
dent
s an
d ha
ve th
em c
onsi
der
it as
they
wat
ch th
e sl
ides
.
B.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
Rea
d T
C #
3, p
. 137
.
C. D
EFI
NE
/RE
POR
T
D.
DIS
CU
SS
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:II
.W
hat i
s a
desc
ript
ion
of th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng in
vest
igat
ed?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
E. R
EA
D/C
OM
PAR
E
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
Hav
e ea
ch s
tude
nt r
ead
SC #
3 an
dco
mpa
re it
with
the
clas
s's
com
-po
site
def
initi
on. M
ake
chan
ges
if n
eede
d.
F. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
G. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
E. R
EA
D/
CO
MPA
RE
SC #
3, p
. 39.
F. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.
G. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
E. R
EA
D/
CO
MPA
RE
F. C
HE
CK
L Q
.SC
#1,
p. 3
7.
G. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FSC
#2,
p. 3
8.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
E. R
EA
D/C
OM
PAR
E
Y
F. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.T
C #
2, p
.436
, giv
es p
ro-
cedu
re f
orth
is c
heck
.
G. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FIf
Ind
ivid
unt S
heet
s(I
. P. S
.) a
re to
be
used
,re
prod
uce
sam
ple
form
on
page
xiii
of
the
Fore
wor
dan
d di
stri
bute
to s
tude
nts.
7
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:Ia
.W
hat a
re s
ome
of th
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s of
the
ecos
yste
m a
ndho
w d
o th
ese
feat
ures
inte
rrel
ate?
Lea
rniji
g A
ctiv
ities
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
(Pla
n a
Fiel
d T
rip)
A. C
ON
DU
CT
PR
E-F
IEL
DA
CT
IVIT
IES
1. 2.lo
win
g
Co NI
Arr
ange
site
vis
itatio
n.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
the
fol-
insb
ectio
n te
ams:
a.O
ne g
ener
al in
spec
tion
team
:1)
4-5
mem
bers
2) R
ead
SC #
4 fo
rdu
ties.
b.Sp
ecif
ic in
spec
tion
team
s fo
r re
mai
nder
of c
lass
:1)
4-5
mem
bers
2) R
ead
SC #
5 fo
rdu
ties
and
data
requ
este
d.3.
Con
stru
ct a
mat
eria
ls k
itfo
r ea
ch te
am.
a-C
olle
ct n
eces
sary
equi
pmen
t.1)
Spe
cifi
c in
spec
tion
team
(SC
#6, P
art I
)2)
Gen
eral
insp
ectio
nte
am (
SC#6
,Par
t II)
b.M
ake
a ch
eckl
ist f
orea
ch k
it.c.
Loc
ate
a co
llect
ion
box
for
each
team
.
Res
ourc
es
A. C
ON
DU
CT
PR
E-
FIE
LD
AC
TIV
ITIE
S1.
SC
#4,
p.4
0.2.
SC
#5,
p.4
1.3.
SC
#6,
p.4
6.4.
SC
#'s
7-1
4,pp
. 47-
63.
5. S
C #
5, p
.41.
6. S
C #
15, p
.67
.
Eva
luat
ion
A. C
ON
DU
CT
PR
E -
FIE
LD
AC
TIV
ITIE
S
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
A. C
ON
DU
CT
PR
E-F
IEL
DFI
EL
D A
CT
IVIT
IES
1.B
reva
rd C
ount
yte
ache
rs s
houl
d co
ntac
t the
follo
win
g so
urce
and
spe
cify
type
of
ecos
yste
m (
fres
hw
ater
mar
sh)
they
wis
h to
visi
t:M
erri
tt Is
land
Nat
iona
l Wild
life
Ref
uge
P. 0
. Box
650
4T
itusv
ille,
FL
327
802.
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
isde
sign
ed to
acq
uain
t stu
dent
sw
ith th
e bi
otic
(liv
ing)
and
abio
tic (
non-
livin
g) f
acto
rs o
fan
eco
syst
em.
Inte
rrel
atio
n-sh
ips
can
be s
how
n be
st a
fter
two
ecos
yste
ms
have
bee
nin
vest
igat
ed.
3. T
he p
roce
dure
s la
idou
t for
the
inve
stig
atio
n w
illbe
app
lied
to o
ther
eco
-sy
stem
s st
udie
d.4.
It is
nec
essa
ry th
atea
ch s
tude
nt h
ave
a w
orki
ngkn
owle
dge
of a
ll te
chni
ques
and
equi
pmen
t nee
ded
for
colle
ctin
g th
e da
ta r
equi
red
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:II
I.W
hat a
re s
ome
of th
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s of
the
ecos
yste
m a
ndho
w d
o th
ese
feat
ures
inte
rrel
ate?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
u
4.C
ondu
ct a
"dr
y ru
n" o
f ea
chst
udy
to b
e pe
rfor
med
.a.
- R
evie
w S
C #
's 7
,819
,an
d 10
and
con
duct
test
s.b.
Hav
e st
uden
ts e
nter
re-
sults
on
data
she
ets
(SC
#5)
.c.
Stud
y SC
#15
for
cou
nt-
ing
and
colle
ctin
g pr
o-ce
dure
s.
B.
EX
EC
UT
E I
N-F
IEL
DA
CT
IVIT
IES
1.H
ave
stud
ents
obs
erve
gene
ral s
ite f
or f
ive
min
utes
bef
ore
stak
ing
out a
spe
cifi
c si
te.
2. H
ave
them
not
e or
ske
tch
all
that
is o
bser
ved.
3.H
ave
spec
ific
insp
ectio
nte
ams
sele
ct a
nd s
take
out
site
and
cond
uct s
tudi
es r
equi
red
in S
C #
5.
B. E
XE
CU
TE
IN
-FI
EL
D SC #
5, p
. 41.
B. E
XE
CU
TE
IN
-FI
EL
DA
CT
IVIT
IES
estio
ns
in S
C #
5.M
ost o
f th
ese
proc
edur
es a
re e
xpla
ined
inth
e St
uden
t Com
men
t 4t's
7-14
and
nee
d to
be
revi
ewed
by th
e te
ache
r. T
hese
ana
ly-
ses
can
eith
er b
e ex
plai
ned
thro
ugh
dem
onst
ratio
n or
as
inqu
iry-
orie
nted
inve
sti-
gatio
ns r
un c
oncu
rren
tly w
ithth
e ec
osys
tem
stu
dy.
B. E
XE
CU
TE
IN
-FI
EL
DA
CT
IVIT
IES
1.St
ress
to s
tude
nts
tow
atch
for
var
iety
and
dif
-fe
renc
es.
2.T
o in
crea
se e
nthu
si-
asm
, the
gen
eral
insp
ectio
nte
am m
ay m
ake
a m
ovie
of
the
fiel
d tr
ip. A
gre
at n
um-
ber
of c
reat
ive
idea
s ca
n be
deve
lope
d ar
ouni
this
med
ia.
3.E
ncou
rage
team
s to
scat
ter
out t
heir
site
s in
orde
r to
obt
ain
a va
riet
y of
area
s se
en.
Impr
ess
the
need
for
acc
urat
e re
port
ing.
9
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
EL
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
biot
ic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
of th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
do
thes
e fe
atur
es in
terr
elat
e?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
C. P
ER
FOR
M P
OST
-FI
EL
DA
CT
IVIT
IES
1.H
ave
team
s re
view
pro
-ce
dure
s fr
om A
ctiv
ity A
-4 a
nd c
om-
plet
e ne
cess
ary
lab
wor
k.2.
Rec
ord
resu
lts o
n D
ata
Shee
t(S
C #
5) a
nd m
ake
requ
ired
wri
tten
wor
k.(S
C #
's 8
-14)
3.H
ave
team
s co
nstr
uct a
vert
ical
dra
win
g of
thei
r in
spec
tion
site
..
a.Se
e SC
#16
for
dire
ctio
ns.
b.C
ompa
re d
raw
ing
with
othe
r gr
oups
.4.
Hol
d a
clas
s di
scus
sion
tode
term
ine
a ge
nera
l ans
wer
to th
eIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion.
a.U
se D
ata
Shee
ts a
nddr
awin
gs a
s so
urce
s of
info
rmat
ion.
cob.
Rec
ord
conc
lusi
ons
onA
z-ch
alkb
oard
.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
emse
lves
.
C. P
ER
FOR
M P
OST
-FI
EL
DA
CT
IVIT
IES
1.SC
#5,
p. 4
1.
2.SC
#'s
8-1
4,pp
. 48-
63.
3.SC
#16
, p. 6
8.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
C. P
ER
FOR
M P
OST
-FI
EL
DA
CT
IVIT
IES
1.D
ata
Shee
tsan
d ot
her
wri
tten
wor
k ca
n be
col
-le
cted
and
eva
luat
ed.
2.V
ertic
aldr
awin
gs c
an b
eev
alua
ted.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.SC
#1,
p. 3
7.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FSC
#2,
p. 3
8.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
C. P
ER
FOR
M P
OST
-FIE
LD
AC
TIV
ITIE
S
Rev
iew
SC
#'s
8-1
4, p
p. 4
8-63
, to
see
wha
t lab
wor
k is
requ
ired
.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.T
C #
2, p
.136
, giv
es p
ro-
cedu
re f
or th
is c
heck
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FIf
' Ind
ivid
ual P
oint
She
ets
(I. P
. S.)
are
to b
e us
ed,
repr
oduc
e sa
mpl
e fo
rm o
npa
ge x
iii o
f th
e Fo
rew
ord
and
dist
ribu
te to
stu
dent
s.
10
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:II
I.W
hat a
re s
ome
of th
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s of
the
ecos
yste
m a
ndho
w d
o th
ese
feat
ures
inte
rrel
ate
9L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #2
(A
ltern
ate)
A. P
RE
DIC
T1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts u
se th
eir
mar
sh d
efin
ition
and
pre
dict
wha
tth
ey th
ink
wou
ld b
e th
e bi
otic
and
abio
tic f
eatu
res
and
thei
r re
latio
n-sh
ips
in a
mar
sh.
2.C
ompl
ete
a ch
art t
hat h
asth
ese
thre
e co
lum
ns:
Bio
tic I
Abi
otic
I R
elat
ions
hip
B. V
IEW
Show
a f
ilmsc
ribe
s th
ech
eck
thei
rfi
lm.
(or
film
stri
p) th
at d
e-m
arsh
and
hav
e st
uden
tspr
edic
tions
aga
inst
the
A. P
RE
DIC
T
B. V
IEW
TC
:The
sug
-ge
sted
film
, One
Day
at T
eton
Mar
sh, "
Part
s 1
and
2, c
olor
,46
min
utes
.W
alt D
isne
y Pr
od.
800
Seno
ra A
ve.
Gle
ndal
e, C
A2.
A s
econ
dsu
gges
ted
film
:W
orld
in a
Mar
sh,
colo
r, 2
2 m
inut
es,
rent
al.
McG
raw
-Hill
Boo
k C
ompa
nyT
ext-
Film
Dep
t.33
0 W
est 4
2 St
.N
ew Y
ork,
NY
1003
6
A. P
RE
DIC
T
B. V
IEW
A. P
RE
DIC
TT
his
inve
stig
atio
n is
to b
eus
ed if
the
fiel
d tr
ip in
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
can
hot
be
take
n.
B. V
IEW
1.B
reva
rd te
ache
rsw
ill f
ind
this
film
in th
eco
unty
Film
Lib
rary
, cat
e-lo
gue
num
bers
12-
225
and
12-2
26.
2.If
a s
uita
ble
film
can
not b
e fo
und,
use
the
slid
es o
f a
mar
sh a
t the
end
of th
is u
nit o
f st
udy.
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
III.
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
biot
ic a
nd a
biot
ic f
eatu
res
of th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
do
thes
e fe
atur
es in
terr
elat
e?L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
C. R
EV
ISE
Follo
win
g th
e fi
lm, h
ave
stud
ents
amen
d th
eir
pred
ictio
n-ch
arts
.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
E. E
VA
LU
Alf
, SE
LF
Hav
e st
uden
ts e
valu
ate
them
selv
es.
C. R
EV
ISE
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
C. R
EV
ISE
Col
lect
and
eval
uate
.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.SC
#1,
p. 3
7.
C. R
EV
ISE
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.T
C #
2, p
. 136
, giv
es p
ro-
cedu
re f
or th
is c
heck
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FE
. EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
If I
ndiv
idua
l Poi
nt S
heet
s(I
. P. S
.) a
re to
be
used
,re
prod
uce
sam
ple
form
on
page
xiii
of
the
Fore
wor
dan
d di
stri
bute
to s
tude
nts.
SC #
2, p
. 38.
12
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
IV.
Whe
re a
re s
ome
spec
ific
loca
tions
of
the
ecos
yste
m b
eing
inve
stig
ated
?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #1
A. S
TU
DY
/LO
CA
TE
1.D
ivid
e cl
ass
into
sm
all
grou
ps a
nd h
ave
each
stu
dent
:a.
Stud
y an
out
line
map
of
thei
r lo
cal c
ount
y.b.
Loc
ate
mar
sh a
reas
with
whi
ch th
ey a
refa
mili
ar o
n th
is m
ap.
c.Ju
stif
y ea
ch s
elec
ted
area
on
basi
s of
con
-cl
usio
ns r
each
ed to
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
ns 1
1an
d D
L2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ecor
d th
eir
find
ings
on
a m
aste
r m
ap f
or th
eir
grou
p.
B. S
EA
RC
H/L
OC
AT
E1.
Hav
e ea
ch s
mal
l gro
up:
a.,..
Mak
e a
libra
ry s
earc
hto
det
erm
ine
mar
shar
eas
in th
eir
stat
e an
dlo
cate
an
outli
ne m
ap.
b.Id
entif
y fa
ctor
s w
hich
defi
ne e
ach
area
as
am
arsh
.c.
Iden
tify
feat
ures
, if
any,
whi
ch m
ake
each
mar
shun
ique
(i.
e. h
ow g
ras-
ses
mig
ht d
iffe
r be
twee
nm
arsh
es in
var
ious
stat
e lo
catio
ns).
A. S
TU
DY
/LO
CA
TE
1.SC
#17
, p.7
0.2.
Cou
nty
map
sca
n be
obt
aine
d fr
omco
unty
pla
nnin
g de
-pa
rtm
ents
or
loca
llib
rari
es.
B. S
EA
RC
H/
1.SC
#18
, p.
71.
2.St
ate
outli
nem
aps
can
be m
ade
from
atla
ses
foun
din
the
libra
ry.
4
A. S
TU
DY
/LO
CA
TE
1.E
valu
ate
just
ific
atio
n gi
ven
byst
uden
ts.
2.C
olle
ct m
aps
and
chec
k.
II
B. S
EA
RC
H/
1. E
valu
ate
stud
ents
' ide
ntif
i-ca
tion
of f
acto
rs.
2.C
olle
ct a
ndch
eck
map
s.
A. S
TU
DY
/LO
CA
TE
1.St
uden
ts a
nd te
ache
rsno
t liv
ing
in B
reva
rd C
ount
y,Fl
orid
a, o
bvio
usly
will
wan
tto
inve
stig
ate
thei
r ow
nco
unty
.2.
Mas
ter
map
s ca
n be
mad
e by
pro
ject
ing
desk
-si
ze m
ap th
roug
h an
opa
que
proj
ecto
r on
to a
larg
e sh
eet
of b
lank
pap
er ta
ped
to th
ew
all a
nd tr
acin
g th
e ou
tline
of th
e m
ap.
B. S
EA
RC
H/L
OC
AT
E1.
Stud
ents
and
teac
hers
not l
ivin
g in
Flo
rida
obv
ious
lyw
ill w
ant t
o in
vest
igat
e th
eir
own
stat
e.2.
FL
OR
IDA
TE
AC
HE
RS
At t
he c
lose
of
this
act
ivity
,po
int o
ut th
at s
tude
nts
will
be
inve
stig
atin
g fo
r th
e ba
lanc
eof
this
uni
t of
stud
y th
e fr
esh-
wat
er m
arsh
fou
nd in
the
Eve
rgla
des
of S
outh
Flo
rida
.3.
NO
N-F
LO
RID
AT
EA
CH
ER
S: H
ave
stud
ents
cond
uct A
ctiv
ity C
. ,SE
AR
CH
/LO
CA
TE
.
13
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:W
.W
here
are
som
e sp
ecif
ic lo
catio
ns o
f th
e ec
osys
tem
bei
ng in
vest
igat
ed?
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ecor
d th
eir
find
ings
on
a m
aste
r m
ap f
or th
eir
grou
p.
C. S
EA
RC
H/L
OC
AT
E
1.H
ave
each
sm
all g
roup
:a.
Mak
e a
libra
ry s
earc
hto
det
erm
ine
mar
shar
eas
in F
lori
da a
ndlo
cate
an
outli
ne m
ap.
b.Ju
stif
y ea
ch s
elec
ted
area
on:
basi
s of
con
-cl
usio
ns to
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns I
I an
d Il
l2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ecor
d th
eir
find
ings
on
a m
aste
r m
ap f
or th
eir
grou
p.
D. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
fth
eir
smal
l gro
up w
ork.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FH
ave
stud
ents
eva
luat
e th
em-
selv
es.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
4.A
ctiv
ities
D. a
nd E
.sh
ould
be
cond
ucte
d fo
rev
alua
tion
purp
oses
.
C. S
EA
RC
H/
LO
CA
TE
SC #
18, p
.71.
D. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
C. S
EA
RC
H/
LO
CA
TE
1.E
val
uate
just
ific
atio
n gi
ven
byst
uden
ts.
2.C
olle
ct m
aps
and
chec
k.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.SC
#1,
p. 3
7.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FSC
#2,
p. 3
8.
C. S
EA
RC
H/L
OC
AT
E
At t
he e
nd o
f th
is a
ctiv
ity,
poin
t out
that
the
Eve
rgla
des
of S
outh
Flo
rida
will
be
the
cent
er o
f th
e in
vest
igat
ion
for
the
bala
nce
of th
is u
nit.
D. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.T
C #
2, p
. 136
, giv
es p
ro-
cedu
re f
or th
is c
heck
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
14
INV
EST
IGA
TIO
NS
FOR
IN
QU
IRY
QU
EST
ION
S V
X
A S
PEC
IAL
FO
RM
AT
Inve
stig
atio
ns f
or I
nqui
ry Q
uest
ions
VX
hav
e be
en a
rran
ged
in a
spe
cial
for
mat
. The
pur
pose
and
orga
niza
tion
of th
ese
lear
ning
act
iviti
es a
re e
xpla
ined
bel
ow a
nd s
houl
d be
rea
d th
orou
ghly
alon
g w
ith th
e re
fer-
ence
d T
each
er C
omm
ents
.
For
stud
ents
to u
nder
stan
d th
e ec
olog
ical
com
posi
tion
of a
mar
sh a
nd e
colo
gica
l eff
ect c
erta
in c
hang
esm
ight
hav
e on
a m
arsh
, it i
s ne
cess
ary
to d
elin
eate
som
e m
arsh
as
an e
xam
ple
for
them
to s
tudy
.T
he f
resh
-w
ater
mar
sh f
ound
in th
e Fl
orid
a E
verg
lade
s ca
n fu
rnis
h th
e st
uden
t with
sev
eral
exa
mpl
es o
f pa
st,
pres
ent,
and
poss
ible
fut
ure
ecol
ogic
al c
hang
es w
hich
impa
ct th
is e
cosy
stem
. A g
reat
dea
l of
publ
icat
tent
ion
has
been
focu
sed
on th
e E
verg
lade
s m
arsh
as
a re
sult
of th
e na
tiona
l par
k w
hich
is lo
cate
d in
the
area
and
rec
ent a
ttem
pts
coto
bui
ld a
jetp
ort t
here
.B
ecau
se o
f th
is a
ttent
ion,
the
stud
ent m
ay b
e ex
pose
d to
var
ious
arg
umen
ts c
once
rnin
gtr
chan
ge in
the
natu
ral e
nvir
onm
ent o
f a
mar
sh a
rea
in o
rder
to m
eet t
he v
ario
us n
eeds
of
a gr
owin
g po
pula
tion.
The
stu
dent
will
stu
dy th
e E
verg
lade
s by
par
ticip
atin
g in
a s
erie
s of
lear
ning
act
iviti
es w
hich
hav
e be
ende
sign
ed in
to a
rol
e-pl
ayin
g si
mul
atio
n en
title
d T
he E
verg
lade
s Su
rviv
al G
ame.
Rea
d ca
refu
lly T
each
erC
omm
ent
No.
5, p
age
139,
for
a th
orou
gh e
xpla
natio
n of
this
sim
ulat
ion.
No
one
activ
ity w
ill a
nsw
er a
ll of
the
ques
tions
,ho
wev
er, c
ompl
etio
n of
all
the
Inve
stig
atio
ns s
houl
d pr
ovid
e th
e st
uden
t with
suf
fici
ent d
ata
on w
hich
he
can
base
legi
timat
e co
nclu
sion
s to
thes
e in
quir
ies.
The
maj
ority
of
Inve
stig
atio
ns in
The
Eve
rgla
des
Surv
ival
Gam
e w
ill b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t in
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
rs.
Tea
cher
Com
men
t No.
6, p
age
149,
giv
es a
rat
iona
le a
nd d
escr
iptio
n of
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
rs.
Six
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
rs,
one
for
each
of
the
Inve
stig
atio
ns, n
eed
to b
e cr
eate
d fo
r th
is s
imul
atio
n.A
ll ac
tiviti
es a
nd r
esou
rces
req
uire
dat
eac
h C
ente
r ar
e pr
ovid
ed in
this
pac
kage
. The
mat
eria
ls s
houl
d be
ava
ilabl
e fo
r st
uden
tus
e th
roug
hout
the
entir
e si
mul
atio
n, h
owev
er, t
he te
ache
r m
ay w
ish
to s
et a
tim
e lim
it fo
r th
e ac
tiviti
espe
rfor
med
at t
he r
espe
c-tiv
e L
earn
ing
Cen
ters
.
15
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
X
Lea
rnA
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#1(P
lant
/Veg
etat
ion
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
r)A
. RE
AD
/OU
TL
INE
1.D
ivid
e 1/
6 of
cla
ss in
to th
isC
ente
r.2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC #
19an
d th
en: -
roug
hly
outli
ne th
e th
ree
maj
or r
egio
ns o
f So
uth
Flor
ida
on S
C #
20.
- w
rite
a b
rief
des
crip
tion
of th
e ve
geta
tion
in e
ach
regi
on.
B. C
OM
PAR
E/N
OT
EH
ave
stud
ents
com
pare
SC
#21
with
SC #
22 a
nd m
ake
wri
tten
note
s of
the
chan
ges
in th
e th
ree
vege
tatio
nre
gion
s.
C. R
EA
D/W
RIT
E1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC V
s23
-28
(and
. rev
iew
SC
#19
).2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts d
iscu
ssch
ange
in th
e ve
geta
tion
regi
ons
and
then
mak
e a
wri
tten
repo
rt o
n th
ese
idea
s:
A.
RE
AD
/OU
TL
INE
1.SC
#19
, p. 7
3.
2.SC
#20
, p. 7
4.
B. C
OM
PAR
E/N
OT
E1.
SC #
21, p
.75.
2.SC
#22
, p.7
6.
C. R
EA
D/W
RIT
ESC
Vs
23-2
17R
777
-92.
A. R
EA
D/O
UT
LIN
EC
olle
ct m
aps/
de-
scri
ptio
ns a
nd a
war
dE
SP (
see
TC
#5,
p. 1
39).
B. C
OM
PAR
E/N
OT
EC
olle
ct n
otes
and
give
ESP
.
C. R
EA
D/W
RIT
EC
olle
ct c
opy
of r
e-po
rt a
nd a
ssig
n E
SP.
A. R
EA
D/O
UT
LIN
E1.
Res
ults
of
each
In-
vest
igat
ion
will
be
pres
ente
dto
cla
ss (
see
Inve
stig
atio
n#7
).2.
Pres
enta
tions
sho
uld
be p
ract
iced
bef
ore
goin
gbe
fore
cla
ss.
B. C
OM
PAR
E/N
OT
ESt
uden
ts s
houl
d no
tice
thes
ech
ange
s:-
Nat
iona
l Par
k w
ascr
eate
d.-
Hea
vy a
gric
ultu
re-
Can
als
built
- H
ighw
ays
built
- Po
pula
tion
incr
ease
- C
onse
rvat
ion
area
scr
eate
d
C. R
EA
D/W
RIT
ED
etai
led
wor
ding
for
the
wri
tten
repo
rt g
uide
lines
are
foun
d in
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
nsV
X, p
. xxi
i.
16
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:v-
-xL
earn
ing
Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
- ki
nds
of c
hang
e-
caus
es o
f ch
ange
- re
sults
of
chan
ge-
need
ed c
hang
es
D. R
EPO
RT
/PR
ESE
NT
1.H
ave
stud
ents
use
fac
tsfr
om A
ctiv
ities
A, B
, and
C a
ndth
en c
ompo
se a
mak
e-be
lieve
con
-ve
rsat
ion
to b
e he
ld b
y a
pine
tree
,a
cypr
ess
tree
, and
a r
ed m
angr
ove
tree
on
the
subj
ect "
Our
Cha
ngin
gT
erri
tory
. "2.
Hav
e th
e "c
onve
rsat
ion"
deta
il al
l the
stu
dent
s ha
ve le
arne
dab
out c
hang
e in
the
vege
tatio
nre
gion
s.3.
The
"co
nver
satio
n" w
ill b
epr
esen
ted
to th
e cl
ass
late
r.
D. R
EPO
RT
/PR
ESE
NT
D. R
EPO
RT
/PR
ESE
NT
Fina
l "co
nver
satio
n"sh
ould
be
awar
ded
ESP
.
D. R
EPO
RT
/PR
ESE
NT
1.T
o in
volv
e al
l stu
-de
nts
in th
e fi
nal p
rese
n-ta
tion,
sev
eral
"co
nver
-sa
tions
cou
ld b
e pl
anne
d by
this
gro
up.
2.A
ll co
nclu
ding
activ
ities
at t
he L
earn
ing
Cen
ters
will
be
pres
ente
d to
the
clas
s du
ring
Inv
estig
atio
n#1
7.
17
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IT
X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nIn
vest
igat
ion
#2(M
uck
Farm
ing
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
r)A
. GR
APH
/WR
ITE
17bi
vide
1/6
of
stud
ents
into
this
Cen
ter.
2.H
ave
stud
ents
stu
dy S
C #
29an
d th
en p
repa
re a
line
gra
ph o
fav
erag
e ra
infa
ll in
the
Eve
rgla
des.
3.St
udy
the
grap
hs a
nd w
rite
out a
n ex
plan
atio
n to
the
follo
win
gqu
estio
n:-
Has
the
rain
fall
chan
ged
sign
ific
antly
toca
use
'the
dehy
drat
ion
deat
h of
the
Eve
rgla
des'
?"
K.:.
B. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
1.St
uden
ts r
ead
SC it
's 2
3-28
.2.
Stud
ents
dis
cuss
the
reas
ons
for
the
stat
emen
t, "W
e ar
e lo
sing
our
Muc
k. "
C. R
EPO
RT
1.H
ave
grou
p de
cide
on
aw
ritte
n co
mpo
site
rep
ort t
o th
eab
ove
stat
emen
t.2.
Cha
irm
an r
ecor
ds r
easo
nsan
d su
bmits
for
eva
luat
ion.
A. G
RA
PH/W
RIT
ESC
#29
, p. 9
3.
B. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
See
SC #
's 2
3-28
,pp
. 77-
92.
C. R
EPO
RT
A. G
RA
PH/W
RIT
EG
ive
ESP
for
gra
phs
and
wri
tten
expl
a-na
tions
.
B. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
C. R
EPO
RT
Aw
ard
ESP
for
repo
rt.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
A. G
RA
PH/W
RIT
EA
rel
ativ
ely
leve
l lin
e w
ould
indi
cate
no
dras
tic c
hang
e in
rain
fall
sinc
e 19
40. A
de-
crea
sing
slo
pe in
line
wou
ldin
dica
te a
dec
reas
e in
rai
n-fa
ll.T
he li
ne a
ctua
llyfl
uctu
ates
fro
m h
igh
peak
s to
low
. The
tren
d se
ems
to b
est
able
.T
here
is n
o re
al d
e-cr
ease
in th
e ov
eral
l slo
peev
en if
a s
trai
ght l
ine
was
draw
n to
rep
rese
nt th
e av
e-ra
ge li
ne.
Hav
e th
e st
uden
tstr
y it.
Dec
reas
ing
rain
fall
is n
ot th
e an
swer
.
B. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
C. R
EPO
RT
18
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
--
X
Lea
rnin
: Act
iviti
esR
esou
rces
Eva
luat
ion
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
D. C
RE
AT
E/P
RE
SEN
TD
. CR
EA
TE
/PR
ESE
NT
D. C
RE
AT
E/
C. C
RE
AT
E/
1.Fr
om th
e ab
ove
repo
rt,
have
stu
dent
s cr
eate
a T
V p
rese
n-ta
tion:
"W
e ar
e lo
sing
our
Muc
k."
2.M
ake
a w
ritte
n sc
ript
for
the
TV
pre
sent
atio
n w
hich
incl
udes
role
s fo
r ea
ch g
roup
mem
ber
and
is s
ubm
itted
for
eva
luat
ion.
3. T
V p
rese
ntat
ion
will
be
mad
e to
ent
ire
clas
s la
ter.
o.N
.
CA
.,
PRE
SEN
TPR
ESE
NT
PRE
SEN
TE
valu
ate
the
wri
tten
pres
enta
tion
and
awar
d E
SP.
1.Su
gges
t to
stud
ents
that
thei
r T
V p
rese
ntat
ion
may
cov
er th
e fo
llow
ing
idea
s:-
Wha
t are
muc
kfa
rmer
s?-
How
do
they
aff
ect
the
Eve
rgla
des?
- W
ere
the
effe
cts
bene
fici
al a
nd/o
rde
trim
enta
l? H
ow?
2.E
ncou
rage
stu
dent
sto
giv
e th
eir
sugg
estio
ns.
19
"In
quir
y Q
uest
ion:
X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#3(W
ater
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
r)A
. GR
APH
1.W
ride
1/6
of
clas
s in
toth
is C
ente
r.2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
evie
w S
C #
30an
d th
en m
ake
a lin
e or
bar
gra
phde
pict
ing
the
wat
er u
se d
ata.
A. G
RA
PHSC
#30
, p. 9
4.A
. GR
APH
Col
lect
and
giv
eE
SP.
A. G
RA
PH1.
Wat
er s
hort
ages
are
beco
min
g ac
ute
in S
outh
Flor
ida.
Som
e sc
ient
ists
estim
ate
only
10
year
s un
tilth
e ar
ea w
ill f
ace
seve
rew
ater
sho
rtag
e in
the
win
ter
mon
ths.
As
the
popu
latio
nin
crea
ses
so d
oes
the
wat
erde
man
d.2.
As
mor
e w
ater
isus
ed in
Sou
th F
lori
da, t
hew
ater
tabl
e dr
ops.
The
pri
-m
ary
sour
ce o
f re
plen
ish-
men
t has
bee
n ra
infa
ll, p
ar-
ticul
arly
in th
e E
verg
lade
s.B
ut a
s th
e E
verg
lade
s dr
yup
, the
wat
er ta
ble
ther
edr
ops
also
.T
his
allo
ws
salt
wat
er f
rom
the
ocea
n to
see
pin
to w
hat w
as b
efor
e fr
esh
wat
er li
mes
tone
"aq
uife
rs."
Wel
ls th
at o
nce
prod
uced
fres
h po
tabl
e w
ater
, now
pro
-du
ce u
ndri
nkab
le le
vels
of
salt
wat
er.
3. T
C #
7, p
. 153
, giv
esba
ckgr
ound
to th
e w
ater
con
-tr
ol p
robl
em.
20
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
ITX
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
B. R
EA
DH
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#31
and
answ
er th
e fo
llow
ing
ques
tion:
- H
ow d
o yo
u ex
plai
n th
em
ovem
ent o
f sa
lt w
ater
inla
nd?
C. W
RIT
EU
sing
the
data
fro
m a
ctiv
ities
Aan
d B
abo
ve, h
ave
stud
ent m
ake
aw
ritte
n an
alys
is o
f th
e fo
llow
ing
stat
emen
t: - A
s m
ore
fres
h w
ater
isdr
awn
from
the
unde
rgro
und
wat
er s
uppl
y in
Sou
ther
n Fl
or-
ida,
the
orig
inal
sou
rce
of r
e-pl
enis
hmen
t, th
e E
verg
lade
sm
arsh
, can
not m
aint
ain
leve
lshi
gh e
noug
h to
pre
vent
sal
tin
trus
ion
from
cre
epin
g in
toth
e fr
esh
wat
er s
ourc
es o
nth
e co
ast.
D. A
NA
LY
ZE
DA
TA
1.H
ave
stud
ents
stu
dy S
C #
's32
,33,
34, a
nd 3
5 an
d co
nstr
uct a
char
t on
wat
er f
or th
e ye
ars
1963
and
1967
whi
ch in
clud
es th
e fo
l-lo
win
g da
ta:
a.to
tal r
ainf
all i
n E
ver-
glad
es f
or e
ach
year
,b.
wat
er d
isch
arge
into
the
Eve
rgla
des
for
each
year
, and
B. R
EA
DSC
#31
, p. 9
5.
C. W
RIT
E
D. A
NA
LY
ZE
DA
TA
1.SC
Vs
32,3
8134
, and
35,
pp.
98
-101
2.SC
#36
, p.
102.
B. R
EA
D
C. W
RIT
EC
olle
ct w
ritte
n w
ork
and
awar
d E
SP.
D. A
NA
LY
ZE
DA
TA
17-0
ME
FErh
art
and
eval
uate
con
tent
s.2.
Col
lect
wri
tten
repo
rt a
ndev
alua
te w
ith E
SP.
Tea
cher
SuE
gest
ions
B. R
EA
D
C. W
RIT
E
D. A
NA
LY
ZE
DA
TA
1.T
hese
gat
es a
ndga
uges
are
loca
ted
in th
eno
rthe
rn s
ectio
n of
the
Eve
r-gl
ades
. The
y ar
e re
spon
sibl
efo
r co
ntro
lling
and
mea
suri
ngth
e w
ater
rel
ease
d in
to th
eE
verg
lade
s.N
ote
that
the
flow
of
wat
er is
fro
m n
orth
to s
outh
.
21
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
ITX
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nc.
gaug
e (w
ater
) he
ight
in lo
wes
t and
hig
hest
read
ings
in th
e E
ver-
glad
es f
or e
ach
year
.T
he c
hart
s m
ay lo
ok li
ke S
C #
36.
2.H
avin
g co
mpl
eted
thei
rch
art,
stud
ents
will
ana
lyze
the
data
by n
otin
g an
swer
s to
the
follo
win
gin
quir
ies:
- H
ow d
oes
rain
fall
com
pare
for
the
two
year
s?-
How
doe
s w
ater
dis
-ch
arge
com
pare
for
the
two
year
s? - H
ow d
oes
gaug
e(w
ater
) he
ight
com
pare
I..s
for
the
two
year
s?c'
,:,-
Is r
ainf
all r
espo
n-si
ble? -
Wha
t is
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
diff
eren
ces?
3.In
a w
ritte
n su
mm
ary
re-
port
, hav
e st
uden
ts a
nsw
er th
ese
ques
tions
:-
How
doe
s w
ater
dis
-ch
arge
by
the
FCD
aff
ect
wat
er le
vels
in th
e E
ver-
glad
es?
Is th
is g
ood
or b
ad ?
- If
the
FCD
con
tinue
sth
e po
licy
of w
ater
dis
-ch
arge
as
expl
empl
ifie
d in
1963
, wha
t do
you
pred
ict
will
be
the
effe
ct o
n th
eE
verg
lade
s en
viro
nmen
t ?
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
2. T
C #
8, p
. 157
,sh
ows
data
that
, stu
dent
ssh
ould
hav
e se
lect
ed f
rom
SC #
's 3
2, 3
3, 3
4, a
nd 3
5.3.
Stud
ents
who
wis
h to
cond
uct a
n in
dept
h st
udy
ofth
e w
ater
con
trol
mea
sure
sm
ay g
et in
touc
h w
ith th
efo
llow
ing:
Cen
tral
and
Sou
ther
n Fl
a.Fl
ood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
tP.
O. B
ox V
Wes
t Pal
m B
each
Flor
ida
3340
2
22
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:v
X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
E.
RE
AD
/LIS
T1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
ead
SC #
's23
-28. 2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts d
ecid
e ho
wea
ch o
f th
e fo
llow
ing
wou
ld r
eact
toth
e re
adin
gs:
- a
biol
ogis
t-
a co
nser
vatio
nist
- a
FCD
mem
ber
- an
eng
inee
r3.
Lis
t rea
ctio
ns f
or e
ach
view
poin
t rep
rese
nted
.
F. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts p
lan
a pa
nel
disc
ussi
on, i
n w
hich
the
four
vie
w-
poin
ts (
Act
ivity
E)
are
argu
ed.
2.T
he P
anel
Dis
cuss
ion
will
be p
rese
nted
to th
e en
tire
clas
sla
ter.
E. R
EA
D/L
IST
SC V
s 23
-257
pp.
77-9
2.
F. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T
E. R
EA
D /L
IST
F. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
TE
valu
ate
with
ESP
.
E. R
EA
D/L
IST
F.PL
AN
/PR
ESE
NT
23
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:IT
x
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
nsIn
vest
igat
ion
#4(W
ildlif
e L
earn
ing
Cen
ter)
A. D
ISC
USS
1.D
ivid
e 1/
6 of
cla
ss in
toth
is C
ente
r.2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts d
iscu
ss th
efo
llow
ing
ques
tions
:-
Wha
t is
an e
ndan
-ge
red
spec
ies?
- W
hat i
s th
e va
lue
ofha
ving
an
enda
nger
edsp
ecie
s lis
t?
B. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SS1.
Pres
ent t
o st
uden
ts e
ither
of th
ese
two
mov
ies:
a.Pr
owle
rs o
f th
eE
verg
lade
sb.
Alli
gato
r2.
Hav
e gr
oup
disc
uss
the
follo
win
g: a. W
hat r
ole
does
the
al-
ligat
or p
lay
in p
re-
serv
ing
the
Eve
rgla
des?
b.W
hat v
alue
to th
e G
lade
s1
is th
ere
in p
rese
rvin
gco
larg
e ar
eas
in w
hich
the
allig
ator
can
roa
min
a w
ild s
tate
?3.
If f
ilms
are
unav
aila
ble,
SC #
's 3
7 an
d 38
sho
uld
be r
ead
for
back
grou
nd in
form
atio
n on
the
allig
agor
.
A. D
ISC
USS
Pres
iden
t of
Indi
anR
iver
Aud
ubon
Soc
i-et
y: H
arol
d E
. Wyl
e,te
leph
one
632-
5855
.M
r. W
yle
may
be
able
to h
elp
answ
erth
ese
ques
tions
.
B. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SS1.
Prow
lers
of
the
Eve
rgla
des
may
be p
urch
ased
fro
m:
Wal
t Dis
ney
Edu
-ca
tiona
l Mat
er-
ial s
800
Seno
ra A
ve.
Gle
ndal
e, C
A 9
1207
2.A
lliga
tor
may
be
borr
owed
,fr
ee o
f ch
arge
, fro
m:
Cen
tral
and
Sou
th-
ern
Floo
d C
on-
trol
Dis
tric
tP.
O. B
ox 1
671
Wes
t Pal
m B
each
Flor
ida
3340
23.
SC #
37 a
nd38
, pp.
103
-104
.
A. D
ISC
USS
Aw
ard
ESP
to s
tu-
dent
s w
ho o
ffer
val
idan
swer
s an
dre
ason
s.
B. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSA
war
d E
SP o
n ba
sis
of in
divi
dual
per
-fo
rman
ce in
the
grou
p's
effo
rt to
answ
er th
e qu
estio
ns.
A. D
ISC
USS
Any
mem
ber
of lo
cal e
n-vi
ronm
enta
l gro
ups
coul
dhe
lp w
ith th
ese
ques
tions
.
B. V
IEW
/DIS
CU
SSB
reva
rd te
ache
rs m
ay b
or-
row
Pro
wle
rs o
f th
e E
ver-
glad
es f
rom
the
Cou
nty
Film
Lib
rary
(#1
2-10
0).
24
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
. X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
C. R
EV
IEW
/LIS
T/D
ISC
USS
1.R
evie
w S
C #
39, a
list
of
enda
nger
ed s
peci
es o
f th
e U
nite
dSt
ates
.2.
Rev
iew
SC
#40
, a li
st o
fan
imal
s of
the
Eve
rgla
des.
3.L
ist,
by c
ompa
ring
the
two,
all
spec
ies
of L
ie E
verg
lade
sth
at a
re r
are
and
enda
nger
ed o
rne
arly
so.
4.D
iscu
ss th
e ad
vant
ages
and
disa
dvan
tage
s of
pre
serv
ing
the
Eve
rgla
des
for
the
bene
fit o
fth
ese
spec
ies.
D. R
EA
D/R
EA
CT
1.H
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
4f's
23-2
8. 2.H
ave
stud
ents
rea
ct to
the
chan
ges
in th
e re
adin
gs a
s if
they
wer
e on
e of
the
follo
win
g:-
a ba
ld e
agle
- a
Flor
ida
pant
her
- a
gree
n tu
rtle
3.W
rite
out
rea
ctio
ns.
C. R
EV
IEW
/L
IST
/DIS
C U
SSSC
Ps
39,4
01
pp.
109-
110.
D. R
EA
D/
RE
AC
TSC
ii's
23-
29, p
p.77
-92.
C. R
EV
IEW
/L
IST
/DIS
CU
SSA
war
d E
SP f
or e
ach
spec
ies
corr
ectly
iden
tifie
d an
d lis
ted.
D. R
EA
D/
RE
AC
TC
olle
ct w
ritte
nre
actio
ns a
ndev
alua
te w
ith E
SP.
Tea
cher
Suu
estio
nsC
. RE
VIE
W/L
IST
/DIS
CU
SS
Furt
her
wor
k m
ay b
ein
itiat
ed b
y st
uden
ts in
te-
rest
ed in
pur
suin
g th
e. h
abits
of s
ome
of th
ese
spec
ies.
D. R
EA
D/R
EA
CT
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
ns V
Xpr
ovid
e de
tails
on
the
aspe
cts
of c
hang
e to
whi
ch s
tude
nts
are
to r
eact
.
25
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
IIX
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
E. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T1.
Plan
a s
kit i
n w
hich
wri
tten
reac
tions
fro
m A
ctiv
ity D
are
dem
onst
rate
d.2.
Skit
shou
ld in
clud
e th
eea
gle,
pan
ther
, and
turt
le p
re-
sent
ing
thei
r vi
ews
on c
hang
e to
the
clas
s.
CJA
E.
PLA
N/P
RE
SEN
TE
. PL
AN
/PR
ESE
NT
Judg
e sk
its b
y aw
ard-
ing
ESP
for
con
tent
and
pres
enta
tion.
26
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:V
Y
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
Inve
stig
atio
n #5
(Jet
port
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
r)A
. RE
AD
1.D
ivid
e 1/
6 of
cla
ss in
toth
is C
ente
r.If
add
ition
al s
tude
nts
are
avai
labl
e th
ey s
houl
d be
add
edto
this
gro
up.
2.H
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#41
(exp
lana
tion
for
the
"Jet
port
Con
-tr
over
sy"
sim
ulat
ion)
.3.
Hav
e st
uden
ts s
elec
t whi
chro
les
they
will
pla
y.So
me
stu-
dent
s m
ay h
ave
to p
lay
mul
tiple
role
s.
B.
STU
DY
/LIS
T1.
Hav
e th
e st
uden
ts r
ead
and
stud
y SC
#'s
42,
43,
44,
and
45
as th
eypr
epar
e fo
r pe
rfor
min
g th
eir
role
s.2.
Lis
t asp
ects
of
chan
ge (
In-
quir
y Q
uest
ions
VX
) th
at o
ccur
in p
ropo
sed
Jetp
ort a
rea.
C. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T1.
Aft
er r
eadi
ng is
com
plet
ed,
use
list t
o pl
an d
etai
ls f
or th
e si
mu-
late
d pu
blic
hea
ring
on
the
Jetp
ort.
2.Pr
esen
t to
clas
s la
ter
duri
ng I
nves
tigat
ion
#7.
A. R
EA
DSC
#41
, p.1
12.
13.
STU
DY
/LIS
TSC
Vs
42-4
5, p
p.11
6-12
0.
C. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T
A. R
EA
D
B.
STU
DY
/LIS
TA
war
d al
l stu
dent
sw
ho c
ompl
ete
the
read
ing
and
listin
gas
sign
men
t with
ESP
.
C. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T1.
Aw
ard
role
-pl
ayin
g st
uden
ts E
SPba
sed
on th
e ef
fec-
tiven
ess
of th
eir
actin
g. 2.A
war
d E
SPto
all
stud
ents
who
disc
uss
and
deba
teis
sue.
A. R
EA
D1.
Pre
pare
a c
opy
ofSC
#41
and
dis
trib
ute
toea
ch s
tude
nt.
2. T
C #
9, p
. 158
, pro
-vi
des
back
grou
nd f
or th
isco
ntro
vers
y. T
his
TC
cou
ldbe
rep
rodu
ced
for
stud
ent
use
also
.
B.
STU
DY
/LIS
T
C. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T1.
Rem
ind
stud
ents
that
as r
ole-
play
ers
they
are
all
resi
dent
s of
Sou
th F
lori
da a
ndw
ill b
e di
rect
ly a
ffec
ted
byth
e ou
tcom
e of
the
"hea
ring
. "2.
If y
ou d
o no
t hav
e a
clas
s se
cret
ary,
app
oint
one
to r
ecor
d nu
mbe
r of
val
idco
ntri
butio
ns f
rom
indi
vidu
al
27
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
V -
x
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns3.
If th
e R
evie
wT
eam
vot
es to
con
-tin
ue to
bui
ld th
eJe
tpor
t, al
l stu
dent
slo
se 5
0 E
SP.
If th
eR
evie
w T
eam
vot
esno
t to
build
the
Jet-
port
, all
stud
ents
gain
50
ESP
.
clas
s m
embe
rs s
o th
at y
oum
ay r
ewar
d th
em f
or c
on-
trib
utio
ns. Y
ou m
ight
con
-si
der
5 E
SPpe
r co
ntri
-bu
tion
as a
n in
cent
ive
for
stud
ents
to g
et in
volv
ed in
this
act
ivity
.3.
DO
NO
T te
ll th
est
uden
ts th
at th
ey w
ill e
ither
gain
or
lose
ESP
as th
e re
-su
lt of
the
Rev
iew
Tea
m's
deci
sion
. Thi
s w
ill s
erve
as
a su
rpri
se a
nd a
s an
illu
s-tr
atio
n of
how
one
gai
ns o
rlo
ses
som
etim
es a
s th
e re
-su
lt of
dec
isio
ns o
f ot
hers
.4.
The
teac
her
mig
htco
nsid
er p
layi
ng th
e ro
le o
fei
ther
a s
uppo
rter
of
the
Jetp
ort o
r of
an
oppo
nent
duri
ng th
e de
bate
; how
ever
,if
this
is d
one
the
teac
her
mus
t be
sure
that
all
stu-
dent
s un
ders
tand
that
the
teac
her
is p
layi
ng a
rol
ean
d th
at th
e th
ings
he
says
do n
ot n
eces
sari
ly r
efle
ctei
ther
fac
t or
even
his
own
pers
onal
opi
nion
.
28
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VX
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esD
. RE
AD
/DIS
CU
SS
1.Fo
llow
ing
the
pres
enta
tion
of th
e "p
ublic
hea
ring
" ha
ve th
een
tire
clas
s re
ad S
C #
46.
2.C
ondu
ct a
gen
eral
cla
ssdi
scus
sion
in w
hich
stu
dent
s re
act
to th
e ar
ticle
as
it re
late
s to
the
"pub
lic h
eari
ng. "
CP
CN
D
D. R
EA
D/
DIS
CU
SSSC
44-
671T
r23.
D. R
EA
D/
DIS
CU
SS1.
Aw
ard
ESP
to s
tude
nts
for
valid
cont
ribu
tions
in c
lass
disc
ussi
on°
of th
ear
ticle
.2.
Hav
e st
u-de
nts
wri
te a
n es
say
in w
hich
they
com
-pa
re th
e Je
tpor
t cas
ew
ith th
e bu
ildin
g of
a ho
usin
g pr
ojec
t in
a fr
eshw
ater
mar
sh.
Ask
, "W
ould
the
pro
and
anti
argu
-m
ents
abo
ut th
eho
usin
g pr
ojec
t be
sim
ilar
or d
iffe
rent
than
thos
e ab
out t
heJe
tpor
t?"
How
sim
ilar?
Aw
ard
ESP
for
ess
ays.
D. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
29
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VX
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
Inve
stig
atio
n #6
(Act
ion
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
r)
Act
ivity
Set
#1
A. R
EA
D37
75iv
ide
1/6
of c
lass
into
this
Cen
ter.
2.H
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#'s
23-2
8.
B. C
RE
AT
ET
o de
mon
stra
te th
eir
opin
ions
, out
-lo
ok a
nd f
eelin
gs o
n th
e ch
ange
inth
e re
adin
gs, h
ave
the
stud
ents
wri
te o
ut o
ne o
f th
e fo
llow
ing:
- a
new
spap
er e
dito
rial
wri
tten
by a
n al
ligat
or-
a di
alog
ue b
etw
een
anal
ligat
or a
nd th
e m
anu-
fact
urer
of
allig
ator
han
dbag
s-
a pa
ge f
rom
the
diar
y of
an
Eve
rgla
de K
ite.
C. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T1.
Plan
a w
ay f
or th
ese
wri
tten
mat
eria
ls to
be
acte
d ou
t in
skit
form
.2.
Pres
ent t
o cl
ass
late
r.
A. R
EA
DSC
#ts
23-
28, p
p.77
-92.
B. C
RE
AT
E
C. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T
A. R
EA
D
B. C
RE
AT
EC
olle
ct a
nd e
valu
ate
wri
tten
assi
gnm
ents
with
ESP
.
C. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
TJu
dge
skits
on
con-
tent
and
ori
gina
lity
and
give
ESP
.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
Inve
stig
atio
n #6
is d
ivid
edin
to th
ree
sets
of
activ
ities
.Y
ou m
ay h
ave
the
stud
ents
at th
is C
ente
r w
ork
thro
ugh
all t
hree
set
s or
onl
y on
eof
the
sets
.
A. R
EA
D
B. C
RE
AT
EC
hang
e as
pect
s ar
e de
taile
din
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
ns V
X,
D. x
xii.
C. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Act
ivity
Set
#2
A. E
XA
MIN
E/D
RA
W1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts s
tudy
SC
#'s
47,4
8, a
nd 4
9.2.
Aft
er e
xam
inat
ion
of m
aps,
have
stu
dent
s dr
aw in
the
follo
win
gse
ctio
ns o
n SC
#50
.-
maj
or c
anal
s-
maj
or h
ighw
ays
- w
ater
con
serv
atio
n ar
eas
- ag
ricu
ltura
l zon
es-
natio
nal.
park
sJi
B. D
ESI
GN
1.H
ave
stud
ents
des
ign
am
ock
"Pea
ce T
alks
" se
ssio
n in
whi
ch th
ey d
iscu
ss th
is to
pic:
- N
eede
d ch
ange
s in
the
pres
ent u
se o
f th
eE
verg
lade
s.2.
Hav
e st
uden
ts r
epre
sent
the
view
poin
ts o
f th
e fo
llow
ing:
- th
e N
atio
nal P
ark
- a
wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion
area
- an
agr
icul
tura
l zon
e-
the
Dep
artm
ent o
fT
rans
port
atio
n-
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
Res
ourc
es
A. E
XA
MIN
E/D
RA
W1.
SC #
's 4
7,48
,an
d 49
, pp.
127-
129.
2.SC
#50
,p.
130
.
B. D
ESI
GN
Eva
luat
ion
A. E
XA
MIN
E/D
RA
WA
war
d .E
SP I
.-1r
ac-
cura
te lo
catio
n on
outli
ne m
ap.
B. D
ESI
GN
Part
icip
atio
n an
ddi
scus
sion
at P
eace
Tal
ks m
erits
ESP
.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
A. E
XA
MIN
E /D
RA
W
B. D
ESI
GN
i
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:"I
TX
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
C. I
LL
UST
RA
TE
/PR
ESE
NT
C. I
LL
UST
RA
TE
/PR
ESE
NT
1.H
ave
stud
ents
illu
stra
te o
nch
alkb
oard
or
on p
oste
r bo
ard
the
resu
lts o
f th
e Pe
ace
Tal
ks.
2.Pr
esen
t the
illu
stra
tion
toth
e cl
ass
late
r.
Act
ivity
Set
#3
A. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
/WR
ITE
1.H
ave
stud
ents
rea
d SC
#51
.2.
Loc
ate
the
Gol
d C
oast
on
SC #
49 a
nd th
en h
ave
stud
ents
dis
-cu
ss th
e m
eani
ng o
f th
is s
tate
men
t:-
"As
the
Eve
rgla
des
goes
, so
goes
the
urba
n-iz
ed G
old
Coa
st o
f So
uth-
CR c)
east
Flo
rida
. "3.
Wri
te o
ut a
sum
mar
y re
-po
rt o
f th
e di
scus
sion
.
B. D
RA
WH
ave
stud
ents
ass
ume
they
are
aco
mm
on h
ouse
fly
and
then
dra
w a
seri
es o
f ca
rtoo
ns d
epic
ting
the
urba
n pr
oble
ms
he s
ees
in th
e G
old
Coa
st.
A. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
/W
RIT
Ei.
SC #
51,
p. 1
31. 2.
SC #
49,
p. 1
29.
B. D
RA
W
C. I
LL
UST
RA
TE
/PR
ESE
NT
1.A
llow
ESP
for
the
liste
d ch
ange
s.2.
TC
#10
,p.
161,
may
hel
p in
eval
uatio
n.
A. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
/W
RIT
E
B. D
RA
W1.
Aw
ard
ESP
for
good
car
toon
s.2.
TC
#10
,p.
161
.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
C. I
LL
UST
RA
TE
/PR
ESE
NT
A. R
EA
D/D
ISC
USS
/WR
ITE
Enc
oura
ge s
tude
nts
to d
is-
cuss
the
stre
sses
on
the
urba
n po
rtio
n of
the
eco-
syst
em.
B. D
RA
WPo
ssib
le p
robl
ems:
wat
ersh
orta
ges,
pow
er s
hort
ages
,w
ater
/air
pol
lutio
n, o
ther
s.
32
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n:X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nT
each
er S
ugge
stio
ns
C. D
ESC
RIB
E1.
Nex
t, ha
ve "
stud
ent f
lies"
visi
t the
hig
hway
sys
tem
of
Sout
h-ea
st F
lori
da (
see
SC #
49).
2.D
escr
ibe
in w
ritte
n fo
rmth
e di
ffer
ent h
ighw
ays
as to
qua
lity,
quan
tity,
use
fuln
ess
and
acco
mm
o-da
tion.
D. C
OM
PAR
E1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts w
rite
out
aco
mpa
riso
n of
the
follo
win
g:-
Whi
ch tr
ipac
ross
Sout
heas
t Flo
rida
hig
hway
syst
em o
r th
roug
h th
e G
old
Coa
stw
ould
be
easi
er,
mor
e pl
easa
nt, m
ore
en-
light
enin
g, m
ore
depr
essi
ng.
E. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T1.
Hav
e st
uden
ts p
lan
a pr
e-se
ntat
ion
of th
eir
cart
oons
, de-
scri
ptio
ns a
nd c
ompa
riso
ns.
2.Pr
esen
t to
clas
s la
ter.
C. D
ESC
RIB
ESC
iggT
1Tra
T
D. C
OM
PAR
E
E. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T
C. D
ESC
RIB
EC
olle
ct d
escr
iptio
nan
d ev
alua
te w
ithE
SP.
D. C
OM
PAR
EC
olle
ct c
ompa
riso
nan
d ev
alua
te w
ithE
SP.
E. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
TA
war
d E
SP f
or p
re-
sent
atio
ns w
ell d
one.
C. D
ESC
RIB
E
D. C
OM
PAR
E
E. P
LA
N/P
RE
SEN
T
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
1.7
X
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
nIn
vest
igat
ion
#7(G
ener
al C
lass
Ses
sion
)A
. PR
ESE
NT
1.H
ave
each
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
rgr
oup
pres
ent t
he r
esul
ts o
f th
eir
inve
stig
atio
n.2.
The
se p
rese
ntat
ions
are
mad
e to
the
entir
e cl
ass.
B. D
ISC
USS
/LIS
TFo
llow
ing
the
pres
enta
tions
, hav
eea
ch g
roup
dis
cuss
and
list
answ
ers
to e
ach
of th
e fo
llow
ing
ques
tions
:a.
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
biot
ic a
nd a
biot
icfe
atur
es o
f th
e ec
o-sy
stem
?b.
Wha
t are
som
e of
the
fact
ors
whi
ch h
ave
con-
trib
uted
to e
nvir
on-
cn com
enta
l cha
nge
in th
eE
verg
lade
s?c.
How
was
the
envi
ron-
men
t cha
nged
by
man
/nat
ure?
d.W
hat w
ere
the
resu
ltsof
the
chan
ges
to th
een
viro
nmen
t?(1
) be
nefi
cial
(2)
detr
imen
tal
e.If
new
cha
nges
are
need
ed in
the
envi
ron-
men
t, w
hat a
re th
ey'?
A. P
RE
SEN
T
B.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
1.A
ll no
tes
and
mat
eria
ls u
sed
thro
ugho
ut th
eE
verg
lade
s Su
rviv
alG
ame. 2.
Dat
a pr
e-se
nted
by
each
Lea
rnin
g C
ente
rsh
ould
be
help
ful.
A. P
RE
SEN
T
B.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
Aw
ard
ESP
for
par
-tic
ipat
ion
in g
roup
'sw
ork.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
A. P
RE
SEN
T
B.
DIS
CU
SS/L
IST
1. in
form
stu
dent
s th
atth
ey m
ay u
se a
ll in
form
a -i
onth
ey h
ave
accu
mul
ated
sin
ceth
e be
ginn
ing
of th
e st
udy
ofth
e E
verg
lade
s to
hel
p th
emin
ans
wer
ing
the
ques
tions
.2.
Hav
e ea
ch g
roup
sele
ct a
lead
er a
nd a
re-
cord
er to
take
not
es e
ach
day
they
mee
t.
34
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n :
VX
Lea
rnin
g A
ctiv
ities
Res
ourc
esE
valu
atio
n
f.H
ow m
ight
thes
ech
ange
s to
the
envi
ron-
men
t be
brou
ght a
bout
?
C. R
EPO
RT
/DIS
CU
SS
1.E
ach
grou
p's
lead
er o
r re
-co
rder
will
rep
ort t
o th
e en
tire
clas
sth
e an
swer
s th
ey a
gree
dup
on f
orea
ch o
f th
e qu
estio
ns.
2.H
ave
clas
s di
scus
s an
dag
ree
upon
bes
t ans
wer
s fo
r qu
es-
tions
.
D. C
HE
CK
L Q
.H
ave
stud
ents
che
ck r
esul
ts o
fth
eir
smal
lgr
oup
wor
k.
C. R
EPO
RT
/D
ISC
USS
D. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FE
. EV
AL
UA
TE
SE
LF
Hav
e st
uden
ts e
valu
ate
them
selv
es.
CI
tO
C. R
EPO
RT
/D
ISC
USS
1.A
war
d E
SPfo
r pe
rson
rep
ortin
g.2.
TC
#11
, p.
162.
D. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.SC
#1,
p. 3
7.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
FSC
T2,
p. 3
8.
Tea
cher
Sug
gest
ions
C. R
EPO
RT
/DIS
CU
SS
Enc
oura
ge c
lass
to c
ompa
rean
d co
ntra
st a
nsw
ers
from
each
gro
up.
D. C
HE
CK
I. Q
.T
C #
2, p
. 136
, giv
espr
o-ce
dure
for
this
che
ck.
E. E
VA
LU
AT
E S
EL
F
35
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
TS
36
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
:Sm
all G
roup
Eva
luat
ion
I. Q
. (IN
QU
IRY
QU
EST
ION
) C
HE
CK
Nam
eG
roup
Num
ber
Cla
ss P
erio
dD
ate
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
nB
eing
Inv
estig
ated
:
My
Ans
wer
toth
th I
nqui
ry Q
uest
ion:
Impo
rtan
t par
ts o
f th
isIn
quir
y Q
uest
ion
Ans
wer
Lef
t Out
:
Poin
ts P
ossi
ble
for
Poin
ts A
war
ded
for
this
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n'
this
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n
Nam
e of
Che
cker
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
:Se
lf-E
valu
atio
n
Nam
e
Dir
ectio
ns:
Poin
t Sca
le:
SEL
F-E
VA
LU
AT
ION
FO
RM
Peri
odD
ate
Whe
n yo
u ha
ve c
ompl
eted
all
wor
k on
an
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n, u
se th
e Po
int S
cale
bel
ow a
nd r
ate
your
self
on e
ach
of th
e ca
tego
ries
list
ed in
the
char
t.
5 po
ints
exce
llent
; 4 p
oint
sab
ove
aver
age;
3 p
oint
sav
erag
e;2
poin
tsbe
low
ave
rae.
e; 1
poi
ntpo
or
CA
TE
GO
RIE
SIN
QU
IRY
QU
EST
ION
NU
MB
ER
S
III
III
IVV
VI
VII
VII
IIX
X
Inte
rest
(To
wha
t deg
ree
wer
e yo
uin
tere
sted
in th
is I
nqui
ryQ
uest
ion?
)
Und
erst
andi
ng(T
o w
hat d
egre
e do
you
fee
lyo
u un
ders
tand
the
con-
clus
ion
to th
e In
quir
yQ
uest
ion?
)
Eff
ort
.
(To
wha
t deg
ree
did
you
doal
l act
iviti
es to
the
best
of
your
abi
lity?
)
Coo
pera
tive
Part
icip
atio
n(T
o w
hat d
egre
e di
d yo
u co
n-tr
ibut
e us
eful
idea
s in
sol
ving
grou
p pr
oble
ms
and/
or h
elp
othe
rs r
each
a c
oncl
usio
nab
out t
his
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n?)
Tot
al P
oint
st
38
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
: Def
initi
on o
f a
Mar
sh
A m
arsh
is a
sha
llow
bod
y of
slo
w m
ovin
g or
stil
l wat
er w
hose
sur
face
is e
xten
sive
ly b
roke
nw
ith w
ater
ada
pted
veg
etat
ion.
The
sha
llow
dep
ths
of a
mar
sh g
ener
ally
teem
with
pla
nkto
n an
d ar
eab
unda
nt w
ith a
quat
ic li
fe.
Attr
acte
d by
the
rich
foo
d so
urce
and
the
prot
ectio
n of
tall
gras
ses
and
othe
r w
ater
tole
rant
pla
nts,
aqu
atic
bir
ds a
re p
lent
iful
.Pr
edat
ory
mam
mal
s ar
e al
so p
rese
nt.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
:D
utie
s fo
r th
e G
ener
al I
nspe
ctio
n T
eam
The
gen
eral
insp
ectio
n te
am w
ill b
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r th
e fo
llow
ing:
(1)
Sein
ing
for
aqua
tic s
peci
es(2
) Pr
obin
g in
spec
tions
for
isol
ated
spe
cies
(3)
Phot
ogra
phin
g sp
ecie
s to
o la
rge
to b
e co
llect
ed(4
) T
rans
port
ing
com
mon
equ
ipm
ent
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 5
: Dut
ies
for
the
Spec
ific
Ins
pect
ion
Tea
m
The
spe
cifi
c in
spec
tion
team
's r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s in
clud
e: c
ount
ing,
rec
ordi
ng,
and
colle
ctin
g bo
ta-
nica
l and
zoo
logi
cal o
rgan
ism
s as
wel
l as
cond
uctin
g ab
iotic
test
s. T
wo
stud
ents
sho
uld
be a
ssig
ned
tobo
tani
cal f
eatu
res,
one
stu
dent
to th
e zo
olog
ical
, and
two
stud
ents
to th
e ab
iotic
con
ditio
ns.
Spec
ific
info
rmat
ion
requ
este
d fo
r th
ese
biot
ic c
hara
cter
istic
s is
det
aile
don
the
follo
win
g da
ta s
heet
s:
DA
TA
SH
EE
T F
OR
SPE
CIF
IC I
NSP
EC
TIO
NS
Tea
m #
Dat
eT
ime
Nam
e an
d de
scri
ptio
n of
col
lect
ion
site
BIO
TIC
FA
CT
OR
S
Bot
anic
al P
opul
atio
n St
udie
sM
acro
scop
ic O
rgan
ism
s:Sp
ecie
s N
ame
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10
.
Num
ber
at S
iteA
vera
ge H
eigh
t Abo
ve G
roun
d
41
Mic
rosc
opic
Org
anis
ms:
Spec
ies
Nam
eN
umbe
r (a
mou
nt)
at S
ite
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Zoo
logi
cal P
opul
atio
n St
udie
sM
acro
scop
ic O
rgan
ism
s:
Mic
rosc
opic
Org
anis
ms:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Spec
ies
Nam
eN
umbe
r at
Site
Spec
ies
Nam
eN
umbe
r at
Site
42
Not
e an
y in
dica
tions
of
anim
al li
fea.
Tra
cks
b.D
ropp
ings
AB
IOT
IC S
TU
DIE
S
Soil
Tes
t
I.C
ore
sam
ples
(on
e in
eac
h co
rner
of
site
and
one
in th
e m
iddl
e)
a.D
epth
of
core
s
b.C
olor
and
dep
th o
f co
lor
chan
gein
cor
e(I
)=
(2)
....1
(3)
2.N
utri
ent a
naly
sis
(pac
kage
eac
h co
re f
or r
etur
n to
lab
for
insp
ectio
n)
a.N
itrog
en c
onte
nt
b.Ph
osph
orus
con
tent
c.pH
d.Po
tass
ium
hyd
roxi
de (
KO
H)
3.M
oist
ure
cont
ent o
f so
il
4.W
ater
hol
ding
cap
acity
of
soil
Wat
er T
est
1.D
epth
of
sam
ple
2. D
O a
nd B
OD
sam
ples
3.C
olle
ct g
allo
n w
ater
sam
ples
(s)
for
lab
wor
ka.
Nitr
ate
leve
lb.
Phos
phor
us le
vel
c.Sa
linity
d.pH
4.T
urbi
dity
of
wat
er
Gen
eral
Stu
dies
1.A
ir te
mpe
ratu
re in
°C
2.W
ater
tem
pera
ture
in °
C
3.W
eath
er c
ondi
tions
a.ty
pe o
f sk
yb.
amou
nt o
f hu
mid
ityc.
win
d sp
eed
and
dire
ctio
n
4.Su
nlig
hta.
at g
roun
d le
vel
.b.
0.5
met
ers
abov
ec.
1. 0
met
ers
abov
ed.
1. 5
met
ers
abov
ee.
2. 0
met
ers
abov
e
44
5.T
empe
ratu
rea.
at g
roun
d le
vel
b.0.
5 m
eter
s ab
ove
c.1.
0 m
eter
s ab
ove
d.1.
5 m
eter
s ab
ove
e.2.
0 m
eter
s ab
ove
45
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
6:E
quip
men
t Nee
ded
for
Fiel
d an
d L
ab W
ork
Part
IT
eam
Kits
,2
cent
igra
de th
erm
omet
ers
2 m
eter
stic
ks4
stak
es2
D. 0
. bot
tles
1 ga
llon
jug
2 pe
tri d
ishe
s
Part
II
- C
omm
on K
it (f
or u
se o
f al
l)1
soil
cove
r1
tria
ngul
ar s
coop
1 hu
mid
ity in
dica
tor
1 Se
cchi
dis
k
Part
III
- L
ab E
quip
men
t1
or m
ore
Nitr
ate,
Nitr
ite k
its1
or m
ore
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n ki
ts1
or m
ore
salin
ity te
st s
etup
s(a
s pe
r in
vest
igat
ion)
2 or
mor
e pl
ant p
ress
es3
or m
ore
diss
ectin
g sc
opes
forc
eps
1 in
cuba
tor
a cl
assr
oom
set
of
text
s w
hich
incl
udes
30 ta
gs f
or m
arki
ng p
lant
s15
to 2
0 as
sort
ed b
ottle
s of
for
mal
dehy
de2
data
she
ets
per
team
4 or
5 s
crap
new
spap
ers
1 co
llect
ing
box
1 se
ine
2 lig
ht m
eter
s1
win
d in
dica
tor
1 ca
mer
a (p
roba
bly
unde
r th
e ju
risd
ictio
n of
one
stud
ent)
1 or
mor
e O
rtho
phos
phat
e ki
t2
dess
icat
ing
oven
s3
to 5
new
pH
pap
er te
ster
s2
or m
ore
Sudb
ury
soil
test
kits
3 or
mor
e m
icro
scop
esas
sort
ed la
b to
ols
scal
pels
guid
es o
r ke
ys f
or id
entif
ying
org
anis
ms
Not
e: P
ay s
peci
al a
ttent
ion
to o
ther
item
s th
at m
ight
be
need
ed to
fac
ilita
te th
e fi
eld
trip
.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 7
:D
escr
ibin
g A
Com
mun
ity (
Qua
drat
Con
stru
ctio
n)
MA
TE
RIA
LS:
1 m
eter
st..
ck; 4
, 12"
woo
den
stak
es; 2
5 m
eter
sof
a h
eavy
cor
d su
ch a
s ch
alkl
ine;
ham
-
mer
; 4 th
umbt
acks
.In
mak
ing
popu
latio
n sa
mpl
es, o
ne o
f th
e m
ore
effe
ctiv
em
etho
ds in
volv
es e
mpl
oyin
g qu
adra
ts. A
quad
rat m
ay b
e de
fine
d as
an
area
, or
site
, who
se a
djac
ent s
ides
are
at r
ight
ang
les
to e
ach
othe
r (t
hese
side
s m
ay b
e of
any
wor
kabl
e di
men
sion
). A
con
veni
ent s
ize
for
aqu
adra
t is
1m
2.
In la
ying
out
the
quad
rat,
a ra
ndom
bas
e po
int,
A, i
s es
tabl
ishe
d an
d a
stak
e is
dri
ven
into
the
grou
nd a
t tha
t poi
nt.
Poin
ts B
, C, a
nd D
are
then
loca
ted
by th
e ob
viou
s m
etho
d of
layi
ng o
ut a
squ
are
who
se s
ides
are
eac
h 1
m in
leng
th.
Hav
ing
esta
blis
hed
all f
our
poin
ts b
y m
eans
of
woo
den
stak
es, a
cord
is r
un b
etw
een
adja
cent
sta
kes
and
secu
red
to th
e st
akes
by
thum
btac
ks.
Stri
ngs
AB
& C
D a
re m
arke
d
,::of
f in
10
cm s
ectio
ns; a
cor
d is
tied
at t
he f
irst
mar
k on
AB
and
the
othe
r en
d tie
d to
the
corr
espo
ndin
g
poin
t on
CD
; thi
s pr
oced
ure
is r
epea
ted
on e
ach
of th
e m
arks
unt
ilte
n co
rds
are
atta
ched
to c
ords
AB
& C
D.
Cor
ds A
D &
BC
are
mar
ked
in a
sim
ilar
man
ner
and
sim
ilar
cord
s at
tach
ed.
If th
is p
roce
dure
is f
ollo
wed
, a q
uadr
at o
f 10
0 cm
2sq
uare
s, w
ill r
esul
t.T
he h
oriz
onta
l row
s ar
e la
bele
d al
phab
etic
ally
, whi
le th
e ve
rtic
al r
ows
are
num
bere
d; th
us a
give
n sq
uare
may
be
iden
tifie
d by
row
and
num
ber,
suc
h as
C-
4, d
esig
natin
gth
e sq
uare
3 r
ows
up
from
the
botto
m a
nd f
our
row
s in
fro
m th
e le
ft.
Tea
cher
s C
urri
culu
m G
uide
for
Fie
ld E
colo
gy, C
ente
r fo
r E
nvir
onm
enta
lLea
rnin
g,
Bre
vard
Cou
nty
Scho
ol B
oard
, 197
1.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
8: A
Stu
dy o
f Fl
ora
and
Faun
a of
a C
omm
unity
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: The
cha
ract
er o
f an
y co
mm
unity
is p
rim
arily
det
erm
ined
by
the
plan
t lif
e pr
esen
t.Si
nce
plan
ts a
re th
e do
min
ant f
eatu
res
they
are
mor
e of
ten
than
not
use
d to
det
erm
ine
the
nam
e of
the
com
mun
ity.
Mor
e su
btle
is th
e ef
fect
thes
e do
min
ant p
lant
s pl
ay in
det
erm
inin
g th
e ty
pes
of a
nim
als
pres
ent.
Sinc
eth
ey s
erve
as
a fo
od s
ourc
e, o
nly
thos
e an
imal
s th
at f
eed
on th
em a
re li
kely
to b
e pr
esen
t.In
this
stu
dyth
e st
uden
ts a
re g
iven
met
hods
to d
escr
ibe
the
plan
t com
mun
ity. W
ith a
kno
wle
dge
of th
e pl
ant l
ife
pres
ent,
perh
aps
a be
tter
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
anim
als
will
be
gain
ed.
PRO
CE
DU
RE
: It i
s no
t im
pera
tive
to k
now
all
the
plan
t spe
cies
but
it w
ould
enh
ance
the
valu
e of
the
stud
y if
the
maj
or p
lant
s ar
e kn
own.
Tho
se o
f se
emin
gly
less
er im
port
ance
can
be
give
n co
mm
on n
ames
agr
eeab
leby
all.
For
that
mat
ter,
all
the
plan
ts c
an b
e gi
ven
com
mon
nam
es. H
owev
er, t
he s
tude
nts
shou
ld b
efa
mili
ar w
ith th
em s
o th
at th
ey c
an a
ll gi
ve th
e sa
me
plan
t the
sam
e na
me.
At t
he s
elec
ted
site
stu
dent
s sh
ould
mak
e a
squa
re m
eter
with
the
met
er s
ticks
(se
e SC
#7).
The
pla
ntco
unte
rs s
houl
d co
unt a
ll th
e pl
ants
of
each
spe
cies
with
in th
e sq
uare
and
rec
ord
the
info
rmat
ion.
The
ani
-m
al r
ecor
der's
sol
e re
spon
sibi
lity
is to
obs
erve
the
plot
for
all
anim
als
pres
ent o
r si
gns
of a
nim
als
(tra
cks,
fece
s, h
oles
, etc
.) a
nd r
ecor
d th
e da
ta (
num
bers
are
n't n
eces
sary
for
ani
mal
s un
less
des
ired
).
RE
SUL
TS:
1.R
elat
ive
dens
ity -
a c
alcu
latio
n of
the
perc
enta
ge o
f th
e to
tal p
lant
cou
nt a
cer
tain
spe
cies
is. F
rom
the
list c
ount
the
stud
ents
sho
uld:
a.C
ount
the
tota
l num
ber
of a
ll sp
ecie
s.b.
Cou
nt th
e to
tal o
f ea
ch s
peci
es.
With
thes
e da
ta u
se th
e fo
llow
ing
form
ula
to c
alcu
late
the
rela
tive
dens
ity o
f ea
ch s
peci
es:
RD
tota
l num
ber
of s
peci
es X
tota
l num
ber
of a
n sp
ecie
sx
100
48
2.Fr
eque
ncy
- de
nsity
of
a sp
ecie
s in
a g
iven
site
.If
the
num
ber
is lo
w, t
he s
peci
es m
ay b
e on
eth
at o
ccur
s in
pat
ches
.If
the
num
ber
is h
igh,
the
spec
ies
may
be
one
that
is p
reva
lent
in th
e st
udy
area
.U
se th
e da
ta f
rom
all
the
diff
eren
t site
s ac
cord
ing
to th
e fo
llow
ing
form
ula:
Freq
uenc
y=
.S...
...
no. o
f si
tes
in w
hich
spe
cies
X o
ccur
sT
otal
no.
of
site
sx
100
The
stu
dent
s sh
ould
cal
cula
te th
e fr
eque
ncy
of e
ach
spec
ies,
pla
cing
the
resu
lts in
a c
hart
beg
inni
ng w
ithth
e hi
ghes
t and
end
ing
with
the
low
est f
requ
ency
.3.
Gra
ph th
e sp
ecie
s ar
ea c
urve
, whi
ch is
an
anal
ysis
of
the
sam
ple
size
.It
indi
cate
s w
heth
er o
rno
t the
sam
ple
size
was
larg
e en
ough
to a
dequ
atel
y de
scri
be th
e ge
nera
l site
und
er s
tudy
.T
he f
ollo
win
g
step
s sh
ould
be
follo
wed
:
a.U
sing
a p
iece
of
grap
h pa
per,
pre
pare
on
the
hori
zont
al a
:_is
the
num
ber
of s
ites
in th
e sa
mpl
e.O
n th
e ve
rtic
al a
xis,
pre
pare
a s
cale
that
incl
udes
the
tota
l num
ber
of s
peci
es in
the
stud
y.A
t site
#1, t
he to
tal n
umbe
r of
dif
fere
nt s
peci
es e
ncou
nter
ed s
houl
d be
gra
phed
. At s
ite #
2, a
cou
nt s
houl
dbe
mad
e of
the
num
ber
of n
ew s
peci
es e
ncou
nter
ed, i
. e. -
the
num
ber
of s
peci
es th
at a
re d
iffe
rent
from
site
#1.
The
pro
cedu
re is
rep
eate
d fo
r si
te #
3.A
ll th
e ne
w s
peci
es e
ncou
nter
ed in
site
#3
that
are
diff
eren
t fro
m s
ite #
1 an
d si
te #
2 ar
e gr
aphe
d.R
epea
t the
pro
cedu
re u
ntil
all s
ites
have
bee
ngr
aphe
d.R
epea
t the
pro
cedu
re u
ntil
all s
ites
have
bee
n gr
aphe
d.In
terp
reta
tion
is b
ased
on
the
type
of c
urve
obt
aine
d.If
the
sam
ple
size
is la
rge
enou
gh a
nd th
eref
ore
valid
, the
cur
ve s
houl
d le
vel o
ff.
If th
e sa
mpl
e si
ze is
not
larg
e en
ough
, new
spe
cies
will
stil
l be
enco
unte
red,
ther
efor
e ca
usin
g a
con-
1
tinue
d sl
ope
in th
e lin
e.
4.A
naly
sis
of th
e an
imal
dat
a. T
he li
st o
f an
imal
s ob
serv
ed d
irec
tly o
r in
dire
ctly
, sho
uld
be li
sted
on th
e bo
ard.
Fro
m th
is li
st, t
he s
tude
nt s
houl
d at
tem
pt to
dia
gram
the
prob
able
foo
d w
eb f
or th
e co
mm
unity
.R
efer
ence
text
s sh
ould
be
mad
e av
aila
ble
so th
at th
e so
urce
of
food
for
the
anim
als
can
be d
eter
min
ed b
y th
est
uden
t.49
DIS
CU
SSIO
N:
1.Fr
om y
our
rela
tive
dens
ity c
alcu
late
whi
ch o
f th
e pl
ants
seem
to b
e th
e m
ost f
requ
ent.
2.W
hat a
re s
ome
of th
e ra
rer
plan
ts o
f th
e co
mm
unity
?3.
Bas
ed o
n yo
ur d
ata,
wha
t do
you
thin
k th
is ty
pe o
f co
mm
unity
sho
uld
bena
med
?4.
Whi
ch s
peci
es s
eem
s to
be
foun
d ev
eryw
here
in th
e co
mm
unity
? W
hat
was
the
freq
uenc
y ?
5.W
hich
spe
cies
see
ms
to b
e fo
und
in o
nly
one
spot
of
a fe
w p
lace
s? W
hat
was
the
freq
uenc
y?6.
Acc
ordi
ng to
you
r sp
ecie
s ar
ea c
urve
, was
you
r sa
mpl
e la
rge
enou
gh?
How
do
you
know
?7.
From
you
r an
imal
dat
a, w
hich
ani
mal
s se
em m
ost p
reva
lent
?
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N:
Mak
e a
gene
ral s
tate
men
t bas
ed o
n yo
ur r
esul
tson
eac
h of
the
follo
win
g:A
. The
nam
e yo
u ga
ve to
the
com
mun
ity.
B.
The
fre
quen
cy o
f pl
ants
in th
e co
mm
unity
.C
. The
rel
ativ
e de
nsity
of
plan
ts in
the
com
mun
ity.
D. T
he s
ampl
e 'iz
e of
you
r st
udy.
....4
E. T
he a
nim
als
of th
e co
mm
unity
.Pl
.
RE
FER
EN
CE
S:
1969
.K
orm
ondy
, Edw
ard
J.,
Con
cept
s of
Eco
logy
, Pre
ntic
e-H
all,
Inc.
,E
ngle
woo
d C
liffs
, New
Jer
sey,
Smith
, Rob
ert L
eo, E
colo
gy a
nd F
ield
Bio
logy
, Har
per
and
Row
, New
Yor
k an
d L
ondo
n,19
66.
50
Tea
cher
s C
urri
culu
m G
uide
for
Fie
ld E
colo
gyC
ente
r fo
r E
nvir
onm
enta
l Lea
rnin
g,B
reva
rd C
ount
y Sc
hool
Boa
rd, 1
971.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 9
: Soi
l Nut
rien
t Det
erm
inat
ion
Loc
ate
and
use
dire
ctio
ns f
rom
Sud
bury
Soi
l tes
t. A
n al
tern
ate
met
hod
is to
use
test
for
pH
foun
d in
Hig
h Sc
hool
Bio
logy
, BSC
S G
reen
Ver
sion
, Sec
ond
Edi
tion,
pag
e 23
9 an
d th
en m
odif
y th
esa
me
test
for
det
erm
inin
g Po
tass
ium
hyd
roxi
de, N
itrog
en, a
nd P
hosp
horo
us.
....1
avai
labl
e, p
lace
soi
l in
oven
for
24
hour
s.)
Rec
ord
wei
ght
4. W
eigh
t the
soi
l aft
er 4
8 ho
urs.
Rec
ord
wei
ght
.T
he w
eigh
t los
s w
ill b
e th
e w
ater
loss
.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
0: M
oist
ure
Con
tent
of
Soil
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: Wat
er c
onte
nt is
def
ined
as
the
amou
nt o
f w
ater
in th
e so
il at
a p
artic
ular
tim
e.It
isim
port
ant t
o kn
ow th
e am
ount
of
wat
er in
a s
oil t
hat i
s av
aila
ble
to th
e pl
ant.
In o
rder
to f
ind
out w
hat
is a
vaila
ble
we
can
mea
sure
the
moi
stur
e co
nten
t.
PUR
POSE
: To
mea
sure
moi
stur
e co
nten
t in
the
soil.
MA
TE
RIA
LS:
100
gram
soi
l sam
ple
Filte
r pa
per
Alu
min
um s
oda
can
PRO
CE
DU
RE
:
1.W
eigh
t a d
ry, e
mpt
y al
umin
um c
an. R
ecor
d w
eigh
t2.
Col
lect
soi
l sam
ple
and
wei
ght i
n th
e al
umin
um c
an.
Rec
ord
the
wei
ght
.
3.D
ry s
oil b
y us
ing
a B
unse
n bu
rner
. Hea
t the
soi
l for
sev
eral
min
utes
ove
r an
hou
r's ti
me.
Do
this
for
two
days
. Cov
er th
e ca
n ov
erni
ght s
o th
at n
o m
oist
ure
will
get
into
it.
(If
dryi
ng o
ven
is
5.Su
btra
ct th
e w
eigh
t of
the
48 h
our
sam
ple
from
the
orig
inal
sam
ple.
(iI
21t
4) (
Exa
mpl
e 60
g o
fso
il be
fore
dry
ing;
aft
er 4
8 ho
urs,
the
soil
wei
ghed
50
g, th
en th
e to
tal w
eigh
t of
wat
er s
ampl
e is
60-
50, o
r 10
g.
6.C
alcu
late
the
perc
ent m
oist
ure
by u
sing
the
form
ula:
as m
oist
ure
=g
,L
oss
of w
eigh
t due
to d
ryin
g10
0W
eigh
t of
drie
d so
il
Tea
cher
s C
urri
culu
m G
uide
for
Fie
ld E
colo
gy
52
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
1: W
ater
-hol
ding
Cap
acity
of S
oil
PUR
POSE
: To
mea
sure
wat
er-h
oldi
ng c
apac
ity o
f th
e so
il.
MA
TE
RIA
LS:
Dri
ed s
oil f
rom
the
moi
stur
e co
nten
t exp
erim
ent
Alu
min
um c
anG
radu
ated
cyl
inde
r(1
00 g
ram
s of
dri
ed s
oil i
f ot
her
soil
is n
ot a
vaila
ble)
PRO
CE
DU
RE
:
i.Pu
t a s
mal
l hol
e in
the
botto
m o
f th
e al
umin
um c
an. N
owpl
ace
100
g of
soi
l in
the
alum
inum
can
.
2.Pl
ace
can
in a
pan
or
beak
er o
f w
ater
ove
rnig
ht to
mai
ntai
nm
oist
ure.
3.T
he n
ext d
ay r
aise
alu
min
um c
an o
ut o
f w
ater
and
pla
ce a
piec
e of
filt
er p
aper
on
the
botto
m.
Allo
w to
dra
in 3
0 m
inut
es.
4.W
ipe
the
surf
ace
dry
and
wei
gh th
e un
it,
5.M
oist
ure-
hold
ing
capa
city
is c
alcu
late
d as
fol
low
s:G
ain
in w
eigh
t aft
er im
mer
sion
in w
ater
Per
cent
moi
stur
e-ho
ldin
g ca
paci
tyW
eigh
t of
drie
d so
il pr
ior
to im
mer
sion
in w
ater
NO
TE
: The
gai
n is
com
pute
d by
sub
trac
ting
the
com
bine
d w
eigh
t of
the
can
and
dry
soil
from
that
of
the
can
and
wet
soi
l.
x 10
0
OPT
ION
AL
: Aci
dity
and
alk
alin
ity c
an b
e te
sted
by
plac
ing
a dr
op o
f di
still
ed w
ater
on
a sa
mpl
e of
dri
ed
soil.
Use
litm
us p
aper
to c
heck
aci
d or
alk
alin
e co
nditi
ons
of s
oils
.
53
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
2:B
ioch
emic
al O
xyge
n D
eman
d
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: A h
igh
Bio
chem
ical
Oxy
gen
Dem
and
(BO
D)
indi
cate
s th
at a
gre
at a
mou
nt o
f ox
ygen
is n
eede
dfo
r ba
cter
ia a
nd m
old
for
the
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
a la
rge
amou
nt o
f di
ssol
ved
orga
nic
mat
eria
l.If
the
BO
D is
very
hig
h, th
e av
aila
ble
amou
nt o
f di
ssol
ved
oxyg
en is
util
ized
for
dec
ompo
sitio
n an
d th
ere
is li
ttle
left
for
larg
er a
nim
al a
nd p
lant
life
.A
BO
D te
st c
an b
e af
fect
ed b
y te
mpe
ratu
re, a
gita
tion,
etc
.,
but i
t giv
es a
goo
des
timat
e of
the
amou
nt o
f de
com
posi
ng a
ctiv
ity th
at a
bod
y of
wat
er m
ust s
uppo
rt.
To
perf
orm
the
test
col
lect
sam
ples
in g
lass
pin
t jar
s ob
tain
ed f
rom
hom
e or
in 2
50 m
l gla
ss-s
topp
ered
bottl
es f
rom
the
labo
rato
ry.
How
ever
, all
cont
aine
rs s
houl
d be
cle
an a
nd s
imila
r in
siz
e.L
ocat
e co
llect
ion
poin
ts o
n a
stre
am o
r la
ke.
At e
ach
poin
t rin
se a
col
lect
ing
bottl
e se
vera
l tim
es in
the
wat
er to
be
sam
pled
.T
hen
fill
the
jar
to o
verf
low
ing,
cap
it o
r st
op it
und
er w
ater
so
that
whe
n th
e bo
ttle
is ti
pped
, no
free
air
bub
-bl
es c
an b
e se
en.
.
Ano
ther
pro
cedu
re th
at m
ay b
e ne
cess
ary
is to
filt
er th
ose
sam
ples
whi
ch h
ave
visi
ble
alga
e or
cru
sta-
....a
cean
life
with
in.
Sinc
e B
OD
is e
ssen
tially
a m
easu
re o
f m
icro
scop
ic b
acte
rial
dec
ompo
sitio
n pr
oces
s, la
rger
orga
nism
s in
som
e sa
mpl
es m
ay a
ffec
t tes
ting
cond
ition
s an
d re
sults
.T
hus,
filt
er th
e sa
mpl
e th
roug
h pa
per
tow
elin
g or
clo
th a
s it
is c
olle
cted
to r
emov
e th
e vi
sibl
e or
gani
sm.
At t
he s
ame
time
sam
ples
are
col
lect
ed, y
ou s
houl
d te
st f
or d
isso
lved
oxy
gen
at th
e sa
me
sam
ple
site
and
reco
rd th
e re
sults
.U
se th
e H
ach
DO
test
kit
liste
d be
low
.T
he c
lose
d bo
ttles
sho
uld
be id
entif
ied
acco
rdin
g to
test
site
des
igna
tion
and
allo
wed
to s
it un
dist
urbe
din
the
dark
at c
onst
ant t
empe
ratu
re f
or f
ive
cons
ecut
ive
days
.D
urin
g th
is p
erio
d, b
acte
ria
in th
e w
ater
will
use
up
oxyg
en in
the
proc
ess
of d
ecom
posi
ng o
rgan
ic m
a-te
rial
in th
e w
ater
. The
am
ount
of
oxyg
en c
onsu
med
is th
en a
mea
sure
of
the
amou
nt o
f or
gani
c m
ater
ial i
nth
e w
ater
.
54
At t
he e
nd o
f fi
ve d
ays
a se
cond
dis
solv
ed o
xyge
n te
st s
houl
d be
com
plet
ed f
or e
ach
sam
ple
bottl
e, a
ndco
mpa
red
with
the
initi
al r
esul
ts.
Subt
ract
the
ppm
of
oxyg
en f
ound
in th
e se
cond
BO
D te
st f
rom
the
firs
t
test
mad
e at
the
colle
ctin
g si
te.
The
dif
fere
nce
in a
mou
nt o
f di
ssol
ved
oxyg
en w
ill b
e a
mea
sure
of
the
BO
D a
nd w
ill in
dica
te th
e am
ount
of o
rgan
ic d
ecom
posi
tion
occu
rrin
g in
the
wat
er.
PUR
POSE
: To
dete
rmin
e th
e qu
ality
of
natu
ral w
ater
s w
ith r
espe
ct to
its
02 r
equi
rem
ent o
f or
gani
c de
-co
mpo
sitio
n.
MA
TE
RIA
LS:
Tho
se m
ater
ials
con
tain
ed in
Hac
h K
it M
odel
OX
-2P
PRO
CE
DU
RE
:
A.
Hig
h R
ange
(1
drop
= p
pm D
O)
1.Fi
ll th
e gl
ass
stop
pere
d D
O b
ottle
with
the
wat
er to
be
trea
ted
by a
llow
ing
the
wat
er to
ove
rflo
w th
ebo
ttle
for
2 or
3 m
inut
es.
Be
cert
ain
ther
e ar
e no
air
bub
bles
pre
sent
in th
e bo
ttle.
2.A
dd th
e co
nten
ts o
f on
e pi
llow
eac
h of
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n 1
Pow
der
(Man
gano
us S
ulfa
te)
and
Dis
solv
ed
Oxy
gen
11 P
owde
r (A
lkal
ine
Iodi
de-A
zide
).St
oppe
r th
e bo
ttle
care
fully
so
that
air
is n
ot tr
appe
d in
the
bot-
tle.
See
Not
e A
. Gri
p th
e bo
ttle
and
stop
per
firm
ly a
nd s
hake
vig
orou
sly
to m
ix.
See
Not
e B
. A f
locc
ulen
tpr
ecip
itate
will
be
form
ed.
If o
xyge
n is
pre
sent
the
prec
ipita
te w
ill b
e br
owni
sh o
rang
e in
col
or.
3.A
llow
the
sam
ple
to s
tand
unt
il th
e fl
oc h
as s
ettle
d ha
lfw
ay, s
ee N
ote
E, a
nd le
aves
the
uppe
r ha
lfof
the
bottl
e cl
ear.
The
n ag
ain
shak
e th
e bo
ttle
and
agai
n le
t it s
tand
unt
il th
e up
per
half
of
the
bottl
e is
cle
ar.
4.R
emov
e th
e st
oppe
r an
d ad
d th
e co
nten
ts o
f on
e pi
llow
of
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n 11
1 Po
wde
r (d
ry a
cid)
.C
aref
ully
re-
stop
per
and
shak
e to
mix
. The
flo
c w
ill d
isso
lve
and
a ye
llow
col
or w
ill d
evel
op if
oxy
gen
was
pres
ent.
Thi
s is
the
prep
ared
sam
ple.
5.Fi
ll th
e pl
astic
mea
suri
ng tu
be le
vel f
ull w
ith p
repa
red
sam
ple
and
pour
it in
to th
e m
ixin
g bo
ttle.
55
6.W
hile
sw
irlin
g th
e sa
mpl
e to
mix
, add
PA
O d
ropw
ise,
cou
ntin
g ea
ch d
rop,
unt
il th
e sa
mpl
e ch
ange
sfr
om y
ello
w to
col
orle
ss. T
he d
ropp
er m
ust b
e he
ld in
a v
ertic
al m
anne
r. E
ach
drop
is e
qual
to 1
ppm
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n.7.
Rep
eat t
his
proc
edur
e on
the
sam
e sa
mpl
e af
ter
havi
ng s
tore
d in
the
dark
for
5 d
ays.
8.B
OD
= f
irst
02
ppm
min
us 2
nd 0
2 pp
m
B.
Low
Ran
ge (
1 dr
op =
0. 2
ppm
DO
)If
the
resu
lt fr
om s
tep
6 is
ver
y lo
w, s
uch
as 3
ppm
or
less
, it i
s ad
visa
ble
to te
st a
larg
er s
ampl
e so
as to
obt
ain
a m
ore
sens
itive
test
.T
his
may
be
done
by
titra
ting
dire
ctly
in th
e D
O s
ampl
e bo
ttle
as f
ollo
ws:
7.U
sing
the
prep
ared
sam
ple
left
ove
r fr
om s
tep
4 ab
ove,
pou
r of
f th
e co
nten
ts o
f th
e D
O b
ottle
unt
ilth
e le
vel j
ust r
each
es th
e m
ark
on th
e bo
ttle.
8.PA
O d
ropw
ise,
cou
ntin
g ea
ch d
rop,
unt
il th
e sa
mpl
e ch
ange
s fr
om y
ello
w to
col
orle
ss.
Eac
h dr
opof
PA
O a
dded
is e
qual
to 0
. 2 p
pm D
isso
lved
Oxy
gen
in th
e sa
mpl
e.
NO
TE
S:
A.
It is
a b
it tr
icky
.to
stop
per
the
DO
bot
tle w
ithou
t get
ting
an a
ir b
ubbl
e tr
appe
d in
the
bottl
e.T
o
avoi
d th
e ai
r bu
bble
, inc
line
the
DO
bot
tle s
light
ly, a
nd in
sert
the
stop
per
with
a q
uick
thru
st.
Thi
s w
illfo
rce
air
bubb
les
out.
If a
ir b
ubbl
es a
re tr
appe
d in
the
DO
bot
tle in
ste
ps 2
or
4, th
e sa
mpl
e sh
ould
be
dis-
card
ed a
nd th
e te
st s
tart
ed o
ver.
B. A
sm
all a
mou
nt o
f po
wde
red
reag
ent m
ay r
emai
n st
uck
to th
e bo
ttom
of
the
DO
bot
tle a
t thi
s po
int,
but t
his
will
not
aff
ect t
he te
st.
C. D
o no
t allo
w th
e PA
O s
olut
ion
to s
tand
in d
irec
t sun
light
, as
it is
dec
ompo
sed
by u
ltrav
iole
t rad
iatio
n.D
.If
DO
is to
be
dete
rmin
ed in
sew
age,
pre
trea
tmen
t with
Cop
per
Sulf
ate-
Sulf
amic
Aci
d is
req
uire
d.W
rite
for
inst
ruct
ions
. The
fol
low
ing
item
s ar
e ne
cess
ary
for
this
trea
tmen
t:
56
1949
-00
Cyl
inde
r, g
radu
ated
, 500
ml -
- ea
ch 7
.95
357-
13 C
oppe
r Su
lfat
e-Su
lfam
ic A
cid
-- 4
oz
DB
1.4
018
64-9
9 Si
phon
--
each
2.0
0
Abo
ve it
ems
also
com
e in
a D
O in
Sew
age
Tes
t Kit,
Mod
el O
X-1
3, C
at. N
o. 2
380-
00, e
arn
$38.
95.
E.
In s
ampl
es th
at c
onta
in h
igh
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f ch
lori
de s
uch
as s
eaw
ater
, thi
s fl
oc w
ill n
ot s
ettle
.H
owev
er, n
o in
terf
eren
ce is
obs
erve
d as
long
as
the
sam
ple
is a
llow
ed to
sta
nd in
con
tact
with
the
floc
for
4 or
5 m
inut
es.
Tea
cher
s C
urri
culu
m G
uide
for
Fie
ld E
colo
gyC
ente
r fo
r E
nvir
onm
enta
l Lea
rnin
g,B
reva
rd C
ount
y Sc
hool
Boa
rd, 1
971.
57
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
3:N
itrat
es a
nd P
hosp
hate
s (H
ach
Met
hods
)
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: Pla
nts,
fis
h, w
ater
, roc
ks, s
ilt a
nd s
olid
was
tes
are
all e
asily
rec
ogni
zed
in n
atur
alw
ater
s. C
hem
ical
s, h
owev
er c
reep
in u
nnot
iced
if th
ey a
re c
olor
less
and
odo
rles
s. T
he p
rese
nce
and
sour
ce o
f ch
emic
als
can
be d
etec
ted
by te
stin
g th
e w
ater
.Po
ssib
le s
ourc
es a
nd e
ffec
ts o
f se
vera
l che
mi-
cals
fou
nd in
wat
er a
re li
sted
in T
able
1.
Tab
le 1
Poss
ible
Sou
rces
and
Eff
ects
oz
Seve
ral C
hem
ical
s Fo
und
in W
ater
Che
mic
alPo
ssib
le s
ourc
esE
ffec
t of
exce
ssSt
anda
rd n
atur
al c
once
ntra
tion
at s
ite
Am
mon
iaD
ecom
posi
tion
ofIn
crea
ses
bact
eria
lN
itrog
enor
gani
c m
atte
rgr
owth
Fish
uri
neR
educ
es g
row
th o
ffi
sh
Nitr
ate
Fert
ilize
rs
Incr
ease
s ox
ygen
cons
umpt
ion
offi
sh,
Incr
ease
gro
wth
of
Dec
ompo
sitio
n of
alga
e an
d hi
gher
orga
nic
mat
ter
plan
tsIn
dust
rial
aci
dsPo
ssib
le c
ause
of
"blu
e ba
bies
" in
cert
ain
conc
en-
trat
ions
Phos
phat
eFe
rtili
zers
Incr
ease
s al
gal
Hou
seho
ld d
e-te
rgen
tsgr
owth
Org
anic
mat
ter
58
Phos
phat
es a
nd n
itrat
es a
re n
orm
al c
ompo
nent
s of
all
natu
ral w
ater
s.M
oder
ate
quan
titie
s of
thes
e
com
poun
ds a
re r
equi
red
for
the
norm
al g
row
th o
f aq
uatic
plan
ts, t
erre
stri
al p
lant
s, a
nd a
lgae
.E
xces
sive
amou
nts
of th
ese
chem
ical
s ar
e of
ten
foun
d in
pol
lute
dna
tura
l wat
ers
resu
lting
in th
e hy
pern
utri
tion
(eu-
trop
hica
tion)
of
the
alga
e or
aqu
atic
pla
nts.
Thi
s ov
erfe
edin
g, o
r fe
rtili
zatio
n, u
sual
ly r
esul
ts in
incr
ease
d
plan
t gro
wth
, an
alga
e "b
loom
" or
a w
eed
chok
ed b
ody
of w
ater
.Si
nce
mos
t org
anis
ms
utili
ze o
xyge
n fo
r
resp
irat
ion,
the
over
grow
th o
f w
eeds
or
alga
e w
ill c
ompe
te w
ith f
ish
for
oxyg
enof
ten
resu
lting
in a
mas
-
sive
fis
h ki
ll.E
utro
phic
atio
n of
ten
resu
lts in
the
"dea
th"
of th
e bo
dy o
f w
ater
fill
ing
itw
ith d
ead
aqua
tic
plan
ts a
nd k
illin
g its
aqu
atic
ani
mal
life
.Se
e a
text
and
stu
dy th
e ni
trog
en c
ycle
for
a th
orou
ghun
der-
stan
ding
of
the
role
of
nitr
ogen
in th
e ec
osys
tem
.
(XB
acte
ria
can
conv
ert n
itrog
en a
s fo
llow
s:C
cO
rgan
icN
itrite
Nitr
ate
deca
yA
mm
cnia
Nitr
ite-
.-N
itrat
eN
itrog
enba
cter
iaba
cter
ia
PUR
POSE
: To
lear
n ho
w to
det
erm
ine
the
amou
nt o
f ni
trat
e, n
itrite
,an
d or
tho
phos
phat
e in
wat
er f
or
the
purp
ose
of m
akin
g su
ch te
sts
on s
ampl
es c
olle
cted
at s
choo
l or
hom
e st
udy
site
s.
MA
TE
RIA
LS:
Hac
h ki
t Mod
el N
1-10
(Nitr
ate-
Nitr
ite T
est K
it)H
ach
kit M
odel
P0-
19 (
Phos
phat
e T
est K
it)
PRO
CE
DU
RE
: Tot
al N
itrat
e-N
itrite
(do
es n
ot in
clud
e am
mon
ium
or
orga
nic
nitr
ogen
).
PAR
T 1
: Nitr
ate
- N
itrite
1.Fi
ll on
e of
the
colo
r vi
ewin
g tu
bes
abou
t hal
fway
to th
e lo
wer
mar
kw
ith d
emin
eral
ized
wat
er.
Stop
per
and
shak
e vi
goro
usly
.E
mpt
y th
e tu
be a
nd r
epea
t the
pro
cedu
re.
59
2.Fi
ll th
e pi
pette
by
suct
ion
to ju
st a
bove
the
cons
tric
tion,
with
the
wat
er s
ampl
e. T
he ti
p of
the
pipe
tte is
then
wip
ed c
lean
and
the
exce
ss li
quid
allo
wed
to d
rain
, aut
omat
ical
lyst
oppi
ng a
t the
con
stl.t
c-tio
n.Fo
r be
st r
esul
ts, r
inse
the
pipe
tte s
ever
al ti
mes
with
the
sam
ple.
Blo
w to
dis
char
ge th
e sa
mpl
efr
om th
e pi
pette
into
the
rins
ed c
olor
vie
win
g tu
be.
3.Fi
ll th
e co
lor
view
ing
tube
to th
eup
per
mar
k (1
0 m
l) w
ith d
emin
eral
ized
wat
er.
4.A
dd th
e co
nten
ts o
f on
e V
itra
Ver
IV
Pow
der
Pillo
w, s
topp
erth
e tu
be a
nd s
hake
vig
orou
sly
for
one
min
ute.
If n
itrat
e an
d/or
nitr
ite is
pre
sent
,a
pink
col
or w
ill d
evel
op.
Allo
w a
n ad
ditio
nal 3
min
utes
for
full
colo
r de
velo
pmen
t.5.
Inse
rt th
e tu
be c
onta
inin
g th
e pr
epar
ed s
ampl
e in
the
righ
t han
d op
enin
gon
top
of th
e co
lor
com
para
tor.
6.Fi
ll th
e se
cond
col
or v
iew
ing
tube
to th
e lo
wer
mar
k w
ithde
min
eral
ized
wat
er a
nd in
sert
it in
the
left
han
d op
enin
g of
the
colo
r co
mpa
rato
r.7.
Hol
d th
e co
lor
com
para
tor
up to
a li
ght,
such
as th
e sk
y, a
win
dow
, or
a la
mp
and
view
thro
ugh
the
open
ings
in f
ront
.R
otat
e th
e co
lor
disc
unt
il a
colo
r m
atch
is o
btai
ned.
Rea
d th
epp
m N
itrat
e N
itro-
gen
(N)
and/
or N
itritE
, Nitr
ogen
(N
) fr
om th
e sc
ale
win
dow
. (Se
e N
ote
A.)
Med
ium
Ran
ge (
o-10
ppm
Nitr
ogen
)1.
Sam
e as
ste
p 1
abov
e.2.
Rin
se th
e pl
astic
dro
pper
with
the
sam
ple
or w
ith th
e pr
etre
ated
sam
ple,
then
fill
to th
e 1.
0 m
lm
ark.
Add
it to
the
rins
ed c
olor
vie
win
g tu
be.
3-7.
Sam
e as
ste
ps 3
thro
ugh
7 ab
ove,
exc
ept t
hat t
he s
cale
rea
ding
is d
ivid
edby
ten
to o
btai
n th
epp
m N
itrat
e an
d/or
Nitr
ite N
itrog
en (
N)
in th
e sa
mpl
e.
Low
Ran
ge (
0-1
ppm
Nitr
ogen
)1.
Rin
se a
cle
an c
olor
vie
win
g tu
be w
ith s
ome
of th
e w
ater
to b
e te
sted
,th
en f
ill it
to th
e up
per
mar
k w
ith th
e w
ater
sam
ple.
No
dilu
tion
is r
equi
red. 60
2-5.
Sam
e as
ste
ps 4
thro
ugh
7 ab
ove,
exc
ept t
hat s
ome
orig
inal
wat
er s
ampl
e sh
ould
be
used
inst
ead
of d
emin
eral
ized
wat
er in
ste
p 6
if th
ere
is c
olor
and
/or
turb
idity
in th
e w
ater
itse
lf a
nd in
ste
p7,
the
scal
e re
adin
g is
div
ided
by
one-
hund
red
to o
btai
n th
e pp
m N
itrat
e an
d/or
Nitr
ite N
itrog
en (
N)
inth
e sa
mpl
e.
PAR
T I
I: P
hosp
hate
Hig
h R
ange
(1-
50 p
pm O
rtho
phos
phat
e)1.
Rin
se th
e pl
astic
dro
pper
sev
eral
tim
es w
ith th
e w
ater
sam
ple.
2.Fi
ll th
e dr
oppe
r to
the
0.5
ml m
ark.
Dis
char
ge in
to o
ne o
f th
e co
lor
view
ing
tube
s, w
hich
has
been
rin
sed
with
dem
iner
aliz
ed w
ater
.3.
Add
dem
iner
aliz
ed w
ater
to th
e 5
ml m
ark.
Swir
l to
mix
.vS
4. A
dd th
e co
nten
ts o
f on
e Ph
os V
er 1
11 P
owde
r Pi
llow
for
5 m
l sam
ple.
Swir
l to
mix
. Allo
w o
nem
inut
e fo
r co
lor
deve
lopm
ent.
If p
hosp
hate
is p
rese
nt, a
blu
e-vi
olet
col
or w
ill d
evel
op.
5.In
sert
the
tube
of
prep
ared
sam
ple
in th
e ri
ght o
peni
ng o
n to
p of
the
colo
r co
mpa
rato
r.6.
Fill
the
othe
r tu
be to
the
5 m
l mar
k w
ith d
emin
eral
ized
wat
er.
Inse
rt it
in th
e le
ft o
peni
ng o
fth
e co
lor
com
para
tor.
7.H
old
the
colo
r co
mpa
rato
r up
to a
ligh
t suc
h as
the
sky,
a w
indo
wor
a la
mp,
and
vie
w th
roug
hth
e tw
o op
enin
gs in
the
fron
t.R
otat
e th
e co
lor
disc
unt
il a
colo
r m
atch
is o
btai
ned.
Rea
d th
e pp
m p
hos!
.ph
ate
(PO
4) f
rom
the
scal
e w
indo
w.
(See
Not
e B
. )
Low
Ran
ge (
0-5
ppm
Ort
hoph
osph
ate)
1.Fi
ll bo
th c
olor
vie
win
g tu
bes
to th
e 5
ml m
ark
with
the
wat
er s
ampl
e.2.
To
one
of th
e tu
bes,
add
the
cont
ents
of
one
Phos
Ver
111
Pow
der
Pillo
w f
or 5
ml s
ampl
e, a
ndsw
irl t
o m
ix. A
llow
one
min
ute
for
colo
r de
velo
pmen
t.If
pho
spha
te is
pre
sent
, a b
lue-
viol
et c
olor
will
deve
lop.
61
3.In
sert
the
tube
of
untr
eate
d w
ater
sam
ple
in th
e le
ftop
enin
g of
the
colo
r co
mpa
rato
r.4.
Hol
d th
e co
lor
com
para
tor
up to
a li
ght s
uch
as th
e sk
y, a
win
dow
, or
a la
mp
and
view
thro
ugh
the
two
open
ings
in th
e fr
ont.
Rot
ate
the
colo
r di
sc u
ntil
a co
lor
mat
ch is
obt
aine
d.D
ivid
e th
e re
adin
gin
the
scal
e w
indo
w b
y 10
to o
btai
n th
epp
m P
hosp
hate
(PO
4).
NO
TE
S: A. T
he c
olor
sho
uld
be c
ompa
red
afte
ron
e m
inut
e bu
t bef
ore
two
min
utes
.B
. To
obta
in th
e va
lue
aspp
m P
hosp
horu
s (P
), d
ivid
e th
e Ph
osph
ate
(PO
4) v
alue
by
3.
RE
FER
EN
CE
:H
ach
Che
mic
al C
ompa
nyB
ox 9
07A
mes
, Iow
a 50
010
62
Tea
cher
s C
urri
culu
m G
uide
for
Fie
ld E
colo
gyC
ente
r fo
r E
nvir
onm
enta
l Lea
rnin
g,B
reva
rd C
ount
y Sc
hool
Boa
rd, 1
97
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
4: T
he D
eter
min
atio
n of
the
Salin
ityof
Sea
Wat
er: T
itrat
ion
Met
hod
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
:
The
labo
rato
ry d
eter
min
atio
n of
the
salin
ity v
ia p
reci
pita
tion
of th
e si
lver
hal
ides
to a
n en
d po
int
is a
sta
ndar
d m
etho
d. T
he "
wet
che
mis
try"
pro
cess
invo
lved
is ti
tram
etri
c. A
lthou
gh th
e ex
peri
men
ter
may
not
app
reci
ate
the
fine
poi
nts
of ti
trat
ion,
he c
an e
asily
det
ect t
he c
olor
cha
nge,
mea
sure
the
titra
nt
used
and
cor
rect
ly a
pply
the
tabl
e fu
rnis
hed.
Stud
ents
sho
uld
be m
ade
thor
ough
ly a
war
e of
the
safe
ty p
robl
ems
tobe
enc
ount
ered
in a
ny e
xerc
ise
whe
rein
che
mic
als
are
empl
oyed
.Si
lver
nitr
ate
spill
age
mus
t be
clea
ned,
rin
sed
and
drie
d.T
all b
uret
s
fille
d w
ith ti
tran
ts to
pple
eas
ily.
The
res
ultin
g m
ess
is o
ften
wid
e-sp
read
.O
verf
low
s an
d sp
illag
es o
ver
the
top
of th
e bu
ret a
re a
t eye
-lev
el o
rab
ove.
Eye
s m
ust b
e pr
o-
tect
ed a
t all
times
(se
e ap
prop
riat
e Fl
orid
a la
w).
Onc
e si
lver
nitr
ate
is p
repa
red,
det
erio
ratio
n of
the
solu
tion
begi
ns w
ith e
xpos
ure
to li
ght,
evap
or-
atio
n an
d ai
r bo
rne
cont
amin
atio
n. M
any
chem
ical
labo
rato
ries
are
"ric
h" in
HC
1, H
2S a
nd N
NO
I3 (
NH
3)
fum
es. T
hese
dis
solv
e in
the
open
ed s
ilver
nitr
ate
to f
orm
sed
imen
tsan
d io
nic
mat
eria
ls. S
ome
are
inte
rfer
ence
s to
goo
d en
d po
int d
eter
min
atio
ns.
The
end
poi
nt m
echa
nism
is th
at s
ilver
chl
orid
e is
quan
titat
ivel
y pr
ecip
itate
d be
fore
the
red
colo
red
silv
er c
hrom
ate
is f
orm
ed. C
lum
ps o
f pr
ecip
itate
tend
tofo
rm "
refu
ges"
for
the
chlo
ride
ion
and
the
silv
er io
n to
inte
rfer
e w
ith a
sha
rp d
eter
min
atio
n. T
hese
clum
ps s
houl
d be
red
uced
by
vigo
rous
agi
tatio
n
peri
odic
ally
.T
he a
dditi
on o
f 2
or 3
sm
all p
last
ic b
eads
to th
e re
actin
gve
ssel
will
be
help
ful t
o br
eak
clum
ps. Alth
ough
the
pH o
f th
e sa
mpl
e is
not
mad
e a
part
of
this
exe
rcis
e,go
od r
esul
ts r
equi
re a
pH
of
7 -
10.
Adj
ust s
ampl
es o
f pH
bel
ow 7
with
0. I
N N
aOH
.
63
The
stu
dent
mus
t be
able
to r
ead
the
men
iscu
s in
ord
er to
cor
rect
ly d
o th
is e
xerc
ise.
Prep
arat
ion
of th
e A
gNO
3 tit
rant
:M
easu
re 2
7. 2
5 gr
ams
of c
ryst
allin
e A
gNO
3.
Dis
solv
e th
e cr
ysta
ls in
app
roxi
mat
ely
0. 5
L o
f io
n-fr
ee w
ater
(di
still
ed).
Be
sure
all
crys
tals
hav
e co
mpl
etel
y di
ssol
ved.
Fill
with
mor
e io
n-if
ee H
2O to
the
one
liter
mar
k.T
his
solu
tion
mus
t be
stor
ed in
a d
ark
brow
n bo
ttle.
If s
ever
al b
ottle
s ar
e us
ed, t
he c
onta
min
-at
ion
of o
ne w
ill b
e a
less
er p
robl
em. E
ach
bure
t fill
ing
requ
ires
abo
ut 5
0m1
of A
gNO
3 so
lutio
n.O
nelit
er w
ill f
ill 2
0 bu
rets
(w
ith c
are)
.Pr
epar
atio
n of
the
K2C
rO4
indi
cato
r:A
dd 5
gra
ms
of K
2CrO
4 ye
llow
cry
stal
s to
100
ml o
f di
still
ed H
2O.
MA
TE
RIA
LS:
1. 5
0 m
l bur
etN
aOH
(co
nsul
t ins
truc
tor
befo
re u
sing
)1.
125
ml E
rlen
mey
erD
istil
led
H2O
AgN
O3
titra
nt s
olut
ion
2. 5
0 m
l bea
kers
K2C
rO4
indi
cato
r so
lutio
n1.
10
ml p
ipet
Phen
olph
thal
ein
(con
sult
inst
ruct
or b
efor
e us
ing)
PRO
CE
DU
RE
:
1.C
lean
gla
ssw
are
and
care
ful o
pera
tions
are
esse
ntia
l.B
egin
by
assu
min
g th
at th
e ta
ble-
top
has
been
con
tam
inat
ed w
ith s
ilver
nitr
ate
by th
e pr
evio
uscl
ass.
Alth
ough
AgN
O3
is c
olor
less
, ski
n w
ill tu
rnbl
ack
in s
unlig
ht w
here
AgN
O3
is p
rese
nt.
Dam
pen
a pa
per
tow
el w
ith H
2O. W
ipe
wor
kar
ea w
ith th
e w
et to
wel
, the
n dr
y.E
ach
shou
ld w
ear
his
apro
n th
roug
hout
the
labo
rato
ry e
xerc
ise.
Wea
rsa
fety
gog
gles
alw
ays
whi
le in
the
labo
rato
ry a
rea.
64
2.Fi
ll th
e bu
ret w
ith d
istil
led
H2O
. Dra
in b
uret
in s
hort
spu
rts.
Try
to a
djus
t the
sto
pcoc
k so
as
tode
liver
dro
ps a
nd a
sin
gle
drop
on
dem
and.
Now
is th
e tim
e to
lear
n th
e id
iosy
ncra
sies
of
the
stop
cock
.B
e su
re it
, ope
rate
s w
ithou
t lea
king
.T
he in
stru
ctor
sho
uld
be in
form
ed a
bout
an
inop
erat
ive
bure
t ass
embl
y im
med
iate
ly.
3.Pi
pet 1
0m1
of s
alin
e (s
ea)
H2O
into
the
125m
1 fl
ask.
Add
abo
ut 1
0m1
of d
istil
led
H2O
. Add
2 o
r 3
plas
tic b
eads
.4.
Put 4
-6 d
rops
of
K2C
rO4
into
the
flas
k.T
his
is th
e in
dica
tor.
5.Fi
ll a
50m
1 be
aker
with
AgN
O3.
6.Po
ur a
bout
5 m
l of
AgN
O3
into
the
bure
t.D
rain
into
the
othe
r 50
m1
beak
er.
Pour
this
into
sin
k.7.
Part
ially
fill
the
bure
t with
AgN
O3.
Tur
n st
opco
ck to
fill
the
top.
Con
tinue
to f
ill th
e bu
ret u
ntil
ther
e ar
e at
leas
t 40m
1 of
AgN
O3
with
in th
e gr
adua
ted
scal
e.It
is n
ot n
eces
sary
to f
ill th
e bu
ret
ca.
exac
tly to
"0"
or
exac
tly "
50"
(the
top
read
ing)
.T
his
is ti
me
cons
umin
g.8.
Rec
ord
the
read
ing
at th
e st
art (
read
Men
iscu
s). T
he b
uret
eith
er h
as "
50"
or "
0" o
r bo
th a
s th
eto
p gr
adua
tion.
In e
ither
cas
e, r
ecor
d th
e st
art a
nd e
nd g
radu
atio
ns.
Subt
ract
the
smal
ier
from
the
larg
er to
fin
d th
e vo
lum
e of
AgN
O3
used
in m
illili
ters
. Mos
t bur
ets
can
be r
ead
to th
e te
nth
of m
l.T
ouch
the
hang
ing
last
dro
p in
the
bure
t with
the
rim
of
the
flas
k so
run
into
the
liqui
d.10
.A
gita
te th
e fl
ask.
DO
NO
T L
OSE
AN
Y L
IQU
ID--
to m
ake
sure
, use
a s
topp
er.
11.
Rep
eat s
teps
9 a
nd 1
0 un
til th
e fi
rst p
ink-
oran
ge c
olor
app
ears
.12
.A
gita
te w
ell.
The
clu
mps
of
prec
ipita
te m
ust b
e re
duce
d to
ver
y sm
all p
artic
les.
The
fla
sk c
on-
tent
s sh
ould
ret
urn
to th
e or
igin
al c
olor
.13
.A
dd A
gNO
3 dr
op b
y dr
op w
hile
agi
tatin
g th
e fl
ask
cont
ents
suf
fici
ently
to k
eep
the
prec
ipita
tepa
rtic
les
smal
l. W
hen
the
pink
col
or r
eapp
ears
, "ca
tch"
the
hang
ing
drop
.St
oppe
r.Sh
ake
vigo
r-
ousl
y.If
the
pink
col
or r
emai
ns, t
his
is th
e en
d po
int.
Oth
erw
ise,
rep
eat S
tep
13.
14.
Onc
e th
e en
d po
int i
s re
who
d ca
lcul
ate
the
voL
ime
of A
gNO
,, us
ed.
(See
8).
TH
IS I
S T
HE
SA
LIN
ITY
.0
How
ever
, a c
orre
ctio
n m
ay n
eed
to b
e ap
plie
dcun
sult
the
tabl
e be
low
.
Salin
ity C
orre
ctio
ns (
Har
vey,
196
3)*
Salin
ity,
Cor
rect
ion
Salin
ity,
Cor
rect
ion
S 0/
00to
be
S 0/
00to
be
foun
dap
plie
dfo
und
appl
ied
40-0
.15
22+
0.22
38-0
.08
20+
0.23
36-0
.03
18+
0.23
34+
O. 0
316
+0.
23
32+
O. 0
714
+0.
20
30+
0.11
12+
0.19
28+
0.15
.10
+0.
16co C
..)26
+0.
178
+O
. 15
24+
O. 2
0
*Rep
rint
ed b
y pe
rmis
sion
of
Cam
brid
ge U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss, f
rom
the
Che
mis
try
and
Fert
ility
of
Sea
Wat
ers,
by
H. W
. Har
vey,
196
3.
15.
Col
lect
sal
inity
res
ults
frO
m o
ther
team
s an
d m
ake
a ta
ble
show
ing
salin
ityfo
r al
l site
s.
L
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
5: C
ount
ing
and
Col
lect
ing
Inst
ruct
ions
Eac
h sp
ecif
ic in
spec
tion
team
is to
mak
e th
eir
own
reco
rd o
f th
eir
fiel
d si
te.
Follo
win
g ar
e so
me
dire
ctio
ns f
or c
ompl
etin
g th
e re
cord
:1.
Stak
e ou
t the
col
lect
ing
site
(St
uden
t Com
men
t No.
7, p
age
47).
2.B
egin
at o
ne c
orne
r of
the
site
and
cou
nt th
e di
ffer
ent a
nim
als/
plan
ts th
at a
re f
ound
.It
is n
ot
nece
ssar
y th
at y
ou k
now
thei
r na
mes
, but
mak
e su
re to
dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
them
.3.
Mak
e a
colle
ctio
n of
eac
h pl
ant f
ound
.T
ake
only
one
of
each
pla
nt, t
ag it
, and
wra
p it
in w
et
new
spap
er. F
or la
rge
plan
ts ta
ke o
nly
a sm
all s
ectio
n.If
it is
flo
wer
ing
try
to c
olle
ct th
e fl
ower
s.D
o no
t pla
ce a
ny p
lant
s in
you
r m
outh
as
som
e m
ay b
e po
ison
ous.
4.M
ake
a co
llect
ion
of a
nim
als
foun
d, b
ut ta
ke o
nly
one
of e
ach
spec
ies.
Use
one
jar
for
each
1-*
spec
imen
col
lect
ed.
Lab
el e
ach
jar.
Do
not a
ttem
pt to
col
lect
larg
e or
har
mfu
l spe
cies
.5.
Plac
e an
imal
/pla
nt s
peci
men
into
col
lect
ion
box.
Be
care
ful n
ot to
lose
tags
or
crus
h pl
ants
.6.
Con
tact
gen
eral
insp
ectio
n te
am a
nd r
eque
st th
ey p
hoto
grap
h pl
ants
/ani
mal
s to
o la
rge
to c
olle
ct.
67
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
6: P
roce
dure
s fo
r M
akin
g a
Ver
tical
Dra
win
g of
a S
ite I
nves
tigat
ion
Proc
edur
e: S
tart
ing
at th
e lo
wes
t cor
e le
vel m
ake
a sc
ale
draw
ing
of th
e ar
ea s
tudi
ed.
1.Sh
ow th
e de
pth
of e
ach
laye
r of
soi
l.2.
Show
the
dept
h of
wat
er.
3.Sh
ow th
e pl
ants
that
wer
e fo
und
and
the
heig
hts
they
wer
e fo
und.
4.If
any
org
anis
ms
are
foun
d, p
ut th
em in
to th
e dr
awin
g at
the
prop
er v
ertic
al s
pot (
stra
tific
atio
n).
5.O
n th
e le
ft h
and
side
of
draw
ing
show
the
scal
e he
ight
, cha
nges
of
tem
pera
ture
at i
ncre
asin
ghe
ight
s, c
hang
es o
f lig
ht in
tens
ity w
ith in
crea
ses
in h
eigh
t.6.
Alo
ng th
e bo
ttom
iden
tify
the
orga
nism
s sh
own
in th
e dr
awin
g.A
ll m
easu
rem
ents
sho
uld
be d
one
in th
e m
etri
c sy
stem
.T
he s
cale
dra
win
gs s
houl
d al
l be
done
to th
esa
me
scal
e so
that
they
can
be
put t
oget
her
at th
e co
mpl
etio
n of
the
inve
stig
atio
n.Fo
llow
the
exam
ple
onth
e ne
xt p
age.
68
c..0
C.4
:
0. 0
catta
ilssn
ail
grub
Cab
bage
pal
m
spid
ersa
wgr
ass
Gre
at b
lue
hero
nK
ingf
ishe
r
69
-1 0
r 6
t
Legend
1. Indian River Lagoon
2. Indian River
3. Banana Creek
4. Banana River
5. Newfound Harbor- Sykes Creek
6. Sebastian River
7. Sebastian inlet
8. Port Canaveral
9. Atlantic Ocean
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
8: F
lori
da O
utlin
e M
ap
71
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 1
9: P
lant
Lif
e in
the
Eve
rgla
des
Man
y di
ffer
ent s
peci
es o
f pl
ants
thri
ve w
ithin
conf
ines
of
Eve
rgla
des
Nat
iona
l Par
k an
d in
adj
acen
t
regi
ons.
The
cha
ract
eris
tics
of th
ese
plan
ts a
re d
eter
min
ed la
rgel
y by
thre
e fa
ctor
s:hy
drol
ogic
al f
acto
rs,
geol
ogic
al in
flue
nces
and
tem
pera
ture
, whi
ch a
vera
ges
68°
in w
inte
r an
d80
0 in
sum
mer
.
Sout
hern
Flo
rida
may
be
divi
ded
into
thre
e m
ajor
reg
ions
acc
ordi
ng to
the
natu
reof
the
dom
inan
t
vege
tatio
n. T
he f
irst
reg
ion
is th
e "t
rue
Eve
rgla
des,
" a
saw
gras
s sw
amp
whi
ch c
over
s m
ost
of th
e so
uth-
east
ern
corn
er o
f th
e st
ate.
Thi
s ar
ea r
esem
bles
a K
ansa
s w
heat
fie
ld f
lood
ed b
y se
vera
lfee
t of
wat
er.
The
vas
t saw
gras
s se
a is
inte
rrup
ted
by o
ccas
iona
l str
etch
es o
f pi
ne f
ores
ts a
nd tr
eeis
land
s kn
own
as h
am-
moc
ks. H
amm
ocks
for
m in
two
way
s: o
n na
tura
lly o
ccur
ring
pat
ches
of
high
ergr
ound
whe
re th
e m
arl (
clay
)
is th
icke
r an
d hi
gher
than
the
surr
ound
ing
mar
sh, a
nd in
dep
ress
ions
in th
e m
arlw
here
dec
ayin
g pl
ant m
ater
ial
has
beco
me
peat
, a r
ich
soil
nutr
ient
for
sm
all p
lant
s w
hich
late
r gi
ve w
ay to
tree
s.H
amm
ocks
usu
ally
con
-
tain
trop
ical
har
dwoo
d tr
ees
such
as
mah
ogan
y, a
wid
e va
riet
y of
pal
ms,
and
man
yot
her
spec
ies,
incl
udin
g
a nu
mbe
r of
nor
ther
n ty
pe tr
ees
such
as
oaks
and
map
les.
Alo
ng th
e fo
rest
flo
or g
row
fer
ns, o
rchi
ds, i
vies
Con
and
frui
t-be
arin
g sh
rubs
, for
min
g a
lush
trop
ical
oas
is. H
amm
ocks
als
o pr
ovid
e at
exce
llent
env
iron
men
t
for
man
y sp
ecie
s of
wild
life.
Ano
ther
fac
tor
whi
ch h
as in
flue
nced
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f th
e ha
mm
ocks
and
saw
gras
s ev
ersi
nce
Indi
ans
firs
t inh
abite
d th
e ar
ea is
fir
es. D
urin
g th
e dr
y se
ason
an
Eve
rgla
des
fire
is a
sava
gely
des
truc
tive
forc
e.
The
saw
gras
s sw
amp
is o
ne o
f th
e m
ost r
ichl
y pr
oduc
tive
vege
tativ
e re
gion
sin
the
wor
ld. A
mea
sure
-
men
t kno
wn
as th
e "n
et p
rim
ary
prod
uctiv
ity p
er u
nit a
rea"
is u
sed
tode
term
ine
how
muc
h V
eget
atio
n is
pro
-
duce
d.It
is d
efin
ed a
s th
e 'n
umbe
r of
dry
gra
ms
of g
reen
pla
nt m
atte
r pr
oduc
ed p
er s
quar
em
eter
per
yea
r.
In th
e sa
wgr
ass
swam
p th
is f
igur
e av
erag
es a
bout
200
0.In
com
pari
son,
a te
mpe
rate
zon
e fo
rest
pro
duce
s15
00, a
cow
pas
ture
500
and
a d
eser
t 30.
The
ave
rage
fig
ure
for
the
entir
e ea
rth
is32
0. T
he o
nly
area
s
72
whi
ch c
an c
ompe
te w
ith th
e m
arsh
for
ric
hnes
s of
veg
etat
ion
are
estu
arie
s, tr
opic
al f
ores
tsan
d fa
rmla
nd
man
aged
sci
entif
ical
ly.
The
sec
ond
maj
or r
egio
n in
sou
ther
n Fl
orid
a lie
s to
the
wes
t of
the
saw
gras
s sw
amp.
Kno
wn
asth
e
Big
Cyp
ress
Sw
amp,
it is
not
with
in th
e bo
unda
ries
of
Eve
rgla
des
Nat
iona
l Par
k. A
roun
d th
e tu
rnof
the
cent
ury
the
mos
t mag
nifi
cent
cyp
ress
es in
the
coun
try
grew
her
e. S
ome
wer
e m
ore
than
15
feet
indi
amet
er
at th
e ba
se. F
ew o
f th
ese
gian
t tre
es r
emai
n; th
ey w
ere
sacr
ific
ed to
an
unre
gula
ted
timbe
r in
dust
ry. N
ever
-:h
eles
s, th
e B
ig C
ypre
ss S
wam
p re
mai
ns a
vita
l par
t of
the
ecol
ogy
of S
outh
Flo
rida
. Man
y sp
ecie
sof
bir
ds
and
anim
als
live
in th
is a
rea,
whi
ch s
erve
s as
an
exce
llent
bre
edin
g gr
ound
s. S
ome
are
onth
e B
urea
u of
Spor
t Fis
heri
es a
nd W
ildlif
e lis
t of
rare
and
end
ange
red
spec
ies.
Am
ong
thes
e ar
e th
e w
ood
ibis
, the
ros
eate
spoo
nbill
, the
sou
ther
n ba
ld e
agle
, the
Cap
e Sa
ble
seas
ide
spar
row
, the
pan
ther
and
the
allig
ator
.T
he th
ird
regi
on is
fou
nd a
t the
sou
ther
n tip
of
the
stat
e w
here
the
wat
ers
of th
e G
ulf
ofM
exic
o in
ter-
min
gle
with
the
fres
h w
ater
of
the
swam
ps. T
he d
omin
ant f
orm
of
vege
tatio
n in
this
are
a is
the
man
grov
e:r
ee. T
he r
ed m
angr
ove,
one
of
the
spec
ies
foun
d in
the
park
, is
equi
pped
with
a u
niqu
e m
eans
of
prop
agat
ion.
Wat
er s
eedl
ings
with
a s
impl
e ro
ot s
yste
m a
lrea
dy f
orm
ed d
rop
from
the
pare
nt p
lant
into
the
wat
er,
whe
re
:hey
flo
at u
ntil
they
rea
ch w
ater
sha
llow
eno
ugh
to ta
ke h
old
in th
e m
ud.
In p
lace
s th
e m
angr
ove
grov
es a
re s
o
dens
e an
d in
tric
ate
that
can
oeis
ts h
ave
beco
me
lost
for
day
s.
-- H
arte
, Joh
n an
d So
colo
w,
Rob
ert,
Patie
nt E
arth
, Hol
t, R
ineh
art a
nd W
inst
on, I
nc. ,
New
Yor
k, 1
971.
"The
Eve
rgla
des
Dom
inan
t Pla
nt V
eget
atio
n,"
pp. 1
86-1
88.
7
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
0: O
utlin
e M
ap o
f So
uth
Flor
ida
74
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
1: 1
871
Map
of
Eve
rgla
des
75
o 5
Flow
of
wat
er 1
14/
Vill
ages
114
1111
11
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It
II
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4.01
c....
ceIl
logi
t, ''
"Vke
twin
tipir
lar.
--V
45ra
ii-._
mr-
0.,
.
It I
A.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
3; C
an th
e E
verg
lade
s Su
rviv
e?
The
Eve
rgla
des
Nat
iona
l Par
k is
, of
cour
se, p
rote
cted
aga
inst
dir
ect d
evel
opm
ent.
But
wha
t man
ydo
n't r
ealiz
e is
that
the
park
itse
lf is
utte
rly
depe
nden
t eco
logi
cally
upo
n th
e re
gion
s ad
jace
nt to
it, e
spec
-ia
lly th
e la
rge
swam
p of
pea
t and
muc
k kn
own
as th
e U
pper
Eve
rgla
des
whi
ch s
tret
ches
acr
oss
the
stat
e to
the
nort
h of
the
park
itse
lf. T
he o
rgan
ic s
oils
in th
e U
pper
Eve
rgla
des
are
capa
ble
of a
bsor
bing
and
de-
toxi
fyin
g la
rge
quan
titie
s of
pol
luta
nts
such
as
pers
iste
nt p
estic
ides
and
toxi
c m
etal
s fr
om th
e w
ater
s w
hich
drai
n so
uthw
ard
from
urb
an a
nd a
gric
ultu
ral d
evel
opm
ents
into
-the
sw
amp.
Thi
s ar
ea s
erve
s as
acr
itica
l
buff
er z
one.
It d
econ
tam
inat
es th
e po
llute
d w
ater
and
fee
ds c
lean
wat
er in
to E
verg
lade
s N
atio
nal P
ark
to th
e
sout
h.In
add
ition
, the
spo
ngy
muc
k ho
lds
wat
er d
urin
g th
e w
et s
easo
n an
d th
en g
radu
ally
rele
ases
dur
ing
the
dry
seas
on, t
hus
serv
ing
as a
del
icat
e na
tura
l filt
ratio
n ne
twor
k fo
r th
e en
tire
ecos
yste
mof
Sou
th F
lori
da.
1...4
Now
the
Upp
er E
verg
lade
s ar
e ra
pidl
y be
ing
drai
ned
for
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t, bo
th to
rea
pbo
untif
ulC
.iI.
"cr
opp
from
the
rich
org
anic
soi
l (un
til it
is d
eple
ted)
and
to b
uild
new
com
mun
ities
for
one
of
the
mos
t rap
idly
grow
ing
stat
es in
the
natio
n. A
s a
resu
lt, th
e vi
tal b
eds
of m
uck
and
orga
nic
soils
are
bein
g sy
stem
atic
ally
dest
roye
d.In
the
last
50
year
s, A
O p
erce
nt b
y vo
lum
e of
org
anic
soi
ls in
the
Upp
er E
verg
lade
sha
s be
en
dest
roye
d. E
xpos
ed to
the
atm
osph
ere
by d
rain
ing
and
farm
ing,
the
muc
k ha
s be
en e
rodi
ngra
pidl
y.In
the
Oke
echo
bee
agri
cultu
ral a
rea,
the
thic
knes
s of
the
muc
k ha
s dr
oppe
d fi
ve f
eet i
n th
e la
st 4
4 ye
ars.
It is
ex-
pect
ed to
be
depl
eted
ent
irel
y by
199
0. A
s th
is c
ritic
al b
uffe
r zo
ne is
des
troy
ed, p
ollu
tant
sfr
om u
rban
and
agri
cultu
ral a
reas
will
flo
w d
irec
tly in
to th
e E
verg
lade
s, u
nim
pede
d.In
evita
bly,
the
park
will
be
dest
roye
d
also
, unl
ess
an im
med
iate
eff
ort i
s m
ade
to p
rese
rve
the
ecol
ogy
of th
e E
NT
IRE
are
a, n
otju
st th
e fe
dera
lly-
prot
este
d pa
rkla
nd.
The
Flo
rida
Nat
ural
ist,
Vol
. 43,
No.
4; O
ct. 1
970.
"Can
the
Eve
rgla
des
Dam
age
Be
Rep
aire
d?",
The
Flo
rida
Nat
ural
ist,
Vol
.11
, No.
1; O
ct. 1
971.
77
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
4: T
he F
ront
ier
Spir
it in
the
Eve
rgla
des
Flor
ida
was
adm
itted
to th
e U
nion
in 1
845.
Som
e 70
year
s la
ter
real
est
ate
spec
ulat
ors
from
the
nort
h fi
nally
beg
an to
rec
ogni
ze th
e ar
ea's
vas
tec
onom
ic p
oten
tial.
In 1
915
the
Eve
rgla
des
swam
p be
ckon
edas
a f
ront
ier
to th
ese
fort
une-
hunt
ers.
Pla
ns w
ere
draw
nup
to d
rain
the
swam
p an
d cr
eate
a "
Gar
den
ofE
den"
of
tert
ile f
arm
land
. The
dra
inag
e pr
ojec
ts b
egan
.T
he s
awgr
ass
alon
g th
e pe
rim
eter
of
the
swam
pw
as d
ryin
g up
und
er th
e ho
t sun
. Far
mer
s be
gan
to ti
ll th
e ri
ch b
lack
pea
t.A
s th
e ar
ea b
egan
to d
evel
op, t
here
was
incr
easi
ng d
eman
d fo
r a
tran
s-E
verg
lade
s hi
ghw
ay to
link
the
Mia
mi a
rea
with
the
Gul
f C
oast
. The
pro
pose
d th
orou
ghfa
rew
as d
ubbe
d "T
amia
mi T
rail"
by
prom
oter
s, a
ndth
e na
me
caug
ht o
n. A
bon
d is
sue
of $
275,
000
was
pas
sed.
Con
stru
ctio
n be
gan
in 1
916.
The
eno
rmou
sen
-th
usia
sm w
hich
mar
ked
the
earl
y st
ages
of
the
proj
ect b
egan
to w
ane,
how
ever
, whe
n it
beca
me
evid
ent t
hat
the
orig
inal
fin
anci
al a
ppro
pria
tion
was
hop
eles
sly
inad
equa
te.
Bui
ldin
g a
hund
red
mile
s of
roa
dbed
thro
ugh
the
dens
e sa
wgr
ass
and
cypr
ess
swam
ps p
rove
d to
be
a H
ercu
lean
end
eavo
r in
deed
! T
he ta
sk w
as f
urth
er)-
- cde
laye
d by
Wor
ld W
ar I
and
all
but s
helv
ed e
ntir
ely
inth
e af
term
ath
of th
e de
vast
atin
g M
iam
i hur
rica
ne o
ftN
,.
1926
.(S
ee S
tude
nt C
omm
ent N
o.25
, "N
atur
e St
rike
s B
ack,
"p.
80 )
.T
he v
icio
us s
torm
hal
ted,
at l
east
tem
pora
rily
, the
Flo
rida
boo
m. T
hen
a ne
w g
over
nor
was
ele
cted
, and
the
proj
ect w
as r
eviv
ed. T
heT
amia
mi T
rail
was
fin
ally
com
plet
ed in
192
8 af
ter
13ye
ars
of s
tren
uous
eff
ort a
nd a
t a to
tal c
ost o
f so
me
$7 m
illio
n--
29
times
the
amou
nt a
lloca
ted
in th
e or
igin
al b
ond
issu
e! F
ew m
otor
ists
who
whi
z al
ong
this
blac
k ri
bbon
thro
ugh
the
swam
p to
day
real
ize
that
eff
ort a
nd f
rust
ratio
n w
ent i
nto
its c
onst
ruct
ion.
Abo
ut 4
0 ye
ars
late
r a
seco
nd h
ighw
ayw
as c
onst
ruct
ed a
bout
25
mile
s no
rth
of a
nd r
unni
ng p
aral
lel
to th
e T
amia
mi T
rail.
The
new
roa
dw
as n
amed
Alli
gato
r A
lley.
Whi
le th
e T
amia
mi T
rail
was
stil
l und
er c
onst
ruct
ion,
a po
litic
al "
hass
le"
deve
lope
d be
twee
n co
m-
petin
g re
al e
stat
e in
tere
sts
as to
whi
ch r
oute
the
road
shou
ld f
ollo
w.
It w
as o
rigi
nally
to p
ass
thro
ugh
78
Mon
roe
Cou
nty
-- in
fac
t som
e of
the
road
bed
haC
alr
eady
bee
n co
nstr
ucte
d th
ere
-- b
ut a
fter
the
pow
erst
rugg
le th
e ro
ute
was
cha
nged
to tr
ansv
erse
Col
lier
Cou
nty
inst
ead,
to th
e no
rth.
Eve
rgla
des
visi
tors
toda
y ca
n bo
nefi
t fro
m th
e fu
ror
gene
rate
d ov
er th
e T
amia
mi T
rail.
Tw
enty
-fo
ur m
iles
of th
e or
igin
al r
oadb
ed in
Mon
roe
Cou
nty
beca
me
a se
cond
ary
rout
e (F
lori
da H
ighw
ay 9
4) w
hich
offe
rs a
fas
cina
ting
side
trip
into
the
hear
t of
the
swam
p. T
he g
rave
l sur
face
d R
oute
94
offe
rsa
muc
hcl
oser
look
at t
he E
verg
lade
s ve
geta
tion
and
wild
life
than
the
high
-spe
ed T
amia
mi T
rail.
It a
lso
lead
s to
plac
es w
here
ent
erpr
isin
g m
otor
ists
can
dis
emba
rk a
nd e
xplo
re r
oads
ide
ham
moc
ks f
or w
ild o
rchi
ds a
ndai
r pl
ants
.
Sand
, Geo
rge
X.
,T
he E
verg
lade
s T
oday
- E
ndan
gere
d W
ilder
ness
, Fou
r W
inds
Pre
ss, N
.Y. ,
1971
, Cha
pter
9, "
The
Fir
st R
oad
Into
the
Swam
p,"p
p. 1
41-1
49.
79
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
5: N
atur
e St
rike
s B
ack
Alm
ost i
nevi
tabl
y w
hen
man
dec
ides
to "
impr
ove"
on n
atur
e, h
e en
ds u
p m
akin
g a
mes
s of
thin
gs.
Such
has
bee
n th
e ca
se in
sou
ther
n Fl
orid
aev
er s
ince
the
firs
t set
tlem
ent s
hort
ly a
fter
Flo
rida
join
edth
e un
ion
in 1
845.
Settl
ers
disc
over
ed th
at in
cred
ibly
larg
e, c
hoic
e-qu
ality
N e
geta
bles
wou
ld s
prin
g up
in a
mat
ter
of w
eeks
fro
m th
e ri
ch b
lack
soi
l in
the
Eve
rgla
des.
Bri
ght r
ed to
mat
oes
as b
ig a
s m
elon
san
d fi
rm g
reen
cab
bage
s as
big
as
was
htub
s sp
rout
edup
alm
ost w
ithou
t eff
ort.
But
fir
st th
e se
ttler
s ha
dto
cop
e w
ith a
littl
e pr
oble
m--
the
thin
laye
r of
dra
inag
e w
ater
fro
m L
ake
Oke
echo
bee
whi
ch b
lank
eted
the
fert
ile p
eat t
hat h
ad ta
ken
thou
sand
s of
year
s to
acc
umul
ate.
In th
eir
zeal
to e
xplo
it th
e "b
lack
gol
d",
farm
ers
soug
ht a
mea
ns o
f dr
aini
ng th
e la
nd.
Bef
ore
man
intr
uded
, nat
ure
had
crea
ted
an in
geni
ousl
y si
mpl
e an
d ef
fect
ive
wat
ersh
ed o
n th
e Fl
orid
ape
nins
ula.
Alm
ost a
ll of
the
60 in
ches
of
rain
whi
ch d
esce
nds
upon
the
regi
on d
urin
g th
e sp
ring
and
fal
lw
et s
easo
ns f
low
s so
uthw
ard
dow
n th
e pe
nins
ula
thro
ugh
an in
tric
ate
inte
rlac
ing
netw
ork
of r
iver
s. s
trea
ms
and
lake
s. T
he m
ain
arte
ry is
the
Kis
sim
ee R
iver
, whi
ch e
mpt
ies
into
the
nort
h en
d of
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e.t-
-i.
The
lake
ser
ves
as a
n im
men
se c
atch
bas
in f
or th
e en
tire
regi
on.
From
it. o
verf
low
wat
ers
seep
into
the
c:,
,,,.
Eve
rgla
des
to s
usta
in it
s de
licat
e lif
e cy
cle
and
prot
ect t
he p
reci
ous
peat
.Se
ttler
s w
ho h
ad d
iffi
culty
dra
inin
g th
e la
nd b
egan
to e
xert
pres
sure
upo
n le
gisl
ator
s.In
185
0 C
on-
gres
s pa
ssed
the
Swam
p L
and
Act
, whi
ch m
ade
poss
ible
the
tran
sfer
of
larg
e tr
acts
of
fede
ral
land
to th
est
ates
, to
be u
sed
for
the
bene
fit o
f al
l citi
zens
. Muc
h of
the
Eve
rgla
des
thus
bec
ame
the
prop
erty
of
the
stat
e of
Flo
rida
. To
assu
re th
at th
e ar
ea b
e de
velo
ped
sens
ibly
,tn
e Fl
orid
a le
gisl
atur
e in
185
5 es
tabl
ishe
dth
e In
tern
al I
mpr
ovem
ent F
und.
A "
wat
chdo
g" c
omm
ittee
was
set
up
to m
onito
r th
e sa
le o
f pu
blic
land
s to
priv
ate
indi
vidu
als.
How
ever
, the
IIF
did
not
kee
p its
trus
t to
the
citiz
ens
of F
lori
da in
thos
epi
onee
r da
ys,
and
it ne
ver
real
ly h
as f
ully
dis
char
ged
this
res
pons
ibili
ty.
Ori
gina
lly th
e E
verg
lade
s sw
amp
cove
red
som
e
2,74
6 sq
uare
mile
s. N
ow o
nly
1,53
7 sq
uare
mile
s re
mai
n in
a r
elat
ivel
y na
tura
l sta
te, a
nd th
ear
ea is
ail]
. shr
inki
ng.
The
Civ
il W
ar te
mpo
rari
ly in
terr
upte
d th
e pl
ans
of s
ettle
rs to
dra
in la
rge
area
s of
the
Eve
rgla
des
for
agri
cultu
ral p
urpo
ses,
but
by
1906
dre
dges
wer
e ca
rvin
g up
the
terr
ain.
The
"ba
ttle
plan
" w
as to
cut
seve
ral d
eep
drai
nage
can
als
to d
rain
wat
er f
rom
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e in
to b
oth
the
Atla
ntic
Oce
an a
nd th
eG
ulf
of M
exic
o. T
o m
ake
sure
the
lake
wou
ld n
ever
aga
in o
verf
low
, an
eart
hen
dike
was
con
stru
cted
alo
ngth
e so
uthe
rn s
hore
.E
CO
LO
GIC
AL
"B
AC
KL
ASH
"
The
dra
inag
e pr
ojec
t suc
ceed
ed in
exp
osin
g th
e ri
ch b
lack
soi
l to
the
air.
Far
mer
s m
oved
in e
ager
ly,
but t
o th
eir
chag
rin
they
lear
ned
an e
arly
less
on in
eco
logy
.In
a v
ast e
colo
gica
l "ba
ckla
sh"
whi
ch h
as c
on-
tinue
d to
this
day
, the
Eve
rgla
des
prot
este
d ag
ains
t its
intr
uder
s.Fi
rst,
the
rich
soi
l, ba
ked
dry
by th
e su
n(w
hich
had
nev
er b
een
able
to p
enet
rate
the
natu
rally
pro
tect
ive
laye
r of
wat
er th
atm
an d
rain
ed o
ff),
beg
anto
blo
w a
way
in d
ense
bro
wn
clou
ds.
Iron
ical
ly, m
uch
of th
e pr
ized
"bl
ack
gold
" be
gan
to w
ash
away
in th
epo
orly
-des
igne
d dr
aina
ge c
anal
s. A
nd w
hat d
idn'
t blo
w a
way
or
was
h aw
ay b
egan
to c
atch
fir
e, s
omet
imes
from
spo
ntan
eous
com
bust
ion
with
in th
e pe
at. D
evel
oper
s lo
oked
on
in f
rust
ratio
n as
the
peat
beg
an to
shr
ink.
As
muc
h as
fiv
e fe
et d
isap
pear
ed in
the
firs
t fiv
e ye
ars.
The
pea
t has
con
tinue
d to
ero
deev
er s
ince
. Con
-se
rvat
ioni
sts
estim
ate
wha
t rem
ains
will
be
lost
for
ever
with
in 3
0 or
40
year
s. N
or w
as f
arni
igg
as U
topi
ana
task
as
the
ads
the
real
est
ate
deve
lope
rs p
lace
d in
new
spap
ers
acro
ss th
e co
untr
y w
ould
hav
e pr
ospe
ctiv
efa
rmer
s be
lieve
. Cle
arin
g th
e la
nd o
f th
e sa
ber-
shar
p sa
wgr
ass
was
a d
iffi
cult,
cos
tly a
nd s
omet
imes
im-
poss
ible
task
. Eve
n w
hen
the
land
was
cle
ared
suc
cess
fully
, far
mer
s di
scov
ered
that
aft
eron
e or
two
bum
per
crop
s th
e so
il be
cam
e de
plet
ed. O
nly
with
exp
ensi
ve f
ertil
izer
s co
uld
addi
tiona
l far
min
g be
suc
cess
ful.
The
dam
age
done
by
the
drai
nage
can
als
was
irre
para
ble.
Fir
es c
ause
d by
ligh
tnin
g, c
arel
ess
peop
lean
d sp
onta
neou
s co
mbu
stio
n ra
ged
out o
f co
ntro
l whe
re o
nce
they
had
bee
n co
ntro
lled
natu
rally
by
the
surf
ace
81
wat
er in
the
swam
p. B
eaut
iful
isla
nds
of tr
ees
wer
e de
stro
yed
in s
econ
ds.
Bla
ck s
mok
e hu
ng li
ke a
pal
lov
er th
e E
verg
lade
s. T
hous
ands
upo
n th
ousa
nds
of f
ish
died
in s
limy
stag
nant
poo
ls w
hich
had
once
con
-ta
ined
cry
stal
ly c
lear
wat
er. D
eer
fled
, fol
low
ing
the
bear
,pa
nthe
r an
d lo
ng-l
egge
d bi
rds
that
had
alr
eady
depa
rted
. The
Sem
inol
e In
dian
s w
ere
thus
dep
rive
d of
two
ofth
eir
maj
or s
ourc
es o
f fo
od. E
ven
thou
ghm
an h
as a
ttem
pted
to r
epai
r so
me
of th
is d
amag
e to
day.
he
has
neve
r be
en c
ompl
etel
y su
cces
sful
. Per
haps
the
mos
t dan
gero
us "
back
lash
" of
all
was
the
thre
at o
f sa
lt-w
ater
intr
usio
n al
ong
the
Eas
t. co
ast.
As
the
leve
l of
fres
h w
ater
bec
ame
depl
eted
,oc
ean
wat
e:: b
egan
to f
ilter
in th
roug
h th
e po
res
in th
e co
asta
l rid
geof
lim
esto
ne, p
oiso
ning
the
wat
er s
uppl
y of
citi
es a
long
the
coas
t.
TH
E F
UR
Y O
F N
AT
UR
E
The
wou
ld-b
e ex
ploi
ters
of
the
Eve
rgla
des
wer
e pa
ying
a b
itter
pri
ce. T
he p
unis
hmen
t, it
seem
ed,
was
con
tain
ed in
the
crim
e. B
ut in
the
1920
's it
see
med
alm
ost
as if
nat
ure
was
exa
ctin
g fu
rthe
r pa
ymen
tfr
om th
e hu
man
s w
ho h
ad r
avag
ed th
e sw
ampl
and.
In S
epte
mbe
r, 1
926,
a v
iole
nt h
urri
cane
str
uck
the
sout
hern
por
tion
of F
lori
da.
Pack
ing
win
ds o
f up
to 1
35 m
iles
per
hour
, the
sto
rm c
hurn
ed L
ake
Oke
echo
bee
into
a f
roth
ing
caul
dron
whi
ch s
urge
d re
lent
less
ly a
gain
st th
e tin
ydi
ke a
t the
sou
ther
n en
d of
the
lake
. The
grea
t wav
es w
ashe
d th
roug
h th
e di
ke a
t the
sou
thw
est s
hore
and
car
ried
away
the
flim
sy f
ram
e ho
uses
of
the
farm
ers
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f M
oore
Hav
en. T
he o
ccup
ants
str
uggl
ed f
utile
ly.
The
ir te
rrif
ied
scre
ams
wer
em
uffl
ed b
y th
e fu
ry o
f th
e st
orm
. Man
yw
ere
was
hed
into
the
fiel
ds th
ey h
ad f
arm
ed th
at a
fter
noon
and
wer
ene
ver
seen
aga
in.
Still
, man
clu
ng te
naci
ousl
y to
the
peri
lous
sou
th s
hore
of
the
lake
. An
eart
hen
leve
e ab
out s
even
fee
thi
gh w
as c
onst
ruct
ed a
long
the
shor
e.L
ife
wen
t on.
The
n, a
lmos
t tw
o ye
ars
to th
e da
y fr
om th
e fi
rst h
ur-
rica
ne, a
sec
ond
and
even
mor
e de
vast
atin
g st
orm
str
uck
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
eon
Sep
tem
ber
16, 1
928.
Thi
stim
e th
e di
rect
ion
of th
e w
ind
funn
eled
the
fury
of
the
lake
tow
ard
the
wea
kest
link
--
the
sout
heas
t cor
ner,
whe
re 6
000
peop
le li
ved,
pro
tect
ed o
nly
by th
e 7-
foot
leve
e.Fr
enzi
ed b
y w
inds
of
up to
150
mile
s pe
r ho
ur,
82
the
wat
ers
smas
hed
thro
ugh
the
barr
ier
as if
it w
ere
a sa
nd c
astle
on th
e be
ach
and
race
d in
a v
ast t
idal
wav
e ac
ross
the
flat
land
.
Men
fig
htin
g to
sav
e th
eir
poss
essi
ons
wer
e lif
ted
off
the
grou
nd b
y th
e sc
ream
ing
win
d an
d hu
rled
into
the
dark
ness
. The
win
d w
as s
o st
rong
it d
rove
fra
gmen
ts o
f bo
ards
cle
ar th
roug
h tr
ee tr
unks
.W
omen
and
chi
ldre
n cl
ung
in te
rror
to th
e ro
ofs
of f
loat
ing
hous
es, b
ut th
ey o
ften
fou
nd th
ey h
ad to
sha
reth
eir
have
n w
ith e
qual
ly te
rrif
ied
pois
onou
s sn
akes
tryi
ng to
esca
pe th
e fl
ood.
Wea
kene
d an
d di
zzie
d by
snak
e bi
tes,
man
y lo
st th
eir
grip
and
per
ishe
d in
the
wav
es. W
hen
the
hurr
ican
e fi
nally
sub
side
d, b
odie
sfl
oate
d in
all
dire
ctio
ns. S
ome
wer
e ne
ver
reco
vere
d, e
ntom
bed
in th
e m
uck
they
had
hop
ed w
ould
mak
eth
eir
fort
unes
. Res
cue
team
s ha
d to
pile
unc
laim
ed c
orps
es in
fun
eral
pyre
s to
be
burn
ed b
efor
e th
ey b
red
dise
ase.
Bla
ck s
mok
e ag
ain
drap
ed th
e E
verg
lade
s.(T
he s
tory
of
this
reg
ion
of th
e E
verg
lade
s is
con
tinue
d in
Stu
dent
Com
men
t No.
27 ,
"The
Eve
rgla
des
Dyi
ng o
f T
hirs
t?",
p.8
7 ).
--Sa
nd, G
eorg
e X
., T
he E
verg
lade
s T
oday
- E
ndan
gere
d W
ilder
ness
, Fou
r W
inds
Pre
ss, N
.Y.,
1971
,C
hapt
er 8
, "M
an's
Int
rudi
ng H
and,
" pp
. 133
-139
. 83
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
6: T
he B
attle
for
Wat
er in
Sou
thea
st F
lori
da
Supp
lyin
g w
ater
for
sou
thea
ster
n Fl
orid
a is
one
of
the
mos
t com
plex
env
iron
men
tal p
robl
ems
in th
ena
tion.
Dur
i-g
the
rain
y sp
ring
and
fal
l sea
sons
, the
re is
too
muc
h w
ater
, thr
eate
ning
far
ms
and
hom
esw
ith f
lood
s. D
urin
g th
e dr
y su
mm
er a
nd w
inte
r pe
riod
s, th
ere
is to
o lit
tle w
ater
, bri
ngin
g da
nger
of
drou
ght.
To
regu
late
the
wat
er s
uppl
y in
the
area
, the
Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs h
as c
onst
ruct
edan
in-
tric
ate
netw
ork
of c
anal
s, d
ikes
and
dra
inag
e ga
tes
whi
ch c
riss
-cro
ss th
e ea
ster
n ha
lf o
f so
uthe
rn F
lori
dalik
e a
vast
cob
web
. The
sys
tem
is a
dmin
iste
red
by th
e Fl
ood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
t.It
can
dra
in w
ater
fro
mL
ake
Oke
echo
bee
to le
ssen
the
dang
er d
urin
g fl
ood
seas
on, l
et it
sta
ndon
the
grou
nd, a
nd la
ter
rele
ase
itdu
ring
the
dry
seas
on. T
he u
nder
grou
nd p
ress
ure
from
the
accu
mul
ated
wat
er p
rote
cts
the
coas
tal w
ater
supp
ly a
gain
st in
vasi
on b
y sa
lt w
ater
thro
ugh
the
coas
tal l
imes
tone
rid
ge.
The
re a
re th
ree
maj
or in
tere
sts
com
petin
g fo
r th
e w
ater
in th
e Fl
ood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
t--
the
rapi
dly
grow
ing
met
ropo
litan
Mia
mi-
Fort
Lau
derd
ale-
Palm
Bea
ch u
rban
com
plex
; agr
icul
tura
l int
eres
ts (
espe
cial
lyci
trus
gro
wer
s), a
nd th
e E
verg
lade
s N
atio
nal P
ark
to th
e so
uth,
whi
ch h
as b
een
cut o
ff f
rom
muc
h of
its
CC
natu
ral w
ater
sup
ply
by th
e m
an-m
ade
syst
em.
Dif
ficu
lt pr
iori
ty d
ecis
ions
mus
t be
mad
e w
hen
the
supp
lyof
wat
er is
lim
ited.
The
den
sly
popu
late
d co
asta
lar
ea, w
hich
now
pac
ks o
ver
a m
illio
n pe
ople
into
a n
ar-
row
str
ip o
f la
nd w
hich
con
tain
ed le
ss th
an h
alf
that
num
ber
in 1
950,
pla
ces
heav
y de
man
ds o
n th
e w
ater
supp
ly. F
arm
ers
are
alm
ost t
otal
ly d
epen
dent
upo
n ir
riga
tion
toca
rry
thei
r cr
ops
thro
ugh
the
dry
seas
on.
Citi
es a
nd f
arm
ers
can
talk
.T
he E
verg
lade
s ca
nnot
. Thi
s es
sent
ial d
iffe
renc
e-w
as p
roba
bly
a m
ajor
fact
or in
the
deci
sion
of
the
FCD
to v
irtu
ally
shu
t off
the
flow
of
fres
h w
ater
to th
e E
verg
lade
s in
the
dry
year
s of
196
1 to
196
5.C
onsi
dera
ble
dam
age
was
cau
sed
to p
lant
s an
d an
imal
s in
the
park
(Se
e St
uden
tC
omm
ent N
o. 2
7,
"The
Eve
rgla
des
- D
ying
of
Thi
rst?
", p
.87
).T
he c
ities
and
the
agri
cultu
ral i
nter
ests
rece
ived
an
ampl
e su
pply
of
wat
er. T
he p
ark
got n
othi
ng.
Wha
t will
hap
pen
if th
e po
pula
tion
of s
outh
ern
Flor
ida
cont
inue
s to
gro
w?
By
the
end
of th
is d
ecad
e,it
will
pro
babl
y be
nec
essa
ry to
cho
ose
betw
een
a w
ater
sho
rtag
e in
Mia
mi,
a re
duce
d cr
op y
ield
in th
eci
trus
gro
ves,
and
dry
ing
up th
e E
verg
lade
s. T
he p
ress
ure
will
fir
st b
e fe
lt in
dry
yea
rs, e
vent
ually
inw
et y
ears
as
wel
l.B
y th
e en
d of
the
1980
's, t
here
may
not
be
enou
gh w
ater
to m
eet A
NY
of
thes
e de
man
dsw
ithou
t goi
ng to
out
side
sou
rces
far
aw
ay, a
t gre
at e
xpen
se. T
his
war
ning
is s
omet
imes
dif
ficu
lt to
get
acro
ss to
the
publ
ic, h
owev
er, e
spec
ially
whe
n it
sees
pic
ture
s of
the
Eve
rgla
des
cove
red
with
wat
er -
'dri
ngth
e ra
iny
seas
on.
But
the
dang
er is
rea
l, an
d al
mos
t im
med
iate
.
RE
CY
CL
ING
OF
WA
TE
R: A
PO
TE
NT
IAL
SO
LU
TIO
N
One
sol
utio
n to
the
prob
lem
is r
e-cy
clin
g w
ater
for
mul
tiple
use
.Fi
elds
cou
ld b
e ir
riga
ted
with
was
te w
ater
fro
m c
ities
; bat
h w
ater
cou
ld b
e cy
cled
thro
ugh
air
cond
ition
ing
units
, etc
. How
ever
, mul
tiple
use
is o
nly
prac
tical
whe
n ea
ch s
ucce
ssiv
e us
e re
quir
es a
low
er d
egre
e of
wat
er q
ualit
y. W
ater
det
erio
rate
sw
ith e
ach
use.
The
onl
y al
tern
ativ
e w
ould
be
to in
stal
l tre
atm
ent f
acili
ties
at a
n in
term
edia
te s
tep
to r
e-pu
rify
the
wat
er. T
he c
ost o
f su
ch f
acili
ties,
at p
rese
nt, w
ould
be
proh
ibiti
ve, b
ut th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
aqu
ick,
inex
pens
ive
larg
e-sc
ale
trea
tmen
t pro
cess
wou
ld b
e a
trem
endo
us a
sset
to w
ater
con
serv
atio
n m
etho
ds.
Such
a d
evel
opm
ent w
ould
be
esse
ntia
l for
the
Eve
rgla
des
to b
enef
it fr
om r
e-cy
clin
g pr
ojec
ts, b
ecau
se th
efi
nely
-bal
ance
d ec
olog
y of
the
swam
p re
quir
es w
ater
of
even
hig
her
qual
ity th
an th
at n
eces
sary
for
pub
licw
ater
sup
plie
s.(S
ee S
tude
nt C
omm
ent N
o.28
"T
he P
robl
em o
f W
ater
Pol
lutio
n in
the
Eve
rgla
des,
" p.
92 )
.If
wat
er u
sed
to ir
riga
te c
itrus
gro
ves
wer
e di
vert
ed f
rom
ther
e to
the
Gla
des,
the
nitr
ates
, pho
spha
tes
and
pest
icid
es it
had
pic
ked
up w
ould
poi
son
the
park
.In
sup
plyi
ng w
ater
to th
e E
verg
lade
s qu
ality
is ju
st a
sim
port
ant a
s qu
antit
y, a
con
side
ratio
n w
hich
is c
erta
inly
not
goi
ng to
wor
k in
fav
or o
f th
e pa
rk in
the
allo
ca-
tion
of w
ater
res
ourc
es in
yea
rs a
head
.T
he A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
has
con
sist
ently
dem
onst
rate
d th
at th
e E
verg
lade
s ta
kes
low
est p
rior
ityin
the
dist
ribu
tion
of w
ater
.Pr
actic
ally
the
only
hop
e fo
r th
e en
dang
ered
trop
ical
wild
erne
ss, t
here
fore
,
85
lies
in th
e av
enue
of
Con
gres
sion
al le
gisl
atio
n.Si
nce
the
fede
ral g
over
nmen
t app
ropr
iate
s fu
nds
to th
eC
orps
, it h
as s
ome
infl
uenc
e on
how
the
FCD
app
ortio
ns it
s w
ater
.In
Jun
e, 1
970,
Con
gres
smen
con
-ce
rned
for
the
futu
re o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s pa
ssed
a la
w e
stab
lishi
ng q
uant
itativ
e gu
idel
ines
to g
uara
ntee
at
leas
t a m
inim
al a
nnua
l wat
er s
uppl
y fo
r th
e E
verg
lade
s:
Del
iver
y of
wat
er f
rom
the
cent
ral a
nd s
outh
ern
Flor
ida
proj
ect t
o th
e E
verg
lade
s N
atio
nal P
ark
shal
l not
be
less
than
315
,000
acr
e fe
et a
nnua
lly, p
rora
ted
acco
rdin
g to
the
mon
thly
sch
edul
e se
t for
th in
the
Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
ele
tter
of O
ctob
er 2
0, 1
967,
to th
e O
ffic
e of
the
Chi
ef o
fE
ngin
eers
, or
16.5
per
cen
tum
of
tota
l del
iver
ies
from
the
proj
ect f
or a
ll pu
rpos
es, i
nclu
ding
the
Park
, whi
ch-
ever
is le
ss.
(Pub
lic L
aw 9
1282
, Sec
tion
2).'
Nev
erth
eles
s, e
ven
a le
gal f
orm
ula
for
wat
er d
istr
ibut
ion
will
not
sav
e th
e E
verg
lade
s if
the
popu
latio
nof
the
coas
tal a
rea
cont
inue
s to
sky
rock
et. T
he e
colo
gy o
f th
e ar
ea h
as a
lrea
dy b
een
stra
ined
to th
e br
eak-
ing
poin
t; th
ere
is s
impl
y no
t eno
ugh
wat
er to
go
arou
nd. F
urth
er d
evel
opm
ent o
f so
uthe
aste
rn F
lori
da w
illal
mos
t cer
tain
ly s
ound
the
deat
h kn
ell f
or o
ne o
f th
e na
tion'
s m
ost b
eaut
iful
and
uni
que
natio
nal p
arks
.
Har
te, J
ohn
and
Soco
low
, Rob
ert H
.. Pa
tient
Ear
th, H
olt,
Rin
ehar
t and
Win
ston
, Inc
.,
New
Yor
k, 1
971.
"Com
petin
g D
eman
ds f
or W
ater
in S
outh
east
Flo
rida
, pp.
195
7197
.
Not
es:
' p. 1
96
86
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
7: T
he E
verg
lade
s-
Dyi
ng o
f T
hirs
t?
As
iron
ic a
s it
seem
s, th
e gr
eate
st p
robl
em f
acin
g th
e m
ajes
tic s
wam
p at
Flo
rida
's s
outh
ern
tip is
lack
of
wat
er. H
ow c
ould
a s
wam
p, o
f al
l pla
ces,
hav
e go
tten
into
suc
h a
pred
icam
ent?
The
sto
ry d
ates
back
to th
e di
sast
rous
hur
rica
ne o
f 19
28 w
hich
dem
olis
hed
the
com
mun
ities
on th
e so
uthe
aste
rn s
hore
of
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e (S
ee S
tude
nt C
omm
ent N
o.25
"N
atur
e St
rike
s B
ack,
" p.
80 )
.T
he n
atio
nal o
utcr
y w
hich
fol
low
ed th
e hu
rric
ane
of 1
928
pave
d th
e w
ay f
or a
ctio
n at
a f
eder
al le
vel.
New
ly-e
lect
ed p
resi
dent
Her
bert
Hoo
ver
mad
e a
pers
onal
insp
ectio
n be
fore
his
inau
gura
tion.
At h
is o
rder
,ea
rly
in th
e 19
30's
the
Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs b
egan
con
stru
ctin
g a
high
er, s
tron
ger
leve
e al
ong
the
entir
e 80
-mile
sou
th s
hore
of
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e.It
was
kno
wn
as H
oove
r L
evee
.St
ill, t
he p
roje
ct d
id n
otso
lve
the
prob
lem
s ca
used
by
the
earl
y se
ttler
s w
ho h
ad tr
ied
to d
rain
the
Eve
rgla
des.
(See
Stu
dent
Com
-m
ent N
o. 2
5 "N
atur
e St
rike
s B
ack,
" p.
80 )
.T
his
beca
me
evid
ent i
n 19
47 w
hen
two
seve
re h
urri
cane
s1.
-.L
stru
ck th
e E
verg
lade
s in
rap
id s
ucce
ssio
n. T
he s
wam
p ov
erfl
owed
at i
ts e
aste
rn b
orde
r, c
ausi
ng s
ome
.-.:.
r-d.
$60
mill
ion
in f
lood
dam
age
to M
iam
i and
oth
er c
oast
al c
ities
.C
ongr
essm
en, s
uppo
rted
by
the
Arm
y C
orps
of E
ngin
eers
, int
rodu
ced
a bi
ll ca
lling
for
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
a Fl
ood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
t. T
he b
ill p
asse
din
194
9. T
he p
roje
ct, t
o co
st a
n es
timat
ed $
300
mill
ion,
was
to b
e co
mpl
eted
by
1965
.E
ssen
tially
, the
plan
cal
led
for
the
chan
nelin
g of
wat
er f
rom
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e be
fore
hur
rica
nese
ason
to r
educ
e th
e la
keto
bel
ow f
lood
leve
ls, a
nd k
eepi
ng it
in th
ree
larg
e re
serv
oirs
alo
ng th
e lo
wer
eas
t coa
st, t
o be
pum
ped
out l
ater
dur
ing
the
dry
seas
on. T
he s
tora
ge o
f th
e fr
esh
wat
er w
ould
pro
tect
the
citie
s ag
ains
t sal
t-w
ater
intr
usio
n fr
om th
e se
a an
d al
so c
reat
e m
uch-
need
ed r
ecre
atio
nal a
reas
. No
fres
h w
ater
was
to b
e w
aste
d.T
he p
lan
appe
ared
sol
id in
pri
ncip
le. b
ut it
was
not
man
aged
pro
perl
y. T
he C
orps
took
10
year
s to
bui
ldth
e th
ree
larg
e im
poun
dmen
t are
as f
or w
ater
, and
eve
n th
en th
e w
ater
con
tinue
d to
esc
ape
unde
rgro
und
thro
ugh
the
poro
us li
mes
tone
roc
k at
the
sout
hern
are
as o
f th
e re
serv
oirs
. The
wat
er le
vels
wer
e al
low
edto
dro
p, s
omet
imes
dis
appe
ar c
ompl
etel
y.A
s a
resu
lt, th
ousa
nds
of b
ass
and
othe
r ch
oice
fre
shw
ater
87
gam
e fi
sh p
eris
hed.
Car
rion
bir
ds d
esce
nded
upo
n th
eir
carc
asse
s.
CO
NSE
RV
AT
ION
IST
S B
LA
ST E
NG
INE
ER
S
Con
serv
atio
nist
s ha
ve c
harg
ed th
at th
e C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs is
mer
ely
mas
quer
adin
g un
der
a fl
ood
con-
trol
pro
gram
whi
le f
oste
ring
, in
actu
ality
, lan
d re
clam
atio
n de
sign
ed to
mak
e pr
ofits
for
far
mer
s in
the
grad
ually
-dry
ing
Eve
rgla
des.
"H
arol
d L
. Ick
es, w
ho s
erve
d as
Sec
reta
ry o
f th
e In
teri
or u
nder
Pre
side
nts
Tru
man
and
Roo
seve
lt, o
nce
char
ged'
that
, 'N
o m
ore
law
less
or
irre
spon
sibl
e fe
dera
l gro
up th
an th
e C
orps
of A
rmy
Eng
inee
rs h
as e
ver
atte
mpt
ed to
ope
rate
in th
e U
.S. e
ither
with
out o
r w
ithin
the
law
...' "
1T
he F
CD
pro
ject
has
mad
e th
e E
verg
lade
s de
pend
ent u
pon
man
to r
elea
se w
ater
dur
ing
peri
ods
ofdr
ough
t to
sust
ain
its d
elic
ate
ecol
ogy.
By
1965
the
park
had
suf
fere
d re
peat
edly
fro
m la
ck o
f w
ater
. In-
dign
ant c
itize
ns d
eman
ded
that
the
FCD
spa
re th
e un
ique
nat
iona
l par
k.Fi
nally
, in
relu
ctan
t res
pons
e, th
efl
ood
cont
rol a
genc
y op
ened
bri
efly
one
of
its f
our
6-ga
te s
pillw
ays
in th
e T
amia
mi T
rail
exac
tly o
ne in
chpe
r w
eek
in o
rder
to f
eed
fres
h w
ater
into
the
Eve
rgla
des.
Thi
s am
ount
of
wat
er w
as, o
f co
urse
, woe
fully
s.a.
inad
equa
te to
rel
ieve
the
drou
ght-
parc
hed
swam
plan
d. O
ne in
furi
ated
con
serv
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n ca
lled
the
-.-
LN
:FC
D's
act
ion
"...
as h
elpf
ul a
s sp
ittin
g on
a f
ores
t fir
e!"2
FC
D s
poke
smen
ret
alia
ted
that
its
criti
cs w
ere
tt...
mor
e in
tere
sted
in b
irds
and
alli
gato
rs th
an p
eopl
e. tt
3A
s th
e fe
ud c
ontin
ued,
the
New
Yor
k T
imes
obse
rved
that
by
hold
ing
back
wat
er f
or th
e be
nefi
t of
a fe
w F
lori
da f
arm
ers,
the
FCD
was
thre
aten
ing
ana
tura
l res
ourc
e w
hich
bel
ongs
to a
ll th
e pe
ople
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
The
re is
no
doub
t tha
t the
FC
D h
as th
e ca
paci
ty to
pro
vide
the
Eve
rgla
des
with
all
the
wat
er it
nee
ds.
Dur
ing
and
afte
r H
urri
cane
Don
na in
196
0 w
hen
the
entir
e 16
, 000
- sq
uare
-m
ile p
umpi
ng s
yste
m w
as p
ress
edin
to e
mer
genc
y op
erat
ion,
the
syst
em m
oved
nea
rly
half
a tr
illio
n ga
llons
of
wat
er (
500
,00
0, 0
00, 0
00).
And
the
Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs is
req
uire
d by
fed
eral
law
to p
rovi
de th
e E
verg
lade
s N
atio
nal P
ark
with
a su
ffic
ient
sup
ply
of f
resh
wat
er. Y
et b
y 19
65 th
e E
verg
lade
s ap
pear
e.1
to b
e on
the
brin
k of
ext
inct
ion,
as
the
vita
l wat
er s
uppl
y w
as d
elib
erat
ely
chok
ed o
ff.
Thr
eate
ned
by th
e sl
ow d
eath
of
the
swam
p w
ere
89
88
diff
eren
t spe
cies
of
bird
s, 4
0 re
ptile
s, 4
0 am
phib
ians
and
150
kin
ds o
f fi
sh.
A T
RA
GIC
SC
EN
E
Dyi
ng a
nim
als
and
bird
s se
arch
ed p
itifu
lly f
or w
ater
, lea
ving
bro
ken
trai
ls in
the
dryi
ng m
ud w
here
thou
sand
s of
sw
olle
n de
ad f
ish
wer
e st
rew
n. V
ultu
res
circ
led
ever
ywhe
re. S
tarv
ing
allig
ator
s w
ere
com
-pe
lled
to g
o ag
ains
t nat
ure
and
devo
ur th
eir
smal
ler
brot
hers
. Som
e sp
ecie
s su
ch a
s th
e ot
ter
and
racc
oon
and
man
y sp
ecie
s of
bir
ds f
led
the
Eve
rgla
des
in d
espe
ratio
n, s
omet
imes
leav
ing
thei
r yo
ung
to p
aris
h.T
he li
ttle
whi
te-t
aile
d G
lade
s de
er r
efus
ed to
leav
e, h
owev
er. T
hous
ands
die
d in
ago
ny f
rom
hun
ger
and
thir
st. E
ven
duri
ng th
e dr
ough
t, so
me
wat
er m
anag
ed to
wor
k its
way
into
the
Eve
rgla
des
by s
eepi
ng th
roug
hth
e lim
esto
ne a
nd p
assi
ng u
nder
neat
h th
e ro
adbe
d of
the
Tam
iam
i Tra
il. T
his
wat
er, h
owev
er, w
as in
suf-
1.-.
s.fi
cien
t bot
h in
qua
ntity
and
qua
lity;
it w
as n
ot n
earl
y en
ough
to r
eviv
e th
e en
tire
park
, and
it la
cked
the
tiny
p.,,
C4,
mic
rosc
opic
org
anis
ms
foun
d in
sur
face
wat
er w
hich
for
m th
e fi
rst l
ink
in th
e fo
od c
hain
of
the
swam
p.D
iffe
rent
atte
mpt
s w
ere
mad
e to
fur
nish
the
dryi
ng G
lade
s w
ith w
ater
with
out r
elyi
ng o
n th
e FC
D n
etw
ork.
Wel
ls w
ere
dug
in a
n at
tem
pt to
kee
p ce
rtai
n ar
eas
with
in th
e pa
rk f
lour
ishi
ng, b
ut th
e am
ount
of
wat
erta
pped
was
nev
er f
ully
ade
quat
e. T
here
was
als
o th
e th
reat
of
tapp
ing
high
chl
orid
e w
ater
, whi
ch w
ould
do
mor
e ha
rm th
an g
ood.
Clo
udse
edin
g op
erat
ions
usi
ng s
ilver
iodi
de h
ave
been
suc
cess
ful o
n oc
casi
ons,
but
the
proc
edur
e is
too
expe
nsiv
e an
d re
sults
too
unpr
edic
tabl
e to
be
prac
ticed
on
a la
rge-
scal
e ba
sis.
For
all i
nten
ts a
nd p
urpo
ses,
the
fate
of
the
Eve
rgla
des
rest
ed in
the
hand
s of
the
men
who
con
trol
led
the
pum
psin
the
Sout
h C
entr
al F
lori
da F
lood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
t. T
hey
clun
g st
ubbo
rnly
to th
eir
refu
sal t
o op
en w
ide
the
spill
way
s th
roug
h th
e T
amia
mi T
rail
and
relie
ve th
e de
sper
ate
situ
atio
n in
the
Gla
des.
The
exp
lana
tion
was
that
the
wat
er h
ad to
be
held
bac
k as
par
t of
the
FCD
's w
ater
con
serv
atio
n pr
ogra
m. T
he e
ffec
t of
clos
ing
the
spill
way
s al
ong
the
Tam
iam
i Tra
il w
as to
cre
ate
a m
assi
ve b
uild
-up
of w
ater
in n
earb
y co
nser
vatio
ndi
stri
cts.
Thi
s ef
fect
was
incr
ease
d by
the
impa
ct o
f th
e ot
her
tran
s-Fl
orid
a hi
ghw
ay 2
5 m
iles
nort
h of
89
Tam
iam
i Tra
il, A
lliga
tor
Alle
y --
a r
oad
with
out s
pillw
ays
and
with
few
er th
an a
doz
en b
ridg
es in
the
20-
mile
sec
tion
whe
re it
cut
s th
roug
h th
e E
verg
lade
s dr
aina
ge r
oute
. As
a re
sult,
in o
ne p
ortio
n of
Sou
thFl
orid
a, d
eer
and
othe
r ga
me
anim
als
wer
e be
ing
drow
ned
by o
verf
low
ing
rese
rvoi
rs, w
hile
in a
noth
erse
ctio
n th
e sa
me
spec
ies
wer
e dy
ing
of th
irst
!
NA
TU
RE
DE
FEN
DS
HE
R O
WN
Nat
ure
fina
lly s
tepp
ed in
whe
re m
an w
ould
n't.
Hea
vy r
ains
fin
ally
end
ed th
e 19
65 d
roug
ht. T
he p
ark
was
sav
ed.
In a
bitt
er to
uch
of ir
ony,
how
ever
, man
y de
er w
ere
drow
ned
duri
ng th
e su
bseq
uent
wet
sea
son,
in th
e sa
me
area
whe
re a
nim
als
had
succ
umbe
d to
thir
st a
few
mon
ths
befo
re.
Des
pite
the
terr
ible
impa
ct o
f th
e 19
65 d
roug
ht u
pon
the
Eve
rgla
des,
the
Arm
y E
ngin
eers
ret
aine
d th
eir
sam
e ob
stin
ate
attit
ude
whe
n a
seco
nd d
roug
ht s
truc
k in
196
7. O
nce
agai
n th
e E
verg
lade
s, s
uppl
ied
with
onl
ya
smal
l por
tion
of th
e w
ater
ava
ilabl
e, b
egan
to d
ry u
p. O
nce
agai
n, b
irds
, ani
mal
s, p
lant
s an
d fi
sh d
ied
byth
e th
ousa
nds.
Thi
s tim
e fo
rest
ran
gers
ang
rily
insi
sted
the
Eng
inee
rs h
onor
thei
r le
gal c
omm
itmen
t to
pre-
serv
e na
tura
l con
ditio
ns in
the
natio
nal p
ark.
Not
onl
y di
d th
e C
orps
and
the
FCD
ref
use,
but
in a
mov
e w
hich
1..j
seem
ed to
bor
der
on s
heer
vin
dict
iven
ess,
thre
aten
ed to
take
an
actio
n w
hich
cou
ld d
estr
oy th
e E
verg
lade
s in
0.-a
. pon
e fe
ll sw
oop!
The
y th
reat
ened
to "
pull
the
plug
" on
a c
ontr
over
sial
can
al e
xten
sion
whi
ch th
ey h
ad d
ugth
roug
h th
e E
verg
lade
s ea
rlie
r (i
tsel
f a
polit
ical
ly-m
otiv
ated
pro
ject
, con
serv
atio
nist
s co
nten
ded)
, and
thus
open
up
the
Eve
rgla
des
fres
h w
ater
sys
tem
to d
irec
t inv
asio
n of
sal
t wat
er f
rom
the
Atla
ntic
Oce
an!
Wha
tth
e dr
ough
t had
n't a
lrea
dy k
illed
, the
sal
t wat
er m
ost c
erta
inly
wou
ld. T
en m
iles
long
and
120
-fee
t-w
ide,
the
cana
l was
ori
gina
lly in
tend
ed to
ser
ve a
s a
navi
gabl
e w
ater
way
whi
ch w
ould
per
mit
barg
es to
tran
spor
tm
ater
ials
to a
pla
nt o
f th
e A
eroj
et G
ener
al C
orpo
ratio
n w
hich
had
bee
n co
nstr
ucte
d in
the
Eve
rgla
des
to te
stro
cket
eng
ines
.C
alle
d th
e A
eroj
et C
anal
(C
anal
III
), th
e w
ater
way
cos
t $4
mill
ion.
It w
as c
ompl
eted
exc
ept
for
a sm
all s
ectio
n of
ear
th a
t the
end
whi
ch b
lock
ed o
ut th
e se
a.(S
ince
the
exca
vatio
n of
the
cana
l, th
e
90
rock
et-t
estin
g fu
nctio
n of
the
plan
t has
bee
n di
scon
tinue
d. )
NA
TIO
NA
L P
AR
K S
ER
VIC
E I
NT
ER
VE
NE
S
Now
the
Cor
ps m
ade
prep
arat
ions
to r
emov
e th
e pl
ug o
f ea
rth,
and
flo
od th
e E
verg
lade
s w
ith s
alt
wat
er.
Tha
t, ho
wev
er, w
as a
littl
e to
o m
uch,
eve
n fr
om th
e A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
. The
Nat
iona
lPa
rk S
ervi
ce p
rote
sted
. Whe
n th
e E
ngin
eers
turn
ed a
dea
f ea
r, th
e N
atio
nal A
udub
on S
ocie
ty th
reat
ened
a la
wsu
it to
saf
egua
rd th
e pa
rk a
gain
st 'i
rrep
arab
le' d
amag
e an
d de
stru
ctio
h."4
The
hea
d of
the
FCD
re-
plie
d th
at if
the
plug
wer
e no
t rem
oved
for
thw
ith, t
he m
oney
inve
sted
in th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
the
cana
l wou
ldft
... b
e th
row
n do
wn
a ra
t hol
e. "
5T
he d
irec
tor
of th
e N
atio
nal P
ark
Serv
ice,
Geo
rge
B. H
artz
og, w
rote
a le
tter
to S
ecre
tary
of
Inte
rior
Ste
war
t Uda
ll: "
I re
com
men
d th
at if
the
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
of
the
Stat
eof
Flo
rida
per
sist
s in
thei
r ef
fort
s to
rem
ove
the
exis
ting
plug
in. C
anal
III
, the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Ju
stic
e be
requ
este
d to
take
lega
l act
ion
by m
eans
of
an in
junc
tion
in r
emed
y of
this
situ
atio
n. "
6T
he p
lug
was
not
pul
led.
Nev
erth
eles
s, th
e pe
rilo
us f
ortu
nes
of th
e E
verg
lade
s du
ring
the
last
dec
ade
lead
con
serv
atio
nist
s to
won
der
wha
t thr
eat w
ill n
ext b
e le
velle
d at
this
uni
que
trop
ical
eco
syst
em. W
ill it
fall
vict
im to
an
ill-g
uide
d "i
mpr
ovem
ent"
pro
ject
? W
ill it
be
sacr
ifid
ed f
or q
uick
agr
icul
tura
l pro
fit?
And
mos
t im
port
ant o
f al
l, w
ill it
rec
eive
eno
ugh
wat
er to
sur
vive
in y
ears
to c
ome?
If
the
past
per
form
-an
ce o
f th
e Fl
ood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
t and
the
Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs is
any
indi
catio
n, th
e tr
oubl
es o
f th
eE
verg
lade
s ar
e lo
ng f
rom
ove
r.
Sand
, Geo
rge
X.,
The
Eve
rgla
des
Tod
ay -
End
ange
red
Wild
erne
ss, F
our
Win
ds P
ress
, N.Y
.,19
71, C
hapt
er 1
0, "
The
Wat
er P
robl
em,"
pp.
151
-161
.
Not
es
' p.
153
4p.
161
2p.
154
5p.
161
3p.
154
op.
161
91
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
8: "
The
Pro
blem
of
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
in th
e E
verg
lade
s"
The
re a
re th
ree
prim
ary
caus
es o
f w
ater
pol
lutio
n in
the
Eve
rgla
des
-- a
gric
ultu
ral f
ertil
izer
s, u
rban
and
indu
stri
al s
ewag
e an
d pe
rsis
tent
che
mic
al p
estic
ides
suc
h as
DD
T. T
he f
irst
two
sour
ces
cont
ain
nutr
i-en
ts s
uch
as n
itrog
en a
nd p
hosp
horu
s co
mpo
unds
. Whe
n th
ese
are
was
hed
into
the
wat
erw
ays
of th
e E
ver-
glad
es, t
hey
caus
e a
phen
omen
on k
now
n as
eut
roph
icat
ion,
or
the
sudd
en h
eavy
gro
wth
of
vege
tatio
n. T
his
som
etim
es c
logs
wat
erw
ays
to th
e po
int o
f de
stro
ying
the
natu
ral h
abita
t of
crea
ture
s su
ch a
s al
ligat
ors
and
man
y sp
ecie
s of
fis
h.In
its
unsp
oile
d st
ate,
the
wat
er o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s co
ntai
ns 1
.5 p
arts
per
mill
ion
ofni
trat
e io
ns a
nd 0
.1 p
pm o
f ph
osph
ate
ions
. Was
te w
ater
s fr
om th
e ur
ban
area
s of
Sou
th F
lori
da, e
ven
afte
rre
ceiv
ing
seco
ndar
y tr
eatm
ent,
cont
ain
20-3
0 pp
m o
f ni
trat
e io
ns a
nd 1
ppm
of
phos
phat
e io
ns--
10
to 2
0tim
es a
s m
uch.
The
refo
re, r
ecyc
ling
was
te w
ater
into
the
Eve
rgla
des
to c
omba
t dro
ught
will
hav
e th
e un
-de
sira
ble
side
eff
ect o
f eu
trop
hica
tion,
unl
ess
this
wat
er is
sub
ject
ed to
tert
iary
trea
tmen
t (w
hich
, at p
rese
nt,
is a
cos
tly p
roce
dure
).T
he th
ird
caus
e of
wat
er p
ollu
tion
has
alre
ady
had
a pr
ofou
nd im
pact
on
the
ecol
ogy
of th
e E
verg
lade
s.St
udie
s ha
ve b
een
mad
e to
det
erm
ine
the
amou
nt o
f co
ntam
inat
ion
from
pes
ticid
es s
uch
as D
DT
, DD
D a
ndD
DE
in th
e na
tura
l env
iron
men
t of
the
Eve
rgla
des.
In p
arts
per
bill
ion,
the
find
ings
are
:Fr
esh
and
estu
arin
e w
ater
0.02
Rai
nfal
l0.
08M
arsh
Soi
l40
.00
Alg
al m
at20
0.00
Smal
l fis
h50
0.00
Bal
d ea
gle
8,00
0.00
Bro
wn
pelic
an8,
000.
00
Har
te. J
ohn
and
Soco
low
, Rob
ert H
. ,Pa
tient
Ear
th, H
olt,
Rin
ehar
t and
Win
ston
, Inc
. ,N
ew Y
ork,
197
1.pp
. 189
-192
92
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 2
9:R
ainf
all F
acto
rs f
or S
outh
Flo
rida
The
fol
low
ing
data
is c
ompi
led
from
Ave
rage
Rai
nfal
l of
the
maj
orci
ties
in S
outh
Flo
rida
. Als
o
incl
uded
in th
e av
erag
es a
re d
ata
from
rai
n ga
uges
loca
ted
in th
ehe
art o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s.
DA
TE
AV
ER
AG
E R
AIN
FAL
L(I
nche
s)D
AT
EA
VE
RA
GE
RA
INFA
LL
(Inc
hes)
1940
64. 3
1953
69. 9
1941
66.2
1954
67. 9
1942
61.7
1955
44. 9
1943
51. 9
1956
40. 5
1944
45.2
1957
68. 8
1945
52. 6
1958
66.4
1946
58.0
1959
81.2
1947
90. 0
1 96
068
.7
1948
65.7
1 96
141
. 5
1949
61. 1
1 96
251
. 6
1950
52. 5
1963
52.4
1951
48.5
1 96
460
.7
1952
53..3
1 96
555
. 0
Dat
a fr
om:
Hyd
rolo
gic
Eff
ects
of
Wat
er C
ontr
ol a
nd M
anag
emen
tof
Sou
thw
este
rn F
lori
da,
US.
Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y, 1
972.
93
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
0:W
ater
Use
in S
outh
Flo
rida
YE
AR
AV
ER
AG
E M
ILL
ION
S O
F G
AL
LO
NS
PER
DA
Y
Mia
mi
1960
96.8
1965
131.
119
7015
3.1
Fort
1960
20.0
Lau
derd
ale
1965
28.6
1970
40.7
Wes
t19
6011
.7Pa
lm B
each
1965
13.9
1970
17.0
Tot
al19
6012
8.5
of a
ll th
ree
1965
173.
5i"
.19
7021
0.8
OD
Sour
ce: H
ydro
logi
c E
ffec
ts o
f W
ater
Con
trol
and
Man
agem
ent i
n So
uthe
aste
rn F
lori
da,
US
Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y, 1
972.
94
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
1: "
Wat
er C
ontr
ol in
Sou
ther
nFl
orid
a"
The
hyd
rolo
gy (
wat
er s
yste
m)
of s
outh
ern
Flor
ida
is a
com
plex
,de
licat
ely
bala
nced
reg
ime
whi
ch h
as
unde
rgon
e al
mos
t con
tinuo
us c
hang
es s
ince
man
fir
st b
egan
hea
vy s
ettle
men
t of
the
area
in th
e la
te 1
800'
s.
The
nor
ther
n se
ctio
n of
the
Eve
rgla
des,
just
sou
th o
f L
ake
Oke
echo
bee,
was
cove
red
with
a th
ick
laye
r of
pea
t whi
ch s
usta
ined
a h
eavy
gro
wth
of
vege
tatio
n, e
spec
ially
saw
gras
s.D
urin
g w
et p
erio
ds, w
ater
cove
red
the
entir
e su
rfac
e, f
ilter
ing
slow
ly -
- al
mos
t im
perc
eptib
ly,
over
land
thro
ugh
the
dens
e ve
geta
tion.
Muc
h w
ater
eva
pora
ted.
In th
e so
uthe
rn p
art o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s, w
here
the
limes
tone
bedr
ock
prot
rude
s in
man
y pl
aces
and
the
plan
t lif
e is
less
den
se, t
heov
erla
nd f
low
of
wat
er is
mor
e ra
pid.
Mos
t of
the
wat
er in
the
Eve
rgla
des
com
es e
ither
fro
m th
is s
outh
war
d fi
lteri
ng p
roce
ss o
rfr
om r
ain
falli
ng d
irec
tly u
pon
the
regi
on. B
efor
e an
y la
nd w
as d
rain
ed a
nd r
ecla
imed
in th
e no
rthe
rn p
ortio
nof
the
Eve
rgla
des,
dur
ing
high
wat
er
the
wat
er le
vels
in L
ake
Oke
echo
bee
and
thos
e in
the
adja
cent
Eve
rgla
des
wer
e pr
obab
ly id
entic
al. W
hen
wat
er s
tage
s re
ache
d 15
fee
t, ov
erfl
ow f
rom
the
lake
pro
babl
yto
ok p
lace
fir
st a
t tw
o lo
w p
lace
sth
e
Cal
oosa
hatc
hee
Riv
er to
the
wes
t, an
d a
low
-lyi
ng, n
arro
w r
each
into
the
Eve
rgla
des
to th
e so
uth.
Whe
n
wat
er s
tage
s cl
imbe
d to
18
feet
, wat
er o
verf
low
ed in
one
fla
t, br
oad
slou
gh a
long
the
entir
e so
uthe
rn s
hore
,
mov
ing
into
the
saw
gras
s sw
amp
and
sout
hwar
d to
war
d tid
ewat
er.
Tha
t was
bef
ore
man
mad
e an
y ap
prec
iabl
e im
pact
on
the
hydr
olog
ical
env
iron
men
t in
the
area
.
Mod
ific
atio
n of
the
wat
ersh
ed b
egan
as
earl
y as
188
2, w
ith th
eco
nstr
uctio
n of
dra
inag
e ca
nals
and
leve
es"
arou
nd L
ake
Oke
echo
bee.
By
1883
, a s
hallo
w c
anal
link
ed th
eC
aloo
saha
tche
e R
iver
to L
ake
Oke
echo
bee.
In 1
905,
man
beg
an to
dra
in p
ortio
ns o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s in
ord
er to
recl
aim
the
rich
pea
t sur
face
as
fert
ile
farm
land
. By
1921
, fou
r m
ajor
can
als
had
been
dre
dged
to c
onne
ct th
ela
ke w
ith th
e A
tlant
ic O
cean
. The
east
ern
outle
ts w
ere
at M
iam
i, Fo
rt L
aude
rdal
e, D
eerf
ield
Bea
ch a
nd W
est P
alm
Bea
ch. H
urri
cane
gat
esw
ere
inst
alle
d at
the
lake
end
sof
thes
e ca
nals
to p
reve
nt ti
dal o
verf
low
fro
m h
urri
cane
sfr
om in
unda
ting
95
low
-lyi
ng f
arm
land
s, a
nd to
con
tain
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e w
hen
its w
ater
leve
l exc
eede
d th
at o
f th
e ad
jace
ntdr
aina
ge c
anal
s.In
192
4, th
e St
. Luc
ie C
anal
was
com
plet
ed (
mee
ting
the
Atla
ntic
at S
tuar
t).
Thi
s w
ater
-w
ay b
ecam
e th
e ch
ief
cont
rolle
d ou
tlet f
rom
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e fr
om 1
935-
1946
. The
dev
asta
tion
infl
icte
dup
on th
e so
uthe
rn s
hore
of
the
lake
by
two
seve
re h
urri
cane
s (S
ee S
tude
nt C
omm
ent N
o. 2
5 "N
atur
e St
rike
sB
ack,
" p.
80
) le
d to
the
cons
truc
tion
of a
new
and
muc
h hi
gher
ear
then
dik
e al
ong
the
east
, sou
th a
nd w
est
side
s of
the
lake
.C
ompl
eted
in 1
938,
the
new
leve
e w
as 8
5 m
iles
long
and
fro
m 3
4-38
fee
t hig
h, s
ever
altim
es th
e he
ight
of
the
form
er d
ike
whi
ch h
ad p
rove
n so
insu
bsta
ntia
l aga
inst
the
fury
of
the
stor
m-l
ashe
dla
ke.
FLO
OD
CO
NT
RO
L S
YST
EM
IN
STA
LL
ED
As
mor
e an
d m
ore
land
sou
th a
nd e
ast o
f L
ake
Oke
echo
bee
was
rec
laim
ed f
or a
gric
ultu
re, i
ncre
asin
gly
larg
er a
reas
cam
e un
der
the
floo
d co
ntro
l pro
gram
. Dra
inag
e w
as th
orou
gh, a
nd a
larg
e pa
rt o
f th
e ov
erla
ndfl
ow in
the
Eve
rgla
des
was
div
erte
d th
roug
h th
e ca
nal s
yste
m to
the
ocea
n. M
ost o
f th
e ne
twor
k of
dra
inag
e1.
.aca
nals
had
bee
n co
mpl
eted
by
1932
.t:. C
)Pr
oble
ms
aros
e du
ring
per
iods
in th
e 19
30's
and
194
0's
whe
n un
cont
rolle
d or
inad
equa
tely
con
trol
led
drai
nage
pou
red
too
muc
h pr
ecio
us f
resh
wat
er in
to th
e A
tlant
ic. T
he r
esul
t was
a d
amag
ing
intr
usio
n of
salt
wat
er in
to th
e B
isca
yne
area
wat
er ta
ble
(see
map
s on
fol
low
ing
page
).A
fter
the
drou
ght i
n 19
43-1
945,
the
larg
er c
anal
s w
ere
equi
pped
with
con
trol
dev
ices
whi
ch c
ould
dis
char
ge f
resh
wat
er d
urin
g th
e ra
iny
seas
on a
nd r
etai
n it
duri
ng d
ry s
pells
to r
esis
t the
enc
roac
hmen
t of
salin
e w
ater
. How
ever
, fur
ther
wea
k-ne
sses
in th
e sy
stem
wer
e re
veal
ed w
hen
the
heav
y ra
ins
of 1
947
caus
ed w
ides
prea
d fl
oodi
ng in
urb
an a
ndag
ricu
ltura
l are
as o
f so
uthe
ast F
lori
da. T
his
led
to th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent i
n 19
49 o
f th
e C
entr
al a
nd S
outh
Flor
ida
Floo
d C
ontr
ol D
istr
ict,
whi
ch w
as d
esig
ned
both
to c
ontr
ol f
lood
ing
duri
ng w
et p
erio
ds a
nd to
con
-se
rve
fres
h w
ater
for
per
iods
of
drou
ght.
Wor
king
in c
olla
bora
tion
with
the
Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs, t
he
96
FCD
was
dev
elop
ed d
urin
g th
e 19
20's
. Wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion
area
s #1
and
#2
wer
e en
clos
ed b
y le
vees
inPa
lm B
each
and
Bro
war
d C
ount
ies.
r.
.'
N.
's)
*,.
P.
w
I.:0
41:.=
9413
04I
1943
;
..A
Afr
.
13E
'19
0
Map
s of
the
Mia
mi a
rea
inea
ster
n D
ade
Cou
nty
show
ing
the
sea-
wat
er e
ncro
achm
ent a
tth
e ba
se o
f th
e B
isca
yne
aqui
fer
1904
-69
(Par
ker,
Fer
guso
n,L
ove,
and
oth
ers,
195
5, p
. 589
,K
ohou
t, 19
61, L
each
and
Gra
ntha
m,
1966
) up
date
d
Ham
pton
, E.R
.,
Kle
in, H
owar
d, a
nd L
each
, S. S
.,U
.S. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey,
Hyd
rolo
gic
Eff
ects
of W
ater
Con
trol
and
Man
agem
ent o
f So
uthe
aste
rn F
lori
da, T
alla
hass
ee, F
la.,
1972
, "H
isto
ryof
Wat
er C
ontr
ol W
orks
," p
p. 2
1-23
.97
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
2: E
verg
lade
s R
ainf
all R
eadi
ngs
(in
inch
es)
for
1948
- 1
971
(Tak
en a
t 40
Mile
Ben
d ra
inga
uge
stat
ion
near
Tam
iam
i Tra
YE
AR
7A/
rat.
/PI A
ilA
PR
.I
/vi A
yJU
'iE o
ruLy
myG
SE
PT
-oc
ri1
0vD
ec.
yEA
RT
OT
AL
/948
/48
0.70
o05
3.67
2.6/
6-44
./1
45/9
-3o
/0.5
902
00.
4158
.47
/949
o/2.
/30
0-2
3.45
5I5
_./6
7/0
.83
/5-0
?5%
25-
/1-.
12.
6.6/
0.79
2'32
-69
.2-1
,
/950
0.04
0.75
232.
_-.3
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STU
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5: E
verg
lade
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ater
Lev
elR
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(in
feet
) fo
r th
e Y
ear
End
ing
Sept
embe
r19
67
(Tak
en a
t Eve
rgla
des
P- 3
3 w
ater
leve
l gau
ge)
OAY
OCT.
NOY.
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1112
13 14
15
iiimmi.
1617
N;
la
Zen
lq20
2122PI
2425
2627
j3 24
39
31
6.d9
6.88
6.86
6.85
6.87
6.89
6.90
6.90
6.90
6.91
6.91
6.88
6..16
6.85
6.83
6.81
6.60
6.79
6.78
6.76
6.79
7.05
7.10
7.06
7.02
6.99
6.46
6.93
6.90
6.3d
6.86
6.85
6.83
6.ao
6.78
6.77
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.74
6.73
6.71
6.70
6.69
6.67
6.64
6.61
6.59
6.57
6.55
e.53
6.50
6.48
6.45
6.42
6.40
6.38
6.15
6.33
6.31
6.29
........
MAX
7.10
6.85
NUR
16.76
6.29
DEC.
JAN.
FES.
'
MAR.
'
APR.
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG.
SEPT.
6.27
5.86
5.74
5.65
'5.46
4.71
5.32
5.80
5.75
5.95
6.25
5.85
5.73
5.64
5.45
4.66
5.31
5.86
5.74
5.94
6.22
5.84
5.72
5.63
5.45
4.61
5.33
5.87
5.74
5.93
6.20
5.83
5.72
5.63
5.45
4.56
5.33
5.90
5.75
5.97
6.19
5.81
5.71
5.63
5.44
4.51
5.35
5.88
5.77
5.97
6.17
5.80
5.71
5.62
5.44
4.47
5.42
5.89
5.81
5.97
6.16
5.79
5.70
5.61
5.43
4.43
5.46
5.92
5.84
5.99
6.14
5.78
5.72
5.63
5.42
4.39
5.47
5.90
5.86
5.98
6.13
5.77
5.78
5.66
5.41
4.34
5.46
5.87
5.87
5.96
6.11
5.76
5.78
5.65
5.40
4.28
5.46
5.84
5.$8
5.96
6.09
5.25
5.77
5.64
5.40
4.23
5.46
5.82
5.92
5.95
6.09
5.74
5.76
5.63
5.38
4.18
5.54
5.79
5.96
5.94
6.08
5.23
5.81
5.62
5.37
4.13
5.63
5.77
5.96
5.94
6.06
5.73
5.79
5.61
5.36
4.08
5.75
5.75
5.98
5.95
6.05
5.73
5.78
5.60
5.35
4.02
5.73
5.73
5.99
5.95
6.03
5.80
5.77
5.59
5.A3
3.98
5.77
5.71
5.98
.02
6.02
5.78
5.76
5.57
5.31
4.21,
5.90
5.70
5.97
6.07
6.01
5.77
5.75
5.57
5.29
4.68
5.91
5.68
5.97
6.05
6.00
5.77
5.74
5.55
5.27
4.61
5.93
5.67
5.96
6.03
5.98
5.77
5.73
5.54
5.24
4.54
5.96
5.65
5.95
.32
5.97
5.76
5.72
5.53
5.20
4.49
5.92
5.64
5.94
6.02
5,96
5.80
5.72
5.57
5.17
4.44
5.88
5.62
5.94
6.00
5.95
5.79
5.71
5.49
5.14
4.86
5.84
5.62
5.94
5.99
5.94
5.80
5.70
5.49
5.10
4.88
5.81
5.65
5.93
6.00
5.92
5.80
5.69
sace
5.06
4.82
5.84
.5.69
5.92
6.01
5.91
5.79
5.47
5.46
5.03
4.77
5.81
5.75
5.94
6.01
5.40
sala
5.66
5.44
4.98
4.72
5.80
5.84
5.99
6.03
...89
5.78
5.66
5.42
4.93
4.81
5.77
5.79
5.98
6.06
5.88
5.76
5.44
4.86
5.08
5.77
5.77
5.96
6.10
5.87
5.75
-_-_
-5.45
4.77
5.05
5.79
5.75
5.95
6.11
5.86
5.74
5.46
5.14
5.75
5.46
....-
6.27
15.86
5.81
5.66
I5.46
5.14
5.96
5.92
5.99
4.13
5.86
I5.73
5.66
5.42
4.71
3.98
5.32
5.62
5.74
5.91
101
U. S
. Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
6:W
ater
Con
trol
Dat
a C
hart
Yea
r'
Rai
nfal
l 2(Y
earl
y to
tal i
nin
ches
)
Wat
er D
isch
arge
3(y
earl
y to
tal i
n ac
re-
feet
)*
Gau
ge (
wat
er)
(Rea
ding
sH
eigh
t4
in f
eet)
Low
est
Hig
hest
1
*1
acre
-foo
t = 4
3,56
0 cu
bic
feet
1
Dat
a fo
r co
lum
ns 1
and
2gi
ven
in c
alen
dar
year
whi
leot
her
colu
mns
giv
en in
wat
er y
ear.
2 R
eadi
ngs
take
n at
40 M
ile B
end
Rai
n-ga
uge
Stat
ion.
102
3R
eadi
ngs
take
n at
Floo
d C
ontr
olW
ater
Gat
es.
4 R
eadi
ngs
take
nat
Eve
rgla
des
P-33
wat
er le
vel g
auge
.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
7: A
lliga
tors
: Dra
gons
in D
istr
ess
All
anim
als
to s
ome
degr
ee a
ffec
t the
land
scap
e th
ey li
ve in
. The
alli
gato
r do
es s
o to
a g
reat
er e
xten
tth
an m
ost.
Its
habi
t of
cont
rolli
ng it
s en
viro
nmen
t is
part
of
the
spec
ial r
esili
ence
whi
ch h
as a
llow
ed th
esp
ecie
s to
live
thro
ugh
the
ages
. To
an a
lliga
tor,
hom
e is
a n
est,
a "g
ator
hol
e" o
r po
ol, a
cav
elik
e de
nan
d a
syst
em o
f tr
ails
.In
divi
dual
alli
gato
rs li
ve a
long
tim
e in
one
pla
ce, a
nd b
ecau
se s
ome
dens
pas
s fr
om o
ne g
ener
atio
nto
the
next
, the
eff
ect o
n th
e m
arsh
topo
grap
hy c
an b
e co
nsid
erab
le. S
ome
gato
r ho
les
com
e to
be
flan
ked
by s
poil
bank
s of
mat
eria
l dre
dged
fro
m th
e po
ol o
r ex
cava
ted
from
the
den.
On
thes
e pi
les,
pla
nts
dif-
fere
nt f
rom
thos
e of
the
surr
ound
ing
area
take
roo
t.L
ittle
isla
nds
with
sed
ges,
gra
sses
and
eve
n tr
ees
ofte
n st
and
besi
de o
ld g
ator
hol
es. T
hese
isla
nds
have
bee
n m
ade
by th
e al
ligat
or a
nd it
s an
cest
ors
byhe
apin
g up
of
nest
pile
s an
d dr
edgi
ng o
f th
e de
n po
ol w
ith m
outh
and
tail:
The
se is
land
s al
so p
rovi
de w
ell
drai
ned
mat
eria
l in
whi
ch o
ther
spe
cies
can
nes
t (e.
g. t
urtle
s an
d bi
rds)
.In
muc
h of
the
terr
itory
alli
gato
rs li
ve in
, the
nor
mal
reg
imen
is a
n al
tern
atio
n of
wet
tim
es a
nd d
rytim
es. D
urin
g th
e dr
ough
ts, t
he a
lliga
tor
hole
s m
ay k
eep
the
faun
a fr
om b
eing
wip
ed o
ut c
ompl
etel
y. W
hen
a m
arsh
goe
s su
dden
ly d
ry, m
ost o
f th
e fi
sh, a
mph
ibia
ns, t
urtle
s, a
nd in
vert
ebra
tes
suff
ocat
e in
the
hot
mud
. But
eac
h tim
e, s
ome
are
save
d in
the
wat
er-f
illed
alli
gato
r ho
les.
The
hol
es c
reat
e re
serv
oirs
whe
re f
ish
take
ref
uge.
Bir
ds, d
eer,
rac
coon
s, a
nd o
ther
rep
tiles
see
k ga
tor
hole
s to
sla
ke th
eir
thir
st.
Eno
ugh
esca
pe b
eing
eat
en b
y th
e ga
tors
to r
epro
paga
te th
eir
spec
ies
whe
n hi
gh w
ater
ret
urns
.A
n al
ligat
or in
a p
ond
is a
n in
flue
ntia
l mem
ber
of th
e po
nd c
omm
unity
. His
dro
ppin
gs f
ertil
ize
the
wat
er a
nd c
ontr
ibut
e to
its
prod
uctiv
ity.
His
com
ings
and
goi
ngs
open
cha
nnel
s in
the
vege
tatio
n an
dsl
ow th
e pr
oces
ses
by w
hich
the
pond
giv
es w
ay to
mar
sh. B
y fe
edin
g on
the
gar
fish
, the
alli
gato
r al
soai
ds n
atur
e's
bala
nce
whi
le it
sat
isfi
es it
s ow
n he
alth
y ap
petit
e. T
he b
ony-
scal
ed (
gar)
fis
h fe
ars
few
othe
r en
emie
s. W
ithou
t a c
heck
on
thei
r nu
mbe
rs, s
choo
ls o
f sp
otte
d ga
rs w
ould
eat
the
Eve
rgla
des
clea
nof
bas
s an
d br
eam
.N
atio
nal G
eogr
aphi
c, J
anua
ry 1
967
"Alli
gato
rs. D
rago
ns in
Dis
tres
s",
Arc
hie
Car
r10
3
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
8: L
et's
Sav
eth
e A
lliga
tor!
With
his
aw
esom
e ja
ws,
sle
dgeh
amm
erta
il an
d po
rtab
le a
rmor
, the
Am
eric
anal
ligat
or h
as s
ur-
vive
d fo
r 12
0 m
illio
nye
ars
or s
o.A
t one
tim
e, p
erha
ps 3
0 m
illio
n of
thes
e po
wer
ful c
reat
ures
bas
ked
inth
e su
n of
our
sou
ther
n st
ates
.O
ne e
arly
exp
lore
r sa
w a
lliga
tors
on a
Flo
rida
riv
er "
in s
uch
incr
edib
le n
um-
bers
it w
ould
hav
e be
en e
asy
to w
alk
acro
ss o
n th
eir
head
s, h
ad th
e an
imal
s be
en h
arm
less
."
The
Am
eric
an a
lliga
tor
is in
trou
ble.
Bec
ause
of
man
's d
epre
datio
nsov
er th
e la
st c
entu
ry, t
he a
l-lig
ator
pop
ulat
ion
has
been
red
uced
tore
mna
nts
foun
d m
ostly
in G
eorg
ia's
Oke
feno
kee
Swam
p, in
Lou
isia
naba
yous
, and
in F
lori
da m
arsh
land
s. E
ven
thes
e ar
e go
ing,
at a
n ap
palli
ng r
ate.
Las
t yea
r, p
oach
ers
--w
ho il
lega
lly h
unt a
lliga
tors
for
thei
rsk
ins
-- k
illed
abo
ut 4
0,00
0 in
Flo
rida
alon
e."W
e no
w c
ount
the
al-
ligat
or a
s a
seri
ousl
y en
dang
ered
spe
cies
, " s
ays
Her
bert
M. M
ills,
exe
cutiv
edi
rect
or o
f th
e W
orld
Wild
life
Fund
.
It's
har
d to
wor
k up
muc
h lo
ve f
ora
crea
ture
usu
ally
pic
ture
d as
doi
ng li
ttle
but w
aitin
gfo
l som
eone
to f
all i
nto
the
wat
er.
But
the
fact
is th
at a
lliga
tors
are
not u
sual
ly b
ellig
eren
t tow
ard
man
exc
ept w
hen
mo-
lest
ed.
Furt
herm
ore,
alli
gato
rs d
o a
lot o
f go
od in
the
swam
p. A
s th
e w
ater
leve
l dro
psdr
uing
the
year
lydr
y pe
riod
, eac
h di
gs h
is g
ator
hol
ede
eper
and
dee
per
until
it o
ften
is th
e on
lysp
ot a
roun
d st
ill h
oldi
ngw
ater
.B
obca
ts a
nd r
acco
ons
use
itas
a w
ater
ing
plac
e.Fi
sh, t
urtle
s an
d fr
ogs
swim
in it
.B
irds
nes
t in
the
surr
ound
ing
folia
ge.
With
out i
t, a
lot o
f ot
her
wild
life
wou
ld d
ie.
To
see
for
mys
elf
wha
t is
happ
enin
g to
the
gato
r, I
rec
ently
spe
nta
few
wee
ks in
the
Eve
rgla
des,
the
gian
t s!-
:!-'a
mp
occu
pyin
g m
ost o
f so
uthe
rnFl
orid
a. O
ne n
ight
, jus
t as
twili
ght u
rged
the
sun
belo
w th
e fa
r ho
ri-
zon,
I w
ent o
n a
tour
of
the
glad
es w
ith L
t. T
omSh
irle
y, la
w e
nfor
cem
ent s
uper
viso
r fo
r th
eFl
orid
a G
ame
and
Fres
h W
ater
Fis
h C
omm
issi
on.
The
win
d ha
d di
ed, a
nd th
eai
r w
as w
et a
nd h
eavy
with
the
sens
uous
sm
ell o
f br
eath
ing
vege
tatio
n.T
he s
awgr
ass,
str
etch
ing
prai
rie-
like
to in
fini
ty, s
tood
smoo
th a
nd m
otio
nles
s, b
roke
n on
lyby
ham
moc
ks o
f
104
scru
b w
illow
s an
d re
dbay
. We
laun
ched
our
air
boat
-- a
n ai
rpla
ne-p
rope
ller-
driv
en s
kiff
hau
led
behi
ndT
om's
car
on
a tr
aile
r --
ont
o a
blac
k ca
nal s
ome
20 m
iles
wes
t of
Mia
mi.
Tom
str
appe
d a
spot
light
to h
isfo
rehe
ad a
nd w
e cl
imbe
d to
an
open
sea
t six
fee
t abo
ve th
e bo
at d
eck.
The
n he
sta
rted
the
huge
pro
p be
hind
us, a
nd w
e ro
ared
aw
ay d
own
a tu
nnel
of
blac
knes
s.E
xper
tly h
e w
eave
d al
ong
the
wat
erw
ay, f
lash
ing
his
light
bac
k an
d fo
rth,
pic
king
a s
afe
path
with
un-
cann
y sk
ill.
Ahe
ad, s
nake
s sw
am f
rom
our
pat
h, tu
rtle
s du
cked
in p
anic
, and
bul
lfro
gs f
loat
ed li
ke p
ale
blob
s.Su
dden
ly T
om r
aise
d hi
s ar
m a
nd p
oint
ed. T
wo
hund
red
feet
ahe
ad tw
o sm
all r
uby-
red
light
s gl
inte
d--
the
refl
ectin
g ey
es o
f a
yard
-lon
g al
ligat
or f
loat
ing
in th
e w
ater
. Tom
cut
the
mot
or a
nd w
e co
aste
d. A
s w
eap
proa
ched
, it s
lapp
ed it
s ta
il an
d du
cked
und
er a
gla
ss c
lum
p.A
littl
e la
ter
Tom
spo
tted
anot
her,
this
one
onl
y ab
out t
en in
ches
long
.H
e re
ache
d ov
er a
nd s
coop
edhi
m u
p an
d th
e ga
tor,
am
azed
, ope
ned
his
mou
th a
nd h
isse
d lik
e a
turt
le. T
om h
ande
d hi
m to
me,
then
di-
rect
ed h
is la
mpl
ight
into
the
rept
ile's
mou
th to
rev
eal t
he f
lap
of s
kin
that
sea
ls th
e th
roat
so th
at h
e ca
n su
b-m
erge
with
his
mou
th o
pen.
The
ani
mal
's e
yes,
I s
aw, w
ere
equi
pped
with
tran
spar
ent l
ids
to e
nabl
e hi
m to
see
unde
rwat
er; h
is n
ostr
ils w
ere
like
little
sno
rkel
s.T
he a
lliga
tor
bent
dou
ble,
then
str
aigh
tene
d, a
nd th
e st
rong
littl
e ta
il sl
appe
d m
y w
rist
sm
artly
.It
stun
g. A
n ad
ult a
lliga
tor
can
brea
k a
man
's le
g w
ith h
is ta
il.I
retu
rned
the
baby
to th
e w
ater
, and
he
sank
to th
e bo
ttom
, dea
thst
ill.
He
was
slo
win
g do
wn
his
hear
t,I
knew
, pre
pari
ng f
or a
long
sub
mer
genc
e. E
xper
imen
ts s
how
that
adu
lt al
ligat
ors
can
hold
thei
r br
eath
und
er-
wat
er f
or tw
o ho
urs
at a
tim
e by
slo
win
g th
eir
hear
tbea
t."N
ow,"
sai
d T
om, "
I w
ant t
o sh
ow y
ou a
gat
or h
ole.
" W
e cr
uise
d to
the
edge
of
an is
land
of
will
ows
and
butto
nbus
h.In
side
was
a p
ond
20 f
eet a
cros
s, a
band
oned
now
, and
fill
ing
with
aqu
atic
wee
ds a
nd s
ilt.
An
allig
ator
for
ms
his
hole
with
car
e.Fi
rst h
e sc
oops
out
a d
epre
ssio
n in
the
mud
with
his
sno
ut,
then
tear
s ou
t the
veg
etat
ion
and
root
s w
ith h
is te
eth
and
fore
feet
, and
with
his
tail
slap
s th
is m
ater
ial t
oget
her
to f
orm
a d
ough
nut-
like
mou
nd a
roun
d th
e po
ol.
The
n he
dig
s a
hori
zont
al tu
nnel
, a d
en, i
n th
e si
de.
Lat
er,
105
tree
s ta
ke r
oot i
n th
e le
vee,
and
eve
ntua
lly a
den
se h
amm
ock
or is
land
is f
orm
ed.
Sinc
e th
ese
pond
s ar
e of
ten
pass
ed o
n fr
om g
ener
atio
n to
gen
erat
ion
of a
lliga
tors
, som
e m
ay b
e th
ousa
nds
of y
ears
old
.A
larg
e ho
le m
ay h
ouse
as
man
y as
ten
gato
rs.
Dur
ing
the
spri
ng m
atin
g se
ason
, a b
ull m
ay le
ave
his
hole
and
roa
m s
ever
al s
quar
e m
iles,
vis
iting
and
mat
ing
with
var
ious
fem
ales
.A
t thi
s tim
e he
's p
rodu
cing
one
of th
e gr
ande
st s
ound
s in
nat
ure
-- a
dee
p, b
oom
ing
bello
w u
nlik
e an
y ot
her
soun
d in
the
wild
--
to w
arn
othe
r bu
lls a
nd to
let t
he c
ows
know
that
he'
s on
the
way
.A
bout
thre
e w
eeks
aft
er m
atin
g, th
e fe
mal
e be
gins
to b
uild
her
nes
t, a
task
that
can
take
as
long
as
aw
eek.
She
gath
ers
stic
ks, g
rass
and
mud
in h
er to
othy
mou
th, a
nd b
uild
s a
mou
nd th
e si
ze o
f a
dini
ng-r
oom
tabl
e. T
hen
she
squi
rms
arou
nd o
n to
p, d
iggi
ng w
ith h
er h
ind
legs
unt
il a
hollo
w f
orm
s, in
whi
ch s
he la
ys20
to 6
0 eg
gs.
She
shov
es m
ud a
nd g
rass
ove
r th
em, s
moo
ths
the
top,
then
eas
es h
erse
lf in
to th
e w
ater
,ex
haus
ted.
The
nes
t mat
eria
l act
s as
an
incu
bato
r, k
eepi
ng th
e eg
gs a
t tem
pera
ture
s ra
ngin
g fr
om a
bout
80
to 1
00 d
egre
es F
.Sh
e gu
ards
her
nes
t for
abo
ut tw
o m
onth
s, w
ettin
g it
duri
ng h
ot, d
ry d
ays,
rep
airi
ng th
e to
p w
hen
rain
sth
reat
en to
was
h th
e m
ud a
way
. Whe
n th
e ei
ght-
inch
you
ng g
ator
s ha
tch,
they
cal
l with
hig
h-pi
tche
d oi
nks
for
Co O
mot
her.
She
scra
pes
and
bite
s aw
ay th
e ha
lf f
oot o
f so
d on
top,
fre
eing
them
; the
n ev
eryo
ne s
plas
hes
off
for
a sw
im.
In s
ome
area
s, s
nails
and
cra
wfi
sh m
akr
up a
larg
e pa
rt o
f th
e ba
by a
lliga
tor's
die
t. A
mat
ure
al-
ligat
or w
ill d
evou
r ne
arly
any
thin
g th
at m
oves
--
garf
ish,
sna
kes,
arm
adill
os, e
ven
dogs
.T
he f
emal
e al
ligat
or is
one
of
the
few
rep
tiles
to s
how
a te
nder
con
cern
for
her
off
spri
ng.
For
the
firs
tye
ar o
r tw
o, th
e yo
ung
hang
aro
und
hom
e. T
hen,
whe
n tw
o fe
et to
a y
ard
long
, the
y se
t off
on
thei
r ow
n.T
hey'
ll co
ntin
ue to
gro
w a
foo
t or
mor
e a
year
, the
n sl
ow d
own
at s
ix, t
he b
reed
ing
age.
Mat
ure
fem
ales
stre
tch
to a
bout
eig
ht f
eet,
mal
es to
ten
feet
or
mor
e. A
t one
tim
e, 1
5-fo
ot g
iant
s w
ere
not r
are.
At o
ur g
ator
hol
e, T
om s
niff
ed th
e ai
r."S
omet
hing
's r
ottin
g ar
ound
her
e, "
he
said
.In
the
brus
h w
efo
und
thre
e de
ad a
lliga
tors
, thr
ee to
fiv
e fe
et lo
ng, t
heir
bel
ly s
ectio
ns s
trip
ped
away
."P
oach
ers,
" s
aid
Tom
,sa
dly.
"The
y ta
ke o
nly
the
belly
ski
n; th
e re
st is
too
toug
h."
106
Eve
rgla
des
poac
hers
are
tigh
tly o
rgan
ized
and
thei
r eq
uipm
ent r
ival
s th
at o
f th
e po
lice:
sw
ift .
irbo
ats,
gian
t hal
ftra
cks,
jeep
s an
d tr
ail m
otor
cycl
es, t
wo-
way
rad
ios
and
even
pla
nes.
The
re a
re f
ewer
than
25
law
-en
forc
emen
t off
icer
s to
cov
er m
ore
than
a m
illio
n ac
res.
In o
rder
for
a p
oach
ing
arre
st to
stic
k, a
vio
lato
rm
ust b
e ca
ught
with
an
allig
ator
ski
n in
his
pos
sess
ion
-- d
iffi
cult
to d
o, b
ecau
se w
hen
appr
ehen
ded
in th
esw
amp,
he
sim
ply
thro
ws
the
rolle
d up
ski
n ov
erbo
ard
and
it si
nks
from
sig
ht, u
sual
ly f
orev
er.
The
nex
t nig
ht I
wen
t up
with
Tom
in a
spo
tter
plan
e. A
doz
en ti
mes
in th
e w
ilder
ness
100
0 fe
et b
elow
us li
ghts
app
eare
d. M
ost w
ere
the
stea
dy, y
ello
wis
h la
mps
of
fish
erm
en, b
ut s
udde
nly
we
caug
nt s
ight
of
afl
ash
and
a sw
eep
from
a p
ower
ful b
eam
-- o
n fo
r a
few
sec
onds
, the
n of
f."T
hat c
ould
be
a po
ache
r, "
sai
dT
om. H
e ra
dioe
d on
e of
the
patr
ol c
ars
wai
ting
belo
w, l
ight
s of
f, w
ith a
trai
lere
d ai
rboa
t."C
lem
, whe
rear
e yo
u? O
kay.
Che
ck o
ut a
ligh
t thr
ee m
iles
sout
h of
the
Tra
il, to
war
d th
e di
ke. "
Eve
ntua
lly th
e of
fice
r
....L
repo
rted
bac
k:if
it w
as a
poa
cher
, he
had
evid
ently
qui
t for
the
nigh
t.W
Lat
er th
at n
ight
I tr
ansf
erre
d to
a p
atro
l car
on
the
grou
nd. W
hen
the
plan
e sp
otte
d a
susp
icio
us li
ght
).-4
in o
ur a
rea,
we
wer
e so
on r
oari
ng d
own
the
mea
nder
ing
wat
erw
ays
in o
ur a
irbo
at.
The
sou
nd w
as d
eafe
ning
,bu
t any
one
in a
noth
er a
irbo
at c
ould
n't h
ear
us a
ppro
ach
unle
ss h
e ha
d st
oppe
d.W
e ca
me
to a
cle
arin
g an
d th
ere
was
ano
ther
air
boat
-- s
topp
ed, a
nd s
ilent
.T
he tw
o ro
ugh-
hew
n m
en,
with
a to
uch
of w
ary
defi
ance
, ins
iste
d th
ey w
ere
frog
ging
. The
off
icer
with
me
look
ed th
e bo
at o
ver.
He
foun
d no
gun
s or
hid
es -
- or
fro
gs.
A f
ew d
ays
late
r, I
had
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
talk
with
a p
oach
er, "
Big
Jac
k, "
who
has
bee
n ga
tor
hunt
ing
for
seve
n ye
ars.
A $
6000
-a-y
ear
labo
rer
by d
ay, h
e hu
nts
only
dur
ing
the
dry
mon
ths
-- M
arch
to J
une
--ab
out f
our
nigh
ts a
wee
k at
it.
The
cur
rent
mar
ket p
rice
for
a h
ide
is $
5 to
$6.
50
a fo
ot, a
nd r
isin
g.M
ost
hide
s fi
nd th
eir
way
to p
roce
ssor
s in
the
New
Yor
k or
Chi
cago
are
a, w
ho p
ay a
bout
$20
a f
oot.
(Men
's a
lli-
gato
r sh
oes
reta
il fo
r $7
0, a
pri
me
allig
ator
sui
tcas
e fo
r as
muc
h as
$10
00. )
Big
Jac
k dr
ove
me
arou
nd th
e gl
ades
whi
le w
e ta
lked
.H
is b
asic
tech
niqu
e, I
lear
ned,
is to
run
an
air-
boat
alo
ng a
can
al u
ntil
he s
pots
a p
air
of a
lliga
tor
eyes
, the
n sh
oot b
etw
een
them
with
a.22
."T
his
stun
s
107
him
," h
e sa
id.
"The
n I
gig
him
with
a p
ipe
that
has
two
shar
k ho
oks
braz
ed to
it, h
aul h
im in
, and
wha
ckhi
m b
ehin
d th
e he
ad w
ith a
mac
hete
.I
can
skin
"em
in a
bout
thre
e m
inut
es -
- no
trou
ble
at a
ll, u
nles
s he
'sco
me
to. " H
e sl
ats
the
skin
s, th
en le
aves
them
a s
ecre
t pla
ce o
ut in
the
swam
p, r
olle
d up
in f
ive-
gallo
n oi
l can
s."T
he m
ost d
ange
rous
par
t is
taki
ng th
e sk
ins
out.
I br
ing
out a
bat
ch e
very
thre
e m
onth
s w
hen
the
deal
erco
mes
thro
ugh.
It's
true
, tho
ugh,
pre
tty s
oon
ther
e ai
n't g
oing
to b
e an
y ga
tors
left
. "I
aske
d hi
m if
he
wor
ried
abo
ut g
ettin
g ca
ught
.H
e la
ughe
d. T
houg
h pe
nalti
es a
llow
for
$10
00 a
nd a
year
in ja
il, F
lori
da ju
dges
are
leni
ent.
Tho
se p
oach
ers
not l
et o
ff e
ntir
ely
have
in r
ecen
t yea
rs b
een
fine
d,on
the
aver
age,
onl
y $7
9.M
ore
real
iztic
pen
altie
s w
ould
hel
p pr
even
t alli
gato
rs f
rom
slid
ing
into
obl
ivio
n.So
wou
ld le
gisl
atio
n m
akin
g it
a fe
dera
l off
ense
to tr
ansp
ort i
llega
l ski
ns a
cros
s st
ate
lines
.B
ut th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t pot
entia
l wea
pon
is e
cono
mic
: tak
e th
e pr
ofit
out o
f it
by b
oyco
tting
alli
gato
r-sk
in g
oods
. Alm
ost a
ll ge
nuin
e al
ligat
or s
hoes
, han
dbag
s an
d su
itcas
es s
old
are
mad
e fr
om h
ides
that
com
efr
om il
lega
l sou
rces
. As
one
cons
erva
tioni
st p
uts
it, "
Peop
le s
houl
d be
em
barr
asse
d to
wea
r al
ligat
or it
ems,
and
stor
es s
houl
d be
ash
amed
to s
ell t
hem
. " W
hat's
nee
ded
is a
cam
paig
n si
mila
r to
the
one
that
60
year
sag
o sa
ved
the
beau
tiful
egr
et. W
omen
then
wer
e pa
ying
hig
h pr
ices
for
egr
et p
lum
es.
But
, lar
gely
bec
ause
of th
e ef
fort
s of
Aud
ubon
soc
ietie
s, th
ey b
ecam
e aw
are
that
they
wer
e he
lpin
g to
kill
the
egre
t.Pl
umes
wen
t out
of
styl
e, f
eder
al le
gisl
atio
n w
as p
asse
d, th
e eg
ret w
as s
aved
fro
m e
xtin
ctio
n.Su
rely
the
allig
ator
des
erve
s as
muc
h.
"Let
's S
ave
the
Alli
gato
r!"
Rea
ders
Dig
est,
Dec
embe
r, 1
969.
108
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 3
9: R
are
and
End
ange
red
Fish
and
Wild
life
of th
e U
nite
d St
ates
BIR
DS
Rar
e an
d E
ndan
gere
d B
irds
Flor
ida
Gre
at W
hite
Her
onFl
orid
a E
verg
lade
Kite
(Fl
orid
a Sn
ail K
ite)
Shor
t-ta
iled
Haw
kSo
uthe
rn B
ald
Eag
leA
mer
ican
Per
egri
ne F
alco
nFl
orid
a Sa
ndhi
ll C
rane
Cap
e Sa
ble
Spar
row
Peri
pher
al B
irds
Eas
tern
Red
dish
Egr
etW
ood
Ibis
Ros
eate
Spo
onbi
llA
tlant
ic S
ooty
Ter
nA
tlant
ic N
oddy
Ter
nFl
orid
a M
angr
ove
Cuc
koo
Wes
t Ind
ian
Nig
htha
wk
Cub
an B
lack
-whi
sker
ed V
ireo
Cub
an Y
ello
w W
arbl
er
Stat
us -
Und
eter
min
ed B
irds
Am
eric
an O
spre
y
MA
MM
AL
S
Rar
e an
d E
ndan
gere
d M
amm
als
Flor
ida
Pant
her
Flor
ida
Man
atee
or
Flor
ida
Sea
Cow
Stat
us -
Und
eter
min
ed M
amm
als
Flor
ida
Wat
er R
at o
r R
ound
-tai
led
Mus
krat
Eve
rgla
des
Min
k
RE
PTIL
ES
AN
D A
MPH
IBIA
NS
Rar
e an
d E
ndan
gere
d R
eptil
esA
mer
ican
Alli
gato
r
Peri
pher
al R
eptil
es
Am
eric
an C
roco
dile
Gre
en T
urtle
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
0:Sp
ecie
s of
the
Eve
rgla
des
BIR
DS
(163
Spe
cies
- s
ome
liste
d be
low
)
Ros
eate
Spo
onbi
llA
nhin
ga o
r W
ater
Tur
key
Purp
le G
alin
ule
Coo
tE
Ver
glad
es K
iteB
Rld
Eag
leM
arsh
Haw
kL
i mpk
in'
Am
eric
an E
gret
Snow
y E
gret
Sand
Hill
Cra
nePe
lican
s (2
)C
orm
oran
tW
hite
Ibi
sB
lue
Her
onL
ouis
iana
Her
onC
omm
on E
gret
Frig
ate
Bir
dR
ed S
houl
dere
d H
awk
Stilt
Swal
low
-tai
led
Kite
Boa
t-ta
iled
Gra
ckle
Pile
ated
Woo
dpec
ker
Woo
d St
ork
Vul
ture
sO
spre
yB
arre
d O
wl
Gre
at W
hite
Her
on
Litt
le B
lue
Her
onW
ood
Ibis
Lea
st S
andp
iper
Soot
y T
erns
Rud
dy T
urns
tone
Gre
at B
lue
Her
onG
loss
y Ib
is
MA
MM
AL
S (1
3 sp
ecie
s -
som
e lis
ted
belo
w)
Cou
gar
or P
anth
erB
obca
tR
acco
onW
hite
-tai
led
Dee
rM
angr
ove
Squi
rrel
Mar
sh R
abbi
t.
Rou
nd-t
aile
d M
uskr
atO
poss
umO
tter
Cot
ton
Rat
Red
Fox
Sea
Cow
or
Man
atee
RE
PTIL
ES
(42
spec
ies
- so
me
liste
d be
low
)
Gre
en S
nake
Eve
rgla
des
Rac
erIn
digo
Eve
rgla
des
Rat
Sna
keE
verg
lade
s Sw
amp
Snak
eB
ande
d W
ater
Sna
keW
ater
Moc
casi
nE
aste
rn D
iam
ondb
ack
Pigm
y R
attle
rT
urtle
s (s
ever
al)
Liz
ards
(se
vera
l)A
lliga
tors
Gre
en T
urtle
OT
HE
RS
Frog
s (m
any)
Sire
nM
osqu
ito F
ish
Lon
gnos
e G
arT
arpo
nSn
ook
Bla
ck B
ass
Man
grov
e Sn
appe
rN
umer
ous
Inse
cts
(mos
t pro
min
ent m
osqu
itoes
of
atr
emen
dous
var
iety
)Sh
rim
pC
rayf
ish
Flor
ida
Gar
Lar
ge M
outh
Bas
sFI
SH F
OO
D C
RO
P FO
R W
AD
ING
BIR
DS
Blu
egill
(7 m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t)Sp
otte
d Su
nfis
h
Lea
st K
illif
ish
Cra
ppie
Mos
quito
fis
h (G
ambu
sia)
Cha
nnel
Cat
fish
Blu
e-fi
n K
illif
ish
Flag
Fis
hG
olde
n T
opm
inno
wPi
gmy
Sunf
ish
Blu
e Sp
otte
d Su
nfis
h
111
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
1: J
etpo
rt C
ontr
over
sy-
A S
imul
atio
n
SIT
UA
TIO
N:
An
open
pub
lic h
eari
ng is
taki
ng p
lace
bef
ore
an "
Inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l Rev
iew
Tea
m"
for
the
purp
ose
of h
eari
ng a
rgum
ents
for
and
aga
inst
the
cons
truc
tion
ofa
Jetp
ort i
n th
e E
verg
lade
s.
RO
LE
S: Stud
ents
will
pla
y th
e fo
llow
ing
role
s:A
.M
embe
rs o
f R
evie
w T
eam
- a
repr
esen
tativ
e fr
om e
ach
of th
ese:
1.T
he G
over
nor
of F
lori
da2.
The
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n3.
The
Boa
rd o
f C
ount
y C
omm
issi
oner
s of
Dad
e C
ount
y, F
la.
4.T
he S
ecre
tary
of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
5.T
he S
ecre
tary
of
Inte
rior
B.
Pro:
-Jet
port
Witn
esse
s1.
Wild
life
Bio
logi
st (
witn
ess
on th
e ef
fect
it w
ould
hav
e on
the
biot
ic c
omm
uniti
es/w
ildlif
e)2.
Eng
inee
r (w
itnes
s on
the
effe
ct it
wou
ld h
ave
on th
e la
nd s
urfa
ce)
3.E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eng
inee
r (w
itnes
s on
the
effe
ct it
wou
ld h
ave
on a
ir q
ualit
y)4.
Env
iron
men
tal E
ngin
eer
(witn
ess
on th
e ef
fect
it w
ill h
ave
on w
ater
res
ourc
es)
5.Sa
nita
tion
Eng
inee
r (w
itnes
s on
the
mat
ter
of d
ispo
sal o
f so
lid w
aste
)6.
Eng
inee
r (w
itnes
s on
the
disp
lace
men
t of
peop
le w
hich
mig
ht b
e a
resu
lt of
the
Jetp
ort)
7.R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
U. S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f T
rans
port
atio
n (w
itnes
s on
noi
se im
pact
)
112
8.D
octo
r fr
om D
ade
Cou
nty
Hea
lth D
epar
tmen
t (w
itnes
s on
pub
lic h
ealth
impa
ct)
9.E
ngin
eer
(witn
ess
on f
lood
con
trol
)10
.R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
U. S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f In
teri
or (
witn
ess
on h
isto
rica
l val
ue)
11.
Eco
nom
ist (
witn
ess
on e
cono
mic
impa
ct)
12.
Eng
inee
r (w
itnes
s on
con
stru
ctio
n an
d im
pact
of
high
way
s)13
.R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
Fede
ral A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(witn
ess
on a
viat
ion
need
s to
day
and
in th
e fu
ture
)
C.
Ant
i-Je
tpor
t Witn
esse
s1.
An
Env
iron
men
tal l
awye
r re
pres
entin
g th
e "F
rien
ds o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s".
2.A
nyon
e fr
om th
e ge
nera
l pub
lic w
ho w
ishe
d to
spe
ak in
opp
ositi
on to
the
jetp
ort.
1'10
6PR
OC
ED
UR
ES:
The
cha
irm
an o
f th
e re
view
team
will
cal
l the
hea
ring
to o
rder
and
exp
lain
the
purp
ose
of th
e he
arin
g.H
e w
ill th
en c
all f
or w
itnes
ses
who
wis
h to
pre
sent
arg
umen
ts f
or th
e co
nstr
ucti-
n of
the
Jetp
ort.
He
will
then
cal
l for
witn
esse
s w
ho w
ish
to p
rese
nt a
rgum
ents
aga
inst
the
Jetp
ort.
Aft
er a
ll fo
rmal
witn
esse
s ha
vebe
en, h
eard
, the
cha
irm
an w
ill in
vite
dis
cuss
ion
and
ques
tions
fro
m th
e ge
nera
l aud
ienc
e. A
fter
all d
is-
cuss
ion
is c
ompl
eted
, the
Rev
iew
Tea
m w
ill v
ote
on w
heth
er to
pro
ceed
with
the
build
ing
of th
e Je
tpor
t.O
nce
the
vote
is c
ompl
eted
and
ann
ounc
ed, t
he m
eetin
g w
ill b
e ad
jour
ned.
113
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.
425:
"Sel
ectio
n of
Loc
atio
n fo
r th
e So
uth
Flor
ida
Reg
iona
l Air
port
"
Ext
ensi
ve p
lann
ing
wen
t int
o th
e se
lect
ion
of th
e si
te f
or th
e ne
w S
outh
Flo
rida
Reg
iona
l Air
port
. The
orig
inal
pla
n ca
lled
for
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
proj
ect i
n fo
ur c
onse
cutiv
e st
eps:
1.A
ppro
val o
f th
e si
te lo
catio
n fo
r a
new
maj
or a
irpo
rt in
the
Sout
h Fl
orid
aar
ea.
2.A
cqui
sitio
n of
the
prop
osed
site
.3.
Con
stru
ctio
n of
a s
ingl
e tr
aini
ng r
unw
ay a
nd ta
xiw
ay o
n th
e pr
opos
ed s
ite.
4.U
ltim
ate
deve
lopm
ent f
or a
ir c
arri
er o
pera
tions
, if
and
whe
n th
e ne
ed d
evel
ops.
Thu
s fa
r th
e fi
rst t
hree
sta
ges
have
bee
n co
mpl
eted
. The
fou
rth,
for
the
time
bein
g at
leas
t, ha
s no
t.A
com
preh
ensi
ve s
tudy
was
con
duct
ed a
s pr
ovid
ed in
the
term
s of
the
Eve
rgla
des
Jetp
ort P
act s
igne
dJa
nuar
y 16
. 197
0 by
the
Fede
ral g
over
nmen
t, th
e St
ate
of F
lori
da, a
nd D
ade
Cou
nty.
In e
ssen
ce, t
he P
act
dire
cted
Dad
e C
ount
y to
loca
te a
nd a
cqui
re a
sui
tabl
e si
te f
or a
new
air
port
and
dev
elop
suf
fici
ent f
acili
ties
ther
e to
tran
sfer
its
trai
ning
fac
ilitie
s fr
om th
e D
ade-
Col
lier
airp
ort w
est o
f M
iam
i. Fu
ndin
gw
as to
be
pro-
vide
d fr
om a
sta
te a
nd f
eder
al le
vel.
00T
he "
battl
e pl
an"
in th
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
stu
dy w
as to
con
side
r a
rela
tivel
y la
rge
num
ber
of s
ites
at f
irst
,an
d th
en p
rogr
essi
vely
red
uce
the
num
ber
unde
r co
nsid
erat
ion
whi
le in
crea
sing
the
dept
h of
inve
stig
atio
n.It
was
exp
ecte
d th
at th
is m
etho
d w
ould
ach
ieve
the
high
est q
ualit
y of
pla
nnin
g fr
om th
e fu
nds
and
time
prov
ided
.T
he p
lan
calle
d fo
r a
Rev
iew
Tea
m c
onsi
stin
g of
rep
rese
ntat
ives
fro
m f
ive
agen
cies
or o
ffic
es:
1) th
e G
over
-no
r of
Flo
rida
, 2)
the
Fede
ral A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(FA
A),
3)
the
Boa
rd o
f C
ount
y C
omm
issi
oner
s of
Dad
eC
ount
y, F
lori
da, 4
) th
e Se
cret
ary
of T
rans
port
atio
n an
d 5)
the
Secr
etar
y of
the
Inte
rior
.T
he f
unct
ion
of th
e R
evie
w T
eam
was
to a
ppro
ve a
nd a
dmin
iste
r th
e co
nduc
t of
the
Stud
y, d
ecid
eas
toth
e in
itial
site
s to
be
stud
ied,
dec
ide
at a
ppro
pria
te ti
mes
dur
ing
the
stud
yas
to e
limin
atio
n of
par
ticul
arsi
tes
from
fur
ther
con
side
ratio
n. m
ake
the
fina
l dec
isio
nas
to th
e si
te to
be
reco
mm
ende
d, a
nd c
ondu
ct
114
publ
ic h
eari
ngs
on th
e re
com
men
ded
site
.T
o pe
rfor
m th
e de
taile
d st
udie
s an
d dr
aft t
he r
epor
ts th
e R
evie
wT
eam
nee
ded
to m
ake
its d
ecis
ions
, a la
rge
Stud
y T
eam
of
40 s
peci
alis
ts w
as a
ssem
bled
. The
se e
xper
tsdr
ew u
p 72
rep
orts
pro
vidi
ng in
-dep
th a
naly
ses
in th
e fo
llow
ing
24 a
reas
:
Eco
logy
Publ
ic H
ealth
Was
te D
ispo
sal
Air
spac
eA
irpo
rt E
ngin
eeri
ngU
rban
Pla
nnin
gH
ighw
ay E
ngin
eeri
ngL
awH
ydro
logy
Dem
and
Fore
cast
sM
ass
Tra
nsit
Com
mun
ity R
espo
nse
Mat
rix
Ana
lysi
sA
irpo
rt D
esig
nN
oise
For
ecas
tsB
ondi
ngE
cono
mic
sFi
nanc
ial F
easi
bilit
yN
oise
Im
pact
Inst
itutio
nal C
onsi
dera
tions
Tec
hnol
ogy
Fore
cast
sSo
uth
Flor
ida
Eco
logy
Tra
ffic
For
ecas
tsA
rchi
tect
ure
Inpu
t was
als
o pr
ovid
ed f
rom
the
FAA
, the
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e In
teri
or, a
nd th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
In a
dditi
on to
the
exte
nsiv
e st
udie
s co
nduc
ted,
the
airp
ort p
lann
ers
soug
ht m
axim
al c
omm
unity
par
tici-
patio
n.In
the
spir
it of
the
Flor
ida
"Sun
shin
e L
aw"
whi
ch r
equi
res
stat
e or
loca
l off
icia
ls to
dis
cuss
pub
licbu
sine
ss o
nly
whe
n th
eir
disc
ussi
on is
ope
n to
new
s m
edia
, the
Rev
iew
Tea
m o
pene
d up
all
its m
eetin
gs a
ndre
cord
s to
the
med
ia, f
rom
the
begi
nnin
g to
the
end
of th
e in
vest
igat
ion.
Med
ia c
over
age
was
thor
ough
.A
noth
er m
eans
of
keep
ing
the
publ
ic in
form
ed w
as p
ublic
hea
ring
s, ti
med
to p
rece
de k
ey R
evie
w T
eam
deci
sion
s. A
t suc
h he
arin
gs, t
he f
loor
was
ope
ned
to th
e pu
blic
for
sta
tem
ents
and
que
stio
ns, b
oth
prep
ared
and
exte
mpo
rane
ous.
At n
o po
int w
as in
form
atio
n co
ncea
led,
and
eve
ry e
ffor
t was
mad
e to
mak
e th
e of
fice
of th
e St
udy
Coo
rdin
ator
(N
orm
an W
. Arn
old
of H
owar
d, N
eedl
es, T
amm
en a
nd B
erge
ndof
f) a
vaila
ble
to a
ny-
one
seek
ing
info
rmat
ion.
Eve
ry c
itize
n's
com
men
t or
com
plai
nt r
ecei
ved
a re
ply.
Hun
dred
s of
mee
tings
wer
e he
ld w
ith s
core
s of
com
mun
ity o
rgan
izat
ions
and
man
y ot
her
agen
cies
.In
sho
rt, e
very
eff
ort w
as m
ade
to a
chie
ve a
s br
oad
a ba
se o
f pu
blic
invo
lvem
ent a
s po
ssib
le in
the
dete
rmin
atio
n of
a lo
catio
n fo
r th
e So
uth
Flor
ida
Reg
iona
l Air
port
.D
ade
Cou
nty
Port
Aut
hori
ty, S
outh
Flo
rida
Reg
iona
l Air
port
Site
Sel
ectio
n St
udy
Prog
ram
.Pr
elim
inar
y E
nvir
onm
enta
l Im
pact
Sta
tem
ent,
Oct
. 197
2, "
Intr
oduc
tion,
" pp
. 7-9
.11
5
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
3:"P
roje
cted
Im
pact
of
a So
uth
Flor
ida
Reg
iona
l Air
port
"
"The
eff
ects
upo
n th
e So
uth
Flor
ida
ecos
yste
mas
a w
hole
will
be
min
imal
.L
ittle
or
no im
pact
on p
opul
atio
ns o
r ra
re o
r en
dang
ered
spe
cies
will
occ
ur."
Thi
s st
atem
ent,
take
n fr
om th
e D
ade
Cou
nty
Port
Aut
hori
ty's
Pre
limin
ary
Env
iron
men
tal
Impa
ctSt
atem
ent o
n th
e pr
opos
ed E
verg
lade
s je
tpor
t, fa
irly
wel
lsu
ms
up th
e co
nclu
sion
s of
the
stud
y in
mos
tar
eas
rela
ting
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t. A
lthou
gh th
e st
atem
ent a
ckno
wle
dges
pot
entia
l pro
blem
s in
som
e ar
eas
in g
ener
al th
e ev
iden
ce p
rese
nted
ther
ein
poin
ts f
avcm
ably
tow
ard
cons
truc
tion
ofth
e ai
rpor
t in
a 31
,000
acre
trac
t of
land
wes
t of
Mia
mi,
at th
e ea
ster
n fr
inge
of
the
Eve
rgla
des.
The
rep
ort a
naly
zed
man
y di
f-fe
rent
asp
ects
of
the
pote
ntia
l env
iron
men
tal i
mpa
ct o
f th
e je
tpor
t. A
sum
mar
y of
its
find
ings
fol
low
s:E
ffec
t on
Wild
life:
Alth
ough
mos
t wild
life
will
fle
e th
ear
ea d
urin
g co
nstr
uctio
n, a
djac
ent l
and
will
proi
de a
ltern
ativ
e ha
bita
ts. R
esee
ding
will
cre
ate
new
mea
dow
-lik
e bi
otic
com
mun
ities
. Few
spe
cies
,if
any,
will
be
affe
cted
in th
e su
rrou
ndin
g re
gion
.o
Lan
d U
sage
: Abo
ut 9
,000
acr
es w
ill b
e cl
eare
d of
15-
30 m
illio
n cu
bic
yard
s of
pea
t. A
thir
d of
the
peat
will
be
reta
ined
for
land
scap
ing.
Muc
h ve
geta
tion
will
be
clea
red.
Exc
avat
ion
will
cre
ate
1.2
squa
rem
iles
of o
pen
wat
er.
Ero
sion
will
occ
ur o
nly
duri
ng a
ctua
l con
stru
ctio
n.A
ir P
ollu
tion:
Air
pol
lutio
n w
ill b
e lim
ited
to a
4-m
ile r
adiu
s of
the
cent
er o
f th
eru
nway
sys
tem
.Po
llutio
n fr
om a
utom
obile
exh
aust
will
occu
r on
ly w
ithin
a f
ew b
lock
s of
the
term
inal
.Po
llutio
n fr
om a
non
-site
ref
use
inci
nera
tor
will
be
insi
gnif
ican
t. T
here
will
be
no s
erio
us c
onta
min
atio
n of
the
regi
onar
ound
the
jetp
ort.
Wat
er P
ollu
tion:
Onl
y th
e w
ater
sys
tem
with
in th
e ai
rpor
t site
itse
lf w
ill b
e di
srup
ted.
Dra
inag
eto
the
Eve
rgla
des
will
not
suf
fer
any
subs
tant
ial i
nter
rupt
ion.
Adv
ance
d w
ater
trea
tmen
t will
kee
p w
aste
wat
er
116
from
the
airp
ort f
acili
ties
at a
ccep
tabl
e le
vels
.So
lid W
aste
s: A
hig
h-pe
rfor
man
ce in
cine
rato
rlik
e th
ose
used
for
mun
icip
al w
aste
s w
ill b
e ad
equa
te
to h
andl
e ai
rpor
t ref
use
whi
le c
ompl
ying
with
loca
l reg
ulat
ions
on
air
qual
ity.
Dis
plac
emen
t of
Pers
ons:
Tw
o pr
ivat
e ho
mes
,65
mob
ile h
omes
, a p
ublic
par
k, a
fis
hing
cam
pan
d
two
radi
o fa
cilit
ies
will
be
affe
cted
. A lo
cal
airp
ort n
earb
y w
ill b
e cl
osed
to a
ssur
e ne
cess
ary
airs
pace
.
Lan
d D
evel
opm
ent:
Goo
d zo
ning
will
be
esse
ntia
l to
cont
rol u
rban
gro
wth
,si
nce
ther
e w
ill b
e m
uch
econ
omic
pre
ssur
e fo
r bo
th c
omm
erci
al a
ndre
side
ntia
l dev
elop
men
t in
area
s su
rrou
ndin
gth
e ne
w a
irpo
rt.
Noi
se P
ollu
tion:
The
leve
l of
nois
e po
llutio
n w
illbe
low
com
pare
d to
that
at e
xist
ing
airp
orts
in th
e
Mia
mi a
rea,
and
con
fine
d m
ostly
to th
e je
tpor
t site
itsel
f. A
dvan
ced
tech
nolo
gy w
ill li
mit
nois
e bo
th in
the
airc
raft
and
in a
rap
id tr
ansi
t sys
tem
on
the
grou
nd.
Publ
ic H
ealth
:T
he c
hief
thre
at is
dis
ease
-car
ryin
g in
sect
sfr
om n
earb
y sw
amps
, but
pro
per
cont
rols
shou
ld m
inim
ize
heal
th h
azar
ds.
Floo
d C
ontr
ol: S
ince
less
than
30%
of
the
31,0
00 a
cre
site
will
act
ually
be
affe
cted
by
cons
truc
tion,
subs
titut
e la
nd f
rom
adj
acen
t reg
ions
will
be
fully
adeq
uate
to a
ssur
e fl
ood
cont
rol.
Eco
nom
ics:
Sinc
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
airp
ort w
ill s
timul
ate
the
econ
omy
of th
e ar
ea, b
oth
the
airp
ort
and
airp
ort a
cces
s co
uld
prob
ably
be
fina
nced
by r
even
ue b
onds
.
Tra
ffic
:If
exi
stin
g pl
ans
for
a hi
ghw
ay s
yste
m a
reim
plem
ente
d an
d ne
w a
irpo
rt a
cces
s ro
utes
con
-
stru
cted
, the
ove
rall
impa
ct o
n tr
affi
c in
the
regi
onw
ill b
e m
inim
al.
Eff
ect o
n O
ther
Air
port
s:O
pera
tions
at M
iam
i Int
erna
tiona
l will
be
phas
eddo
wn
to o
ne r
unw
ay b
y
1990
; Opa
Loc
ka A
irpo
rt c
lose
d en
tirel
y, a
nd le
sser
rest
rict
ions
impo
sed
on a
ir tr
affi
c at
Nor
th P
erry
and
Fort
Lau
derd
ale
Inte
rnat
iona
l Air
port
s.
The
stu
dy c
oncl
uded
by
cons
ider
ing
alte
rnat
ives
toth
e E
verg
lade
s je
tpor
t, w
hich
was
cho
sen
from
36 s
ites
orig
inal
ly in
vest
igat
ed. T
hree
maj
orpo
ssib
ilitie
s ex
iste
d:1)
taki
ng n
o ac
tion,
and
late
r de
velo
ping
117
Dad
e-C
ollie
r A
irpo
rt, 2
) ta
king
lim
ited
actio
n an
d co
ntin
uing
trai
ning
ope
ratio
ns a
t Dad
e-C
ollie
r, a
nd 3
)m
akin
g ad
just
men
ts in
the
desi
gn a
nd b
ound
arie
s of
the
Eve
rgla
des
faci
lity.
Dad
e C
ount
y Po
rt A
utho
rity
, Sou
th F
lori
da R
egio
nal A
irpo
rt S
ite S
elec
tion
Stud
y Pr
ogra
m,
Prel
imin
ary
Env
iron
men
tal I
mpa
ct S
tate
men
t Oct
. ,19
72, "
Sum
mar
y,"
pp. 3
-4.
118
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
4:Po
pula
tion
Gro
wth
and
Air
Tra
vel
Popu
latio
n G
row
th in
Sel
ecte
d Fl
orid
a C
ount
ies
YE
AR
DA
DE
BR
OW
AR
DPA
LM
BE
AC
HT
OT
AL
1920
75,0
0012
,000
25,0
0011
2,00
019
3015
0,00
035
,000
50,0
0023
5,00
019
4028
0,00
050
,000
90,0
0042
0,00
019
5050
0,00
010
0,00
012
5,00
072
5,00
019
6095
0,00
032
5,00
022
5,00
01,
500,
000
1970
1,22
5,00
060
0,00
032
5,00
02,
150,
000
US
Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y, 1
972
Pass
enge
r Se
rvic
e -
Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nal A
irpo
rt
MIL
LIO
NS
OF
PASS
EN
GE
RS
SER
VE
DY
EA
RS
1961
-62
4.2
1962
-63
4.4
1963
-64
5.0
1964
-65
5.9
1965
-66
6.9
1966
-67
8.4
1967
-68
9.8
1968
-69
10.5
1969
-70
10.9
1970
-71
11.8
1971
Ann
ual R
epor
t of
the
Dad
e C
ount
y Po
rt A
utho
rity
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
5: A
nti-
Jetp
ort
The
sta
te o
f Fl
orid
a ha
s be
en c
onsi
deri
nga
"Big
Cyp
ress
Sw
amp
Jetp
ort"
whi
ch w
ould
jeop
ardi
ze th
eth
e ex
iste
nce
of m
uch
of th
e pl
ant a
nd a
nim
al li
fe in
the
park
.T
he in
terv
enin
g fo
rce
this
tim
e ha
s be
enV
icto
r Jo
hn Y
anna
cone
, Jr.
, a N
ew Y
ork
law
yer
reno
wne
d as
a d
efen
der
of th
e en
viro
nmen
t. Y
anna
cone
file
d a
clas
s ac
tion
law
suit
on b
ehal
f of
all
thos
e en
title
d to
the
full
bene
fit,
use,
and
enj
oym
ent o
f th
e E
ver-
glad
es N
atio
nal P
ark,
incl
udin
g no
t onl
y th
is g
ener
atio
n of
Am
eric
anci
tizen
s, b
ut g
ener
atio
ns u
nbor
n. H
ese
rved
a 5
8-pa
ge c
ompl
aint
aga
inst
the
prom
oter
s of
the
jetp
ort.
Co-
defe
ndan
ts in
the
case
wer
e Jo
hn A
.V
olpe
, Sec
reta
ry o
f T
rans
port
atio
n of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
and
the
Dad
e C
ount
y, F
lori
da B
oard
of
Cou
nty
Com
mis
sion
ers,
Act
ing
as D
ade
Cou
nty
Port
Aut
hori
ty.
One
env
iron
men
talis
t law
yer
agai
nst t
heco
mbi
ned
forc
es o
f lo
cal,
stat
e an
d fe
dera
l gov
ernm
ent
-- h
ardl
y a
mat
ch?
Or
was
it?
Yan
naco
ne's
str
ateg
y w
as e
ssen
tially
the
sam
e as
that
of
the
Env
iron
men
tal D
efen
se F
und
in th
e C
ross
-Fl
orid
a B
arge
Can
al c
ase,
exc
ept t
hat i
t pla
ced
even
gre
ater
em
phas
is o
n a
scie
ntif
ic s
tudy
of
the
proj
ecte
dda
mag
es th
e je
tpor
t wou
ld c
ause
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t. Y
anna
cone
'scl
ass
actio
n w
as a
lso
base
d on
the
alle
ged
viol
atio
n of
the
5th,
9th
and
14th
am
endm
ents
of
all t
hose
who
wis
hed
to e
njoy
the
unsp
oile
dna
tura
l re-
sour
ces
of th
e E
verg
lade
s.Y
anna
cone
trac
ed e
ight
spe
cifi
c ha
zard
s to
the
envi
ronm
ent
whi
ch h
e cl
aim
ed w
ould
be
caus
ed d
irec
tlyor
indi
rect
ly b
y th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
the
"Big
Cyp
ress
Sw
amp
Jet P
ort"
:1.
Wat
er p
ollu
tion.
The
dra
inag
e an
d ca
naliz
atio
n of
the
area
--es
sent
ial
to th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
the
airp
ort-
-wou
ld r
adic
ally
alte
r th
ewat
er s
yste
m o
f th
e en
tire-
reg
ion
and
upse
t the
bal
ance
of
the
Eve
rgla
des
ecos
yste
m. A
noth
er f
orm
of
wat
er p
ollu
tion
is th
e po
ssib
ility
of e
utro
phic
atio
n, a
tech
nica
l ter
m f
or th
e w
ides
prea
d gr
owth
of
alga
e w
hich
can
be' c
ause
d by
the
disc
harg
e of
was
tes
120
cont
aini
ng p
hosp
hate
s in
to n
atur
al w
ater
way
s. S
uch
was
tes
wou
ld in
evita
bly
acco
mpa
ny th
e la
rge-
scal
e co
nstr
uctio
n pr
ojec
ts r
equi
red
for
the
jetp
ort.
2.Pe
stic
ide
cont
amin
atio
n. T
he q
uant
ities
of
DD
T f
ound
in c
hem
ical
ana
lysi
s of
the
eggs
of
cert
ain
Eve
rgla
des
bird
s is
alr
eady
just
und
er th
e da
nger
leve
l as
a re
sult
of c
onta
min
atio
n fr
om th
epr
esen
t usa
ge o
f th
e pe
stic
ide
in D
ade
Cou
nty.
A n
ew u
rban
con
cent
ratio
n ar
ound
the
prop
osed
jetp
ort w
ould
req
uire
ext
ensi
ve u
se o
f pe
stic
ides
to c
ontr
ol m
osqu
itoes
fro
m n
earb
y sw
amps
. As
a re
sult,
incr
ease
d D
DT
con
tam
inat
ion
wou
ld m
ost l
ikel
y th
reat
en n
umer
ous
spec
ies
of w
ildlif
ein
the
Eve
rgla
des.
3.A
ir p
ollu
tion.
The
fal
lout
of
jet e
xhau
st d
urin
g la
ndin
gs a
nd ta
ke-o
ffs
wou
ld b
e ce
rtai
n to
hav
e an
adve
rse
effe
ct o
n th
e pr
esen
tly p
ure
atm
osph
ere
abou
t the
sw
amps
, and
wou
ld a
lso
be d
isso
lved
into
the
natu
ral w
ater
way
s be
low
. Fur
ther
mor
e, th
ere
wou
ld b
e ap
prec
iabl
e ai
r po
llutio
n fr
om e
x-ha
ust f
umes
of
the
auto
mob
iles
whi
ch c
ould
be
expe
cted
to ja
m th
e ne
w s
uper
high
way
s lin
king
the
jetp
ort w
ith th
e M
etro
polit
an M
iam
i are
a.4.
Dan
ger
of e
xtin
ctio
n fo
r so
me
spec
ies
of w
ildlif
e.N
umer
ous
spec
ies
of w
ildlif
e w
hich
are
al-
read
y on
the
list o
f ra
re a
nd e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s co
uld
be p
ushe
d in
to e
xtin
ctio
n by
the
spoi
lage
of th
eir
natu
ral b
reed
ing
grou
nds.
Am
ong
thos
e th
reat
ened
are
12
spec
ies
of b
irds
(Y
anna
cone
list
-ed
them
), e
spec
ially
the
extr
emel
y ra
re C
ape
Sabl
e sp
arro
w a
nd th
e w
ood
ibis
; fou
r sp
ecie
s of
mam
mal
s (t
he M
ango
fox
, squ
irre
l, m
anat
ee a
nd E
verg
lade
s m
ink)
, and
the
rare
and
end
ange
red
Am
eric
an A
lliga
tor.
In a
dditi
on, t
he a
rea
is k
now
n to
con
tain
15
to 2
0 sp
ecie
s of
am
phib
ians
and
55 to
60
spec
ies
of r
eptil
es, a
ll pe
rfor
min
g vi
tal r
oles
in th
e fo
od c
hain
of
the
ecos
yste
m. R
are
trop
ical
pla
nts
wou
ld a
lso
be th
reat
ened
by
side
eff
ects
fro
m th
e je
tpor
t, in
clud
ing
spec
ies
oftr
opic
al p
lant
s su
ch a
s or
chid
san
d fe
rns
whi
ch a
re f
ound
now
here
els
e in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
5.N
oise
pol
lutio
n.T
he c
onst
ant n
oise
alo
ng th
e je
t cor
rido
r w
ould
dis
rupt
the
wild
erne
ss a
long
121
the
nort
hern
par
t of
the
Eve
rgla
des
Nat
iona
l Par
k an
d ev
en m
ore
so in
the
Big
Cyp
ress
Sw
amp
to th
e no
rth.
6.D
istu
rbin
g In
dian
Tri
bes.
The
Mic
cosu
kee
Indi
ans
wou
ld b
e su
dden
ly s
ubje
cted
to 2
4-ho
urno
ise
bom
bard
men
t by
pow
ers
utte
rly
beyo
nd th
eir
cont
rol.
7.B
ird
stri
kes.
Lar
ge f
lock
s of
bir
ds, e
spec
ially
larg
e w
ater
bir
ds, w
ould
pos
e a
sign
ific
ant
avia
tion
haza
rd, f
rom
gro
und
leve
l to
2,00
0 fe
et. T
he p
rese
nce
of s
mal
l ani
mal
s on
the
runw
ays
duri
ng f
lood
per
iods
wou
ld a
ggra
vate
the
prob
lem
bec
ause
they
wou
ld b
e cr
ushe
d by
air
plan
es a
ndat
trac
t car
rion
-eat
ing
bird
s.8.
Fire
and
sm
oke.
The
com
bina
tion
of b
ird
stri
kes,
pes
t ins
ects
fro
m s
wam
ps a
nd s
mal
l ani
mal
sse
ekin
g re
fuge
fro
m h
igh
wat
er o
n th
e ru
nway
s w
ould
dou
btle
ss p
rom
pt a
utho
ritie
s to
dra
in m
uch
of th
e je
tpor
t are
a, a
nd p
rope
rty
deve
lopm
ent a
roun
d th
e je
tpor
t wou
ld c
ause
oth
er la
rge
expa
nses
of la
nd to
be
drai
ned.
Thi
s, in
turn
, wou
ld g
reat
ly in
crea
se th
e ri
sk o
f fi
res
and
perm
anen
tlyde
stro
y th
e ec
olog
ical
bal
ance
of
the
entir
e so
uth
Flor
ida
regi
on.
Yan
naco
ne c
oncl
uded
by
argu
ing
that
the
nega
tive
effe
cts
of th
e je
tpor
t wou
ld b
e ir
repa
rabl
e.Si
nce'
no
14...
dam
ages
pai
d af
ter
the
fact
cou
ld r
esto
re th
e ec
olog
y of
the
regi
on, t
he o
nly
alte
rnat
ive
wou
ld b
e to
pro
hibi
taz
its d
evel
opm
ent.
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
6: "
Mea
nwhi
le, B
ack
in th
e G
lade
s..."
A f
ew y
ears
ago
ther
e w
as a
trem
endo
us c
ontr
over
sy o
ver
the
plan
ned
deve
lopm
ent o
f a
huge
fut
uris
ticje
tpor
t wes
t of
Mia
mi i
n th
e E
verg
lade
s. M
unic
ipal
aut
hori
ties
argu
ed th
at a
new
fac
ility
was
ess
entia
lto
take
pre
ssur
e of
f ov
ercr
owde
d ai
rpor
ts in
the
Mia
mi a
rea.
Con
serv
atio
nist
s co
nten
ded
that
the
heav
y ai
r
traf
fic
and
side
eff
ects
of
fuel
dum
ps, h
otel
s, r
esta
uran
ts a
nd h
ighw
ay tr
affi
c to
and
fro
m th
e je
tpor
tw
ould
caus
e ir
repa
rabl
e da
mag
e to
the
delic
ate
ecol
ogy
of th
is u
niqu
e ar
ea.
The
bat
tle e
nded
up
in c
ourt
, and
the
cons
erva
tioni
sts
won
. The
jetp
ort w
as d
ead.
Or
was
it?
Whi
le th
e at
tent
ion
of F
lori
da c
onse
rvat
ioni
sts
have
bee
n tu
rned
els
ewhe
re to
new
and
urg
ent
cam
paig
ns,
an in
tere
stin
g de
velo
pmen
t has
bee
n ta
king
pla
ce in
the
Eve
rgla
des.
The
"un
-jet
port
" ha
s no
t exa
ctly
bee
n14
1:-
retu
rned
to th
e bo
ttom
des
k dr
awer
in a
n ar
chite
ct's
off
ice.
Wha
t man
y do
n't r
ealiz
e is
that
atw
o-m
ile c
on-
cret
e ru
nway
and
a c
ontr
ol to
wer
had
alr
eady
bee
n co
mpl
eted
bef
ore
wor
k on
the
jetp
ort w
asha
lted.
In th
e
orig
inal
agr
eem
ent o
f Ja
nuar
y 16
, 197
0, k
now
n as
the
"Jet
port
Pac
t," it
was
spe
cifi
ed b
y th
e co
-sig
ning
Dad
e
Cou
nty,
fed
eral
and
sta
te o
ffic
ials
that
the
exis
ting
$13
- m
illio
n ru
nway
and
tow
er c
ould
be
used
as
atr
aini
ng
grou
nd a
s lo
ng a
s it
had
no il
l eff
ects
on
the
wild
life
in th
e ar
ea.
Thi
s is
exa
ctly
wha
t has
hap
pene
d, to
the
tune
of
near
ly 1
00,0
00 la
ndin
gs a
nd ta
ke-o
ffs
from
the
un-
fini
shed
air
port
in 1
972
alon
e. C
omm
erci
al, m
ilita
ry a
nd p
riva
te p
ilots
use
the
34-s
quar
e-m
ileE
verg
lade
s
airs
trip
as
a tr
aini
ng f
ield
. The
bul
k of
the
traf
fic
cons
ists
of
prac
tice
flig
hts
by E
aste
rn a
nd N
atio
nalA
ir-
lines
. The
re is
app
roxi
mat
ely
one
take
-off
or
land
ing
per
min
ute,
rou
nd th
e cl
ock,
wea
ther
perm
ittin
g.
MIA
MI
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
L O
VE
RC
RO
WD
ED
The
rea
son
for
usin
g th
e E
verg
lade
s fa
cilit
y fo
r tr
aini
ng f
light
s w
as p
rim
arily
to r
educ
e tr
affi
c at
Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nal A
irpo
rt. T
his
has
been
suc
cess
ful;
take
-off
s an
d la
ndin
gs a
t Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nald
ropp
ed
123
off
from
400
,000
in 1
969
to 2
80,0
00 in
197
2. M
ost o
f th
e di
ffer
ence
was
dir
ectly
attr
ibut
able
to th
e tr
ansf
erof
pra
ctic
e m
aneu
vers
to th
e E
verg
lade
s si
te. T
he d
irec
tor
of th
eD
ade
Cou
nty
Port
Aut
hori
ty, R
icha
rdJu
dy, i
ndic
ated
that
the
re-d
istr
ibut
ion
of a
ir tr
affi
c le
ssen
ed th
e ri
sk o
fa
cras
h in
the
popu
late
d M
iam
iM
etro
polit
an a
rea.
He
also
sta
ted
that
the
Port
Aut
hori
ty h
ad c
olle
cted
appr
oxin
itel
y $9
00, 0
00 d
urin
g th
e19
71 -
72 f
isca
l yea
r fr
om 3
2 ai
rlin
es w
hich
hav
e us
ed th
e pr
actic
efa
cilit
y.T
he u
se o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s ru
nway
as
a tr
aini
ng f
ield
, the
n, h
as u
nque
stio
nabl
ead
vant
ages
. The
key
ques
tions
whi
ch r
emai
n ar
e: D
oes
the
pres
ent
use
of th
e ai
rpor
t pos
e a
thre
at to
the
envi
ronm
ent?
and
Will
con
tinue
d us
e po
se s
uch
a th
reat
?O
pini
on is
div
ided
on
thes
e is
sues
. Jim
Ash
lock
, pub
lic r
elat
ions
man
for
Eas
tern
Air
lines
, cla
ims
the
effe
cts
of th
e pr
esen
t pro
gram
on
the
envi
ronm
ent
are
negl
igib
le. "
Our
flig
hts
only
mak
e to
uch-
and-
gola
ndin
gs in
the
Eve
rgla
des
and
retu
rn to
Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nal,"
he
expl
aine
d."J
ust f
lyin
g ai
rpla
nes
in a
ndou
t has
no
impa
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t. E
nvir
onm
enta
lists
hav
e be
enco
ncer
ned
with
the
impa
ct o
f su
ppor
tfa
cilit
ies
empl
oyin
g 10
,000
or
mor
e pe
ople
out
ther
eas
onc
e pl
anne
d."'
Con
serv
atio
nist
Lym
an R
oger
s di
sagr
ees.
He
said
that
the
pollu
tion
from
one
larg
e je
t tak
ing
off
was
equi
vale
nt to
2,0
00 a
utom
obile
s op
erat
ing
eigh
t hou
rsa
day.
'A
nd B
ill P
artin
gton
, dir
ecto
r of
the
Env
iron
-M
enta
l Inf
orm
atio
n C
ente
r in
Win
ter
Park
, sai
d th
ecu
rren
t lev
el o
f tr
aini
ng in
the
Eve
rgla
des
"...
mus
t hav
ea
detr
imen
tal e
ffec
t. T
he e
ffec
ts o
f th
e ai
r po
lluta
nts
on th
e w
ater
shed
are
subt
le a
nd th
ey h
ave
a te
nden
cyto
mag
nify
as
they
go
thro
ugh
the
ecol
ogic
al c
hain
," h
e w
arne
d. "
Such
thin
gs a
re n
ever
acc
urat
ely
antic
ipat
ed,
but o
ne d
ay y
ou'll
win
d up
with
fis
hon
you
r pl
ate
that
has
gun
k fr
om a
n ai
rpla
ne."
3
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
WA
TC
HD
OG
ST
he o
nly
way
to r
esol
ve th
e co
ntro
vers
y is
thro
ugh
dire
ct s
cien
tific
obse
rvat
ion.
Tha
t is
prec
iiely
wha
t the
Fed
eral
Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y ha
s se
tou
t to
do.
Ben
eath
the
cont
rol t
ower
at t
he E
ver-
glad
es a
irpo
rt is
a tr
aile
r lo
aded
with
sop
hist
icat
ed e
quip
men
tto
mea
sure
air
pol
lutio
n, in
stal
led
by th
e E
PA
124
last
Mar
ch. W
ater
pol
lutio
n sa
mpl
es h
ave
been
take
n pe
riod
ical
ly f
or th
e pa
st tw
o ye
ars.
Noi
se p
ollu
tion
equi
pmen
t was
inst
alle
d D
ecem
ber
17, 1
972.
The
res
ults
so
far
have
bee
n in
conc
lusi
ve. T
he d
ata
from
the
rece
ntly
-ins
talle
d no
ise
pollu
tion
equi
p-
men
t has
not
yet
bee
n an
alyz
ed. J
ohn
T. B
row
n, c
oord
inat
or o
f th
e So
uth
Flor
ida
Env
iron
men
tal
Proj
ect
for
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e In
teri
or a
nd s
uper
viso
r of
the
pollu
tion-
mon
itori
ng p
rogr
am a
t the
airs
trip
,po
inte
d ou
t tha
t "...
the
soun
d of
an
airp
lane
is n
ot d
istin
guis
habl
e fr
om th
e be
llow
ing
of a
nal
ligat
or in
mat
ing
seas
on. j
4W
ater
pol
lutio
n sa
mpl
es h
ave
not y
et d
isco
vere
d an
y ne
gativ
e ef
fect
s on
the
swam
plan
ds.
The
onl
y ar
ea w
ith a
pos
itive
res
ult t
hus
far
has
been
air
pol
lutio
n; th
ere
have
bee
n hi
ghre
adin
gs o
n oc
casi
ons.
The
onl
y sp
ecif
ic p
ollu
tant
to e
xcee
d fe
dera
l sta
ndar
ds h
as b
een
ozon
e, b
ut th
is is
the
key
elem
ent i
n th
e co
r-ro
sive
sm
og w
hich
pla
gues
Los
Ang
eles
. The
EPA
will
con
tinue
to m
onito
r po
llutio
n le
vels
in th
eE
verg
lade
st..
.2.
in a
n at
tem
pt to
gat
her
mor
e pr
ecis
e ev
iden
ce c
once
rnin
g th
e ef
fect
s of
the
airp
lane
trai
ning
pro
gram
on
the
iipse tr,
envi
ronm
ent.
In th
e m
ean
time,
egr
ets
and
othe
r w
adin
g bi
rds
have
take
n up
res
iden
ce in
a m
udho
leri
ght
behi
nd th
e po
llutio
n-co
ntro
l tra
iler,
app
aren
tly u
ndau
nted
by
the
antic
s of
thei
r m
etal
lic c
ount
erpa
rts.
Alli
ga-
tors
, wild
hog
s an
d de
er o
ccas
iona
lly w
ork
up th
e ne
rve
to v
entu
re a
cros
s th
e as
phal
t and
con
cret
e.T
here
has
been
no
imm
edia
tely
app
aren
t im
pact
on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
FUT
UR
E P
LA
NS
OU
TL
INE
D
Wha
t is
the
futu
re o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s ai
rstr
ip?
The
rul
ing
agai
nst i
ts f
urth
er d
evel
opm
ent a
ppea
rsfi
rm,
but t
he u
se o
f th
e ru
nway
as
a tr
aini
ng s
trip
is a
pt to
con
tinue
. The
197
0 pa
ct e
xpir
ed in
Jan
uary
,19
73, b
ut
rene
wal
was
exp
ecte
d, a
s bo
th th
e Fe
dera
l Dep
artm
ents
of
the
Inte
rior
and
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
and
Dad
e C
ount
y
offi
cial
s fa
vore
d re
new
al. "
Ren
ewal
of
the
pact
is n
ot r
eally
con
tinge
nt u
pon
thes
e po
llutio
nre
sults
," B
row
n
expl
aine
d."B
ut if
ther
e is
har
m to
the
envi
ronm
ent,
if a
n ad
vers
e im
pact
can
be
show
n, a
shu
tdow
n of
the
trai
ning
fac
ility
may
be
soug
ht a
nd th
e op
erat
ions
sto
pped
."5
Wal
ter
Rev
ell,
secr
etar
y of
the
Flor
ida
Dep
art-
men
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
sai
d th
e E
verg
lade
s si
te p
roba
bly
wou
ld r
emai
n in
use
unt
il ru
nway
s at
a n
ewsi
te
125
wer
e in
ope
ratio
n so
me
time
betw
een
1977
and
198
2.6
Som
e ai
rlin
e of
fici
als
indi
cate
d th
at th
e tr
aini
ng f
ield
wou
ld b
e ut
ilize
d ev
en p
ast t
hose
dat
es, d
ue to
eve
r-in
crea
sing
air
traf
fic
at c
row
ded
urba
n ar
eas.
One
pos
itive
fac
tor
for
the
envi
ronm
ent a
t pre
sent
is th
e fa
ct th
at m
uch
of th
e pr
esen
t air
traf
fic
at th
etr
aini
ng f
ield
is c
ompr
ised
of
Eas
tern
's n
ew L
ockh
eed
L10
11 je
t, a
wid
e-bo
dy li
ner
capa
ble
of tr
ansp
ortin
g22
6 pa
ssen
gers
, and
Nat
iona
l's D
C 1
0.B
oth,
acc
ordi
ng to
air
line
spok
esm
en, h
ave
the
late
st e
mis
sion
con
-tr
ol d
evic
es o
n th
em. t
o m
inim
ize
the
dang
er to
the
envi
ronm
ent.
On
the
othe
r si
de o
f th
e co
in, t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f su
ch n
ew a
ircr
aft m
eans
that
man
y do
mes
tic a
irlin
esar
e co
ntra
ctin
g th
eir
olde
r pl
anes
to f
orei
gn c
arri
ers,
who
se p
ilots
trai
n at
the
Eve
rgla
des
prac
tice
fiel
d.T
hese
air
craf
t, of
cou
rse,
do
not h
ave
'adv
ance
d em
issi
on c
ontr
ols.
The
fut
ure
of th
e E
verg
lade
s ai
rpor
t, th
en, i
s un
cert
ain.
It is
und
oubt
edly
ser
ving
an
impo
rtan
tfu
nctio
n to
the
airl
ines
.So
far
this
fun
ctio
n ha
s ap
pare
ntly
bee
n se
rved
WIT
HO
UT
maj
or d
amag
e to
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Scie
ntif
ic o
bser
vatio
n w
ill c
ontin
ue, t
o m
ake
sure
this
rem
ains
true
.Is
it p
ossi
ble,
as
som
eco
nser
vatio
nist
s fe
ar, t
hat t
he E
verg
lade
s ha
ve a
lrea
dy s
uffe
red
dam
age
whi
ch w
ill n
ot b
e re
veal
ed u
ntil
itt-
--1
prog
ress
es f
urth
er a
long
the
ecol
ogic
al c
hain
?C
A C)
Onl
y tim
e w
ill te
ll.
Tat
ro, N
ick,
"T
he J
etpo
rt T
hat I
sn't,
" T
OD
AY
New
spap
er, J
an. 1
4, 1
973,
p. 1
E a
nd 6
E.
Not
es' p
. 6E
2p. 6
E3
p. 6
E4p
. 1E
5p. 1
E6p
. 1E
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O.4
7: 1
871
Map
of
Eve
rgla
des
ft
4tet
1:06
.\"'
S 1,
t-
qt.
It,e
pcr
iIS
h-L
127
5
Flow
of
wat
er14
i/
Vill
ages
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
8:So
uth
Flor
ida'
s N
atio
nal P
ark,
Con
serv
atio
n A
reas
, Agr
icul
tura
l Zon
es,
Can
als.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. F. G.
H.
and
izz2
LZ
E7
az27
zez/
/Erg
St. L
ucie
Wes
t Pal
m B
each
Hill
sbor
oN
orth
New
Riv
erSo
uth
New
Riv
erM
iam
iC
aloo
saha
tche
eT
amia
mi
Can
als
Ay/
Age
eA
...
J
NZ
"at
iiiI
1._ -m
ohrim
inun
dars
ai11
3111
114
1us
ual
128
Eve
rgla
des
Nat
iona
lPa
rk
Con
serv
atio
nA
reas
Agr
icul
tura
lZ
ones
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 4
9: S
outh
Flo
rida
's C
ount
ies,
Maj
orC
ities
, Hig
hway
Sys
tem
and
Jet
port
IC
A A
ct L
..0 T
reI
Fbri
T
v4
.1
ear
T'A
LM
3L
thc.
64
ovvr
L. A
uZE
RZ
A4L
-E.
NA
PLE
S
Ef
CR
cip
LA
VIS
C. a
y
Cou
ntie
sH
ighw
ay S
yste
m -
--,,-
-- 0
Jetp
ort
Cl
Urb
an C
ente
rs
Pim
orm
i1)
129
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 5
0: O
utlin
e M
ap o
f So
uth
Flor
ida
130
STU
DE
NT
CO
MM
EN
T N
O. 5
1: T
he E
verg
lade
s is
the
Min
er's
Can
ary
of th
e G
old
Coa
st
For
the
past
doz
en y
ears
, a h
andf
ul o
f na
tura
lsc
ient
ists
and
man
y m
ore
citiz
en-c
onse
rvat
ioni
sts
have
not
ed a
nd p
ublic
ized
the
grow
ing
plig
ht o
f th
eE
verg
lade
s.In
true
eco
syst
em f
ashi
on, t
hey
have
ofte
n re
mar
ked
that
"as
the
Eve
rgla
des
goes
, so
goes
the
urba
nize
d G
old
Coa
st o
f so
uthe
ast F
lori
da,"
or "
the
Eve
rgla
des
is th
e m
iner
's c
anar
yof
the
Gol
d C
oast
."
No
one
real
ly h
as c
onsi
dere
d th
e w
hole
life
-sys
tem
of s
outh
Flo
rida
in a
sub
stan
tial e
cosy
stem
fash
ion.
I ha
ve, f
or e
xam
ple,
spo
ken
alm
ost e
ntir
ely
on th
ew
ilder
ness
or
rura
l por
tion
of th
e so
uth
Flor
ida
ecos
yste
m, a
nd'it
pro
babl
y w
ould
not
be
too
muc
hno
ted
if I
did
no,
mor
e th
an th
at.
We
are
over
due
on tu
rnin
g th
e co
in a
roun
d, in
obs
ervi
ngan
d qu
antif
ying
the
stre
sses
on
the
urba
n,
the
peop
le p
ortio
n of
the
cosy
stem
, and
in s
ayin
g th
at "
asth
e G
old
Coa
st g
oes,
so
goes
the
Eve
rgla
des.
"
We
mus
t now
qua
ntif
y an
d pu
blic
ize
a se
ries
of
urba
nst
ress
es -
the
urba
n eq
uiva
lent
s of
alli
gato
rs,
woo
d st
orks
and
dee
r. S
ome
of th
em a
re:
wat
er s
hort
ages
pow
er s
hort
ages
and
pow
er g
ener
atio
npr
oble
ms
wat
er a
nd a
ir p
ollu
tion
traf
fic
prob
lem
s, a
ccid
ents
and
tran
spor
t pro
blem
spu
blic
hea
lth -
men
tal a
nd p
hysi
cal
the
over
load
on
scho
ols,
cou
rts,
jails
, hos
pita
ls, e
tc.
crim
ejo
b an
d ho
usin
g av
aila
bilit
yav
aila
bilit
y of
par
k an
d re
crea
tion
area
sQ
uant
ific
atio
n of
thes
e ite
ms
shou
ld b
e ac
com
plis
hed,
whe
repo
ssib
le, o
n a
per
capi
ta b
asis
.
In th
e ci
ty e
colo
gy a
nd e
cono
my
clea
rly
com
e to
geth
er.
Mos
t of
the
citie
s of
the
Gol
d C
oast
are
bank
rupt
. The
y ar
e un
able
to s
uppl
y th
e es
sent
ial s
ervi
ces
thei
r la
rge
popu
latio
ns r
equi
re -
som
e
131
exam
ples
of
whi
ch I
infe
rred
abo
ve. T
he d
epre
ssed
are
as, t
he s
lum
s an
d gh
etto
s,ar
e hu
ge a
nd s
prea
ding
for
this
is w
here
spa
rse
fund
s dr
y up
fir
st. T
he e
ntra
nce
of f
eder
al f
unds
to f
ill th
e fi
nanc
ial
gaps
onsc
hool
lunc
h pr
ogra
ms,
sew
age
syst
ems,
pol
ice
trai
ning
and
hos
ts o
f ot
hers
- is
n't j
ust d
esir
able
, it i
sne
cess
ary.
Eve
n th
ese
foun
d fu
nds
ofte
n pe
rfor
m a
cos
met
ic f
unct
ion,
like
bur
ying
a f
ish
kill,
and
do
not
rect
ify
the
basi
c pr
oble
m.
The
far
ther
was
te h
as to
be
tran
spor
ted
to th
e ci
ty, t
he m
ore
it co
sts.
The
gre
ater
the
leve
l of
trea
t-m
ent r
equi
red
for
wat
er s
uppl
y or
sew
age
was
tes,
the
grea
ter
the
cost
.I
susp
ect h
uina
n de
nsity
is a
pot
ent
envi
ronm
enta
l fac
tor
- in
city
cos
ts-
in c
ompe
lling
exp
onen
tial i
ncre
ases
in p
olic
e pe
r ca
pita
, tra
ffic
light
s pe
r ca
pita
, hos
pita
ls a
nd ja
ils p
er c
apita
, etc
.It
is ju
st p
ossi
ble,
I b
elie
ve, t
hat h
ad w
e ta
ken
effe
ctiv
e st
eps
to k
eep
Gol
d C
oast
citi
es e
cono
mic
ally
viab
le in
stea
d of
the
fina
ncia
l wre
tche
s th
ey a
re, a
nd th
us to
kee
p th
eir
peop
le u
nder
muc
h le
ssst
ress
,th
at th
e E
verg
lade
s w
ould
hav
e be
en s
pare
d m
any
of it
s pr
oble
ms.
It is
fai
r to
say
, eve
n no
w, t
hat a
s th
esp
read
bet
wee
n pe
r ca
pita
rev
enue
and
per
cap
ita c
ost w
iden
s fo
r th
e 'c
ities
of
the
Gol
dC
oast
, str
esse
s on
the
Eve
rgla
des
will
incr
ease
. Dem
ands
for
fed
eral
aid
will
fur
ther
incr
ease
. And
now
, the
Aid
to C
ities
1".4 ca
Act
of
the
Flor
ida
legi
slat
ure
will
pro
vide
sta
te f
unds
to p
ress
ed c
ities
, dem
ands
for
whi
ch w
illin
crea
se.
I am
sur
e th
at n
o al
l env
iron
men
tal d
egra
datio
ns c
an b
e re
late
d so
dir
ectly
to u
rban
gro
wth
, str
ess
and
bank
rupt
cy, b
ut th
at o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s is
link
ed.to
the
fate
of
the
Gol
d C
oast
, in
true
eco
syst
emfa
shio
n. H
ere
ecol
ogy
and
econ
omy
have
com
e to
geth
er, i
n be
late
d re
cogn
ition
of
the
deri
vatio
n of
thei
rna
mes
fro
m th
e sa
me
Gre
ek w
ork
oiko
s -
hom
e.A
nd n
one
too
soon
, for
the
Gla
des
and
the
peop
le o
f th
e ci
ties
and
for
the
publ
icec
onom
y.I
susp
ect t
hat w
e ye
t hav
e a
choi
ce. W
e ca
n le
arn
to r
espe
ct th
e as
sim
ilativ
e or
car
ryin
g ca
paci
ties
of o
ur e
nvir
onm
enta
l res
ourc
esai
r, w
ater
, spa
ce, e
tc.,
- an
d to
rec
ogni
ze e
xpon
entia
l str
ess
incr
ease
san
d co
st in
crea
ses
asso
ciat
ed w
ith a
ccom
mod
atio
n of
larg
e po
pula
tions
, or
we
can
have
con
tinue
d in
crea
sein
the
num
ber
of b
ankr
upt c
ities
.
132
I am
sur
e it
won
't so
lve
all o
f ou
r en
viro
nmen
tal p
robl
ems
ever
ywhe
re, b
ut r
egul
atio
n of
pop
ulat
ion
size
s an
d di
stri
butio
n to
acc
ord
with
tota
l fun
ds a
vaila
ble
to G
old
Coa
st c
ities
and
thus
to th
e lim
its o
fth
e re
gion
's n
atur
al r
esou
rces
wou
ld h
ave
done
a g
reat
dea
l to
avoi
d th
e ha
rm d
one
to th
e E
verg
lade
s.W
ith F
lori
da's
gre
at s
urge
of
popu
latio
n-
expe
cted
to d
oubl
e by
200
0 -
we
mus
t eith
er s
uppo
rt it
s pe
ople
on th
e le
ast p
er c
apita
cos
t bas
is, o
r do
uble
taxe
s or
suf
fer
cont
inue
d ba
nkru
ptcy
of
citie
s, g
row
ing
desp
air
in th
e ci
ties
and
badl
y de
grad
ed e
nvir
onm
enta
l val
ues
in la
rge
regi
ons
of th
e su
nshi
ne s
tate
.
Mar
shal
l, A
rt, "
Alli
gato
rs a
ndC
ities
Les
sons
fro
m th
e E
ver-
glad
es,"
The
Flo
rida
Nat
ural
ist,
Aug
ust,
1972
, p. 1
09.
133
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
S
134
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.1
:L
ivin
g/N
on-L
ivin
g?
One
of
the
hard
est t
hing
s fo
r a
stud
ent t
o do
is to
dec
ide
wha
t is
cons
ider
ed b
iotic
or
abio
tic.
If
biot
ic is
def
ined
as
livin
g or
rec
ently
livi
ng, i
t mus
t be
dete
rm-i
ned
wha
t con
stitu
tes
life.
Lif
e in
volv
es te
n ba
sic
proc
esse
s th
at a
re in
tegr
ated
into
a s
ingl
e pr
oduc
t, th
at o
f liv
ing.
If a
ny
of th
ese
func
tions
are
abs
ent,
then
the
obje
ct b
eing
inve
stig
ated
is n
ot a
live.
The
ten
elem
ents
of
life
are
as f
ollo
ws:
1.N
utri
tion
(foo
d ge
tting
)6.
Ass
imila
tion
2.L
ocom
otio
n or
mot
ion
7.C
ircu
latio
n3.
Irri
tabi
lity
(sen
sitiv
ity)
8.Se
cret
ion
4.D
iges
tion
9.E
xcre
tion
5.A
bsor
btio
n10
.R
epro
duct
ion
Thi
s is
an
all i
nclu
sive
list
of
elem
ents
. Oth
er s
cien
tists
use
list
s of
var
ying
siz
e bu
t mos
t pla
cetw
o or
thre
e of
thes
e ba
sic
elem
ents
into
oth
er e
ncom
pass
ing
cate
gori
es.
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.2:
Eva
luat
ing
Smal
l Gro
up W
ork
Man
y te
ache
rs r
efus
e to
inco
rpor
ate
smal
l gro
up w
ork
in th
eir
clas
sroo
ms
beca
use
they
lack
a sa
tisfa
ctor
y pr
oced
ure
for
eval
uatin
g th
e ou
tcom
e of
suc
h ef
fort
s.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
this
uni
tof
stu
dy, w
e su
gges
t the
use
of
the
follo
win
g pr
oces
s fo
r ch
ecki
ng th
e re
sults
of
grou
ps in
vest
igat
ing
each
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n. U
se o
nly
whe
re it
is p
ract
ical
to d
o so
.1.
At t
he e
nd o
f th
e st
udy
of e
ach
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n, th
ere
will
be
an e
xerc
ise
in th
e L
earn
ing
Act
iviti
es c
olum
n en
title
d C
heck
I. Q
.A
t thi
s po
int h
ave
each
indi
vidu
al w
ithin
a s
mal
lgr
oup
wri
te o
ut w
hat h
e th
inks
is th
e an
swer
to th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion,
by
filli
ng o
ut th
eup
per
half
of
the
I. Q
. (In
quir
y Q
uest
ion)
Che
ck in
Stu
dent
Com
men
t No.
1, P
age
37.
2.T
each
er c
olle
cts
I. Q
. Che
ck s
heet
s an
d gi
ves
to a
dif
fere
nt s
mal
l gro
up f
or g
radi
ng.
3.C
lass
mem
bers
will
:a.
Hav
e in
fro
nt o
f th
em a
cop
y of
cla
ss c
oncl
usio
n fo
r th
e In
quir
y Q
uest
ion
iA-
arri
ved
at d
urin
g th
e In
vest
igat
ions
.c)
b.D
ecid
e ho
w m
any
tota
l gra
de-p
oint
s sh
ould
be
poss
ible
for
the
prop
er r
espo
nse
0to
the
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
n.4.
Eac
h sm
all g
roup
will
com
pare
the
answ
er s
heet
han
ded
it w
ith c
lass
con
clus
ion
and
then
fill
out
that
low
er h
alf
of th
e I.
Q. C
heck
for
m. E
xper
ienc
e ha
s sh
own
that
mor
eho
nest
and
ser
ious
eva
luat
ions
are
mad
e w
hen
stud
ents
do
not k
now
who
is c
heck
ing
who
se p
aper
. The
nam
e of
the
chec
ker
on th
e I.
Q. C
heck
for
m is
for
the
teac
her
only
.5.
Ret
urn
I. Q
. Che
cks
to te
ache
r w
ho m
ay r
evea
l sco
res
to s
tude
nts.
If th
is m
etho
d of
eva
luat
ion
is e
mpl
oyed
, it w
ould
be
esse
ntia
l for
stu
dent
s to
rem
ain
in th
esa
me
smal
l gro
up u
ntil
com
plet
ion
is m
ade
of a
ll in
vest
igat
ions
for
any
one
Inq
uiry
Que
stio
n.
136
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 3:
Lif
e In
A M
arsh
PHY
SIC
AL
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
A b
alan
ced
mar
sh h
as (
1) d
eep
wat
er a
reas
,(2
) sh
allo
w w
ater
are
as o
r sh
oals
, (3)
hea
vy e
mer
gent
vege
tatio
n on
som
e of
the
shor
elin
e, (
4) b
are
area
s on
som
eof
its
othe
r sh
ores
, (5)
flo
oded
gra
ssy
mea
dow
s,
and
(6)
dry
gras
sy m
eado
ws.
AN
IMA
LS
AN
D P
LA
NT
S C
OM
MO
N T
O E
VE
RG
LA
DE
SFR
ESH
WA
TE
R M
AR
SH
Ani
mal
s
Mar
sh r
abbi
tR
ound
-tai
led
mus
krat
Otte
rM
anat
eePa
inte
d bu
ntin
gC
omm
on e
gret
Snow
y eg
ret
Whi
te p
elic
anC
orm
oran
tsPu
rple
gal
linul
eC
omm
on g
allin
ule
Anh
inga
Litt
le b
lue
hero
nG
reen
her
onG
reat
blu
e he
ron
Lou
isia
na h
eron
Bla
ck-c
row
ned
nigh
t her
onR
ail
Eve
rgla
des
kite
Lim
pkin
Coo
ts (
and
man
y ot
her
vari
etie
s of
t
Am
eric
an b
itter
nSt
iltR
ed-s
houl
dere
d ha
wk
Gre
en s
nake
Ban
ded
snak
eE
verg
lade
s sw
amp
snak
eW
ater
moc
casi
nSo
ft-s
helle
d tu
rtle
Yel
low
-bel
lied
turt
leA
lliga
tor
Am
eric
an c
roco
dile
Gre
en tr
ee f
rog
Nar
row
-mou
th to
adSo
uthe
rn b
ullf
rog
Mos
quito
fish
(va
riou
s ki
nds)
Mul
let
Shri
mp
Lub
ber
gras
shop
per
Pom
acea
sna
il
rans
ient
duc
ks)
Als
o fo
und
are
occa
sion
al E
verg
lade
spa
nthe
rs a
nd v
ario
us k
inds
of
deer
.13
7
Plan
tsA
rrow
head
Saw
gras
sL
eath
er f
ern
Flag
Mai
denc
ane
Pick
erel
wee
dC
atta
ilsH
yaci
nths
Sedg
esM
allo
wL
otus
Lily
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 4:
Lar
ge G
roup
Dis
cuss
ion
Eva
luat
ion
The
fol
low
ing
chec
klis
t is
offe
red
as a
n ex
ampl
e of
a d
evic
e w
hich
may
be
used
to le
nd a
deg
ree
of o
bjec
tivity
to e
valu
atin
g st
uden
t par
ticip
atio
n in
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
ns: T
he te
ache
rm
ay in
volv
e st
uden
tsin
the
eval
uativ
e pr
oces
s by
dev
isin
g a
rota
tion
syst
em w
here
by tw
oor
thre
e st
uden
ts w
ould
eva
luat
e cl
ass
mem
bers
dur
ing
clas
s di
scus
sion
per
iods
.W
hen
eval
uatin
g st
uden
t com
men
ts in
cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n co
nsid
er th
e fo
llow
ing
item
s:a.
Qua
ntity
of
stud
ent c
ontr
ibut
ion.
b.C
onte
nt o
f st
uden
t's r
emar
ks a
s th
ese
indi
cate
kno
wle
dge
of to
pic,
cri
tical
and
/or
inno
vativ
e th
inki
ngby
stu
dent
c.R
elev
ance
of
stud
ent's
rem
arks
to s
ubje
ct -
unde
r co
nsid
erat
ion.
d.C
lari
ty o
f ex
pres
sion
and
pre
sent
atio
n by
stu
dent
.B
ased
on
the
four
con
side
ratio
ns a
bove
, poi
nts
shou
ld b
e aw
arde
don
a f
ive
poin
t rat
ing
scal
e:5
poin
ts-e
xcel
lent
4 po
ints
-abo
ve a
vera
ge3
poin
ts-a
vera
ge2
poin
ts-b
elow
ave
rage
1 po
int-
poor
Sepa
rate
poi
nts
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
for
each
com
men
t mad
e by
a st
uden
t and
rec
orde
d in
the
appr
o-pr
iate
col
umn
in th
e sa
mpl
e E
valu
atio
n Sh
eet f
or L
arge
Gro
up D
iscu
ssio
n be
low
:
zval
uatio
n ne
e fo
r L
arge
uro
up D
iscu
ssio
nN
AM
EPO
INT
ST
OT
AL
I.Sa
m S
unsh
ine
4, 3
, 4, 2
13
2.M
ary
Mus
hroo
m1,
5, 2
8
3.Fr
ed F
rog
3, 3
, 2,1
9
138
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 5:
Eve
rgla
des
Surv
ival
Gam
e
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Thi
s ga
me
will
pro
vide
a f
ram
ewor
k w
ithin
whi
ch th
e st
uden
t will
inve
stig
ate
the
envi
ronm
enta
lch
ange
s w
hich
hav
e oc
curr
ed in
the
Flor
ida
Eve
rgla
des.
It w
ill a
lso
prov
ide
activ
ities
whi
ch a
re d
esig
ned
to m
ake
the
stud
ent a
war
e of
the
cons
eque
nces
of
othe
r ty
pes
of c
hang
e w
hich
mig
ht o
ccur
in th
e E
verg
lade
s.B
ecau
se o
f th
e va
riou
s ro
les
they
will
be
play
ing
and
the
activ
ities
they
will
be
enga
ged
in, t
he s
tude
nt w
illga
in a
new
aw
aren
ess
of a
ll of
the
ram
ific
atio
ns o
f en
viro
nmen
tal c
hang
e. T
he s
tude
nt w
ill in
vest
igat
e th
ehi
stor
y of
the
Eve
rgla
des
and
he w
ill d
isco
ver
the
natu
ral a
nd m
an-m
ade
chan
ges
whi
ch h
ave
occu
rred
inth
is a
rea.
The
stu
dent
will
bec
ome
invo
lved
in m
akin
g va
lue
judg
emen
ts in
rel
atio
n to
env
iron
men
tal
chan
ge a
nd h
e w
ill g
ain
a ne
w a
war
enes
s of
the
com
plex
ities
and
con
flic
ts s
urro
undi
ngm
any
envi
ronm
enta
lch
ange
s. T
he g
ame
will
end
with
the
stud
ents
arr
ivin
g at
ans
wer
s fo
r th
e si
xin
quir
y qu
estio
ns f
ound
on
page
141
.
OV
ER
VIE
W-4
/
Rol
e Pl
ayin
g
All
stud
ents
will
ass
ume
an id
entit
y by
dra
win
g fr
om a
box
or
hat.
A li
st o
f pe
rman
ent i
dent
ities
need
ed f
or p
urpo
ses
of th
e pr
essu
re c
ards
is g
iven
on
page
143
, how
ever
, add
ition
al id
entit
ies
may
be
assi
gned
for
spe
cifi
c ac
tiviti
es a
s ca
lled
for
in th
e di
rect
ions
for
that
act
ivity
.C
lass
lead
ersh
ip w
ill b
epr
ovid
ed b
y a
stud
ent p
layi
ng th
e ro
le o
f th
e G
over
nor
of th
e St
ate
of F
lori
da, a
Lt.
Gov
erno
r, a
nda
Secr
etar
y fo
r th
e G
over
nor.
The
dut
ies
of th
e cl
ass
lead
ersh
ipar
e fo
'und
on
page
142
.
Eva
luat
ion
Stud
ents
will
ear
n E
SP (
Eve
rgla
des
Surv
ival
Poi
nts)
for
all
activ
ities
they
par
ticip
ate
in.
Poin
ts
139
may
be
awar
ded
for
rese
arch
, ora
l pre
sent
atio
ns, r
ole
play
ing
activ
ities
, tes
ts, o
r an
y ot
her
cons
truc
tive
activ
ities
ass
ocia
ted
with
dev
elop
ing
a be
tter
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
issu
es s
urro
undi
ng th
e su
rviv
al o
f th
eE
verg
lade
s. A
t tim
es th
e st
uden
ts m
ay lo
se E
SP a
s th
e re
sult
of p
ress
ure
card
s w
hich
hav
e an
adv
erse
effe
ct o
n th
em o
r an
adv
erse
eff
ect u
pon
the
Eve
rgla
des.
All
stud
ents
will
mai
ntai
n a
reco
rd o
f th
eir
ESP
on a
bal
ance
she
et (
see
sam
ple
on p
age
144)
. Gra
des
for
this
gam
e w
ill la
rgel
y de
pend
upo
n th
e nu
mbe
r of
ESP
ear
ned
duri
ng th
e ac
tiviti
es.
At t
he c
oncl
usio
n of
the
stud
y of
the
Eve
rgla
des,
teac
hers
up a
ll po
ints
, arr
ive
at a
n av
erag
e fo
r th
e cl
ass,
and
then
ass
ign
lette
r gr
ades
acc
ordi
ng to
thei
r ow
n ph
ilos-
ophy
of
grad
ing.
Pres
sure
Car
ds
Sam
ple
pres
sure
car
ds a
re f
ound
on
page
s 14
6-14
8.T
he te
ache
r m
ay w
ish
to c
onst
ruct
oth
erpr
essu
re c
ards
as
the
stud
y pr
ogre
sseS
.Pr
essu
re c
ards
sho
uld
be c
ut o
ut a
nd p
lace
d in
a b
ox a
nd d
raw
nfr
om ti
me
to ti
me
to c
reat
e co
ntro
vers
y, to
illu
stra
te th
e co
nseq
uenc
es o
f so
me
envi
ronm
enta
l cha
nges
,r
and
to m
otiv
ate
stud
ents
to s
eek
way
s to
dea
l with
pro
blem
s pr
esen
ted
by th
ese
card
s.Pr
essu
re c
ards
f:;-
may
ser
ve a
s sp
ring
boar
ds f
or s
imul
ated
hea
ring
s, le
gisl
ativ
e pr
opos
als,
sm
all g
roup
pro
blem
sol
ving
sess
ions
, ind
epen
dent
stu
dy p
roje
cts,
etc
.O
nly
the
inte
rest
and
imag
inat
ion
of th
e st
uden
ts a
nd th
e te
ache
rca
n lim
it th
e fu
ll im
plic
atio
ns f
or a
ctiv
ities
gro
win
g fr
om th
ese
card
s. T
he te
ache
r sh
ould
off
er g
ener
ous
amou
nts
of E
SP to
stu
dent
s w
ho p
ursu
e th
e pr
oble
ms
rais
ed in
thes
e ca
rds
and
com
eup
with
sol
utio
ns.
The
teac
her
may
ele
ct to
hav
e a
card
dra
wn
each
day
, eve
ry o
ther
day
, or
how
ever
they
wis
h to
use
them
.T
hese
car
ds c
an b
e ve
ry s
ucce
ssfu
l in
mot
ivat
ing
stud
ents
and
in c
reat
ing
susp
ense
and
exc
item
ent i
n th
ecl
assr
oom
.
Res
ourc
e C
olle
ctio
n
Enc
oura
ge s
tude
nts
to c
olle
ct n
ews
artic
les,
boo
ks, p
amph
lets
and
oth
er it
ems
pert
a; "
mg
to th
eir
140
spec
ifi a
rea
of e
nvir
onm
enta
l con
cern
. Rew
ard
stud
ents
for
app
ropr
iate
don
atio
nby
giv
ing
them
ESP
s.Fi
ftee
n to
25
poin
ts p
er it
em m
ight
be
a re
ason
able
gui
de.
Adv
ice
Form
s
A s
ampl
e of
the
"Adv
ice
Form
" is
fou
nd o
npa
ge 1
45.
Stud
ents
may
use
this
for
m to
wri
te a
dvic
e to
the
Gov
erno
r th
roug
hout
the
cour
se o
f th
e ga
me.
The
y sh
ould
wri
tead
vice
abo
ut e
nvir
onm
enta
l iss
ues
and
they
sho
uld
com
plet
e th
e fo
rm. T
he G
over
nor
will
eva
luat
e th
e A
dvic
efo
rms
turn
ed in
to h
im a
nd a
war
dfr
om 0
to 3
0 E
SPs
for
each
for
m. E
ncou
rage
stu
dent
s to
wri
te a
dvic
efo
rms
to th
e G
over
nor
in w
hich
they
advi
se h
im o
n th
e co
urse
of
actio
n to
take
in r
egar
d to
the
pres
sure
car
ds w
hich
hav
e be
en d
raw
n.St
uden
tsm
ight
als
o be
mad
e aw
are
that
this
is a
n ex
celle
ntw
ay to
gai
n ba
ck p
oint
s lo
st d
ue to
pre
ssur
e ca
rds.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N
Aft
er th
e st
uden
ts h
ave
com
plet
ed a
ll of
the
activ
ities
in th
e E
verg
lade
sun
it, th
e co
nclu
ding
act
ivity
will
be
to a
rriv
e at
con
clus
ions
for
the
six
inqu
iry
ques
tions
bel
ow:
V.
VI.
VII
.
VII
I.
DC
.
X.
Inqu
iry
Que
stio
nsW
hat b
iotic
and
abi
otic
fea
ture
s in
the
ecos
yste
m h
ave
chan
ged
and
are
unde
rgoi
ng c
hang
e?W
hat a
re th
e na
tura
l fac
tors
cau
sing
cha
nge
in th
e ec
osys
tem
and
how
hav
e th
eybe
en b
roug
ht a
bout
?W
hat a
re th
e m
an-m
ade
fact
ors
caus
ing
chan
ge in
the
ecos
yste
m a
nd h
owha
ve th
ey b
een
brou
ght a
bout
?W
hat a
re th
e re
sults
of
the
chan
ges?
A. B
enef
icia
l?B
. Det
rim
enta
l?W
hat,
if a
ny, n
ew c
hang
es a
re n
eede
d in
the
ecos
yste
m?
How
mig
ht th
ese
need
ed c
hang
es to
the
ecos
yste
m b
e br
ough
t abo
ut?
141
CL
ASS
OFF
ICIA
LS
FOR
EV
ER
GL
AD
ES
SUR
VIV
AL
GA
ME
It w
ould
be
mos
t hel
pful
to h
ave
a cl
ass
staf
f of
off
icer
s to
hel
p im
plem
ent a
nd r
eact
toth
e va
riou
sac
tiviti
es in
this
stu
dy o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s.H
ave
the
stud
ents
ele
ct a
Gov
erno
r an
da
Lt.
Gov
erno
r to
be
the
chie
f of
fice
rs o
f th
e cl
ass
duri
ng th
isst
udy.
The
Gov
erno
r m
ay a
ppoi
nta
Secr
etar
y to
ass
ist h
im a
nd th
ein
stru
ctor
.A
ll st
uden
ts m
ay w
rite
adv
ice
form
sto
the
Gov
erno
r ab
out a
ny o
f th
e is
sues
whi
ch a
rise
duri
ngth
e si
mul
atio
n.If
the
stud
ent a
dvis
es th
e G
over
nor
to ta
keso
me
actio
n w
hich
he
has
no p
ower
to ta
ke, h
esh
ould
be
prep
ared
to n
otif
y th
e st
uden
tof
the
prop
er g
over
nmen
tal
agen
cy o
r th
e pr
oper
cou
rse
of a
ctio
n to
take
in im
plem
entin
g th
e ad
vice
giv
en.
The
Gov
erno
r an
d hi
s st
aff
will
eva
luat
eal
l adv
ice
form
s an
d aw
ard
the
stud
ent w
ho w
rote
the
advi
ce f
orm
from
0 to
30
ESP
s fo
r th
eir
wor
k.(S
ee a
cop
y of
the
"Adv
ice
Form
"on
pag
e 14
5.)
SOM
E O
F T
HE
MA
JOR
DU
TIE
S O
F T
HE
GO
VE
RN
OR
AN
D H
IS S
TA
FFti =
1.W
ork
with
the
teac
her
in c
oord
inat
ing
activ
ities
, pre
pari
ng m
ater
ials
, ini
tiatin
gne
w a
ctiv
ities
,a.
)an
d pr
esid
ing
over
larg
e gr
oup
sess
ions
.2.
Rea
d, e
valu
ate,
and
ret
urn
all A
dvic
eFo
rms.
3.R
esea
rch
all c
ours
es o
f ac
tion
open
to c
itize
ns in
see
king
red
ress
for
env
iron
men
tal a
buse
san
d re
fer
stud
ents
to th
e pr
oper
cou
rse
of a
ctio
n to
take
to h
elp
them
in s
olvi
ng e
nvir
onm
enta
lpr
oble
ms.
4.T
he S
ecre
tary
will
che
ck th
e ro
ll da
ily,
mai
ntai
n a
reco
rd o
f st
uden
t con
trib
utio
ns in
cla
ssdi
scus
-si
ons,
and
ass
ist t
he G
over
nor
in f
ulfi
lling
his
resp
onsi
bilit
ies.
5.T
he G
over
nor
will
ser
ve a
s th
e ch
airm
anof
the
"Rev
iew
Tea
m"
in th
e Je
tpor
t Con
trov
ersy
activ
ity.
142
PER
MA
NE
NT
RO
LE
S FO
R E
VE
RG
LA
DE
S SI
MU
LA
TIO
N
(Pre
ssur
e C
ards
will
per
tain
mos
t to
thes
e ro
les)
1.C
itize
n of
Mia
mi
2.Fa
rmer
Sou
th o
f L
ake
Oke
echo
bee
3.O
il C
ompa
ny P
resi
dent
4.O
wne
r of
a M
ajor
Tou
rist
Age
ncy
in M
iam
i5.
Dir
ecto
r of
Bur
eau
of I
ndia
n A
ffai
rs6.
Dir
ecto
r of
the
Wat
er C
ontr
ol D
ivis
ion
of D
ade
Cou
nty,
Flo
rida
7.H
ead
of F
lori
da H
ighw
ay D
epar
tmen
t8.
Stat
e Se
cret
ary
of A
gric
ultu
re9.
Pres
iden
t of
a M
ajor
Lan
d D
evel
opin
g C
ompa
ny10
.D
irec
tor
of M
iam
i Air
port
11.
Eve
rgla
des
Park
Ran
ger
12.
Secr
etar
y of
the
Inte
rior
13.
Prof
essi
onal
Fis
herm
an o
ff S
duth
ern
Coa
st o
f Fl
orid
a14
.C
ampe
r15
.C
itize
n of
Eve
rgla
des
City
16.
Gov
erno
r of
Flo
rida
17.
Duc
k H
unte
r in
New
Yor
k18
.Po
ache
r
ESP
BA
LA
NC
E S
HE
ET
Nam
e
Perm
anen
t Rol
eA
ctiv
ity R
oles
:
Dat
eA
ctiv
ity o
r It
em+
Bal
ance
144
Stud
ent:
AD
VIC
E F
OR
MSc
ore
Sour
ce o
f In
form
atio
n:
Info
rmat
ion
(fac
ts):
Peri
odG
over
nor:
Aut
hor
Titl
eD
ate
Page
Mag
azin
e, N
ewsp
aper
, TV
,R
ole
Aut
hori
tativ
e So
urce
, etc
.
Bec
ause
of
the
abov
e in
form
atio
n, I
adv
ise
you
to ta
ke th
e fo
llow
ing
actio
n:
145
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
S
Pres
sure
car
ds m
ay b
e in
trod
uced
by
the
teac
her
whe
neve
r th
ey w
ould
be
of th
egr
eate
st e
ffec
t in
mot
ivat
ing
stud
ents
or
the
teac
her
may
hav
e st
uden
ts p
erio
dica
lly d
raw
car
ds.
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#1:
A s
erie
s of
dee
p ca
nals
hav
e be
en b
uilt
to d
rain
off
wat
er a
ndpr
even
t Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e fr
om o
verf
low
ing
and
floo
ding
the
area
sou
th o
f th
e la
ke.
Dik
es h
ave
also
bee
n bu
ilt a
s th
at w
ater
will
not
cov
er th
e la
ndan
d it
can
be u
sed
as f
ai m
land
. As
a re
sult
of th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
the
cana
ls a
nddi
kes,
the
rich
bla
ckso
il ha
s dr
ied
up in
the
hot s
un a
nd m
uch
of it
has
blo
wn
away
in c
loud
s of
dus
t, so
me
of th
e so
il ha
s be
enw
ashe
d ou
t to
sea
in th
e po
orly
des
igne
d dr
aina
geca
nals
, and
fir
es h
ave
dam
aged
oth
er a
reas
. The
pea
tco
ntin
ues
to s
hrin
k an
d it
is e
stim
ated
that
in a
few
mor
ede
cade
s, in
pla
ces,
it w
ill b
e go
ne f
orev
er.
Eve
ryon
e L
oses
10
ESP
Farm
ers
Sout
h of
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e L
ose
20 E
SP
1:-
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#2:
....)
C,
The
Sta
te o
f Fl
orid
a ha
s gr
ante
d th
e ri
ght t
o a
min
ing
com
pany
to m
ine
limer
ock
in th
e bi
g la
ke, a
s a
resu
lt th
e dr
inki
ng w
ater
for
the
citiz
ens
of M
iam
i will
be
cont
amin
ated
. *
All
Citi
zens
of
Mia
mi L
ose
20 E
SP*T
his
even
t was
alm
ost a
rea
lity
but w
asst
oppe
d at
the
last
min
ute
in th
e co
urts
.Se
e ho
w y
our
stud
ents
cho
ose
to h
andl
e it.
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#3:
The
Bur
eau
of I
ndia
n A
ffai
rs h
asap
prov
ed e
xten
sive
leas
es f
or o
il dr
illin
g in
the
Eve
rgla
des
imm
edia
tely
nort
h of
the
Park
. A to
tal o
f ov
er a
hun
dred
-tho
usan
dac
res
is in
volv
ed, o
n tw
o Se
min
ole
rese
rvat
ions
.O
il ha
s al
read
y be
en b
roug
ht to
the
surf
ace
with
in tw
o m
iles
ofa
mai
n dr
aina
ge c
anal
that
fee
ds d
irec
tlyin
to th
e bi
g re
ser'u
ir a
rea
whi
ch s
praw
ls in
to th
e he
art o
f th
e So
uth
Flor
ida
fres
h w
ater
sys
tem
. Con
-se
rvat
ioni
sts
war
n of
gre
at d
ange
r of
oil
spill
s an
d co
ntam
inat
ion
of th
e en
tire
fres
h w
ater
syst
em.
Eve
ryon
e L
oses
10
ESP
146
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#4:
The
Dir
ecto
r of
the
Wat
er C
ontr
ol D
ivis
ion
of D
ade
Cou
nty,
Flo
rida
, has
ann
ounc
ed th
at "
The
nat
iona
l par
kis
sim
ply
goin
g to
hav
e to
giv
e w
ay to
the
wat
er d
eman
ds o
f pe
ople
, pro
babl
y st
artin
g ar
ound
198
5. T
here
won
't be
eno
ugh
wat
er f
or b
oth,
and
the
peop
le c
ome
firs
t."E
very
one
Los
es 1
0 E
SP
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#5:
The
car
eles
s us
e of
pes
ticid
es s
uch
as D
DT
, DD
D, D
DE
, BH
C a
nd B
CB
is c
ausi
ng s
erio
us p
oiso
ning
ofhu
man
s, b
irds
, and
ani
mal
s an
d de
stro
ying
the
mic
rosc
opic
pla
nts
that
are
res
pons
ible
for
mai
ntai
ning
mor
e th
an n
inet
y pe
rcen
t of
the
oxyg
en w
e ne
ed to
rem
ain
aliv
e.E
very
one
Los
es 1
0 E
SP
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#6:
-.4
It h
as ju
st b
een
pred
icte
d by
exp
erts
that
the
cont
inue
d dr
aina
ge o
f th
e E
verg
lade
s w
ill r
esul
t in
cold
erFl
orid
a w
inte
rs, a
con
ditio
n w
hich
will
in ti
me
disc
oura
ge to
uris
ts f
rom
com
ing
to F
lori
da.
Tou
rist
Age
ncy
Ow
ner
Los
es 2
0 E
SP
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#7:
A m
ajor
land
dev
elop
er h
as b
ough
t up
mos
t of
the
Big
Cyp
ress
Sw
amp
area
and
pla
ns to
sub
divi
de a
nddr
ain
the
swam
p an
d bu
ild a
maj
or n
ew h
ousi
ngdt
velo
pmen
tin
the
area
.--
-E
very
one
Los
es 2
0 E
SP
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#8:
Flor
ida
supe
rhig
hway
pla
nner
s ha
ve a
nnou
nced
that
they
pla
n to
rou
te a
new
Int
erst
ate
75 f
rom
the
Flor
ida
Gul
f co
ast t
hrou
gh th
e E
verg
lade
s to
the
east
ern
side
of
the
stat
e.E
very
one
Los
es 1
0 E
SP
147
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#9:
(Thi
s ca
rd m
ight
be
used
as
an in
trod
uctio
n to
the
Jetp
ort C
ontr
over
sy A
ctiv
ities
.)T
he D
ade
Cou
nty
(Mia
mi)
Por
t Aut
hori
ty h
as m
ade
plan
s to
bui
ld a
sup
er a
irpo
rt s
ome
45 m
iles
wes
t of
Mia
mi,
in th
e ve
ry h
eart
of
the
glad
es.
Thi
s ai
rpor
t is
to r
elie
ve m
uch
of th
e ai
r tr
affi
cpr
essu
re o
nM
iam
i's b
adly
ove
rcro
wde
d ai
r te
rmin
al.
Los
es 1
0 E
SP
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#10
:
Poac
hers
set
fir
e to
the
saw
gras
s in
the
glad
es in
ord
er to
unc
over
alli
gato
r ho
les,
des
tro;
*1g
man
y ot
her
anim
als
and
man
y ac
res
of v
eget
atio
n. T
hepo
ache
rs s
kinn
ed a
nd le
ft th
e re
mai
ns o
f se
vera
l alli
gato
rsne
ar th
e ho
les.
Eve
ryon
e L
oses
10
ESP
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#11
:}.
"O
f al
l the
fac
tors
that
det
erm
ine
the
qual
ity o
fou
r en
viro
nmen
t, th
e m
ost f
unda
men
tal i
s th
e us
e w
e m
ake
of o
ur la
nd.
Mos
t of
the
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
blem
s w
e fa
ce to
day
stem
fro
m th
e m
isus
e of
the
land
. The
12w
ay e
ach
acre
of
land
is u
sed
is o
f co
ncer
n to
the
Com
mun
ity a
nd u
ltim
atel
y to
the
natio
n an
d to
the
wor
ld.
Eve
ryon
e L
oses
20
ESP
PRE
SSU
RE
CA
RD
#12
:
Oct
ober
6, 1
971,
an
imm
atur
e B
ald
Eag
le, f
eedi
ngon
car
rion
on
the
Suns
hine
Par
kway
was
str
uck
agl
anci
ng b
low
by
a pa
ssin
g ve
hicl
e.In
a w
ay th
is a
ccid
ent w
as th
e re
sult
ofm
any
eagl
es c
hang
ing
thei
rfe
edin
g ha
bits
due
to h
eavi
er p
opul
atio
ns a
roun
d th
e la
kes
whe
re th
ey f
ish.
Ani
mal
kill
sar
e m
ore
freq
uent
and
easi
er to
get
on
the
expr
essw
ays.
Con
sequ
ently
the
num
ber
of e
agle
s be
ing
inju
red
and
kille
d is
on
the
rise
. Our
Am
eric
an S
ymbo
l is
vani
shin
g.A
ll Pa
trio
ts L
ose
20 E
SP
148
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 6:
Act
ive
Invo
lvem
ent F
rom
Lea
rnin
gC
ente
rs C
once
pt
I.D
EFI
NIT
ION
OF
LE
AR
NIN
G C
EN
TE
RS
A h
arm
onio
us g
roup
ing
of m
ater
ials
and
equ
ipm
ent s
o ar
rang
ed a
sto
em
phas
ize
som
e pa
rtic
ular
idea
, pri
ncip
le, o
r th
eme
grow
ing
out o
f ch
ildre
n's
vari
ous
lear
ning
act
iviti
es.
(Dic
tiona
ry o
f
Edu
catio
n)
II.
RA
TIO
NA
LE
FO
R L
EA
RN
ING
CE
NT
ER
S
$L
A.
B.
C.
Incr
ed.s
ed p
erso
naliz
atio
nD
evel
opin
g se
lf-i
nitia
ting
lear
ners
Elim
inat
es n
eed
for
unif
orm
sea
t wor
k...
..3
c...;
D.
Ada
pts
wel
l to
team
teac
hing
E.
Eas
e of
impl
emen
tatio
nF.
Giv
e st
uden
ts p
ract
ice
in d
ecis
ion
and
self
-dis
cipl
ine
G.
Mor
e te
ache
r fr
eedo
mH
.B
ette
r di
scip
line
M.
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S O
F A
LE
AR
NIN
G C
EN
TE
R
A.
Self
-ins
truc
tiona
lB
.C
over
sev
eral
abi
lity
leve
lsC
.Se
ek s
peci
fic
obje
ctiv
esD
.M
etho
d of
Rec
ordi
ng
E.
Met
hod
of A
sses
smen
t
149
N.
KIN
DS
OF
CE
NT
ER
S
A.
Subj
ect
1.L
angu
age
Art
sa.
Rea
ding
b.Sp
ellin
gc.
Han
dwri
ting
d.E
nglis
h2.
Mat
h
3.Sc
ienc
e4.
Soci
al S
tudi
es5.
Rel
igio
nB
.In
terd
isci
plin
ary
1.M
usic
and
Soc
ial S
tudi
es..,
:l2.
Art
and
Sci
ence
I.F.
3.L
angu
age,
Mat
h, S
cien
ce, M
usic
, Art
and
Rel
igio
n4.
Env
iron
men
tal S
tudi
esC
.Pr
oces
s or
Ski
ll1.
Que
stio
ning
2.C
lass
ifyi
ng3.
Com
mun
icat
ing
4.L
iste
ning
5.D
ecid
ing
6.A
war
enes
s7.
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
150
8.C
reat
ing
9.Pr
edic
ting
10.
Val
uing
11.
Ana
lyzi
ng12
.Sy
nthe
sizi
ng
V.
BU
ILD
ING
A C
EN
TE
R
A.
Dec
ide
how
it w
ill b
e us
edB
.C
hoos
e a
topi
c, g
oal,
and
spel
l out
a f
ew o
bjec
tives
C.
Thi
nk u
p le
arni
ng a
ctiv
ities
for
eac
h ob
ject
ive
D.
Gat
her
and
mak
e ne
cess
ary
mat
eria
lsE
.W
rite
out
cle
ar d
irec
tions
F.D
evis
e a
sche
me
for
reco
rdin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
G.
Try
it o
ut a
nd m
ake
adju
stm
ents
and
rep
airs
VI.
USE
S O
F T
HE
LE
AR
NIN
G C
EN
TE
R
A.
Enr
ichm
ent
B.
Rei
nfor
cem
ent
C.
Rec
reat
ion
D.
Rem
edia
tion
E.
Mot
ivat
ion
F.Sk
ills
of c
ontin
ued
lear
ning
G.
Aca
dem
icSu
bjec
t Mat
ter
151
VII
.D
UT
IES
FOR
TH
E C
HA
IRM
AN
OF
TH
E L
EA
RN
ING
CE
NT
ER
A.
Che
ck C
ente
r be
fore
and
aft
er a
n ex
peri
ence
, to
see
if m
ater
ials
are
inor
der.
B.
Rea
d m
ater
ials
at C
ente
r an
d lo
cate
mor
e m
ater
ials
if n
eede
d.C
.A
ct a
s a
reco
rder
or
a re
fere
e.D
.Sh
ow f
ilms
at C
ente
r or
to e
ntir
e gr
oup.
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 7: S
outh
war
d H
o! FRO
NT
IER
DA
YS
The
se w
ords
gen
eral
ly c
onju
re u
p im
ages
of
stou
t-he
arte
d,le
athe
r-cl
ad c
owpo
kes
figh
ting
off
blob
d-
thir
sty
Indi
ans
with
one
han
d an
d bl
ack-
mou
stac
hed
cattl
eru
stle
rs w
ith th
e ot
her;
fan
atic
al p
rosp
ecto
rsw
ith g
rizz
led
bear
ds, k
naps
acks
ful
l of
drie
d be
ans
and
salt
pork
, and
ago
lden
gle
am in
thei
r 'e
yes;
and
swas
h-bu
cklin
g M
issi
ssip
pi r
iver
boat
men
wea
ving
a p
erilo
us p
ath
amon
g ri
ver
shoa
ls, s
aloo
n br
awls
and
trap
s la
id b
y sm
artly
-cla
d hu
stlin
g "d
udes
" fr
om b
ack
east
.B
ut th
e fr
ontie
r of
the
Old
Wes
t was
not
the
only
fro
ntie
r in
Am
eric
anhi
stor
y.A
noth
er f
ront
ier
stee
ped
in a
trad
ition
of
sim
ilar
colo
r an
d ex
cite
men
t is
to b
e fo
und
righ
t in
sout
hern
Flo
rida
--
in th
e
Eve
rgla
des
and
near
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e.In
stea
d of
mou
ntai
ns a
nd p
rair
ies,
it w
as w
ater
and
saw
gras
s.
Inst
ead
of w
agon
trai
ns a
nd b
uffa
loes
, it w
as s
team
boat
s an
d al
ligat
ors.
Inst
ead
of p
low
s an
d ca
ttle,
it w
as
dred
ges
and
catf
ish.
The
re w
ere
Indi
ans,
how
ever
, and
an
ampl
e he
lpin
g of
outla
ws,
eas
tern
city
dud
es
and
squa
tters
. The
men
who
fir
st s
ettle
d in
the
Eve
rgla
des
face
d a
wild
erne
ss e
very
bit
as c
halle
ngin
g as
the
fron
tier
out w
est.
UN
TA
ME
D W
ILD
ER
NE
SS
Alth
ough
the
area
sou
th o
f L
ake
Oke
echo
bee
is to
day
a la
rge
com
plex
of
farm
s an
d ra
nche
s w
ith
mod
ern
urba
n ce
nter
s, it
was
n't t
oo lo
ng a
go th
at th
e E
verg
lade
s w
ere
virt
ually
unt
ouch
ed, l
et a
lone
har
-
ness
ed, b
y m
an. T
he f
irst
eve
nt o
f si
gnif
ican
ce in
the
hist
ory
of th
eL
ake
Oke
echo
bee
area
occ
urre
d in
1837
, whe
n C
ol. T
aylo
r fo
ught
with
the
Sem
inol
e In
dian
s.A
fter
that
ther
e w
ere
no w
hite
set
tlers
in th
e
area
for
abo
ut 5
0 ye
ars,
with
the
exce
ptio
n of
an
occa
sion
al h
unte
r or
a d
eser
ter
from
the
Con
fede
rate
Arm
y. I
n th
e 18
80's
, Ham
ilton
Dis
sdon
bro
ught
in d
redg
es to
car
ve a
wat
er p
athw
ay f
rom
his
set
tlem
ent
of K
issi
mm
ee to
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e, a
nd f
rom
the
lake
to th
e G
ulf
ofM
exic
o.D
evel
opm
ent s
till d
idn'
t tak
e
153
C:0
plac
e on
a la
rge-
scal
e ba
sis,
how
ever
. Men
fis
hed
for
catf
ish
in th
e ar
ea, a
nd s
tori
es a
bout
the
rich
po-
tent
ial o
f th
e la
nd u
nder
the
Eve
rgla
des
bega
n to
dri
ftto
war
d T
alla
hass
ee.
Seek
ing
a ne
w s
ourc
e of
rev
enue
(the
sta
te h
ad a
lrea
dy g
iven
away
mos
t of
the
publ
ic la
nd n
orth
of
the
Eve
rgla
des
tc th
e ra
ilroa
ds),
Gov
er-
nor
Will
iam
S. J
enni
ngs
in 1
901
look
ed u
pon
the
Eve
rgla
des
with
new
inte
rest
.T
he te
rrito
ry h
ad b
een
gran
ted
to F
lori
da b
y th
e fe
dera
l gov
ernm
ent i
n 18
50w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ion
that
it w
ould
be
drai
ned,
but
no o
neha
d be
en in
tere
sted
. Now
the
gove
rnor
was
inte
rest
ed.
Jenn
ings
' suc
cess
or, G
over
nor
Bro
war
d, g
ot th
edr
aina
ge p
roje
ct u
nder
way
by
selli
ng la
rge
acre
ages
of
the
wet
and
und
evel
oped
saw
gras
s pr
airi
e to
sal
esor
gani
zatio
ns, w
hich
, in
turn
, lau
nche
da
natio
n-w
ide
publ
icity
cam
paig
n to
sel
l the
land
in 1
0 an
d 20
-acr
epa
rcel
s.H
owev
er, t
he p
lan
back
fire
d. T
he ta
sk o
f dr
aina
gew
as to
o gr
eat a
nd f
unds
wer
e to
o lim
ited.
Settl
ers'
dre
ams
wer
e bu
rst o
n th
e sh
arp
spik
es o
fsa
wgr
ass,
dro
wne
d by
flo
ods
duri
ng th
e ra
iny
seas
on,
bogg
ed d
own
in th
e fe
rtile
but
nea
rly
unm
anag
eabl
em
uck,
and
eve
n fr
ozen
dur
ing
win
ter
fros
ts (
a ha
zard
the
natio
nal s
ales
pro
mot
ers
had
negl
ecte
d to
men
tion
in th
eir
pano
ram
as o
f a
trop
ical
par
adis
e). T
hesa
wgr
ass
settl
ers
wer
e un
able
to m
ake
a go
of
it.So
me
retr
eate
d to
hig
her
land
on
the
shor
e of
Lak
eO
keec
hobe
e, w
here
they
wer
e ab
le to
scr
atch
out
a m
eage
r ex
iste
nce,
stil
l bes
et w
ith n
umer
ous
hard
ship
s.O
ther
s le
ft a
ltoge
ther
.
DO
WN
TH
E D
RA
IN!
Mor
e ca
nals
wer
e du
g, to
con
trol
the
natu
ral o
verf
low
from
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e (w
hich
flo
wed
sou
th-
war
d in
to th
e E
verg
lade
s) a
nd to
dra
in th
esa
wgr
ass
regi
ons.
Dur
ing
seve
n ye
ars
of li
mite
d ra
infa
ll, th
edr
aina
ge w
as s
ucce
ssfu
l.In
fac
t, th
e U
pper
Eve
rgla
des
beca
me
so d
ry th
at f
ires
rag
ed o
ut o
f co
ntro
l on
the
high
rid
ge o
f la
nd s
outh
of
Lak
e O
keec
hobe
e.V
eget
able
s an
d su
gar
cane
wer
e pl
ante
d.B
ut th
e ca
nals
had
not b
een
the
only
cau
se in
con
trol
ling
the
wat
er s
yste
m o
f th
e ar
ea.
Nat
ure'
s "c
oope
ratio
n" (
in th
efo
rm o
f lim
ited
rain
fall)
had
bee
n es
sent
ial.
Whe
n th
e he
avy
rain
s re
turn
ed, f
arm
ers
wer
e ag
ain
floo
ded
out.
154
To
prot
ect r
esid
ents
in c
omm
uniti
es a
long
the
sout
h sh
ore
of th
e la
ke, a
hur
rica
ne d
ike
was
con
-st
ruct
ed. T
he h
urri
cane
s of
192
4 an
d 19
28 p
rove
d m
ore
than
a m
atch
for
the
flim
sy s
truc
ture
, how
ever
.L
ake
Oke
echo
bee
surg
ed o
utw
ard
over
its
sout
hern
rim
into
the
saw
gras
s pr
airi
e, a
nd th
ousa
nds
peri
shed
.(S
ee S
tude
nt C
omm
ent 2
5, "
Nat
ure
Stri
kes
Bac
k, "
p. 8
0). S
till t
he f
ront
ier
spir
it pr
evai
led,
just
as
it di
dag
ains
t tor
nado
es a
nd d
ust s
torm
s ou
t wes
t. T
he g
over
nmen
t res
pond
ed to
the
disa
ster
s by
ere
ctin
g th
eH
oove
r D
ike,
a m
uch
mor
e fo
rmid
able
leve
e w
hich
aff
orde
d re
al p
rote
ctio
n. A
s a
resu
lt, s
ettle
men
t soo
nbo
omed
alo
ng th
e la
ke s
hore
. A w
hole
new
wav
e of
pio
neer
s m
oved
into
the
regi
on in
the
1930
's a
nd 1
940'
s.T
hey
built
dik
es a
nd in
stal
led
pum
ps a
t the
ir o
wn
expe
nse
to d
rain
str
etch
es o
f th
e sa
wgr
ass
swam
p in
orde
r to
tap
the
agri
cultu
ral p
oten
tial o
f th
e ri
ch b
lack
pea
t.T
hey
plan
ted
hund
reds
of
acre
s of
veg
etab
les
and
conv
erte
d ev
en la
rger
trac
ts o
f sa
wgr
ass
into
pas
ture
land
.B
ut s
till t
he s
pect
re o
f w
ater
y di
sast
erlu
rked
in th
e w
ings
.Su
re e
noug
h, in
flo
od ti
mes
the
entir
e no
rthe
rn r
egio
n of
the
Eve
rgla
des
was
sub
-m
erge
d w
ith 3
-4 f
eet o
f w
ater
. Whe
n th
e em
battl
ed f
arm
ers
trie
d to
pum
p th
e fl
oodw
ater
s of
f th
eir
crop
s,th
ey h
ad n
o pl
ace
to p
ut it
! A
nd d
urin
g dr
ough
ts th
ere
was
no
sour
ce o
f w
ater
to b
e fo
und.
Nev
erth
eles
s,.
,
farm
ers
man
aged
to r
eap
som
e ex
celle
nt h
arve
sts
from
the
rich
pea
t, bu
t it w
as a
ris
ky v
entu
re a
t bes
t.
HE
RE
CO
ME
S T
HE
CA
VA
LR
Y!
In th
e W
ild W
est,
the
settl
ers
wer
e of
ten
save
d fr
om I
ndia
ns b
y th
e w
elco
me
sigh
t of
the
cava
lry
char
ging
ove
r th
e hi
ll in
a c
loud
of
dust
and
cla
mor
of
trum
pets
.Fo
r th
e be
leag
uere
d E
verg
lade
s fa
rmer
,th
e "c
aval
r;"
was
the
Cen
tral
and
Sou
th F
lori
da F
lood
Con
trol
Dis
tric
t and
its
colla
bora
tor,
the
Arm
yC
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs. T
hese
org
aniz
atio
ns h
ave
com
plet
ed a
larg
e-sc
ale
proj
ect w
hich
no
indi
vidu
al f
arm
erco
uld
ever
atte
mpt
--
deep
enin
g ca
nals
, bui
ldin
g m
iles
of b
ig d
ikes
and
inst
allin
g hu
ge p
umps
. Eve
n in
its
inco
mpl
ete
stag
es, t
he n
ew f
lood
con
trol
net
wor
k gr
eatly
less
ened
the
risk
of
losi
ng c
rops
to r
ampa
ntfl
oodw
ater
s. T
he g
row
ing
syst
em o
f ca
nals
and
pum
ps a
lso
held
the
prom
ise
of a
con
trol
led,
sta
ble
wat
er
155
supp
ly e
ven
duri
ng p
erio
ds o
f dr
ough
t.It
see
ms
as if
the
20th
cen
tury
is f
inal
ly c
onve
rtin
g th
e E
verg
lade
sse
ttler
s fr
om p
ione
ers
to m
oder
n, s
cien
tific
far
mer
s.
..
but t
he r
oad
has
been
long
and
ard
uous
.
Will
, Law
renc
e E
.,A
Cra
cker
His
tory
of
Oke
echo
bee,
The
Gre
at O
utdo
ors
Ass
ocia
tion
Cra
ftsm
en, 1
964,
Cha
pter
One
, "A
Hec
k of
a F
ront
ier,
" p
p. 1
-4.
156
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.W
ater
Con
trol
Dat
a C
hart
Yea
r'R
ainf
all2
(Yea
rly
tota
l in
inch
es
Wat
er D
isch
arge
3(Y
earl
y to
tal i
n ac
refe
et)
Gau
ge (
wat
er)
Hei
ght4
(Rea
ding
s in
fee
t)L
owes
tH
ighe
st
1963
1967
62.4
1
53.5
2
0
181,
400
2.25
3.98
6.30
7.10
* 1
acre
-foo
t - 4
3,56
0 cu
bic
feet
Dat
a fo
r co
lum
ns 1
and
2gi
ven
in c
alen
dar
year
whi
leot
her
colu
mns
giv
en in
wat
er y
ear.
2R
eadi
ngs
take
n at
40 M
ile B
end
Rai
n-ga
uge
Stat
ion. 15
7
3R
eadi
ngs
take
n at
Floo
d C
ontr
olW
ater
Gat
es.
4Rea
ding
s ta
ken
at E
verg
lade
s P-
33w
ater
leve
l gau
ge.
1-...
L
Wca
mpa
igns
in n
orth
ern
stat
es.
Som
eday
the
diff
icul
t dec
isio
ns c
once
rnin
g th
e E
vei g
lade
s je
tpor
t may
have
t\,:,
to b
e m
ade
all o
ver
agai
n.In
that
eve
nt, i
t will
be
nece
ssar
y to
re-
exam
ine
the
poss
ible
env
iron
men
tal
cons
eque
nces
of
deve
lopi
ng th
e je
tpor
t.Fi
ve m
ajor
pro
blem
s ar
e an
ticip
ated
:
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
. 9:
Pros
And
Con
s O
f T
he E
verg
lade
s Je
tpor
t
A s
tron
g ca
se c
an b
e m
ade
FOR
the
inst
alla
tion
of a
new
jetp
ort
in S
outh
Flo
rida
.In
196
8, M
iam
i
Inte
rnat
iona
l Air
port
was
the
11th
bus
iest
air
port
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
,ha
ndlin
g a
tota
l of
445,
000
ope
ra-
tions
(ta
ke-o
ffs
and
land
ings
) in
the
year
.C
ompl
etel
y en
circ
led
by u
rban
dev
elop
men
t, th
e ai
rpor
t cou
ld
not b
e ex
pand
ed.
Rec
ords
indi
cate
d th
at s
ome
25%
of
the
oper
atio
ns a
t Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nal w
ere
not c
om-
mer
cial
flig
hts,
but
trai
ning
man
euve
rs f
or p
ilots
and
cre
ws.
The
refo
re, w
hen
the
Nix
on a
dmin
istr
atio
n
deci
ded
to b
ar th
e fu
rthe
r de
velo
pmen
t of
the
part
ially
-con
stru
cted
Eve
rgla
des
jetp
ort,
it w
as w
ith th
e
spec
ific
pro
visi
on th
at th
e co
mpl
eted
run
way
and
'tow
er b
e us
ed f
or a
t lea
stth
ree
year
s as
a tr
aini
ng f
ield
to ta
ke s
ome
pres
sure
off
the
over
crow
ded
faci
litie
s at
Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nal.
Alth
ough
this
trai
ning
pro
-
cedu
re d
oes
not a
ppea
r to
hav
e in
flic
ted
seri
ous
dam
age
on th
e en
viro
nmen
t at t
hepr
esen
t tim
e (S
ee S
tu-
dent
Com
men
t No.
46,
"M
eanw
hile
, Bac
k in
the
Gla
des
..
.", p
123)
, the
sol
utio
n is
at b
est s
hort
-ter
m,
beca
use
cons
tant
ly-g
row
ing
air
traf
fic
is e
xpec
ted
to o
verl
oad
Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nal
agai
n w
ithin
the
next
few
year
s.T
his
proc
ess
may
be
acce
lera
ted
by th
e co
nduc
ting
of h
igh-
inte
nsity
"co
me-
to-t
he-s
un"
adve
rtis
ing
1.N
OIS
E P
OL
LU
TIO
N. A
lthou
gh th
e re
mov
al o
f tr
aini
ng f
light
s to
the
Eve
rgla
des
redu
ced
the
leve
ls o
f no
ise
pollu
tion
over
a la
rge
met
ropo
litan
are
a, it
bro
ught
the
prob
lem
into
a n
ew a
rea.
The
'jet
corr
idor
" to
the
Eve
rgla
des
faci
lity
is o
nly
five
mile
s fr
om th
e re
serv
atio
n of
the
Mic
cosu
kee
Indi
ans,
who
had
long
bee
n ac
cust
omed
to th
e pe
ace
and
quie
t of
the
Eve
rgla
des.
Furt
herm
ore,
jet p
atte
rns
exte
nd o
ver
Eve
rgla
des
Nat
iona
l Par
k, c
ausi
ng a
n un
wel
com
e in
trus
ion
upon
the
wild
erne
ssex
peri
ence
of
park
vis
itors
.
The
con
cept
of
wild
erne
ss e
xper
ienc
e w
as d
elib
erat
ely
incl
uded
in th
e ac
t whi
ches
tabl
ishe
d th
e pa
rk, a
nd
158
it is
now
bei
ng e
rode
d.C
ompl
etio
n of
the
Eve
rgla
des
jetp
ort w
ould
sub
ject
the
park
to a
con
stan
t bom
bard
-
men
t of
nois
e.
2.A
IR P
OL
LU
TIO
N. A
ir p
ollu
tion
from
jet o
pera
tions
is d
iffe
rent
fro
m th
e po
llutio
n ca
used
by
emis
sion
s fr
om g
roun
d-le
vel v
ehic
les.
Car
exh
aust
s ar
e ra
pidl
y di
lute
d by
mix
ing
with
unc
onta
min
ated
air
abov
e, b
ut p
ollu
tant
s fr
om in
com
ing
and
outg
oing
air
craf
t set
tle s
low
ly o
ver
a lo
ng c
orri
dor,
gen
eral
lyab
out t
wo
mile
s ac
ross
and
20
to 4
0 m
iles
in le
ngth
. A je
tpor
t han
dlin
g a
mill
ion
oper
atio
ns p
er y
ear
(abo
ut tw
ice
that
of
Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nal a
t cap
acity
) pr
oduc
es n
itrog
en o
xide
s in
an
estim
ated
con
cent
ratio
nof
20-
mill
iont
hs o
f a
gram
per
cub
ic m
eter
of
air.
Eve
n w
ithou
t add
ing
the
pollu
tant
s fr
om s
urfa
ce v
e-hi
cles
and
fac
tori
es, t
his
leve
l is
appr
oxim
atel
y tw
ice
the
leve
l of
nitr
ogen
oxi
des
mea
sure
d in
Was
hing
-to
n, D
. C. (
from
all
sour
ces)
.A
dditi
onal
air
port
ope
ratio
ns m
ay th
eref
ore
enda
nger
the
usua
lly h
igh
qual
ity o
f ai
r en
joye
d by
res
iden
ts (
and
visi
tors
) of
sou
ther
n Fl
orid
a.
cX3.
HE
AL
TH
HA
ZA
RD
S FR
OM
IN
SEC
TS.
Plac
ing
an in
tern
atio
nal a
irpo
rt n
ear
a la
rge
swam
p po
ses
the
dang
er o
f sp
read
ing
dise
ase.
If a
sw
amp
inse
ct w
ere
to b
ite a
pas
seng
er w
ho w
as il
l with
a d
isea
sefo
r w
hich
the
inse
ct w
as a
car
rier
, it c
ould
tran
smit
the
dise
ase
to th
e ne
xt p
erso
n it
cont
acte
d.A
ser
ious
epid
emic
cou
ld c
once
ivab
ly r
esul
t.
4.PE
STIC
IDE
S. T
he s
olut
ion
to #
3 cr
eate
s a
new
haz
ard
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t. W
orld
Hea
lth O
rga-
niza
tion
pers
iste
nt p
estic
ide;
aft
er s
ervi
ng it
s or
igin
al p
urpo
seit
rem
ains
pot
ent t
o co
ntam
inat
e th
e en
viro
nmen
tfo
r ye
ars.
The
am
ount
of
DD
T r
equi
red
to c
omba
t ins
ects
nea
r th
e E
verg
lade
s w
ould
alm
ost
cert
ainl
y
disr
upt t
he e
colo
gy o
f th
e sw
amp.
DD
T f
rom
agr
icul
tura
l run
-off
has
alr
eady
acc
umul
ated
to a
dang
erou
s
degr
ee in
som
e sp
ecie
s.(S
ee S
tude
nt C
omm
ent N
o. 2
8,"T
he P
robl
em o
f W
ater
Pol
lutio
n in
the
Eve
r-
glad
es,"
p. 9
2 ).
Eve
n if
the
stan
dard
s w
ere
chan
ged
to a
llow
the
use
of b
iode
grad
able
pes
ticid
es, t
he d
eli-
cate
eco
logy
of
the
Eve
rgla
des
wou
ld b
e th
reat
ened
.
niza
tion
stan
dard
s re
quir
e da
ily s
pray
ings
of
inte
rnat
iona
l jet
port
s an
d ad
jace
nt a
reas
with
DD
T. D
DT
is
159
5. D
EV
EL
OPM
EN
T O
F SO
UT
H F
LO
RID
A. T
he a
bove
fou
r pr
oble
ms
are
dire
ct th
reat
s to
the
en-
viro
nmen
t whi
ch m
ight
res
ult f
rom
the
cons
truc
tion
of a
jetp
ort i
nor
nea
r th
e E
verg
lade
s.Po
ssib
ly th
egr
eate
st d
ange
r of
all,
how
ever
, wou
ld b
e an
indi
rect
cons
eque
nce
of b
uild
ing
such
a f
acili
ty. A
new
jet-
port
wou
ld u
ndou
bted
ly s
timul
ate
furt
her
deve
lopm
ent o
f th
e re
gion
-- d
evel
opm
ent w
hich
wou
ld, i
n tu
rn,
tax
the
wat
er s
uppl
y of
Sou
th F
lori
da, r
elea
se m
ore
pollu
tion
into
the
envi
ronm
ent a
ndin
crea
se in
gen
eral
the
thre
at to
the
ecol
ogy
of th
e en
tire
regi
on.
Har
te, J
ohn,
and
Soc
olow
, Rob
ert H
., Pa
tient
Ear
th, H
olt,
Rin
ehar
t, an
d W
inst
on, I
nc. ,
1971
, pp.
193
-195
.
160
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
.10
:E
valu
atio
n Fo
rm f
or V
isua
ls
Four
are
as f
or th
e ev
alua
tion
of v
isua
ls a
re s
ugge
sted
. Eac
h ar
ea s
houl
d be
rat
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
scal
e:5
poin
ts-e
xcel
lent
; 4 p
oint
s-ab
ove
aver
age
3 po
ints
-ave
rage
; 2 p
oint
s-be
low
ave
rage
; 1 p
oint
-pJo
r. N
ote:
part
4, C
lari
ty, h
as f
our
sub-
area
s w
hich
com
bine
to m
ake
the
tota
l val
ue f
or p
art 4
.
Stud
ent's
Nam
e
POIN
TS
Titl
e or
Top
ic
AR
EA
OF
EV
AL
UA
TIO
N
I. A
PPR
OPR
IAT
EN
ESS
If th
e st
uden
t has
had
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
sel
ect e
ither
the
topi
c or
met
hod
of h
is p
rese
ntat
ion.
is th
e ch
oice
of
eith
er o
r bo
th a
ppro
pria
te to
the
assi
gnm
ent?
2. A
CC
UR
AC
YA
re th
e fa
cts
used
in th
e pr
esen
tatio
n ac
cura
te?
If n
ot, w
here
is th
e in
accu
racy
?
3. C
OM
PLE
TE
NE
SSD
oes
the
pres
enta
tion
repr
esen
t a c
ompl
ete
stat
emen
t or
cove
rage
of
the
subj
ect (
is th
ere
mat
eria
l or
fact
s om
itted
whi
ch m
akes
the
pres
enta
tion
mis
lead
ing)
?If
not
, whe
re is
the
pres
enta
tion
lack
ing?
4. C
LA
RIT
YIs
the
pres
enta
tion
clea
r to
the
view
er?
a.Is
the
view
er r
eadi
ly a
ble
to d
eter
min
e th
e po
int o
r m
essa
ge c
onta
ined
in th
epr
esen
tatio
n?b.
Is th
e pr
esen
tatio
n fr
ee f
rom
unn
eces
sary
dis
trac
tions
?(p
ictu
res,
dra
win
gs, e
tc.)
whi
ch d
o no
t con
trib
ute
to th
e pu
rpos
e?c.
Are
the
colo
rs a
nd s
izes
of
lines
, bar
s, a
nd/o
r pi
ctur
es s
uita
ble?
d.In
the
case
of
a co
llage
or
draw
ing,
is th
e fo
cal p
oint
cle
arly
det
erm
ined
?
CO
MM
EN
TS:
(Tot
al P
oint
s)
161
TE
AC
HE
R C
OM
ME
NT
NO
, 11:
Eva
luat
ion
Form
For
Ora
l Rep
ort
(To
be f
illed
in b
y st
uden
ts a
nd/o
r te
ache
r)
Subj
ect i
bf R
epor
tSt
uden
tre
port
ing
I. K
now
ledg
e of
sub
ject
mat
ter
and/
or w
hat w
ay q
uest
ions
wer
e an
swer
ed.
a. E
xcel
lent
(5
poin
ts)
d. P
oor
(1 p
oint
)b.
Goo
d (4
poi
nts)
c. F
air
(3 p
oint
s)Po
ints
Ear
ned
II. P
rese
ntat
ion
of m
ater
ial b
y us
ing
audi
o/vi
sual
aids
. Eva
luat
e ea
ch a
id u
sed
from
0-5
poin
ts.
a. C
hart
sb.
Map
sc.
Gra
phs
d. G
uest
Sp.
ake
re.
Slid
esf.
Film
sg.
Film
stri
psh.
Tab
le D
ispl
ayi.
Stud
y G
uide
sj.
Puzz
les/
Gam
esk.
Ski
ts1.
Oth
erPo
ints
Ear
ned
1-4
III.
Equ
ipm
ent u
sed
in p
rese
ntat
ion.
Eva
luat
e ea
ch a
id u
sed
from
0-5
poi
nts.
cca.
Opa
que
Proj
ecto
rb.
Film
stri
p Pr
ojec
tor
c.O
verh
ead
Proj
ecto
rd.
Film
Pro
ject
ore.
Glo
bef.
Cha
lkbo
ard
Poin
ts E
arne
dIV
. Spe
aker
's a
ttitu
de to
war
ds li
sten
ers,
tone
, and
qua
lity
of v
oice
sho
uld
be c
onsi
dere
d.E
valu
ate
as #
1.a.
Exc
elle
nto.
Goo
dc.
Fai
rd.
Poo
rPo
ints
Ear
ned
V. E
valu
atio
n of
the
part
icip
atio
nof
the
mem
bers
of
the,
grou
ps. (
Use
whe
re a
pplic
able
)a.
Exc
elle
ntd.
Poo
rb.
Goo
d 162
c. F
air
Poin
ts E
arne
dT
otal
Poi
nts
SLID
EN
UM
BE
R
The
Fre
shw
ater
Mar
sh a
s an
Eco
syst
emD
escr
iptio
n of
Slid
es
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
1.O
pen
mar
sh w
ith s
tret
ches
of
saw
gras
s; B
razi
lian
pepp
er tr
ee.
2.Sa
wgr
ass;
cab
bage
pal
ms.
3. 4. *
Fiel
ds o
f sa
w g
rass
; ham
moc
k of
hard
woo
d tr
ees.
5. *
*L
illy
pads
in s
low
mov
ing
wat
er;
saw
gra
ss in
bac
kgro
und.
Salt-
mar
sh c
ordg
rass
gro
ws
whe
rem
axim
um e
xpos
ure
to ti
dal f
lood
ing;
salt-
mea
dow
cor
dgra
ss g
row
s in
adr
ier
setti
ng.
Mud
in ti
de f
loat
s of
slo
w m
ovin
gw
ater
; ref
lect
ion
of tr
ees
at le
ft.
8.W
ater
hya
cint
hs, a
fre
e fl
oatin
gaq
uatic
her
b.9.
Wat
er f
owl,
com
mon
nam
e C
oot;
saw
gra
ss.
7. *
*
10. ,
<*
Com
mon
nam
e L
impk
in, d
iet i
sfr
eshw
ater
sna
il.
SLID
EN
UM
BE
R
11.
DE
SCR
IPT
ION
Com
mon
nam
e is
Egr
et o
r Sn
owy
.egr
et.
Her
on e
atin
g ga
r fi
sh.
Bal
d ea
gle.
Wat
er m
occa
sin
or c
otto
nmou
th.
15. *
*A
lliga
tor
and
turt
le.
16.*
Frog
.
17.
**Fl
orid
a Pa
nthe
r
18. *
Red
fox
kill
ing
Mal
lard
.
19. *
*D
eer.
20.
Gol
den
silk
spi
der.
* Sl
ides
4, 6
,12,
14,1
6, a
nd 1
8 fr
om O
ur L
ivin
g W
orld
of
Nat
ure,
The
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Wet
land
s, T
he L
ife
ofth
e M
arsh
, Will
iam
A. N
ieri
ng, M
cGra
w-H
ill B
ook
Com
pany
.
** S
lides
5,7
,10,
13, 1
5,17
, and
19
from
Eve
rgla
des,
Pat
rici
a C
aulf
ield
,a
Sier
ra C
lub/
Bal
lent
ine
Boo
k.