mann-simons site (38rd1083) findings, vol. i (2012)
DESCRIPTION
This two-volume technical report describes the archaeological findings from the Mann-Simon Site (38RD1083), Columbia, South Carolina. Historically, the site was a collection of domestic and commercial structures owned and operated by the same African American family from the mid-19th century to 1970. Today, the 5,565 square foot site and single remaining building function as a house museum owned by the City of Columbia and operated by Historic Columbia interpreting African American life in Jim Crow-era Columbia through the lives and experiences of the family. Volume 1 provides detailed descriptions of the project, including research design, field and laboratory methodologies, and feature/provenience descriptions. Volume 2 is the complete catalog of recovered artifacts. These reports provide the basis for site interpretations presented elsewhere and will hopefully encourage others to ask new questions of the data and extend the interpretation and analysis to other sites.TRANSCRIPT
ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE MANN-SIMONS SITE (38RD1083):
REPORT OF FINDINGS
VOLUME 1
Jakob D. Crockett, PhD
Director of Archaeology
Historic Columbia Foundation
Copyright © 2013 by Historic Columbia Foundation
Some Rights Reserved. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.
For information contact:
Historic Columbia Foundation
1601 Richland Street
Columbia, South Carolina 29201 U.S.A.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THE completion of any long-term project is dependent upon contributions from a multitude of individu-als. I am indebted to Robin Waites, Executive Director of Historic Columbia Foundation, and John Sher-
rer, Director of Cultural Resources. Simply put: this project would not have happened without their sup-
port.
Words fall short of the contributions and impact members of my dissertation committee had on my
thinking: Ken Kelly, Ann Kingsolver, Joanna Casey, Ed Carr and Kim Simmons.
The completion of fieldwork in 2005 is a direct result of Joseph Crockett's time and efforts. The
extent of fieldwork completed in 2006 and 2007 would not have happened without the help of Heléna Fer-
guson. Joseph Johnson was an integral part of the 2012 excavations. I had the privilege of directing three
field schools at the site during May 2006, Fall 2006 and May 2007. A multitude of individuals volunteered
in the field and lab. Their hard work, interest and excitement made for a better project.
Long-term projects do not happen without funding. I thank the following organizations for their fi-
nancial support: Historic Columbia Foundation supported this project with money and resources since the
beginning; the University of South Carolina Department of Anthropology supported the project with three
summer research grants; The Humanities Council SC, a National Endowment for the Humanities program,
provided funding for the first season of excavation; and the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum &
Estate granted me a McNeil Dissertation Fellowship for resident study during fall semester 2007.
I owe a deep appreciation to Mark Crockett, who not only volunteered his time, knowledge and
skills to build the ghost structures, but taught me to be curious about the world and never stop learning.
iii
CONTENTS
VOLUME I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................................................................................................iii
FIGURES....................................................................................................................................vi
TABLES......................................................................................................................................ix
1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1-1
ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND.....................................................................................1-1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND..............................................................................................1-3
COMPARATIVE ARCHAEOLOGY.........................................................................................1-8
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH..........................................................................1-9
PREVIOUS DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH............................................................................1-10
THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT..................................................................................1-11
2 METHODOLOGIES..................................................................................................................2-1
FIELD METHODS..............................................................................................................2-1
LABORATORY METHODS..................................................................................................2-2
COLLECTION DATING......................................................................................................2-4
ARTIFACT CLASSIFICATION...............................................................................................2-5
FAUNAL ANALYSIS METHODS.........................................................................................2-10
3 FIELDWORK...........................................................................................................................3-1
EXCAVATION STAGES, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................3-1
SITE STRATIGRAPHY.........................................................................................................3-6
4 FEATURE ASSOCIATIONS........................................................................................................4-1
THE LUNCH COUNTER....................................................................................................4-1
PRE-1403 RICHLAND STREET HOUSE...............................................................................4-4
1904 MARION STREET......................................................................................................4-5
1407 RICHLAND STREET..................................................................................................4-6
THE PRIVY........................................................................................................................4-7
iv
OTHER BACKYARD STRUCTURES......................................................................................4-9
INFRASTRUCTURE...........................................................................................................4-10
PLANTING SPACES..........................................................................................................4-13
FENCES...........................................................................................................................4-16
BURIALS..........................................................................................................................4-18
5 ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS......................................................................................................5-1
FEATURE 12T (TRASH PIT)...............................................................................................5-1
FEATURE 39J-COMPLEX (PRIVY).....................................................................................5-17
FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)............................................................................5-23
FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)............................................................................5-34
49J-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)............................................................................................5-39
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................R-1
APPENDIX A. PROVENIENCE SUMMARY..................................................................................A-1
APPENDIX B. ARTIFACT CATALOG FIELDS & VALUES............................................................B-1
APPENDIX C. CONTRIBUTORS TO FIELD AND LABORATORY WORK......................................C-1
APPENDIX D. PROVENIENCE DESCRIPTIONS..........................................................................A-1
EAST YARD (UNITS 5-10)..................................................................................................D-1
NEAR BACKYARD (UNITS 14-20).....................................................................................D-24
BLOCK 1 (UNITS 23-38, 56-60).......................................................................................D-63
BLOCK 2 (UNITS 21, 22, 39-55)....................................................................................D-107
BLOCK 3 (UNITS 11-13, 61-81).....................................................................................D-159
VOLUME II
6 ARTIFACT CATALOG................................................................................................................6-1
v
FIGURES
1-1 1403 RICHLAND STREET IN 2005.........................................................................................1-2
1-2 SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSIOGRAPHIC UNITS..........................................................................1-3
1-3 1998 EXCAVATION UNITS....................................................................................................1-9
2-1 STANDARD RETAIL BEEF CUTS...........................................................................................2-11
2-2 STANDARD RETAIL PORK CUTS..........................................................................................2-11
2-3 STANDARD RETAIL MUTTON CUTS...................................................................................2-11
3-1 LOCATIONS OF SHOVEL TEST PITS......................................................................................3-2
3-2 LOCATIONS OF EXCAVATION UNITS....................................................................................3-3
3-3 PHOTOGRAPH OF BLOCK 1..................................................................................................3-5
3-4 STAGE IV, BLOCK 3 EXCAVATIONS LOOKING NORTH..........................................................3-6
4-1 LUNCH COUNTER ON THE 1904 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAP.........................................4-2
4-2 UNIT 11 AT THE TOP OF LEVEL 5 (11J)...............................................................................4-2
4-3 EXCAVATION UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LUNCH COUNTER, 2006................................4-2
4-4 BLOCK 3 EXCAVATIONS.......................................................................................................4-3
4-5 1902-1909 LUNCH COUNTER BRICK DRAIN .......................................................................4-3
4-6 BIRD'S EYE VIEW MAP OF COLUMBIA......................................................................................4-4
4-7 SOUTH VIEW OF THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF RICHLAND AND MARION STREETS.............4-5
4-8 PHOTOGRAPH OF 1904 MARION STREET. ...........................................................................4-5
4-9 EVOLUTION OF THE HOUSE AT 1904 MARION STREET ......................................................4-5
4-10 PHOTOGRAPH OF 1407 RICHLAND STREET.......................................................................4-6
4-11 PLANVIEW DRAWING OF 1407 RICHLAND STREET............................................................4-6
4-12 VIEW OF THE PRIVY UPON EXCAVATION...........................................................................4-7
4-13 THE PRIVY AT THE SURFACE OF LEVEL 3...........................................................................4-7
4-14 WEST PROFILE DRAWING OF THE PRIVY...........................................................................4-8
4-15 PLANVIEW DRAWING OF THE PRIVY..................................................................................4-8
4-16 DETAIL FROM THE 1919 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAP OF COLUMBIA.............................4-9
4-17 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE BACKYARD AREA............................................................................4-9
vi
4-18 PLANVIEW ILLUSTRATION OF THE BACKYARD OUTBUILDINGS........................................4-10
4-19 CAST IRON SEWERAGE PIPES AT 1904 MARION STREET..................................................4-12
4-20 TERMINATION POINT OF 5-INCH CAST IRON PIPE..........................................................4-13
4-21 FRONT YARD ROW OF BRICKS IN UNIT 5........................................................................4-14
4-22 FRONT YARD ROW OF BRICKS IN BLOCK 3......................................................................4-14
4-23 PLANVIEW ILLUSTRATION OF BACKYARD PLANTING AREAS.............................................4-15
4-24 FLOOR SURFACE OF THE PLANTING AREAS IN BLOCK 2...................................................4-16
4-25 FEATURES IN BLOCK 2 ASSOCIATED WITH FENCES..........................................................4-17
4-26 FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH PET BURIALS WITHIN THE BACKYARD...............................4-18
4-27 SKELETON OF A SMALL DOG...........................................................................................4-18
4-28 PET CHICKEN BURIAL......................................................................................................4-19
5-1 PLANVIEW OF UNIT 12 AT THE SURFACE OF LEVEL 6..........................................................5-2
5-2 SOUTHEAST VIEW OF UNIT 12.............................................................................................5-2
5-3 EAST PROFILE OF UNIT 12...................................................................................................5-2
5-4 ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE “WIZARD” BRASS CUFF-HOLDER CLIP.......................................5-5
5-5 BRASS BUTTONS WITH AN ORIENTAL SCENE.......................................................................5-6
5-6 MODIFIED .22 CALIBER CARTRIDGE CASES..........................................................................5-6
5-7 A BOTTLE OF "WHITE LIFE" BRAND SKIN LIGHTENER........................................................5-7
5-8 CAST IRON COIN BANK.......................................................................................................5-8
5-9 DECORATIVE ARTIFACTS FROM THE LUNCH COUNTER DEPOSIT......................................5-13
5-10 ILLUSTRATION OF ELECTRICAL WIRE..............................................................................5-14
5-11 POSSIBLE DOOR STOP ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRIVY......................................................5-21
5-12 PLANVIEW DRAWING OF THE FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX...................................................5-24
5-13 ILLUSTRATION OF THE WEST PROFILE OF FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX................................5-25
5-14 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE WEST PROFILE OF FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX................................5-25
5-15 MYSTERY COPPER JEWELERY OR HOUSEHOLD ACCESSORY FRAGMENT...........................5-28
5-16 PLANVIEW ILLUSTRATION OF FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX...................................................5-34
5-17 WEST PROFILE OF FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX.....................................................................5-35
5-18 PLANVIEW ILLUSTRATION OF FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX.....................................................5-39
5-19 PLANVIEW PHOTOGRAPH OF THE 49J-COMPLEX.............................................................5-39
5-20 SOUTH PROFILE ILLUSTRATION OF FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX............................................5-40
5-21 COCKED AND LOADED .22 CALIBER PISTOL....................................................................5-43
5-22 "AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR" CELLULOID PINBACK.............................................5-44
5-23 FIGURINE RECOVERED FROM FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX....................................................5-47
vii
5-24 BASE OF A THOMAS-HOUSTON INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB..........................................5-48
5-25 CAST LEAD CAROUSEL HORSE ........................................................................................5-50
5-26 COMPOSITE-MOLDED, HOLLOW RUBBER "BOUNCY" BALL.............................................5-54
viii
TABLES
2-1 SKELETAL CORRELATES TO CATTLE BUTCHERING UNITS..................................................2-12
2-2 SKELETAL CORRELATES TO PIG BUTCHERING UNITS.........................................................2-12
2-3 SKELETAL CORRELATES TO SHEEP/GOAT BUTCHERING UNITS..........................................2-13
2-4 MAMMALIAN SIZE CLASSES................................................................................................2-14
5-1 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 12T.....................................................................5-3
5-2 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 12T.........................5-9
5-3 CYLINDRICAL CAN DATA FROM FEATURE 12T..................................................................5-12
5-4 TAX A REPRESENTATION, FEATURE 12T............................................................................5-15
5-5 BEEF CUTS, FEATURE 12T.................................................................................................5-16
5-6 PORK CUTS, FEATURE 12T................................................................................................5-16
5-7 SHEEP/GOAT CUT S, FEATURE 12T....................................................................................5-16
5-8 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 39J-COMPLEX...................................................5-18
5-9 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 39J-COMPLEX.......5-20
5-10 TAXA REPRESENTATION, 39J-COMPLEX...........................................................................5-23
5-11 BEEF CUTS, 39J-COMPLEX...............................................................................................5-23
5-12 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX................................................5-26
5-13 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX....5-29
5-14 CYLINDRICAL CAN DATA FROM FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX...............................................5-31
5-15 TAXA REPRESENTATION, FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX..........................................................5-33
5-16 BEEF CUTS, FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX..............................................................................5-33
5-17 PORK CUTS, FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX.............................................................................5-33
5-18 SHEEP/GOAT CUTS, FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX.................................................................5-34
5-19 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX................................................5-36
5-20 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 34C-COMPLE X...5-37
5-21 CYLINDRICAL CAN DATA FROM FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX...............................................5-38
5-22 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX.................................................5-41
5-23 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX.....5-45
ix
5-24 CYLINDRIC AL CAN DATA FROM FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX................................................5-46
5-25 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM STRATUM 11D, LEVEL 4................................................5-49
5-26 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM STRATUM 11D, LEVEL 4....5-51
5-27 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM STRATUM 11J, LEVEL 5..................................................5-53
5-28 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM STRATUM 11J, LEVEL 5..................................................5-54
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
THIS report describes the archaeological findings from the Mann-Simons Archaeology Project, a joint venture between the author and Historic Columbia Foundation (HCF), a not-for-profit preser-
vation organization. The focus of the report is a technical discussion of the archaeological investiga-
tions of, and data recovered from, the Mann-Simon site, 38RD1083 (Figure 1-1). Located on the
northeast corner of Richland and Marion streets in downtown Columbia, South Carolina, histori-
cally the Mann-Simons site was a collection of domestic and commercial structures owned and oper-
ated by the same African American family from at least 1843 to 1970. Today, the 5,565 square foot
site and single remaining building function as a museum interpreting African American life in Co-
lumbia through the lives and experiences of the Mann-Simons family. The remaining building and
southern half of the property are owned by the City of Columbia, while the northern half of the
property is owned by the Columbia Housing Authority. HCF is steward of the site.
The Mann-Simons Archaeology Project was initiated June 2005 as the author's dissertation
project and concluded September 2012 with the author as an employee of HCF. In two volumes, this
report provides detailed descriptions of the project, including research design, field and laboratory
methodologies, feature/provenience descriptions and full artifact catalog data. The information con-
tained herein provides the basis for site interpretations presented elsewhere (principally Crockett
2011, 2012) and will hopefully encourage other researchers to use this data and extend the interpreta-
tion and analysis to other sites.
ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND
The interior of South Carolina is formed by the Appalachian Mountains to the west with an
average elevation of 3,000 feet, followed to the east by the Appalachian Piedmont that typically
ranges in elevation from 300 to 1000 feet (Figure 1-2). Continuing eastward from these highlands is
a “Fall Line” which serves to transition into the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Atlantic Coastal Plain
gently slopes towards the Atlantic Ocean with few elevations higher than 300 feet. Center in the
1-1
state, Columbia sits along this “Fall Line,” at the confluence of the Saluda and Broad rivers, forming
the 47-mile long Congaree River in Richland County.
GEOLOGY AND SOILS
The “Fall Line” is an unconformity that marks the boundary between the upland Piedmont
region (bed rock) and the Coastal Plain region (sediment). The Piedmont is the remains of an ancient
mountain chain that has been eroded with existing elevations ranging from 300 feet to 1,400 feet.
The Piedmont is characterized by gently rolling topography, deeply weathered bedrock, and relatively
few rock outcrops. The vertical stratigraphic sequence consists of 5 to 70 feet of weathered residual
soils at the surface underlain by metamorphic and igneous basement rocks (granite, schist, and
gneiss). The geology of the Piedmont is complex with numerous rock types that were formed during
the Paleozoic era (250 to 570 MYA). The typical residual soil profile consists of clayey soils near the
surface, where soil weathering is more advanced, underlain by sandy silts and silty sands. The land to
the southeast of the “Fall Line” is characterized by a gently downward sloping elevation (2 to 3 feet
per mile) as it approaches the Atlantic coastline (SCDOT 2008).
1-2
Figure 1-1. 1403 Richland Street in 2005, looking south at the back of the house.
CLIMATE
Columbia resides in the
center of STRATUM Climate
Zone “South,” noted for hu-
mid, subtropical conditions.
The city receives an average of
42.22 inches of rainfall a year
compared to 51.53 inches at
Charleston and 43.51 inches
at Charlotte, NC. April is the
driest month with 3.18 inches
of rainfall; August is the
wettest month with 5.48
inches of rainfall (NOAA
2013).
The Piedmont Plateau
experiences some of the
hottest temperatures in the
state and the daily and re-
gional temperature variations
in Columbia are usually con-
sistent throughout the year. The difference between daily minimum and maximum temperatures av-
erages 20–25 degrees during all months of the year. The coldest month is January with a mean tem-
perature range of 32–55 degrees F. July is the warmest month with a mean temperature range of 70–
92 degrees F. The mean annual temperature is 65 degrees F (NOAA 2013).
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
“Columbia began as a political theory,” explains historian Margaret B. Meriwether
(1936:192). The product of political and economic conflict between the Low-Country and Up-
Country, the state legislature voted in 1786 to move the capital of South Carolina from Charleston
to Columbia, narrowly beating Stateburg by a single vote (Selby 1905:134). In 1805 Columbia was
incorporated as a town; in 1854, a city; and in 1859, a Confederate city. “Born of government, it
[Columbia] has existed and grown by and for government” (Buchanan 1936:57).
Although Columbia was the capital of South Carolina, it was never a large city. In 1793,
Samuel Green, a merchant and hotel purveyor, reported that the number of stores in Columbia were
increasing “so fast in this place that the proportion of business each can do must be very inconsider-
able” (Moore 1993:55). In 1802, roughly 200 houses and 12 stores existed within Columbia’s origi-
nal two square mile boundary (Forbes 1936:242). Dr. F. A. Michaux (in Moore 1936:261), passing
through Columbia during the early nineteenth century, observed that the houses of Columbia “are
almost all constructed of planks, and painted grey or yellow; and although very few of them raised
1-3
Figure 1-2. South Carolina Physiographic Units (redrawn from SCDOT
2008:11-2).
more than two stories, on the whole they have a very agreeable appearance.” By 1820 the city boasted
roughly 250 houses (Fickling 1936) and a number of grocery stores, taverns, tailor shops, and drug
stores, many of which, by mid-century, were large emporiums (Moore 1993).
From its inception, Columbia served a dual purpose—as a seat of government and as a com-
mercial crossroads between the Up-Country and Low-Country. While Columbia’s economy was
based on trade, agriculture and slave labor, it was not until after 1800, when cotton production began
to flourish in the Up-Country that Columbia became a market of importance (Derrick 1936). Start-
ing in the 1820s, however, cotton production in the Up-Country steadily declined (Coclanis 1985).
In 1801, South Carolina produced 20 million pounds of cotton, half of the national crop. By 1820,
with the development of cotton production in other regions, particularly in eastern Texas, South Car-
olina produced only 28% of the national crop, despite unchanged cotton production (Moore 1993).
Regardless of market saturation, by 1850, nearly all of Columbia’s economy was based on cotton.
With the adoption of a one-crop slave economy based on cotton came substantial social
change. In 1790, Africans and African Americans comprised 33% of the state's population, but by
1830, Africans and African Americans outnumbered white individuals by 2:1 (Moore 1993). In Co-
lumbia, the differences between white and African American populations were never that great. The
only time during the antebellum period when African Americans outnumbered white individuals in
Columbia was in 1840, with 2,136 whites and 2,204 African Americans (of whom 149 were free).
Throughout the Antebellum period, Columbia supported a relatively large free African American
community. In 1850, Columbia’s free African American population grew to 196 individuals living in
68 households. By 1860, 314 free African Americans resided in 92 free African American households
(Moore 1993).
Perhaps as a reaction to economic troubles related to a declining cotton market and the be-
ginning of the abolition movement in the North, a number of state statutes and city ordinances were
created that sent a clear message to free African Americans of their second-class status. In 1825, the
first police force in Columbia was created, with orders to disperse unlawful assemblies of African
Americans and apprehend slaves without “tickets.” African Americans were not allowed to assemble
in groups of five or more (except at funerals) without a white individual present. In 1834, it became a
crime in South Carolina to teach a slave to read or write, and in the 1850s, a person could be fined
and imprisoned if caught circulating published or written material to a slave. The punishment for
anyone, except white females, caught trafficking goods with slaves was 39 lashes. To protect the inter-
ests of white individuals and reserve skilled crafts for white Columbians, in 1851, slaves were ordered
not to become mechanics, trades-people, clerks, or sales persons, to grow produce for resale, or keep a
boarding house. Even smoking a cigar on the street was punishable by not more than 20 lashes
(Moore 1993).
According to the 1850 census, free African Americans in Columbia worked primarily as sta-
ble keepers, shoemakers, musicians, carpenters, tailors, and cabinetmakers, among other occupations.
Free African American women in Columbia worked as dressmakers, seamstresses, washerwomen, and
health care workers (Randle 2004). As with most of the South during this time, the majority of bar-
bers in Columbia were black. Barbers were often afforded greater social privileges than other free
1-4
African Americans. Of the 196 free African Americans in 1850 living in Columbia, seven owned real
estate valued at more than $1,000 (Moore 1993).
Throughout the Antebellum period, social attitudes of Euroamerican’s remained essentially
unchanged. Mrs. Brevard, one of Columbia’s most wealthy citizens (with over 200 slaves), wrote,
“Negroes are strange creatures. I cannot tell if they have any good feeling for their owners or not…
what are we to expect from slaves – when mine hate me as they do – it is nothing more than I am
white and own slaves” (in Moore 1993:126-7, emphasis in original). Matilda Lieber, a Columbia resi-
dent, wrote that African Americans “are so good natured – so grateful for any kindness shown them”
(Moore 1993:127).
While attitudes may not have changed much by the end of the Antebellum period, the dy-
namics of social relationships were beginning to change significantly. By the start of the Civil War,
some Columbians were calling for the eviction of all free African Americans from the state (Moore
1993). On 11 April, 1864, the editor of the Guardian newspaper complained of African Americans’
lack of supervision and not producing for the war effort enough; he stated that, “in cities and towns
he [the African American] is comparatively under no control” (Moore 1993:186). With the fall of
Columbia to General Sherman in February of 1865, Reconstruction commenced and the city began a
radical social restructuring.
Two concerns were forefront in the minds of most of Columbia’s residents during Recon-
struction: the economy, and what to do with the introduction of thousands of new citizens into the
social order (Moore 1993). While rigid control of the lives of African Americans by white Southern-
ers came to a halt with emancipation in 1865, the subjugation of African Americans by white rule
continued in more subtle forms. Most white Columbians assumed that they, the minority, would
continue to set policy and control the majority. “We can control and direct the Negroes,” wrote
South Carolina planter Wade Hampton in 1867 of the African American vote, “if we act discreetly,
and in my judgment the highest duty of every Southern man is to secure the good will and confi-
dence of the Negro. Our future depends on this” (in Moore 1993:219).
Hampton’s efforts to control the African American vote failed, despite South Carolina’s at-
tempt to deny African American suffrage in its first post-war constitution. One-hundred and twenty-
four delegates (67 African American) wrote a new state constitution in January, 1867, granting suf-
frage rights to African Americans. Resistance on the part of white South Carolinians prompted the
United States Congress to abolish South Carolina’s state government in March 1867, setting the
stage for African Americans to fully exercise their political rights for the first time. But resistance to
African American political participation continued, thus forcing U.S. military authorities to remove
the mayor and five aldermen. These authorities installed six people of their choosing, of which three
were African Americans (Moore 1993).
By April 1870, African Americans succeeded in holding the majority of all Richland County
and Columbia city offices, but mayor, sheriff, and any position related to finances remained in white
hands throughout Reconstruction (Moore 1993). Nonetheless, political involvement was not the
only way to gain social empowerment. In 1881, a public school board was organized, but, “the
[white] people had little interest in education… the poor [White] people were too proud to accept
1-5
what they regarded as the charity of the state” (Crow 1936:119). The total attendance for the two
years preceding the creation of the school board was roughly 500 students, of whom the majority
were African Americans (Crow 1936).
Historian James Moore (1993) suggests that the Columbia community had a relatively easier
time adjusting to these new social conditions than the rest of South Carolina for two reasons. First,
compared to many communities in South Carolina, Columbia has always had a relatively large free
African American population; and second, Columbians put economics before politics. Regardless of
how South Carolina’s white population may have felt about the African American vote and political
power, an individual's day-to-day economic conditions – how one is to make a living – received con-
siderable attention. The Freedmen’s Bureau reported in October of 1886 that 10,304 individuals in
Richland county were destitute, nearly half of the county’s population (Moore 1993). During Recon-
struction, rural economies continued to decline. Although the number of small farms increased,
largely as the result of splitting large plantations, the majority of farms were based on the sharecrop-
ping system, perpetuating an already destitute population. Out-of-state migration soared, and by
1870, the population of Columbia was just 9,298, an increase of only 1,200 people over a ten year
period (Moore 1993).
An African American political majority in Columbia ended abruptly in 1877 when
Democrats succeeded in ousting Republicans from city and county governments. With African
American political disempowerment and a new hands-off attitude by U. S. Congress toward the re-
structuring of the South, Reconstruction came to an end. African Americans were forced to use alter-
native means to obtain social empowerment in this post-Reconstruction environment that actively
sought to deny African Americans the full privileges of citizenship. Many African Americans and
members of other marginalized groups took advantage of an emerging mass market and consumer
culture to achieve social objectives.
Post-Reconstruction, a period lasting from 1877 to the Civil Rights era, was a time of
African American disenfranchisement through official and unofficial discrimination. Jim Crow legis-
lation, labor segregation, public surveillance, and political exclusion all served to perpetuate an exist-
ing racist ideology and social structure. Prevalent racist social thought in the South, and an assumed
superiority, are evidenced in the way some white historians of the post-Reconstruction era wrote
about the end of Reconstruction. “After the desolation of the war, interest in art naturally suffered for
some years,” wrote historian Harriet M. Salley of Columbia in 1936, “but with the restoration of white
control, the indomitable spirit of Columbians soon asserted itself and gradually there was a revival of
interest in” the arts and music (Salley 1936:186, emphasis added). W. B. Nash, a prominent African
American member of the South Carolina Republican party, observed that reconstruction and military
rule in South Carolina had little effect on dominant white ideology; white Southerners were “not
conquered—not changed” (in Moore 1993:253).
The Post-Reconstruction era witnessed the growth of a full market economy and the devel-
opment of brand names, distinctive packaging, labor unions, electric trolleys, telephones, home elec-
tricity, and national advertising and marketing (Spencer-Wood 1987; Strasser 1989). As the variety
and availability of consumer goods increased throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, so
too did the opportunities for consumers to re-appropriate the meanings of mass-produced goods.
1-6
Material goods became the dominant mode of cultural expression, where objects worked to create
personal connections to larger spheres of cultural meaning (Grier 1988). This newly emerging con-
sumer space became a key arena for the white Southern creation of, and African American resistance
to, a culture of segregation (Hale 1998). Segregation increasingly became an ideological war fought
within the spaces of consumption (Weems 1998).
Segregation and Jim Crow legislation – what historian Robert Weems (1998) has called
‘American apartheid’ – came in two fundamental forms: as a legal structure and as social custom (the
“etiquette” of Jim Crow) (Packard 2002). Fundamental to Jim Crow was the principle that any
White person was superior to every Black person, regardless of wealth, education, or status. Under
the illusion of “sameness,” and “separate but equal,” the goal of Jim Crow was to separate African
Americans from white society; “The etiquette of race represented an obligatory ritual to keep whites
in mind of their first-class rank and blacks of their second-class standing” (Packard 2002:165). Hale
(1998) suggests that segregation became the foundation of Southern society and “the central
metaphor of Southern life” because it balanced white demand for social superiority and the spread of
a national marketplace. Consumer culture, Hale argues, created spaces that both explicitly and im-
plicitly challenged segregation.
Although marketers attempted to reach a broad cross section of American society through
advertising, most Americans at the turn-of-the-20th century still bought unlabeled goods such as
sugar, flour, salt, soap and vinegar from bulk containers at local or general stores (Strasser 1989).
African Americans were routinely subjected to second-class treatment in retail establishments. The
rise of a mass market, and the shopping options it afforded, changed the nature of the relationship
between consumer and retailer. With a national market came a greater separation between consumer
and retailer that facilitated an individuality and identity often not available from local stores. While
consumer space was never free from racial bias, African Americans and other marginalized groups
were able to employ various consumption strategies that undermined white’s singular claim to the full
privileges of citizenship (Mullins 1999b).
The national mass-market brought with it branded goods, a one-price principle, mail-order
retailers, and chain stores (Strasser 1989). Brand-name goods were often used by African Americans
as a social negotiation strategy. By linking a commodity to a symbolic ‘national’ market and identity,
brand-name goods provided African Americans an effective strategy for evading the racism of local
marketers. Conducting research on African American consumer behaviors in 1932, Paul Edwards
noted:
In purchasing foods in bulk she [the African American female consumer] often not
only suspects short weight, but has no way to assure herself as to quality. North and
South the Negro all too often has been victimized by unscrupulous merchants.
Brands have come to be relied on to provide protection in buying (in Weems
1998:26).
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Brand names stood for the consumer’s expectation of product quality. Companies produced stan-
dardized products to win consumer trust and sell more products. Brand name goods offered con-
sumers a new kind of control over local surveillance and discrimination.
Likewise, by the late 19th century, mail-order outlets served to integrate individual con-
sumers into the mass market and provided African Americans with an effective strategy for evading
the racism of local marketers. Sears, Roebuck, and Company and Montgomery Ward provided a
large array of products and gave access to the national market and a national identity without racial
deference or a storekeeper’s prerogative in determining the quality of goods a consumer would receive
(Hale 1998; Strasser 1989). Attempting to preserve cultural identities and foster social empowerment
while at the same time challenging a hegemonic white social structure, in the 1920s and 1930s, the
National Negro Business League urged African American consumers to avoid White establishments
altogether and “Buy Something From a Negro Merchant!” (Weems 1998:17).
COMPARATIVE ARCHAEOLOGY
Despite this rich historical context, interpretation of findings from the Mann-Simons site
suffers from a poverty of comparative archaeology of the greater Columbia area, particularly that of
the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The majority of urban archaeology in South Carolina has been
conducted in the greater Charleston area and most late 19th and early 20th century sites that have
been excavated in the state are located within rural areas. Within downtown Columbia, archaeology
has taken place at only three other sites: the Woodrow Wilson Family Home (WWFH), the Seibels
House, and the Hampton-Preston Mansion. Each of these sites is managed by Historic Columbia
Foundation.
In 1983, Kenneth E. Lewis of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropol-
ogy (SCIAA) directed excavations at the WWFH (Lewis 1989). Located five blocks south and three
blocks east of the Mann-Simons site, the WWFH site functioned as a domestic property from 1870
to the early 1920s. Dr. Lewis's goal was to locate evidence of both known and unknown razed out-
buildings on the original lot, including a detached kitchen, two stables or carriage houses, a second
house and an outbuilding of unknown function. In 2006, John Milner Associates, Inc (JMA) was
hired by HCF to re-locate foundation piers associated with the detached kitchen previously discov-
ered by Dr. Lewis (JMA 2007). These excavations represent the only temporally-comparable archaeo-
logical data available from the Columbia area.
Archaeological investigations at the Seibels House were conducted between 2003 and 2005
under the direction of Dr. Terrence Weik, University of South Carolina—Columbia, Department of
Anthropology (Weik 2008). Located two blocks east of the Mann-Simons site, the property was
home to wealthy families and their enslaved and free servants since 1796, when the house was built.
Of particular interest to HCF was an early 19th century detached kitchen behind the house. Using
archaeological data, Dr. Weik's primary objective was to rethink how to bring to light and explain
the lives of enslaved African Americans in a 19th century, urban household. Two of Dr. Weik's stu-
dents produced MA theses based on these excavations (Quertermous 2004; Samolis 2005). The vast
majority of artifacts were from the first half of the 19th century.
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Heléna L. Ferguson excavated sections of the Hampton-Preston Mansion in 2008 as part of
her MA thesis at the University of South Carolina—Columbia (Ferguson 2011). Using ground pene-
trating radar and digging a series of 2 x 2 foot units, her goal was to document the evolution of physi-
cal landscapes within the northwest quadrant of the property during the past 200 years and attempt
to connect these physical changes with changes in household and social structure. However, the site
was heavily disturbed by mid-20th century activities, thus limiting the number of in situ late 19th
and early 20th century deposits.
This deficiency in archaeological research within the Columbia area is set to change. In Oc-
tober, 2012, Columbia Mayor Stephen Benjamin initiated the African American Heritage Project.
Directed by the author, this is a multi-year project designed to archaeologically explore domestic and
commercial lots within five historically African-American neighborhoods heavily impacted by urban
renewal during the 1960s and 1970s: Wheeler Hill, Ward One, “Black Downtown”, 1900 block of
Henderson Street, and the “Black Bottoms.” Time permitting, Arthurtown will also be explored. The
goals of the project are fourfold: (1) explore the stories of African Americans within Columbia whose
names have not always made it into the history books, including working and middle class individu-
als; (2) promote a participatory research strategy that includes input from members of the Columbia
community throughout all phases of the research process; (3) create a comprehensive comparative
database of the material culture of African Americans in Columbia over time, particularly that of the
late 19th and early 20th century; and (4) produce a body of literature and outreach programs appropri-
ate for scholars, students, and interested
citizens that explores the diversity of
African American experiences within Co-
lumbia, focusing on lives and experiences
not traditionally told in public schools
and other mainstream history venues.
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
The Mann-Simons Archaeology Project
was not the first archaeological investiga-
tion of the Mann-Simons site. In 1998,
Chris Clement of the South Carolina In-
stitute of Archaeology and Anthropology
(SCIAA), on behalf of Historic Columbia
Foundation, conducted limited excava-
tion of the back yard area from 16 April
to 7 May. Four excavation units were
opened: two 10 x 10 foot squares and two
5 x 5 foot squares, for a total of 250
square feet (Figure 1-3). Due to the mani-
cured nature of the yard, topography and
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Figure 1-3. Detail from the 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map
noting locations of the 1998 excavation units.
historic maps primarily directed Clement’s placement of the units. The 10 x 10 foot units were in-
tended to explore the yard area behind the house, while the 5 x 5 foot units were intended to explore
areas closer to the house (Clement, et al. 1999). A total of 8,410 artifacts and 7,076 grams of bone
were recovered from all contexts. Clement's work was the first in South Carolina to focus on the ar-
chaeology of a free African American household and remains, with the addition of this study, the
only excavation of an African American owned site in the greater Columbia area.
Although the 1998 archaeology demonstrated the presence of significant, intact deposits and
offered some tantalizing clues about life in Columbia, both 10 x 10 foot excavation units (N536
E505 and N530 E555) were actually located within the 1906 Marion Street property boundaries and
relate only indirectly to the Mann-Simons family. The 5 x 5 foot excavation units (N490 E560 and
N490 E545) were located within the 1904 Marion Street lot. Unfortunately, due to limited time, the
majority of the features encountered within the 5 x 5 foot units were not excavated.
In 2003, using Clement's data for a MA thesis (Crockett 2005), the author examined how
different material consumption strategies may have been used by the family to challenge their social
status as marginalized consumers and citizens. However, put simply, during analysis the limited na-
ture of the excavations created problems attributing patterns to people. Nonetheless, the 1998 archae-
ology suggested that with further, systematic data collection, the Mann-Simons site had the potential
to offer substantial insights into the lives of the family and, accordingly, the diverse social milieu of
the time.
PREVIOUS DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
Since the Mann-Simons house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in
1974, a number of individuals have produced an impressive set of interpretations and an equally im-
pressive range of approaches to understanding the family and property. Julia T. Burr produced the
first scholarly account in 1977 with her MA thesis, An Inquiry into the Mann-Simons House. Taking a
structuralist approach that understands domestic architecture as a mirror of the thoughts, beliefs and
lifestyles of its builders/designers/occupants, Burr was the first to start piecing together the docu-
ments of Mann-Simons. Her work became the basis of all future work, although her initial conclu-
sions were too often accepted uncritically in subsequent investigations.
Concurrent with Burr's look at family and house came a report by Associated Architects
(1977) based on their physical inspection and dissection of the main house. Associated Architects
were charged with understanding the physical evolution of the house and developing a chronology of
building sequences.
In 2001, John M. Sherrer and Katherine C. Grier created a partial family tree and compiled
much of the information available for a museum display in the basement of the house. Also in 2001,
Mary C. Voght, taking a public history approach, created a docent manual and interpretive guides for
HCF aimed at furthering public education, although in-house interpretive guides have existed since
at least the mid-1980s.
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Caitlin Graham, who worked with the author as a volunteer research assistant during the
summer of 2009, became interested in Ben DeLane's life before and after residing at the site and sub-
stantially contributed to our understanding of the site's earliest history.
Documentary research done for the author's MA thesis (Crockett 2005) forms a core part of
the data used in this project, particularly information from city directories, property titles and census
records. The author's doctoral dissertation (Crockett 2011) is a synthesis of currently available docu-
mentary data and presents in-depth interpretations of the archaeology, focusing on issues of produc-
tion, consumption and the commodification of heritage.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
This report is divided into two volumes. The remainder of Volume I outlines the project and
findings. Chapter 2 is a presentation of field and laboratory methodologies. The research objectives,
field strategies, and history of the field project – from initial site survey to data recovery – are dis-
cussed in Chapter 3. Feature associations, largely organized around structures and planting spaces, are
presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 is a discussion of the artifactual findings from five trash deposits
and two levels from one unit. Together, these six proveniences comprise 74% of all cataloged arti-
facts. Appendix A is a summary of all proveniences, including short title, type of provenience (e.g.
trash pit or post hole), TPQ, number of artifacts recovered and associated MNI. Appendix B lists the
artifact catalog fields and values used during cataloging and analysis. Appendix C is a list of individu-
als who contributed to field or lab work. Appendix D contains a detailed description of each prove-
nience encountered at the site. Proveniences are presented in numerical order organized by sampling
strata (East Yard, Near Backyard, Block 1, Block 2, Block 3). Descriptive data for each excavation
unit, as well as levels within units, are also summarized.
Volume II is the full artifact catalog, representing nearly 30,000 artifacts – over 5,700 indi-
vidual artifacts – from the site.
This report also includes a CD containing additional drawings and the full artifact catalog as
an .xml document, as well as a 3x3 foot fold-out map of the site.
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CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGIES
SINCE conclusions are only as good as the work that produced the data that generated those conclusions, this chapter outlines the field and laboratory methodologies that guided investigations at the Mann-Simons
Site.
FIELD METHODS
An arbitrary datum and grid system was established for the 1998 excavations, which was used for all
subsequent work to ensure comparability of data between projects and field seasons (Figure 2-1). The grid
system at the site is oriented to the Columbia street system, which is 14°-24’ west of magnetic north. The
permanent datum consists of a three-foot length of ½-inch rebar driven flush with the ground near the
Marion Street sidewalk and was assigned an arbitrary coordinate of N500 E500 and an elevation of 100 feet.
Excavation units were 5 x 5 feet and excavated by natural stratigraphic layers. Each unique
provenience (stratum, interface, feature, etc.) was assigned a unique provenience designation and received its
own provenience form. Provenience designations consist of two parts: the unit number and a letter specific
to that provenience. Provenience designations were assigned in the order in which they were encountered.
For instance, if the unit number is 6, then the first layer is 6A, the next 6B, if a feature is next encountered,
it would be 6C, and so on. If provenience assignments used the entire alphabet, double letters were assigned,
such as AA, BB, CC, etc. Because of their confusion with other letters or numbers when written on small
artifacts, the letters I, O, and Q were not used for provenience designations (with one exception: feature
22I). Each provenience was also given a short title, generally based on a functional description of the feature
(e.g. 'post hole') or strictly descriptive (e.g. ‘Level 1’, ‘Circular Intrusion’, ‘Charcoal Lens’, etc.). Having two
designations per provenience helps minimize the chance of recording error. Screening was performed
through ¼-inch wire mesh for all soil dug from units and shovel test pits (STPs). If a feature appeared to be
rich in organics, soil samples were taken for later flotation processing. STPs were dug as square 1x1 foot
holes in natural levels.
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All field measurements used an engineer’s scale of feet, tenths, and hundredths to keep the
data consistent with the 1998 excavations. While all measurements are presented here in engineer’s
scale of feet, in some cases they are also presented in the common English scale of feet and inches.
English measurements are presented for their cultural relevancy—it is the scale the occupants of the
Mann-Simons site would have used when buying lumber, building structures, laying out their yard,
etc.
Photographic documentation of all stages of archaeological investigation included general
views of the site, work in progress, and detailed record shots. Stratum photographs were taken from
the south whenever lighting or physical conditions permitted. Photographs of each profile were taken
after a unit was completely excavated. A digital camera was used for all photographs. Resulting images
were saved in .tiff format to minimize data loss and maintain image integrity. Panoramic
photography methods were employed at the site to create plan view photographs of block
excavations. A seven-foot high bipod was constructed from two lengths of 2 x 4 inch lumber with a
hinge connecting the two and a camera mount from a traditional tripod secured at the apex. A series
of photographs which overlapped by at least 50% were taken of the excavation areas. The resulting
images were stitched into a single photograph using the freeware software program Hugin™, which
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Figure 2-1. Location of the datum relative to the 1403 Richland Street house (center) and centerlines of Richland
(bottom) and Marion (left) streets. (Redrawn after Clement, et al. 1999:17)
automatically corrects for slight deviations in camera roll, pitch, and yaw. The result is a high
resolution photograph of the excavation area that overcomes the too-common problem associated
with traditional overview photographs: a single photograph of a large area unable to depict minute
details. Additionally, Austin Paterek, a visual anthropologist, employed historic photographic
superimposition to document locations of nonexistent structures not visible archaeologically. In
doing so, Paterek (2009) developed a new method of photographic superimposition using readily
available digital equipment that expands the range of interpretive potential of historic photographs.
Two types of drawings were produced: plan view and profile drawings. The standard
drawing material was a prepared tracing paper, either 15 x 16 or 11 x 17 inches, with a blue-line grid
of 10 squares-to-the-inch. All plan view and profile drawings used a scale of 1 inch = 1/2 foot, while
full site maps were drawn at a scale of either 1 inch = 10 feet or 1 inch = 20 feet. In general, the
profile of the north wall was drawn, but if the strata appeared differently in other walls then those
walls were drawn as well. Profile drawings were also completed for each feature along its bisection
line. Plan view drawings followed the same conventions as the profile drawings.
LABORATORY METHODS
Once a provenience was completely excavated and screened in the field, the artifacts were
brought to the laboratory at either the Department of Anthropology at the University of South
Carolina—Columbia or the Mann-Simons site for cleaning, cataloging and curation. Before any
cleaning took place, artifacts were inspected for objects which might require special treatment. The
following is a general overview of the processing steps for all artifacts following initial inspection.
Artifact processing followed the Society for Historical Archaeology Standards and Guidelines for the
Curation of Archaeological Collections (1993) and the Society for Historical Archaeology Curation FAQ
(2006).
Following initial sorting, artifacts requiring cleaning for identification, curation, or display
were separated by appropriate cleaning technique. Robust, stable, low-porosity materials, excluding
metal, were washed in plain, non-distilled water with a soft-bristled nylon brush. Initially, bone was
also washed with water, but this practice was halted early on to prevent possible damage before being
examined by a faunal analyst. Objects with delicate surface decoration were generally not washed,
preferring a dirty artifact over an undiagnostic artifact. After cleaning, artifacts were placed on
galvanized steel screens and allowed to air dry. Given the high acid content of paper materials,
artifacts were never placed on newspaper or paper towels to dry. Organic materials such as leather,
cloth, and wood were lightly dry-brushed or not cleaned at all. For leather, a micro-environment was
usually created to prevent undue drying and shrinking. These micro-environments were composed of
two polyethylene bags. The artifact was placed in the first bag, in which small holes had been
punched with a pin. This bag was then placed in a second, larger bag in which several drops of water
had been placed. The result was an easy-to-construct micro-environment that prevents direct contact
between the leather and water.
Metal objects were dry-brushed with nylon brushes of varying stiffness. Given the fragile
nature of metal objects, most were only cleaned enough to allow for identification. Two exceptions to
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this rule were 1) artifacts likely to be displayed as part of HCF’s museum activities and 2) ferrous-
alloy artifacts likely to continue corroding in storage but representing unique findings thus requiring
stabilization. Some metals, like aluminum, develop a thin layer of corrosion that forms a stable,
protective barrier against further corrosion (Peterson 1968; SHA 2006). Unless such a barrier
obscured important surface details, these metals were dry-brushed only, regardless of potential for
display. Other metals, like iron, require stabilization for preservation. Given that surface details are
often preserved in corrosion layers, the decision for corrosion removal was done on a case-by-case
basis. The purpose of stabilization is to prevent further deterioration and reveal important
information. If the decision was made to remove corrosion, two methods, alone or combined, were
used: mechanical (e.g. hand brushes, soft and hard picks) and electrolytic.
Mechanical methods alone were used on most non-iron artifacts, although some brass and
copper objects received limited electrolytic treatment. Due to the incorporation of water soluble salts
into iron over time, iron objects requiring stabilization most often received direct electrolytic
treatment with limited mechanical removal of corrosion.
Electrolytic reduction treatments come in two flavors. The first, indirect electrolysis, is an
electro-chemical process whereby an artifact (forming the cathode) is placed in an iron container,
covered with particles of mossy zinc (forming the anode), and a 10-20% solution of sodium
hydroxide (the electrolyte) poured over them (Peterson 1968). The artifact is left in solution until
cleaned to its desired state. The advantage of indirect electrolysis is a great degree of control over the
rate of rust removal. The disadvantage is the high cost of mossy zinc. Due to cost constraints, artifacts
from the Mann-Simons site were treated using the second method, direct electrolysis, which uses
electric current to turn iron-oxides and iron-chlorides back into metallic iron. The advantage of
direct electrolysis is the extremely low cost of operation. The disadvantage is slightly less precise
control over the process. Following standard procedures, the anode consisted of stainless steel, a 15-
20% solution of sodium chloride was used as an electrolyte, and a target 2 Ampere current flow was
sought (Western 1972; Canadian Conservation Institute 1995). Power came from a desktop
computer power supply unit (PSU). A computer PSU has several advantages over the more
commonly used automobile battery charger, including a design meant to be run 24-hours a day/seven
days a week, the ability to push 3.3, 5 and 12-volts simultaneously, the cost is free or nearly free, and
they are much smaller. After electrolytic treatment, artifacts were rinsed throughly in distilled, de-
ionized water, dried in an oven, coated in melted microcrystalline wax, and placed into polyethylene
bags containing dry silica gel in desiccators.
After cleaning, artifacts were laid out in preparation for cataloging. A unique catalog number
was assigned to each artifact or group of artifacts with identical descriptive values within a given
provenience. The catalog number is composed of two elements separated by a hyphen: the
provenience designation and the artifact number. The artifact number at the end is unique within
each provenience and is assigned sequentially. For example, cataloging the provenience designated as
‘6A’, the first artifact to be cataloged within that provenience is numbered ‘6A-1’, the second artifact
as ‘6A-2’, the third as ‘6A-3’, and so on. This procedure is repeated for each discrete provenience.
Note that catalog numbers within every provenience begin with ‘1’ and continue in numerical order.
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Catalog numbers were applied directly to artifacts to aid in identification and as a security
device. Each individually labeled artifact (or those belonging to the same catalog number) was placed
in its own polyethylene bag with the catalog number written on the lower, right-hand side of the
white writing block on the outside of the bag. An acid-free paper slip labeled with the provenience
and catalog information was also placed in the bag with the artifact. The labeling technique involves
applying Acryloid B-72 as a bottom coat, writing the number using a Rapidograph pen filled with
black pigment-based ink, and then applying B-72 as a top coat. Acryloid B-72 is a stable acrylic resin
that can be applied and removed with acetone (SHA 2006). For darkly colored objects, titanium
dioxide pigments were added to the bottom coat of B-72. This method was used on artifacts like
ceramics, glass, metal, and decorative bone (such as buttons). It was not used on plastic or rubber
artifacts as acetone would cause damage, nor was this method used for organic materials like leather,
cloth, or non-decorative bone. A string-tag label was attached to artifacts too large to fit in a gallon-
sized bag, as well as wooden items like posts. Bulk artifacts like nails, undiagnostic bottle fragments,
and metal can fragments were not labeled individually.
After cataloging and conservation, artifacts were re-bagged into larger polyethylene bags and
placed in acid-free storage boxes. The exterior end of each box was labeled in permanent ink with
provenience data and inclusive catalog numbers and a Box Contents List placed within each box.
COLLECTION DATING
While the process of dating any site, feature, or artifact can be complex, in late nineteenth
and early twentieth century contexts the complexities are compounded by the materials themselves.
When compared to the literature on seventeenth and eighteenth century material culture,
descriptions of mass-produced goods manufactured in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries are
remarkably scarce in the archaeological literature. Additionally, these materials are in many cases still
being produced today. Thus, historical archaeologists of the recent past face a unique set of
challenges, characterized by a broad temporal range for many of the most commonly found artifacts
and a shortage of published fine-grained artifact chronologies and typologies. A semester spent at
Winterthur Museum and Estate, Delaware, allowed for the development of multiple fine-grained
artifact chronologies using period trade literature, including, among others, asbestos, carbon rods,
and electrical wiring.
Two methods for dating archaeological deposits are commonly employed by historical
archaeologists. The first method, developed by Stanley South (1978), involves deriving a mean
ceramic date (MCD) for a site or assemblage, or, as Mark Groover (2001) has proposed, a mean
artifact date (MAD). With this method, the median date for the manufacture of each ceramic (or
artifact) type is multiplied by its frequency (for ceramics, either number of sherds or minimum
number of vessels), which is then divided by the total number of ceramic types in the sample. The
product is the mean date of the manufacture of recovered ceramics. Although mean ceramic dating is
a proven method for dating archaeological assemblages, particularly for early nineteenth century and
earlier sites, it is not the best option for the Mann-Simons site for two reasons. First, as Miller, et al.
(2000) note, a deposit that accumulated over a period of ten years and one that accumulated over
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100 years can produce the same MCD. Given the long, continuous, and recent occupation of the
Mann-Simons properties, this is a valid concern. Second, like many artifacts, the majority of the
ceramics produced during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries are still in production today.
Many of the ceramics would have, for example, an introduction date of 1820 (the introduction date
of whiteware) and an end date of today, producing a mean manufacturing date of 1917—a date that
is completely unrelated to the actual deposits or periods of occupation.
Therefore, dates for deposits were calculated using the second common dating method: by
terminus post quem (TPQ), Latin for 'date after which.' This method involves dating a deposit by the
latest made artifact in the assemblage. The introduction date of the latest made artifact is the earliest
date that the deposit could have been created (Miller, et al. 2000). For example, if a feature contained
three artifacts – a crown cap bottle closure (introduced in 1892), an undecorated whiteware plate
(introduced to North America circa 1820), and a galvanized roofing nail (introduced in 1901) – the
TPQ date for the feature would be 1901; the earliest date the feature could have been created. When
dateable characteristics overlapped, typically the tighter date range was used.
ARTIFACT CLASSIFICATION
The classification and cataloging system used for the Mann-Simons project was a modified
version of the system set forth in the National Park Service’s (NPS) Museum Handbook, Part II
(2000), which itself is based on the classification system proposed by Roderick Sprague (1981).
Nineteen unique fields were available for describing each artifact, six more than provided for under
the NPS system. Deviations from the NPS cataloging system are noted when discussed. A complete
list of object names and descriptors used in this study for each field is provided at the end of this
chapter. Diane Wallman (USC-Columbia) did the faunal analysis for the project. Her methods and
classification system is listed in a subsequent section.
There has been some criticism of the use of Sprague's typology (Spude 2006), revolving
around the idea that a typology based on common functional descriptions preconditions the
archaeologist to viewing artifacts in terms of these predefined functions and not the possible
function(s) the artifacts might have had for the actual users. Although I agree that preconditioned
thought is a concern, what this argument ignores is that typologies are not only structured ways of
organizing variation, and thus for understanding something about the people interacting with these
objects, but a method of communicating such variation as well. The example of a hardware
superstore illustrates this point. The majority of products in hardware stores have so many potential
uses it is impractical to group them together in ways that relate to the immediate requirements of
individual consumers. The thousands of items for sale are therefore organized according to a
recognizable typology which distinguishes between plumbing fittings, paints, wood stains, electrical
wiring, and so forth. The Sprague typology is a way of distinguishing between nails and ammunition
in a way that people will recognize, regardless that nails and ammunition can both function as
instruments of injury.
Under this taxonomy, each artifact was first assigned to a Class. Nine classifications were
available: Ceramic (includes brick), Glass, Metal, Mineral, Synthetic, Organic, Composite (more than
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one material), Soil (used only for soil samples), and Unidentified. Once broadly classified, artifacts
were assigned an Object Name. Most object names are self evident, such as Toy, Marble. Other
terms are specially defined. Container refers to packages that contained a product (e.g. Container,
Bottle, Medicinal). Tableware refers to utensils designed for table use (e.g. Tableware, Knife).
Utilitarian refers to utility ware objects (e.g. Utilitarian, Jar/Crock). Vessel was used when the specific
form of a tableware or utilitarian ware was not recognizable. Vessel was not used in conjunction with
container. Hollowware was used with tableware or utilitarian ware and refers to fragments with
enough curvature to indicate volume and depth but unrecognizable as to specific form. Flatware was
also used with tableware and utilitarian wares where fragments were more or less flat but the specific
form is unknown. Lastly, Unidentified was used when the function or form of an artifact could not be
identified (e.g. Unidentified, Vessel or Unidentified, Glass). When the specific form of an object could
be identified, an additional level of description was used to add further specificity to the Object
Name group. For example, an egg cup is a type of bowl, and therefore would be assigned the Object
Name Tableware, Bowl, Egg Cup. As this example illustrates, the hierarchical nature of object names
is one of the most useful characteristics of this classification system, allowing for increasing specificity
as new information about an object is gathered.
Under the NPS system, classification is further divided into seven broad groups:
Manufacturing Technique (e.g. Pressed Glass or Three-Piece Mold), Decorative Technique
(e.g. Embossed or Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome), Decorative Design (e.g. Floral or
Geometric), Decorative Element (e.g. Fleur-de-lis or Diamond), Color (e.g. Mulberry or Cobalt
Blue), Part (e.g. Handle or Lip), and Material (e.g. Stoneware or Aluminum). The ‘Decorative
Element’ field was also used when the specific decorative pattern could be identified (e.g. Willow or
Hobnail). When cataloging ceramic objects, the ‘Color’ field was used to record information about
the color of decoration or glaze and was used only when color was not part of the information
contained in one of the Decorative fields. Given the widely varying criteria in use for determining the
color of historic glass, for this study the Color field for glass objects was used mainly for descriptive
purposes. Count was used to record the number of artifacts falling under the same catalog number.
Manufacturing Date was used to record the manufacturing start and end dates for an object, if
known, or, in some cases, a peak usage date range.
The Mann-Simons project also used several additional fields not included in the NPS
classification system. These fields reflect the specific research questions of the project, as well as the
time period under investigation. The Maker’s Mark field was used to record any manufacturer’s
mark(s) on an object. Other Mark refers to any mark other than a Maker’s Mark, including, but
not limited to, back marks, quality marks, content marks, and post-consumption marks (e.g. initials
scratched into the side of a bottle). Weight was typically recorded for less-diagnostic artifacts, for
example, sheet metal fragments or brick. Weights for ceramics and glass were not recorded. The
Dimensions field was used when the size of the object is an important part of its identification (e.g.
the diameter of a marble, radius of a rim sherd, or shank length of a nail). Date Source was used to
record the reference materials used to determine the date entered in the Manufacturing Date field.
The MNI field, or Minimum Number of Items, refers to, as the name suggests, the
minimum number of complete items that could account for the number of artifacts under a given
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catalog identification. Although MNV (Minimum Number of Vessels) is the traditional term for
referring to minimum numbers of ceramic and glass vessels, the use of MNI as a generic term for all
Minimum Number counts is a better option, as it avoids the situation of needing to develop an
unnecessary slew of terms to refer to objects other than vessels, like MNC (Minimum Number of
Cartridges), MNB (Minimum Number of Buttons), MNN (Minimum Number of Nails), and on,
and on.
Looking at ceramic vessels, Spencer-Wood (1987) examined several different methods for
calculating minimum number counts. Two methods for determining counts were tested: the first
used rims only and the second used rims and any other distinctive body fragments that could not be
part of any vessel represented by a rim or other body fragment. She determined that the rim and
distinctive body fragment method resulted in a more complete vessel count than just using rims
alone. For this reason, MNI counts for ceramic, glass, and metal containers (like tin cans) were
calculated here using the rim and distinctive body fragment method. MNI values for other artifact
types were determined based on the unique characteristics of that particular type of object. For
example, for nails, MNI counts were based on heads, regardless of the number of shank fragments
recovered; lamp chimney counts were based on rim type and circumference.
In all cases, artifacts were examined for possible cross-mends. Fragments that did not mend
were examined for matches in design, form, color, and other attributes which would indicate
association with previously defined objects. Objects that did not match either mended objects or
other fragments were counted as additional objects. For closed contexts, like trash pits and privies,
recovery provenance was maintained for each artifact (such as the level from which an artifact was
recovered), while cross-mends and minimum number of object counts were determined for the entire
feature as appropriate.
My use of Functional Category differs from the traditional program of functional
analysis proposed by South (1978) and used by many historical archaeologists. South devised his
system of functional analysis to aid in identifying patterns in the archaeological record on seventeenth
and eighteenth century sites that could then be correlated to general theoretical explanations for the
existence of these patterns. But South’s categories for seventeenth and eighteenth century sites are less
than ideal for answering certain types of questions for late nineteenth and twentieth century sites. For
this project, ‘Functional Category’ refers to the following general categories: Architectural, Domestic,
Electrical, Kitchen, and Personal. While the Kitchen and, to a lesser extent, the Personal object
categories are in keeping with South’s schemata, the Architectural, Domestic, and Electrical
categories, when examined temporally, have the potential to yield information about the
introduction, adoption, and use of technologies and materials unique to the manufacturing and
consumption context of the late nineteenth and twentieth century. General categories contain several
subcategories:
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Architectural Personal
Architectural-Exterior Personal-Clothing
Architectural-Interior Personal-Firearms
Personal-Hygiene
Kitchen Personal-Ornamental
Kitchen-Tableware Personal-Sewing
Kitchen-Utilitarian Personal-Toy
Domestic Electrical
Artifacts in the Architectural category include nails, brick, mortar, plaster, roofing/siding tiles,
window glass, door hinges, etc. Architectural-Exterior refers specifically to those items related to the
exterior surfaces of structures, such as roofing and siding materials. The Architectural-Exterior
subcategory does not include objects whose function is not unambiguously related to exterior
structural surfaces, for example, nails, brick, mortar, etc., which are assigned the general category
Architectural. The Architectural-Interior subcategory is used for architectural objects unambiguously
related to structural interiors, for example, plaster.
The Electrical category refers to objects used in the transmission of electricity such as wire,
insulators, plugs and fuses, objects used in the conversion to or from electricity such as batteries,
carbon rods and light bulbs, as well as objects operating by way of electricity, such as telephones and
door bells.
Kitchen artifacts include all objects related to the storage, serving, or preparation of foods and
beverages such as glass and ceramic vessels, serving and eating utensils, etc. The Kitchen-Tableware
subcategory is used for utensils, ceramics, or glass designed for table use. This includes bowls suitable
for serving at the table, cups, forks, refined hollowwares, drinking glasses, knives, plates, spoons, etc.
The Kitchen-Utilitarian subcategory is used to designate objects of utility ware, including bottles,
crocks, jars, cans, and jugs. When an artifact was identifiable as a kitchen item, but not as Tableware
or Utilitarian, it was assigned the general category Kitchen.
Personal artifacts include clothing-related items such as buttons or buckles, as well as coins,
sewing-related items, tobacco pipes, etc. The Personal-Toy subcategory is used for marbles, balls,
figurines, jacks, and other items traditionally associated with the activities of children. Artifacts in the
Personal-Clothing subcategory include buttons, buckles, clothing rivets, shoe leather, hook-and-eye
fasteners, etc. Personal-Sewing is used for needles, straight pins, safety pins, thimbles, and other items
related to the making, repairing, and tailoring of clothing. The Personal-Ornamental subcategory
includes rings, necklaces, pendants, broaches, earrings, etc. The Personal-Hygiene subcategory is used
to designate objects that are hygiene, cosmetic, or personal appearance related, including
toothpaste/brushes, soap, combs, hair products, etc. The Personal-Firearms subcategory includes all
objects related to firearms. When an artifact was identifiable as a personal item, but not as Toy,
Clothing, Sewing, Firearms, Ornamental, or Hygiene, it was assigned the general category Personal. The
Domestic category was used to distinguish household-related items, including furniture hardware,
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light shades/chimneys (those not
assigned to the Electrical category),
door knobs, bric-a-brac, flowerpots,
and other household objects.
Lastly, a Notes field is
provided at the end of the catalog entry
to record any additional information
relevant to the object not included in
the previous fields. Not every artifact
description used every available field.
Classification fields were used as
appropriate for the object. To the left is
an example artifact catalog entry to
illustrate the system. A full list of
classification field values is found in
Appendix B.
FAUNAL ANALYSIS METHODS
[This section is taken verbatim from “Faunal Report for Mann-Simons (38RD1083)” by Diane Wallman
(2010). Additions and/or changes by the author are found within “[ ]” brackets.]
RECORDATION TECHNIQUES
The faunal remains from the Mann-Simons site were analyzed using standard
zooarchaeological methods, and all bones were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible
utilizing the comparative faunal collection in the Department of Anthropology at The University of
South Carolina, and reference materials including Gilbert (1981, 1990), Olsen (2004), and Sisson
(1953). The portion of each identified element is recorded as whole if it is complete; partial if the
specimen is almost complete; fragment if it appears broken; and section if the specimen appears cut.
When possible, identified elements were sided (left or right), and also aged to a general stage
(juvenile/immature or adult/mature) based on epiphyseal fusion or tooth eruption.
Observable cultural modifications (burning, fracturing, excavation damage) were also
recorded for the bones. Based on the urban setting of the site, all food remains identified were likely
locally purchased, acquired or raised, in the case of some poultry. Large mammals, then likely
represent cattle (Bos taurus), while medium mammals, likely came from pig (Sus scrofa) or sheep/goat
(Ovis aries/Capra hircus). These bones likely represent common breeds of each species known for the
late 19th century. Common cattle breeds in the 19th Century included Angus, Hereford and
Shorthorn, and eventually the Texas Longhorn (Skaggs 1986). Pig breeds in the 19th Century
included English Berkshire, Bedford, Byfield and Irish Graziers (Skaggs 1986).
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CLASS: Glass
OBJECT NAME: Container, Bottle, Soda Pop
MATERIAL: Glass
MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE: Cup-bottom Mold
DECORATIVE TECHNIQUE: Embossed
DECORATIVE DESIGN:
DECORATIVE ELEMENT: Text
COLOR: Aqua (blue)
PART: Base fragments
COUNT: 13
MNI: 1
WEIGHT:
DIMENSIONS: Base diameter = 3-inches
FUNCTIONAL CATEGORY: Kitchen-Utilitarian
MAKER'S MARK: Yes
OTHER MARKS: No
MANUFACTURING DATE: 1915-1923
DATE SOURCE: Lockhart, et al. 2007:34
NOTES: “CHERO COLA” embossed,
angled block text, center base
Each specimen identified as cattle, pig or sheep/goat was then assigned to a specific retail
meat cut as designated by Azizi, et al. (1996), associated with standard American butchery techniques
utilized for the past 100 years (Figures 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4). Elements identified to species correspond
to specific illustrated meat cuts, based on an extended version of Lyman’s (1977) system (Azizi, et al.
1996:211). The illustration of the specific fragment or section of an element is correlated to the retail
meat cut it represents (Azizi, et al. 1996: 211). This system accounts for the difficulty in linking
identifiable fragments to specific meat cuts. Butchering units for beef, for example, contain different
portions of the same element (see Tables 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3). In addition, any observable refits or
conjoined bones, that is any bones from a single animal that put back together, were recorded in
order to better determine the actual number of bones present, as opposed to bone fragments.
Both cultural and non-cultural taphonomic processes were assessed in the assemblages, using
zooarchaeological methods posited by Lyman (1994). The following attributes were recorded for each
specimen: weathering stage and other natural taphonomic processes (Behrensmeyer 1978); presence
of carnivore or rodent gnawing (Binford 1981; Lyman 1994b); presence and intensity of burning
(Brain 1981; Johnson 1989); and any evidence of butchery (Binford 1981; Crader 1990; Landon
1996), including cutting, chopping, sawing, and any signs of breaking for marrow extraction (i.e.
spiral fracturing, impact points).
SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Specimens without diagnostic features were assigned to animal size class categories (adapted
from Thomas 1969) (Table 2-4). Unidentifiable bones were graded by size based on “bone size and
thickness” (Schmitt and Lupo 1995:499). Cattle-size fragments, for example, were classified as Class
VI, large mammals. Distinguishing between sheep and goat remains can present significant
difficulties to analysts, because the bones are similar in overall size and morphological attributes
(Boesneck 1970; Halstead, et al. 2002; Payne 1985). It is therefore possible that some bones
identified as sheep could in fact represent goat. Even with extensive reference collections,
“distinguishing between sheep and goat bones is often not easy” (Boessneck 1970:358). While
publications have presented diagnostic criteria to identify between the two Genera, the criteria rely on
the presence of certain bones (Halstead, et al. 2000; Payne 1985; Prummel and Frisch 1986). Teeth
and mandibles have proved to be the most useful elements for differentiating between sheep and goat
(Halstead, et al. 2000; Payne 1985). Studies have developed methods for the distinction between
these two Genera based on the morphological characteristics of post-cranial skeletal elements
(Prummel and Frisch 1986). Despite the fact that many of the ovicaprine remains may in fact
represent sheep, they will be categorized as sheep/goat.
Additionally, I assessed the relative age of each specimen (after Silver 1963). Relative age was
established by the degree of epiphyseal fusion and tooth eruption sequences, the most commonly
employed skeletal parts for determining age (Klein and Cruz-Uribe 1984:41). Aging specimens in an
assemblage can provide information on “kill-off” patterns in past animal husbandry systems, and the
quality (i.e. the fat content) of the meat purchased (Landon 1996:96). When epiphyses were present,
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Figure 2-2. Standard Retail Beef Cuts (Azizi et al. 1996: 239). *(Numbers next to meat cuts were used for coding.)
Figure 2-3. Standard Retail Pork Cuts (Azizi et al. 1996: 239). *(Numbers
next to meat cuts were used for coding.)
Figure 2-4. Standard Retail Mutton Cuts (Azizi et al. 1996: 239).
*(Numbers next to meat cuts were used for coding.)
Table 2-1. Skeletal Correlates to Cattle Butchering Units
Butchering unit Skeletal definition
Hindshank Tibia, distal femur, patella, proximal metatarsal
Round/buttock Femur shaft
Rump Proximal femur, ischium, pubis, acetabulum
Loin Lumbar vertebra
Sirloin Ilium, sacrum, sacral vertebra
Plate/Brisket Ventral rib, rib cartilage, sternum, ventral rib
Ribs Dorsal rib 6-12, thoracic vertebrae 6-12
Foreshank Radius-ulna, distal humerus, proximal metacarpal
Neck Cervical vertebrae, proximal humerus, distal scapula
Chuck Dorsal rib 1-5, thoracic vertebrae 1-5, humerus shaft, scapula blade
Arm Proximal humerus, humerus shaft, distal scapula
Foot Metacarpals, tarsals, carpals, phalanges
Table 2-2. Skeletal Correlates to Pig Butchering Units
Butchering unit Skeletal definition
Boston Butt Scapula blade, proximal humerus, cervical vertebra
Picnic Ham Distal humerus, radius, ulna
Rib End Dorsal ribs, thoracic vertebra, proximal scapula
Spareribs/Side Mid and ventral ribs
Loin End Lumbar vertebrae, ilium, sacrum
Ham Acetabulum, pubis, ischium, proximal femur and shaft
Shank Ham Distal Femur, proximal tibia and shaft
Hock Carpals, tarsals
Foot Metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges
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Table 2-3. Skeletal Correlates to Sheep/Goat Butchering Units
Butchering unit Skeletal definition
Shoulder Tibia, distal femur, patella
Rack Thoracic vertebra 6-12, dorsal rib 6-12, lumbar vertebrae
Loin Lumbar Vertebra
Butt End Pelvis, sacrum, proximal femur and shaft
Shank End Distal Femur, proximal tibia and shaft
Shank Distal humerus, radius-ulna, tibia, metapodial
Foot Carpals/Tarsals, Phalanges
Neck Cervical vertebrae
Chuck Scapula, thoracic vertebrae 1-5, rib 1-5, proximal humerus and shaft
I recorded the stage of fusion for each specimen identified as cow, pig and sheep. Stages were
recorded as fused, unfused, and partially fused, distinguished by the presence of an epiphyseal line or
suture. These stages are compared to the relative ages at which specific epiphyses fuse for each animal.
Additionally, deciduous teeth and permanent teeth were differentiated to provide a relative age for
specimens.
QUANTIFICATION OF FAUNAL REMAINS
Determining the appropriate unit of quantification for faunal analyses remains a complicated
concern within zooarchaeology. The use of the number of identified specimens, or NISP, to quantify
faunal remains has received significant criticism (Grayson 1984, Klein and Cruz-Uribe 1984), most
importantly for its failure to account for specimen interdependence, because several bone fragments
may come from the same element. To account for this problem, many zooarchaeologists calculate the
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Table 2-4. Mammalian Size Classes (after Thomas 1969:393).
Class I Mammals weighing less than 100g., e.g., meadow mouse and pocket gopher.
Class II Mammals weighing between 100 and 700 g., e.g., squirrel and chipmunk.
Class III Mammals weighing between 700 g. and 5kg., e.g., cottontail rabbit and marmot.
Class IV Mammals weighing between 5 and 25 kg., e.g., coyote and bobcat.
Class V Mammals weighing more than 25kg., e.g., antelope, deer and mountain sheep.
Class VI Mammals cow size and larger
minimum number of individuals, or MNI to determine how many animals are actually represented
by the recovered remains. This calculation, however, has also been subject to criticism, as it is known
to correlate with sample size, as the larger the number of bones in an assemblage the greater the MNI
(Grayson 1984; Lyman 1979:537, 1994). In historic assemblages, MNI remains a problematic value
because people purchase butchering units, not complete animals, with the possible exception of fish
and poultry (Lyman 1979, 1987, 1994; Milne and Crabtree 2001). Determining the contribution of
various species or of the different cuts to an assemblage, therefore, remains a difficult task, as the
butchering units acquired are not always known or consistent.
In the past, historical zooarchaeologists calculated the amount of available meat for species,
and for meat cuts utilizing bone-weights (Otto 1984) and the amount of usable meat (Lyman 1979).
However, bone weight analysis was based on the assumption that the relation between bone and meat
weight is linear, which is not accurate (Grayson 1984). Additionally,”bone weights are subject to
biases from differential mineralization, leaching, weathering, and preservation” (Lyman 1979:536).
According to Reitz and Wing (2000:202), specimen weight is rarely used directly to document
relative frequency, but is may be used as an estimate for ‘edible’ or ‘usable’ meat.
Calculating “usable meat” for each species is a suggested method to account for the amount
of meat purchased and consumed (Lyman 1979, 1987). This approach, however, has not been widely
applied to historic assemblages and therefore its utility has not been sufficiently tested (Landon 2005:
9). Furthermore, it is necessary to consider size change through time and space when estimating
dietary contribution based on weight (Reitz and Wing 2000:226). The total weight of species with
“determinate growth varies because of geographical range, age, sex, season and nutritional condition”
(Reitz and Wing 2000:226).
Despite potential problems with this unit of measurement, NISP is the most widely used
unit of quantification in zooarchaeology. The features investigated in this study all have similar
depositional contexts and the households and businesses who deposited the materials had access to
the same types of meat and meat cuts. Furthermore, based on the urban environment, the unit of
acquisition for the meat purchased would be individual meat cuts, represented by relatively few bones
each in the archaeological record. In consideration of these factors, employing the NISP to calculate
relative abundances should provide a sufficient means for comparison between features. For those
animals, such as birds, that were likely acquired whole, whether purchased or raised on site, the MNI
is calculated. For the evaluation of meat cuts, I calculate a minimum number of meat cuts for cattle,
pig and sheep/goat.
ANALYSIS OF MEAT CUTS
To evaluate differences among assemblages with regard to particular meat-cuts, I calculated
the minimum number of meat cuts represented within each deposit. For this measure, I determined
the minimum number of each meat cut necessary to account for the specimens identified to each cut,
accounting for side and age, when possible (based on Lyman 1979, 1987). While it can be useful to
classify these cuts by age, the few specimens representing different aged animals within the
assemblages does not make this segregation possible.
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RANKING OF MEAT-CUTS
Most economic analyses of 19th century historic faunal assemblages is based on the
archetypal work of Schulz and Gust (1983), which provides a rank scale for cuts of beef based on
estimates of late-19th to early-20th century retail values. In theory, this ranking provides values that
analysts can use to interpret the economic status of the “depositing population” (Schulz and Gust
1983:12). While this approach has maintained longevity and apparent utility, some have argued that
results of analyses based this ranking often do not show socioeconomic influences in assemblages,
leading to an elaboration of this model, which has been rarely employed, involving the addition of
meat yield to address cost-efficiency (Huelsbeck 1989, 1991; Lyman 1979, 1987).
Different methods have been suggested to assess the cost-efficiency of different beef cuts
from 19th century sites. Lyman (1987) was one of the first researchers to propose the use of meat
yield per cut to use in addition to economic rankings. Using values of both historical price per pound
beef cuts and of consumable meat weight for each cut, Lyman (1987) calculated a measure of “cost-
efficiency” for beef cuts. This value was meant to provide a more thorough measurement of optimal
purchasing decisions by providing the cost per pound of edible meat for each cut. According to the
study, “both a high degree of cost-efficiency and optimal foraging are indicated by minimizing costs
while maximizing yields” (Lyman 1987:81). While Lyman’s was an attempt to increase the accuracy
of the analysis, the equation was miscalculated. Huelsbeck (1989) revisited Lyman’s measurement of
“cost-efficiency” and corrected the error, providing a more effective measure of cost-efficiency based
on price per pound and meat yield per cut of beef. What also remains important is that with the
correction, “Lyman’s suggested refinement of the interpretive model…is a welcome addition to the
suite of techniques available to faunal analysts” (Huelsbeck 1989:116). According to Huelsbeck’s
(1989) calculations, however, this new measure was statistically correlated to Schulz and Gust’s
economic ranks, suggesting that these initial ranks do in fact reflect cost-efficiency.
In this analysis, I used the Schulz and Gust (1983) beef rankings to determine if cost affected
consumer choice, as adapted by Azizi, et al. (1996). Azizi, et al. developed rankings for beef, pork and
mutton cuts based on historical records of retail values and interviews with butchers (after Pipes
1995, Ubaldi and Crossman 1987).
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CHAPTER 3
FIELDWORK
FIELDWORK took place in four stages between 2005 and 2012. The original proposal was to excavate roughly 500 square feet over a six month period. Two years later, at the conclusion of Stage
III, nearly 2,000 square feet of the site had been opened. Fieldwork resumed with Stage IV in 2011
with the excavation of 386 square feet. Including shovel test pits and the 1998 excavations, a total of
2,542 square feet has been excavated at the Mann-Simons Site. The following sections outline the
excavation strategies employed during each stage of fieldwork between 2005 and 2012.
EXCAVATION STAGES
Excavation occurred between July 2005 and June 2007 in three stages. The primary
objective of fieldwork was straightforward: excavate a representative sample of the entire area
continually occupied by the Mann-Simons family between 1825 and 1970 within accessible spaces
(i.e. the site boundaries defined by modern features, for example, the paved parking lot east of the
site). The goal was to establish how the material culture of the family varied in relation to changes in
both family structure and Columbia's social environment throughout the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries. In the following three sections, I discuss the specific objectives and scope of work for each
stage of excavation.
STAGE I: SHOVEL TEST SURVEY
Excavations undertaken by Clement, et al. (1999) in 1998 hinted at the potential of the site
but did not provide the data necessary to evaluate it fully. To remedy this problem, Stage I objectives
were broad in scope and designed to address basic questions about the occupation and integrity of the
site. The objectives of Stage I were: 1) archaeologically investigate those areas of the site that were to
be irreparably disturbed by HCF landscaping activities planned for late autumn 2005 and 2) define
the archaeological integrity of the entire green space between the Mann-Simons house and the
apartment building to the north.
3-1
Between 13 and 23 July 2005, 31 shovel
test pits in the area between the Mann-Simons
house and the apartment building to the
north were excavated. Shovel tests were
distributed along a grid at 20-foot intervals
across the entire backyard area (Figure 3-1).
Each shovel test was excavated to a sufficient
depth to intersect undisturbed features and
subsoil. Since the shovel tests were used to
define the stratigraphy of the soil and identify
the presence of features and artifacts, they did
not intrude upon features or extend below
subsoil.
A total of 46 shovel tests were originally
proposed. However, upon examination of the
stratigraphy within 30 feet of the apartment
building, I determined that the soil was too
disturbed to provide useful data. As a result,
shovel tests were canceled in the remaining
areas surrounding the apartment building.
This is exactly the type of information shovel
tests are designed to provide. The shovel tests
produced a large sample of the stratigraphic
nature of the site and a sample of spatially
distinct artifacts and features from all periods
of occupation.
STAGE II: EXCAVATION UNITS
Following shovel testing, Stage II
excavations occurred in two phases. During
the first phase, which took place between 27
July and 30 October 2005, I originally
proposed to excavate ten 5 x 5 foot units
within the front and side yard areas to be
impacted by landscaping activities (Figure 3-2,
units 5-12). The placement of each unit was
randomly determined to provide a statistically
valid sample of these areas. The primary
purpose of these units was to identify evidence
of fences, structures, and other landscape
features related to the various occupations,
3-2
Figure 3-1. Locations of shovel test pits.
3-3
Figure 3-2. Locations of excavation units.
such as the 1407 and 1401 Richland Street structures. This work plan was not completed for a
number of reasons. The most important factor was that the stratigraphy was more complex than
anticipated. Based on the results of the 1998 excavations, I expected unit depth from surface to
subsoil to occur between 10 and 18 inches below surface and be composed of two primary strata.
The units around the house, however, were approximately 24 inches below surface and composed of
four distinct strata. In addition, each unit contained far more features than expected. As a result, five
excavation units within the east side of the yard were completed and none within the west yard.
These units provided the first systematic view of resources at the site and allowed the formulation of
more sophisticated methodologies employed during Stage III.
The second phase of Stage II excavations took place from May to July 2006. Between 8 and
26 May, I directed 15 graduate and undergraduate students as part of the University of South
Carolina, Department of Anthropology’s Field School in Archaeology (ANTH 322). With the aid of
volunteers, I completed Stage II fieldwork on 28 July. The primary objective of phase 2, Stage II was
to excavate two sampling strata: the west side of the yard and the side yard area between the
structures at 1403 Richland and 1904 Marion Streets. Five 5 x 5 foot units and one 2.5 x 2.5 foot
unit were excavated, as well as two shovel test pits.
Since the landscaping activities within the west yard area were completed several months
prior to the start of phase 2, Stage II, areas open to excavation were limited to untouched spaces,
essentially a narrow strip approximately five-feet wide running north/south down the center of the
west yard. As a result, random sampling was abandoned in favor of judgmental placement of
excavation units. Excavation units were directed primarily by the 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map
of Columbia. A 5 x 5 foot excavation unit was opened to explore the possible structural remains of a
small-scale commercial building located directly on the northeast corner of Richland and Marion
Streets at 1401 Richland Street (Unit 12). Unit 11 initially started as a shovel test pit to explore the
southeast corner of the structure. Upon encountering in situ brick foundation remains, the 1 x 1 foot
STP was expanded into a 2.5 x 2.5 foot excavation unit. Since the STP had been excavated
according to natural strata, conversion to an excavation unit was straightforward, with no loss of
artifactual or contextual data. Additionally, four excavation units were placed within the rear-side
yard, generating a twenty-percent sample of the area (units 14-17). In addition to numerous intact
deposits, structural foundations, and a broad array of material items, these excavations also revealed
evidence of severe stratigraphic disturbance. It appears that during renovations of the 1403 Richland
Street house in 1974, a large semi-circular trench was dug around the rear of the house extending
nearly ten-feet from the structure. While this information helped formulate the research design for
Stage III excavations in terms of sampling, the result is a complete loss of archaeological integrity in
this part of the yard.
STAGE III: BLOCK EXCAVATIONS
Stage III excavations began 9 September 2006 and continued until 30 June 2007. During
this time, two field school classes contributed to excavation. The first was a Saturday-only class
during Fall semester, 2006. The second class was a more traditional field school, which took place
3-4
May 2007. The stratified random sampling
strategy used during Stage II was abandoned
during stage III. Instead, block excavations
were employed. Two 20 x 20-foot blocks were
laid out, with additional units placed
judgmentally to explore proximate areas.
These blocks represent a 64-percent sample of
the common yard area behind the houses at
1403 Richland and 1904 Marion Streets
(Figures 3-3). A total of 1,000 square feet were
excavated during Stage III.
One of the inherent difficulties of urban
archaeology results from long-term, intensive
land use within small, bounded spaces. This
land use pattern results in a multitude of
intrusive architectural and non-architectural
features associated with each occupation era.
With randomly distributed excavation units,
like those of Stage II, the difficulty lays,
literally, in connecting the dots. Block
excavations were used in the common yard area
to reveal patterning not visible using the
methods employed in Stage II excavations, most notably, horizontal patterning related to structures
and day-to-day activities.
During Stage II, all strata were excavated, screened, and artifacts provenienced accordingly,
including the upper-most stratum (Level 1) representing post-1970 disturbance. Although spatially
out of context, artifacts from Level 1 were initially saved to facilitate the analysis of commodity flows
–an analysis that can be preformed adequately at an urban block scale. The need for this data from
Level 1, however, disappeared after discovery of a large, very well preserved trash deposit containing
over one-thousand artifacts associated with the lunch counter at 1401 Richland Street. Consequently,
recovery of Level 1 data, which was very time consuming, was abandoned during Stage III. Utilizing
the stratigraphic information generated from the 2005 shovel test survey, Level 1 soils were
mechanically removed and discarded using a backhoe to reveal undisturbed strata. The exposed
stratum (Level 2 or 3, depending on yard area) represents the post-Reconstruction/Jim Crow-era
occupations and is the primary data from the common yard area used in the study.
Feature identification was often problematic during Stage III excavation, particularly within
Block 2 in the far backyard area. This area was heavily disturbed by at least three post-1970
landscaping episodes–destruction of the buildings, construction of a parking lot to the east, and
renovation of the 1403 Richland Street house. These disturbed strata were composed of very dark,
artifact-rich soils, making feature identification during excavation difficult.
3-5
Figure 3-3. Photograph of Block 1.
STAGE IV: NORTHEAST CORNER
Stage IV excavations began 22 October
2011 and continued until 27 January 2012.
The goals of the Stage IV excavation were
threefold: (1) more fully define the nature of
operations at the lunch counter; (2) recover
surviving evidence of the first-generation house
(pre-1403 Richland Street); and (3) better
understand how the family used this yard area
over time. Designated Block 3, a total of 386
square feet were excavated within the far
southwest corner of the site, including the
removal of a six-foot section of sidewalk along
Richland Street (Figure 3-4). The southern
half of Block 3 (south of the brick drain) was
the area least disturbed by post-1970 activities
at the site and thus represents the most detailed
material record of mid-20th century activities
at the site. Block 3 also had the densest
population of planting-related features at the
site, the majority of which were associated with
Level 2 (early-to-mid 20th century).
SITE STRATIGRAPHY
Although site stratigraphy varied somewhat across the site, depending on the degree of
disturbance caused by post-1970 destruction, landscaping, and building activities in a given area,
excavations uncovered four distinct strata present across most of the site.
Level 1 was a loose black sandy loam that varied in thickness from 0.4 to 1.3 feet and showed
evidence of significant disturbance. Variation in depth is associated with the removal of various
structures on the site during the 1970s, as well as subsequent landscaping activities. No features were
associated with this level, but a tremendous number of artifacts were present as a result of mechanical
grading that sheared the tops off of various features. Artifacts were not recovered from this level.
Level 2 was a very dark grayish brown sandy silt, mottled with 5% strong brown sandy silt
and yellowish red sandy clay that varied in thickness from 0.2 to 0.8 feet. A number of features were
associated with this level, including early-to-mid twentieth century pipe trenches and trash deposits,
as well as large post molds (~10 inch diameter) related to construction activities that occurred on the
site circa 1912.
Level 3 was a dark yellowish brown sandy silt, mottled with 30% dark brown sandy silt and
20% strong brown sandy clay loam that varied in thickness from 0.09 to 0.20 feet. A number of
3-6
Figure 3-4. Stage IV, Block 3 excavations looking north.
features were associated with this level, including the foundation of the grocery store located at 1407
Richland Street, many post molds, and large trash deposits. Level 3 is related to construction
activities that occurred on the site between the 1870s and 1912, like the construction of the building
at 1407 Richland Street and the expansion of the main house at 1403 Richland Street.
Level 4 was subsoil, a strong brown compact sandy clay loam. Features associated with this
layer were small (mostly two-inch) post molds and large semi-circular features of unknown function.
Each of these levels corresponds to a distinct occupation era and correlates closely with
changes in head-of-household. Level 1 represents the landscaping and disturbance associated with
the post-1970 activities of the Columbia Housing Authority. Level 2, which also shows evidence of
disturbance, represents what is left of the circa 1912-1970 occupation of the site. Level 3 spans the
period between the 1870s and 1912. The lower-most stratum, Level 4, represents the pre-1870s
occupation of the site. Together, these strata represent not only four distinct family occupations, but
also four unique social eras: antebellum (Level 4), post-Reconstruction (Level 3), Jim Crow
segregation (Level 2), and contemporary heritage tourism (Level 1).
3-7
CHAPTER 4
FEATURE ASSOCIATIONS
THIS chapter presents a discussion of features/proveniences organized around unifying structures or themes. For example, under the 'Lunch Counter' header are all proveniences associated with that structure;
under the header 'Infrastructure' are all the artifacts and features associated with electricity, plumbing, gas,
etc. For a complete list of all features/proveniences documented at the site, please see Volume II. The 3x3
foot site map might also be useful for the following discussion.
THE LUNCH COUNTER
One of the most exciting discoveries at the site was the assemblage of features associated with the
lunch counter. From the documentary record, the counter is known to have been in operation from at least
1891 to 1909 and was located at 1401 Richland Street, directly on the northeast corner of Richland and
Marion Streets (Figure 4-1). In the city directories it was variously described as a 'grocery,' a 'restaurant,' a
'lunch room,' and a 'confectionery.' Owned and operated by John L. Simons, little else was known about
the counter until these discoveries.
The first exploration of the southwest corner of the site was in 2006 with Units 11 and 12. Unit 11
initially started as a shovel test pit (STP 104) to explore possible structural remains of the lunch counter.
Placement of the STP was directed by the Sanborn map of 1904, which suggested that the southeast corner
of the structure was 13-feet east of the western property line (inside of Marion Street sidewalk). Upon
encountering an in situ brick foundation pier (Feature 11E), the 1 x 1-foot STP was converted into a 2.5 x
2.5-foot unit and fully excavated. Since the STP had been excavated by natural strata, conversion to an
excavation unit was straightforward, with no loss of artifactual or contextual data.
At the surface of Level 4, a brick foundation pier (Feature 11E) was encountered and the STP
converted into an excavation unit. After conversion, cleaning of Level 4 just below the surface of the bricks
uncovered the outline of a builder's trench (Feature 11G). A second course of bricks associated with Feature
11E was discovered as Level 4 and Feature 11G were excavated (Figure 4-2). Becoming more clearly defined
with excavation, the shape of the builder's trench was a rough '+' shape running north/south and east/west
following the outline of the brick foundation, terminating at the surface of Level 5 (11J). The brick
foundation appeared to be composed of recycled bricks and brick bats with no evidence of mortar within
the joints. In situ bricks were left undisturbed after excavation; disturbed bricks were noted, removed, and
discarded in the field.
4-1
Using the 1904 Sanborn map as a guide, Unit
12 was placed directly over the indicated north wall,
17 feet north of the sidewalk. Instead of a north wall,
however, a large trash pit, a series of post holes/molds
unrelated to the counter, and a large pit feature
related to the early occupation of the site were
encountered. The only feature within Unit 12
associated with the lunch counter was a large,
incredibly well preserved trash pit at the surface of
Level 6 (Figures 4-3).
Since nothing in Unit 12 indicated the lunch
counter's north wall, as suggested by the 1904
Sanborn map, and the east-west dimension along the
front of the lunch counter was 13 feet, evidenced by
the brick foundation encountered in Unit 11, in 2007
a third unit, 2.5 x 2.5-feet, was placed over a
hypothesized northwest corner of the structure, 13
feet north of the Richland Street sidewalk, to test for
possible structural remains. Upon removal of Level 1,
a cinder block was encountered along the east wall of
the unit. This block was initially thought to be
associated with post-1970 activities but later
determined to be associated with the rear wall of the
counter. Directly west of the cinder block was a post
hole (13G) and associated post mold (13F),
representing the northwest corner of the lunch
counter. Post feature 13C, which intruded upon
posthole 13G might represent a replacement/support
post.
Stage IV excavation of Block 3 uncovered most
of the footprint of the lunch counter. Level 3 was a
thin stratum associated with the counter's destruction.
The extent of the level to the north was truncated by
post-1970 activities at roughly N444. To the south,
the stratum was intact, pinching out under the
Richland Street sidewalk in Unit 81. At the surface of
Level 4 was discovered a brick drain. Located within
the building along the rear (north) wall, the open
drain tied into Columbia's wastewater system, which
the City began to lay in 1902. A linear impression in
the cement where the brick drain tied into the
terracotta pipe marks the west wall of the counter.
Located along the outside of the rear wall was a row of
cinder blocks (Figures 4-4 & 5).
Lunch counters and other related, small-scale
backyard or corner commercial structures are rare in
the literature of historical archaeology. Searches and
4-2
Figure 4-1. The lunch counter on the northeast corner of
Richland and Marion streets, as depicted in 1904 on the
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of Columbia. (Figure
courtesy of South Caroliniana Library)
Figure 4-2. Unit 11 at the top of Level 5 (11J), looking
southeast. The brick foundation was the southeast corner
of the lunch counter.
Figure 4-3. Excavation units associated with the lunch
counter prior to Block 3 excavations. In red is the
hypothesized location of the counter during 2006. The
semi-circle in Unit 12 is the lunch counter trash pit.
information requests on the histarch listserv only
brought to light two other lunch counter
(confectionery) excavations in North America. The
first is a 1940s-era lunch counter in Los Angeles,
California, excavated by South Central Coastal
Information Center, California State University—
Fullerton in 1999 as part of construction for the
Universal City Station Park and Ride facility
(Greenwood, et al. 2000). The second was excavated
in 1994 by Patrick Garrow of Garrow & Associates
(now TRC Garrow Associates) in Knoxville,
Tennessee, as part of the Knoxville Courthouse
Project. Given this lack of other lunch counter and
similar structures explored archaeologically, the
general dearth of (but growing) archaeologically-
known African American owned businesses, and the
importance of understanding these types of
enterprises within the context of a burgeoning
national consumer culture that went hand-in-hand
with regionally-specific, materially-grounded forms of
structural racism, the niche this excavation fills is
apparent.
We know the lunch counter was 14 x 14 feet.
The structure may have sat on brick piers, similar to
the house at 1904 Marion Street, or may have had a
brick foundation along the front and post-in-ground
construction along the sides and rear, in the same
style as the the grocery at 1407 Richland Street.
Evidence of a 10-inch post (13F) in Unit 13 along the
rear wall suggests post-in-ground construction. A six-
inch post (12J) in Unit 12, three feet north of the rear
wall, on one hand, might be evidence of an awning at
the rear of the building. The argument for an awning
is actually supported by a curious inconsistency in the
1904 Sanborn map. In all instances – except the rear
wall of the lunch counter – the 1904 Sanborn map
had a degree of error no greater than one foot, yet the
indicated rear wall on the map is four-feet north of
the actual wall. Since the maps are plan views, the
surveyor may have drawn the extent of the roof, four-
feet south of the structure's wall. On the other hand,
the six-inch post may have had a currently-unknown
function related to the operation of the lunch counter
but unrelated to structural support.
4-3
Figure 4-4. Block 3 excavations after Stage IV work. The
red line indicates the revised location of the lunch
counter. Note the brick drain and row of cinder blocks to
the north.
Figure 4-5. Photograph of the circa 1902-1909 brick
drain that was located within the lunch counter. The large
circle to the left was the trash pit associated with the
counter's burning and removal in 1909. The rear (north)
wall of the eatery was between the drain and the cinder
blocks.
We also know that 18 years after opening, the lunch counter closed in 1909. The large trash pit
discovered in Unit 12 provides an explanation for the disappearance of 1401 Richland Street. The trash pit
contained artifactual and structural remains of the counter. A thin lens of charcoal-laden black soil covered
the floor of the pit. Most of the bricks and brick bats recovered had a coating of soot on one face. There
were many instances of melted glass, as well as cracked but intact glass, indicating high heat followed by
rapid cooling (a demonstrative effect is archived by placing a glass marble in boiling water for several
minutes and then immersing the marble in cold water). Floor/wall tiles, as well as tableware ceramics, also
showed evidence of high heat. It appears that the lunch counter caught fire in 1909. Not enough to burn it
to the ground, but enough to require rebuilding and refurnishing. Following the fire, a large pit was dug
behind the structure, the un-salvageable or non-useful contents of the counter dumped in, the pit capped
with sandy clay (subsoil), and new topsoil laid down (Level 5).
PRE-1403 RICHLAND STREET HOUSE
The property known today as the Mann-Simons Site was purchased in 1843, but the first visual
depiction of structures on the property was in 1872 with the publication of the Bird's Eye View Map of
Columbia (Figure 4-6). Always thought to represent the current house standing at 1403 Richland Street, the
structure pictured on the northeast corner of Richland and Marion streets is now known to depict an earlier
structure, the house occupied by Ben DeLane, his wife Celia Mann, Celia's daughter, Agnes, and Ben and
Venus Brown's daughter, Mary.
Nine postholes/molds associated with the pre-1403 Richland Street house were discovered during
Stages II and IV excavations: Features 12W, 66F, 71T, 71W, 73L, 77W, 78D, 78G, and 81G (Figures 4-4
& 7). Posthole/mold feature 12W represents the northwest corner of the pre-1403 Richland Street house.
4-4
Figure 4-6. Bird's Eye View Map of Columbia, South Carolina, by C.N. Drie, 1872. (Courtesy of the Library of
Congress)
Posthole/mold feature 77W represents the southwest
corner of the building. Posthole/mold feature 81G –
discovered below the Richland Street sidewalk,
extending beyond the current property boundary – is
likely the remains of the southwest corner of the front
porch.
From these findings, we know the pre-1403
Richland Street house measured 15 feet north-south.
The east-west extent is not known, since the footprint
of the new house stands partially over the footprint of
the old house. Together, the archaeology and Bird's
Eye View Map of Columbia suggest the house of Ben
and Celia was a hall-and-parlor style building, with a
central hallway and a room to each side, similar, if not
identical, to the first incarnation of the house at 1904
Marion Street.
1904 MARION STREET
The house at 1904 Marion Street, directly be-
hind the house standing today at 1403 Richland
Street, differed radically in terms of style from its
larger counterpart (Figure 4-8). From documents we
know that the house was built in the 1870s. A variety
of different features were encountered in 12 units that
were associated with three incarnations of the build-
ing. The following is a discussion of the architecture-
related features. Associated infrastructure features are
found under the header “Infrastructure” later in this
chapter.
Known only through archaeology, the first incar-
nation of the house was a 15 x 32 foot hall-and-parlor
style building resting on un-mortored brick piers with
a small front porch (Figure 4-9). The southwest cor-
ner pier was located within Unit 14 (Feature 14N).
Uncovered one stratum above the brick pier the post-
hole/mold (Feature 14T) located directly east of the
pier and in-line with the southern wall of the building
was likely the remains of a secondary support post.
Post feature 14W may also be the remains of a sup-
port post. The southeast corner of the building was
found in Unit 15 (Feature 15F). This 'L'-shapped
pier was the first indication that the was first a long,
narrow building. A second pier along the east wall of
the building (Feature 18E) was uncovered five-feet
north in Unit 18. The third pier was Feature 56H, an
'L'-shapped pier at the northeast corner of the build-
4-5
Figure 4-7. South view of the northeast corner of Richland
and Marion streets. The footprint of the house that pre-
dated the current house at 1403 Richland Street is
outlined in yellow. The footprint of the lunch counter at
1401 Richland Street is outlined in red. Notice the brick
pier at the southeast corner of the lunch counter. The
lunch counter trash pit is the large circular pit at bottom
center.
Figure 4-9. Evolution of the house at 1904 Marion
Street. Pink is the first incarnation, followed by blue and
then yellow.
Figure 4-8. Late 1960s photograph of 1904 Marion
Street. The back porch of 1403 Richland Street is at the
right. (Courtesy of Columbia Housing Authority)
ing located three-feet south of the 1904/1906 Marion
Street property line.
The second incarnation of the building, repre-
senting a 150 square-foot addition to the rear of the
house, is detailed on the 1904, 1910 and 1919 San-
born Fire Insurance maps. Brick pier 31H, supporting
the back steps leading from what was the kitchen by
1969, was placed directly atop Feature 31C-Complex,
a trash pit with a TPQ date of 1892. Given that this
addition is depicted in the 1904 Sanborn map, we
know the first addition to the house was constructed
sometime between 1892 and 1904. Brick pier Feature
35F is associated with the northeast corner of the first
addition to (second incarnation of) the house. Two
post-related features may or may not be associated with the
house. Features 17K and 59C/D were the remains of posts
nearly in-line with the east wall of the house. The posts may
have been additional support for the house, or could represent
either remains of one or more fence lines or a structure that
pre-dated the addition to the house.
The third incarnation of the building came with the con-
struction of a second addition to the rear of the house during
the early 1920s, represented by four brick piers (Features 23F,
25E, 33F, 37C) and an addition to brick pier Feature 56H
(creating a 'Z'-shaped pier).
1407 RICHLAND STREET
The structure at 1407 Richland Street was built
sometime during the 1870s or early 1880s (Figure 4-10).
Because of the sampling strategy employed during Stage II
excavations and the placement of the parking lot during the
early 1970s, only one unit – Unit 10 – and one STP –
STP101 – contained features associated with the building
(Figure 4-11). Excavation uncovered the foundation line of
the west wall running north-south (Feature 10J), as well as
three posthole/mold features. Feature 10M was a
posthole/mold associated with the west well. Feature 10L was
possibly the remains of a post hole/mold that existed prior to
the 1407 Richland Street structure, or was associated with
1407 Richland Street but represents an earlier phase of
construction. Features 10G and 10K were a posthole and
mold, likely a replacement or addition, possibility associated
with the construction of the addition depicted on the 1910
Sanborn Fire Insurance map.
4-6
Figure 4-10. Late 1960s photograph of 1407 Richland
Street. (Courtesy of Columbia Housing Authority)
Figure 4-11. Planview drawing of 1407
Richland Street detailing the excavation units
relative to the building. STP101 is lower-left in
the illustration.
STP101 was placed along the front edge of the
building to test for foundation remains. Encountered
just below ground surface were a brick foundation,
likely a pier, and a six-inch terracotta wastewater pipe
running north-south to the street. The mortar on the
bricks were speckled with drops of red paint.
THE PRIVY
An unlined privy pit was encountered in Unit 39
(Figure 4-12), extending into the west wall of Block
2. Only the exposed portion of the pit was excavated,
measuring five feet from north to south (full extent)
and 4.4 feet from east to west (excavated extent), with
a depth below stratum 39B of 3.15 feet. On the
southeast corner was a 0.15 x 0.35 foot (2 x 4 inch)
posthole extending 0.95 feet below the surface of
stratum 39B. The profile of a second posthole,
possibly a replacement post, reinforced with a piece of
granite, was discovered 2.5 feet west of the corner
post (center-to-center) along the southern edge of the
pit, extending one-foot below stratum 39B. No
evidence of structural remains was found along the
eastern edge. Although speculative, there is some
suggestion of parallel posts along the northern edge,
evidenced by slight 0.35 feet (four inch) indentations
directly across from the posts along the southern edge.
The base of a pier (Feature 39F), composed of three
bricks, was discovered off the northeast corner of the
privy pit. Its association with the privy structure is
unknown but possible, given the lack of evidence for
any other structure in the vicinity.
The pit contained seven layers consisting of a
series of lenses and deposits of coal, architectural
debris, sandy silt, and sandy clay. The upper layers
were all heavily dominated by coal and byproducts of
burning coal, making it difficult to excavate each layer
separately. Artifacts from layers 39C, 39D-Upper, and 38E were bagged together as 39C—a mix of furnace
and/or stove waste and household debris. Layer 39D-Lower consisted almost entirely of coal and coal
byproducts, with very few artifacts, suggesting it was the product of someone cleaning out a coal-burning
furnace and/or stove. Layer 39J (Level 3) was composed almost entirely of architectural debris, primarily
brick bats, mortar, nails, and large pieces of ferrous and non-ferrous sheet metal, in a matrix of mottled
loamy sand, and certainly represents a deconstruction/demolition event, likely the removal of the privy
structure (Figure 4-13). Level 4 (39K) was a thin lens of very dark brown loamy sand roughly centered in
the privy pit extending to the north. A soil sample was taken from the center of the lens for later flotation.
Layer 39L (Level 5) was a sandy clay heavily mottled with sandy silt containing few artifacts. The bottom-
4-7
Figure 4-12. View of the privy upon excavation, looking
west. The southeast corner (posthole) is lower-left in the
photograph.
Figure 4-13. The privy at the surface of Level 3 (39J).
most layer (39M, Level 6) was an extremely thin lens (0.01 feet) of very dark brown loamy sand. As with
39K, a soil sample was taken for later flotation.
All six layers of privy fill provided information concerning the use and abandonment of the privy
(Figure 4-14). Starting from the bottom up, the TPQ date for Level 6 (39M) is circa 1870, based on two
wire-drawn nails (#39M-7). For Level 5 (39L), the TPQ is circa 1860, based on two bottles made in post-
bottom molds (#39L-9 and 39L-19). The TPQ date for Level 4 (39K) is 1903, based on an electrical
insulator cleat marked “E P Co”, short for Electrical
Porcelain Company (#39K-18). For Level 3 (30J),
the TPQ is 1915, based on a soda pop bottle base
embossed with “Chero Cola” (#39J-13).
From the archaeology, we have a general idea of
what the privy looked like (Figure 4-15). The privy
superstructure was wood frame construction, five-
feet north to south, with 2 x 4-inch or 4 x 4-inch
posts on 2.5-foot centers along the north and south
walls. East-west dimensions are not known,
although a multiple of 2.5-feet is likely. Although
speculative, it may have been a five-foot square
structure, with the entry on the east side, given the
lack of evidence for support posts along that wall.
The superstructure may have been supported
further by bricks/brick bats, either as piers or one or
more rows, suggested by the large number of brick
bats encountered in Level 3 (39J). The fragments of
sheet metal suggest a roof fully or partially
4-8
Figure 4-14. West profile drawing of the privy.
Figure 4-15. Planview drawing of the privy and
surrounding features.
composed of sheet metal. No other roofing materials
were encountered.
The privy substructure was an unlined pit above
the water table, possibly as deep as four feet, given the
post-1970s disturbance. Deposits appear to represent
three distinct events. The first is Level 6 (39M), the
bottom-most layer, the remains of night-soil, or use-
fill. Level 6 is a thin lens of night-soil along the
bottom of the privy after the final cleaning event.
The second event represented by the archaeology
relates to Levels 5, 4, and 3. Level 5 (39L) appeared
to be fill-material deposited at the end of the privy's
use-life, suggested by the presence of a possible second
layer of night-soil (Level 4, 39K) on top of Level 5, as
well as the layer's slopping southern profile. Level 3
(39J) represents the destruction of the superstructure
sometime after 1915. Numerous artifact cross-mends
were found between Levels 3, 4, and 5.
The final event, represented by layers C, 39D-
Lower (coal furnace waste), D-Upper, and E, are
contemporaneous deposits of furnace/stove and
household waste postdating the destruction of the
privy superstructure.
OTHER BACKYARD STRUCTURES
The 1919 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map details a
small, 10 x 13 foot structure in the backyard area
(Figure 4-16). While the structure itself is completely
within the 1904 Marion Street lot, the door, which is
directly on the property line, faces south, toward the
rear of the 1403 Richland Street house. The structure
does not appear on the 1910 Sanborn map,
suggesting it was built sometime between 1910 and 1919. Four posthole/mold features were encountered in
Unit 19. When the Sanborn map is placed over the excavation map, the posts are directly in-line with the
southeast corner and east wall of the structure. Unfortunately, artifacts from these features do not provide a
more refined date for the structure.
From the beginning of the project, it was assumed that the structure depicted in the 1919 Sanborn
map was the same structure pictured in a 1969 photograph of the backyard area (Figure 4-17). This
assumption proved incorrect. Using Paterek's technique of photographic superimposition discussed in
Chapter 2, and with the help of Andrea Palmiotto, I was able to superimpose the 1969 photograph over the
current backyard landscape. Using a total station, I recorded the positions of the southeast, southwest, and
northwest corners of the structure and plotted these on the excavation map. The structure in the 1969
photograph is a 12 x 12 foot structure in the center of the backyard, straddling Blocks 1 and 2. In Block 1,
the northwest corner lines-up directly with posthole/mold 34K/J and posthole 34F along the western edge.
4-9
Figure 4-16. Detail from the 1919 Sanborn Fire
Insurance Map of Columbia, noting the location of the
backyard structure (center). (Courtesy of South
Caroliniana Library)
Figure 4-17. Circa late 1960s photograph of the backyard
area between 1403 Richland Street (right), 1407-1/2
Richland Street (center), and 1904 Marion Street (right,
out of picture). The outbuilding depicted is the second
generation building.
Extrapolating the footprint of the
structure to form a rectangle, the
northeast corner lines-up with a
posthole/mold (Feature 47G) lined
with brickbats encountered in Block
2 (Figure 4-18). Construction for
this second generation backyard
structure occurred sometime after
1956, as the 1956 Sanborn map is
identical to the 1919 map.
Unfortunately, the function(s)
of the structures is unknown. The
second generation structure seen in
the photograph suggests it may have
been a shed or general-use
outbuilding. Although highly
speculative, the first generation
structure seen on the 1919 and 1956
Sanborn maps may have been a
poultry house. An oral history
interview with Bernice Robinson
Connors, who grew up and lived at
the Mann-Simons house from 1912
to 1970, remembers her mother,
Amanda Simons, raising chickens on
the property (Deas-Moore 1998:28).
INFRASTRUCTURE
A number of infrastructure-
related features and artifacts were
encountered/recovered. Although no
evidence of clean water lines were
encountered, features related to gas, sewerage, and electricity were encountered across the site, providing a
site-specific record of infrastructure development for the neighborhood, as well as providing a foundation
for an unusual perspective on community (see Crockett 2011).
ELECTRICITY
Four electrical grounding rods were discovered during excavation. Grounding rods are used to
provide an earth ground (zero potential, i.e. voltage) for electrical systems, thus reducing the risk of shock,
fire, etc. in the case of electrical shorts or lightning. Although dedicated grounding rods are still used, most
homes today use the incoming cold water pipe as a grounding point. This was not an option for the Mann-
Simons family, who lived in a neighborhood wired for electricity before being piped for water.
Each grounding rod was a 3/4-inch diameter iron rod driven into the ground. The flattened top-
end suggests a hammer was used to drive the rods. All four rods showed evidence of a copper wire
4-10
Figure 4-18. Planview illustration of the backyard outbuildings. The lower
building is the first generation depicted on the 1919 Sanborn map. The
upper building is the second generation depicted in the photograph of the
backyard (Figure 4-17).
connection via brazing (or other non-mechanical connection technique) several inches below top. The rod
in Unit 15 had an additional mechanical (i.e. clamp) connection for a second grounding point.
Unfortunately, grounding rods are difficult to date via their archaeological context. A rod driven through a
feature and a feature created around a rod look the same archaeologically, and the rods themselves extend
above and below all cultural strata.
Interestingly, three of the four rods (those in Units 14, 15, and 31) are associated with the house at
1904 Marion Street. The fourth rod (Unit 10) is associated with the grocery store at 1407 Richland Street.
Of the three associated with the 1904 Marion Street house, the rod in Unit 31 was discovered within the
Feature 31C complex (the large trash pit discussed earlier), east of the foundation pier, on the northeast
corner of the first addition to the house. A subsequent addition, which enclosed that portion of the outside
structure, would have forced a relocation of the grounding rod. The remaining two rods are both candidates
for the relocation, although their side-by-side placement, only 10 feet apart along the south wall of the
house, is puzzling. Although speculative, the presence of a galvanized clamp on the rod in Unit 15 suggests
it is of more recent origin than the rod in Unit 14, or at least most recently used, further suggesting that the
rod in Unit 14 is associated with the first wiring of the house, the rod in Unit 31 is associated with a second
wiring event, and the rod in Unit 15 is associated with the most recent change in house wiring. The reason
for needing to move the grounding point for the electrical system 10 feet to the east is unknown and
puzzling.
End-point artifacts related to electricity were recovered from three features. A fragment of
grounding wire (#31C-77) – a solid copper wire with a diameter of 0.103-inches – was recovered from the
uppermost layer of the Feature 31C-Complex trash pit discussed earlier. This wire is likely related to the
grounding rod discussed above. A two-wire electrical insulator cleat (#39K-18) was found in Level 4 of the
privy deposit, with a maker's mark “E P Co”, or Electrical Porcelain Company of East Liverpool, Ohio, in
operation between 1903 and 1911 (Tod 1977:79). All of the remaining electricity-related artifacts were
found in the lunch counter trash deposit. In the uppermost layer was a one-inch, 2-wire split knob electrical
insulator (#12P-13) and a pull-chain fragment (#12P-25) of the type used for electrical switches, such as for
lamps, fans, etc. The chain consisted of 16 linked balls of diameter 3/32-inch. In the lower layer was a 1/2-
inch diameter carbon rod (#12T-256) of the type used in arc lamps, a pressed tin, 2-wire molding connector
with a mounting hole for a screw (#12T-57), a fragment of a Brush-Swan light bulb receptacle (#12T-378),
and a 3/4-inch conduit bushing locknut (#12T-51). Two types of wire were also recovered from the lower
layer, both related to interior wiring. The first, represented by two fragments, was a rubber coated, braided,
single conductor solid core copper wire (#12T-190 and 12T-191), with a diameter of 1/16-inch. Single
braided, rubber insulated wire was introduced in 1889 (Tod 1977). The second was a fragment of single
conductor, solid core copper wire with potential residue of a rubber coating (#12T-192), of diameter 1/32-
inch.
GAS
Three units (8, 10, and 14) contained in situ piping for gas. Each pipe was 1-inch coated steel.
Piping in Unit 14 supplied gas to the house at 1904 Marion Street. Its location on the south side of the
house suggests that the either the furnace or water heater – or both – were located at that end of the house.
A pipe connected via a “T” coupling extending to the south might have supplied gas to the lunch counter.
Gas for the main house at 1403 Richland Street was supplied through the line uncovered in Unit 8.
Interestingly, the pipe was bent to form a 90-degree angle instead of using an elbow fitting. While the gas
lines in Units 8 and 14 run square to the site (and hence, the street system), the piping in Unit 10 runs at a
45-degree angle underneath the footprint of the grocery at 1407 Richland Street. Given that the trench for
the gas line (Feature 10D) intrudes upon the grocery's foundation trench (Feature 10J) and structural
4-11
posthole (Feature 10G), this line was most likely laid down sometime after the grocery's destruction in the
early 1970s. Extrapolating beyond the unit boundaries, the lines uncovered in Units 8 and 10 would
intersect at a 45-degree angle at roughly N458 E575, suggesting that the gas line in Unit 8 represents an
earlier piping event, likely the original line for the house at 1403 Richland Street. Unfortunately, dating the
gas lines is problematic, given the lack of diagnostic artifacts within the pipe trenches and the largely
unchanging methods of natural gas piping/coupling, etc.
SEWERAGE
Evidence of two generations of sewerage was uncovered at the site (Figure 4-19). The first
generation is represented by 6-inch diameter terracotta pipelines, one running northeast-southwest at a 45-
degree angle though Units 17 and 38, a second connecting the brick drain from the lunch counter to the
street, and a third in STP101 running north-south from Richland Street along the west wall of 1407
Richland Street. Unfortunately, it is unknown where the line running at a 45-degree angle may have
terminated. Everything south of Unit 17 up to the back of the 1403 Richland Street house was destroyed
during the 1974 renovations. Since there is no evidence of the pipeline in Block 2, the line running
northeast from Unit 38 likely turned north within the space between Blocks 1 and 2 or, less likely,
terminated within this space, directly underneath the footprint of the second generation backyard structure
discussed earlier and seen in the 1969 photograph of the backyard. The segment of pipe uncovered in Unit
17 had an applied concrete patch, presumably to mend a cracked or broken section. While the pipes
4-12
Figure 4-19. Cast iron sewerage pipes which ran into the house at 1904 Marion Street. The 2-1/2 inch pipe ran into the first
addition to the house (the kitchen); the 5 inch pipe ran into part of the second addition, a bathroom.
themselves offer no help in dating, and no usefully
diagnostic artifacts were present in the trenches, a
trash pit (Feature 17L) in Unit 17 intruded upon by
the trench suggests that the pipe was laid sometime
after the 1880s. A second terracotta line was
uncovered near the surface in STP 101, running
north from (perpendicular to) Richland Street along
the west side of the structure at 1407 Richland Street.
None of the exposed portions of terracotta pipe, nor
their extrapolated extents, suggest where, if at all, they
may have tied into any of the structures at the site.
The second generation of sewerage at the site
was represented by a 2-1/2 inch cast iron pipe
running east-west in Unit 59 and a 5-inch cast iron
pipe running northwest-southeast in Unit 36. Resting
in a hand-dug trench, a continuation of the trench
(F17) exposed by Clement, et al. in Unit N490 E545, the 5-inch pipeline is particularly interesting for three
reasons. First, the exposed portion of the trench in Unit 36 represents a termination point. Although
segments of the pipe had completely rusted away, still intact was an in situ brick bat that would have
supported a 90-degree elbow joint, giving us the exact location of where the line entered the house at 1904
Marion Street. This entry point is located underneath the second addition to the house, which is the likely
location of the bathroom. Assuming the construction of an indoor bathroom correlates with the closure of
the privy, this line would have been laid sometime after 1918 (the TPQ of the privy deposit), but not later
than the early 1920s. Second, the end portion of the pipe is a fitting with a threaded 1-inch opening (Figure
4-20). The method of sealing the joint between the pipe and fitting is consistent with plumbing techniques
of the early twentieth century: (1) the 3.5-inch long cast iron fitting was placed within the mouth of the
pipe; (2) a length of fibrous rope was pounded into the space between the fitting and interior of the pipe;
(3) molten lead was poured into the gap between pipe and fitting, thus sealing the joint. The third reason
this pipe is particularly interesting is its orientation to the terracotta pipeline. If both lines are extrapolated
beyond their excavated extents, they cross at a 90-degree angle at approximately N495 E544.5. Given that
they represent two generations of sewerage, their opposite orientations suggest a reorienting of tie-in points
to the main sewer line running under the streets, and thus a change in the city-wide sewerage system.
The 2-1/2 inch diameter cast iron drain pipe was uncovered in Unit 59. Although the pipe was
broken, the hand-dug trench extended into the west wall of Unit 59, underneath the first addition to the
house. Although speculative, the addition might have been the location of the kitchen. Unfortunately, the
trench contained no diagnostic artifacts that might serve to date the line. If both cast iron lines are
extrapolated beyond their excavated extents, the 2-1/2 inch line ties into the 5-inch line at a 45-degree angle
(the standard angle for drain lines) at approximately N498.5 E541.
PLANTING SPACES
Features related to plantings were evident across the site. In the front yard of 1403 Richland Street,
roughly six-feet from the front porch in Unit 5, during Stage I excavations was discovered a row of bricks
and brick bats delineating a plant bed (Feature 5C; Figure 4-21). During Stage IV excavations, uncovered at
the surface of Level 2 was the continuation of this brick feature (Figure 22). Level 2 represents the period
between 1909, when the lunch counter was removed, and 1970, when the house went from private to
4-13
Figure 4-20. Termination point of the 5-inch cast iron
sewerage pipe running into the house at 1904 Marion
Street.
public space. The linear space between the rows of
bricks was a walkway, heavily populated on each
side with various-sized plants.
Multiple planting spaces were uncovered in the
back yard. The difference between Blocks 1 and 2 is
striking: Block 1 contained no evidence for any
plantings while a third of Block 2 is plant related,
although judging by the 1969 photograph of the
backyard area, the unexcavated spaces directly south
of Block 1 contained some plantings by at least the
mid-twentieth century (which were subsequently
obscured by post-1970 demolition activities). The
only plant-related feature uncovered in the backyard
area not in Block 2 was in Unit 20—a single,
shallow, irregular depression (Feature 20C). The
feature was truncated by the unit's south and west
walls, with exposed dimensions of 2.95-feet east-
west, 1.1-feet north-south (maximum extent), a
depth of 0.45-feet below the surface of Stratum
20D (Level 3), had nearly vertical walls, was
composed of a loose, black sandy silt containing few
artifacts, less than 1% charcoal flecks, and
surrounded by small rootmolds within Level 3.
Level 3 in Unit 20 correlates with Level 2 (Stratum
B) in Blocks 1 and 2.
Block 2 planting spaces (along with Feature
20C) were quite different from those of the front
yard, at least in terms of layout (Figure 4-23).
Where the front yard was composed of linearly
delineated spaces, Block 2 findings suggest that the
backyard contained a collection of closely spaced, amorphous planting areas without delineation via bricks
or other materials. In addition to nearly all of the larger plant spaces intruding upon each other in Block 2,
they also intruded upon multiple features below, including several large trash deposits, making boundary
definition challenging and deriving use-dates nearly impossible, since gardening activities brought up
artifacts from underlying features as well as continuing to incorporate new artifacts throughout their use-life.
Nonetheless, two generations of planting spaces / backyard layouts were evident.
The first generation of plantings is represented by Features 45C, 48L/M, and 53C. They form a
single, contiguous garden space that was arbitrarily divided into four proveniences during excavation so as to
generate feature profiles and minimize the chance of mistakenly lumping together discrete features. Post-
excavation analysis confirmed they are all part of a single, very large feature that intruded upon multiple
underlying features and was itself intruded upon by multiple features. The garden space extended 14.5-feet
east-west (full extent) and 12.5-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2). Figure 4-24
depicts the floor of the feature, highlighting how individual depth-below-surface measurements were largely
meaningless in this space. Broadly though, the feature was shallower in the western portion, in the range of
0.3-feet, gradually deepening to the east (0.74-feet maximum) and south (1.27-feet maximum). The soil
matrix also changed along the same pattern. The western portion was composed of a brown loamy sand
mottled with dark grayish brown sandy silt, gradually transitioning to a dark grayish brown sandy silt
4-14
Figure 4-21. Front yard row of bricks delineating a plant
bed in Unit 5, looking east-southeast.
Figure 4-22. Bricks delineating a walkway between
planting spaces on the southwest corner of the site.
mottled with a brown loamy sand. Charcoal fleck inclusions varied from 1 to 5%. Artifact density increased
with depth, as did artifact size, with larger artifacts recovered from the base of the feature. Patterns of artifact
density and size are attributable to a complex of trash pits (Feature 48N) underlying the planting space.
Gardening activities would have disturbed the underlying trash deposits, thereby mixing those artifacts into
the lower portions of the garden's soil matrix. The intrusive Feature 49J-Complex, a large, circular trash
deposit, had very clearly defined boundaries and is it unlikely that this trash deposit contributed any artifacts
to those recovered from the garden space.
The second generation of plantings formed not a contiguous area, as did the first generation, but
rather multiple spaces in close proximity. Feature 54F, the largest of the second generation plant spaces
uncovered, located next to the building at 1407-1/2 Richland Street, measured 5.65-feet east-west
(truncated by the east wall of Block 2), 5.8-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2), and a
maximum depth of 1.3-feet. Composition was a very dark grayish brown sandy silt mottled with 30%
4-15
Figure 4-23. Backyard planting areas uncovered in Block 2. Green indicates first-generation plantings, pink for second
generation, and blue for possible second-generation. The blue line at the top is the property boundary. The privy is seen in the
upper left.
yellowish red sandy clay and contained multiple
small, thin lenses of brown loamy sand. Unlike
generation one plantings, Feature 54F did not intrude
upon any features below, resulting in an artifact
assemblage representative of the use-life of the
planting space.
One planting, Feature 54J, was a shallow
depression located within the boundaries of 54F and
measured 1.55-feet north-south, 1.05-feet east-west,
and 0.35-feet deep. Feature definition came from
differences in soil compactness (54J was much more
loose) and charcoal inclusions (54J contained 20%
charcoal flecks), otherwise soil composition was the
same as Feature 54F.
Feature 53G was a single planting intruding upon Feature 53C, a first generation planting space.
Circular, shallow and bowl-shaped, Feature 53G measured 1.3-feet in diameter and extended 0.2-feet below
surface. Composition was a very dark grayish brown sandy silt mottled with 5% yellowish red sandy clay
and less than 5% charcoal flecks.
Feature 48C intruded upon the south side of Feature 48L/M, a first generation planting, as well as
a large trash deposit (Feature 48N-Complex) underneath both features. Measuring 3.1-feet north-south,
3.1-feet east-west, and 1.3-feet deep, soil was composed of a very dark grayish brown sandy silt mottled with
10% black sandy loam and included 5% charcoal flecks.
Based on their spatial arrangement, several plantings are likely contemporaneous with those of the
second generation, although this is not definite. On the south side of the privy feature, near the southeast
corner, was a shallow, bowl-like depression (Feature 43D) composed of loose, black silty sand containing
1% charcoal flecks. Measuring 1.3-feet east-west, 1.95-feet north-south, and 0.35-feet deep, Feature 43D is
the only plant-related feature found in close proximity to the privy.
Features 48K and 52D were single plantings located west and south of Feature 48C. Feature 48K
was a shallow, oval-ish depression measuring 0.6-feet east-west, 0.8-feet north-south, and 0.27-feet below
surface, composed of a brown sandy silt mottled with 50% very dark grayish brown sandy silt, with 5%
charcoal fleck inclusions. Feature 52D represents either a single planting space or several plantings grouped
closely together. Measuring 2.1-feet north-south and 2.25-feet east-west, Feature 52D was intruded upon to
the north by Feature 52J, a posthole/mold with brickbat supports at its base. Soil composition was the same
as Feature 48K.
The northern-most planting space was Feature 41D, an irregularly shaped area measuring 5.85-feet
east-west and 4.7-feet north-south. Depth was 1.69-feet below surface to the east and 0.62-feet below
surface to the west. Soil composition was a dark gray clayey loam mottled with 5% dark brown silty sand
and 1% yellowish red sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks. Underneath Feature 41D was a small trash
deposit. Unfortunately, this trash deposit was not provenienced separately during excavation, resulting in an
artifact assemblage representing both deposition and planting activities.
FENCES
As previously discussed, the primary difficulty of interpreting the results of the 1998 excavations
was attributing patterns to people. The two 10 x 10 foot excavation units were in the 1906 Marion Street
4-16
Figure 2-48. Floor surface of the planting areas in Block
2.
lot (not occupied by the Mann-Simons family) and the two 5 x 5 foot units were in the 1904 Marion Street
lot. Although reasonably tight TPQ dates were produced for various features, and so could be correlated
with specific occupants of the lots, there was no way to determine which household actually contributed to
which deposit, and thus, no way to correlate artifact patterns with particular households. Findings in Units
21, 22, and 55 changed this by providing direct, date-able evidence of a fence line along the northern 1904
Marion Street property line (Figure 4-25). Evidence for the segregation of spaces allows for correlating
patterns with people.
Seven posts were encountered in the three units—five on the Mann-Simons (south) side and two
on 1906 Marion Street (north) side. Lauran Riser (2009) excavated these units as part of her MA thesis. She
had difficulty understanding stratigraphy, and so often lumped together discrete proveniences. Nonetheless,
feature definition at the surface of Stratum B was very clear and provides all the evidence we need for
understanding these segregated spaces.
All of the fence-related features were located on the Mann-Simons (south) side of the property line.
Features 22D and 22E were both in situ wooden posts. Feature 22D extended 1.41-feet below surface.
Feature 22E, which extended 1.12-feet below surface) looks to be a replacement post or a post added for
additional support. Feature 22C is the lumped-together postmold/hole for both posts and contained only
non-diagnostic artifacts. Feature 55H, 5.8-feet east of 22D (center-to-center), is a third in situ wooden fence
post, extending 1.8-feet below surface, within postmold/hole Feature 55G. A TPQ date of 1892 for Feature
55G came from a crown cap bottle closure. Located 2.2-feet east of post 55H, Feature 55D is the fourth in
situ wooden fence post, extending 0.89-feet below surface, sitting within postmold/hole 55C. A TPQ date
of circa 1890 for Feature 55C came from a cobalt blue medicine/pharmaceutical bottle fragment.
On the north side of the property line were two posts which might be associated with the fence,
but, given their distance from the fence line established by the posts south of the property line, other, non-
fence related functions related to activities within the 1906 Marion Street lot are more probable. Feature 55J
is a postmold/hole that was visible on the surface of Stratum B, but was not excavated separately from
Feature 55I, so no further information is available (note that provenience designation 'I' is a deviation from
established methodology for the site). Feature 55F was a wooden post extending 0.4-feet below surface and
located within posthole 55E. A TPQ date of 1874 for Feature 55E came from a brass shoe grommet.
Further evidence for a fence comes indirectly from non-post related features on both sides of the
property line. Features 21C, 21D, and 21F were all small trash deposits placed close to, but never extending
over, the property line, suggesting a barrier (like a fence), or minimally, an awareness of distinct spaces that
4-17
Figure 4-25. Features in Block 2 associated with fences along the northern property line (outlined in blue) between
the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street lots.
guided the use of these spaces. A small
surface stain was also visible along the fence
line in the eastern portion of Unit 21. TPQ
dates for the trash deposits correlates well
with the fence postmold/hole dates. A
fragment of a double-side seam sanitary tin
can gives Feature 21C a date of 1904.
Features 21D and 21F have dates of 1909,
based on fragments of Bakelite plastic.
BURIALS
Two cats, two dogs, an intact
chicken and an unidentifiable animal were
recovered from the site—four burials and
one possible burial. Three burials were
located in close proximity to each other
within one of the backyard planting spaces
next to the building at 1407-1/2 Richland
Street—in essence, it was a backyard pet
cemetery (Figure 4-26). Discovered
approximately three feet from the west wall
of the building was a single grave (Feature
54M) containing the fully articulated
skeletons of a small dog and a cat laying on
their left sides with heads facing west-
southwest (Figure 4-27). The feature
measured 0.7-feet east-west, 0.65-feet north-
south. Unfortunately, the skeletons offer no
clues regarding causes of death or why the
two animals were buried together—
seemingly they died, or were at least buried, at the same time.
A second burial was located directly between the first burial and the 1407-1/2 Richland Street
building (Feature 54K). Unfortunately, a trench had been dug for electrical conduit running to a street lamp
for the parking lot, resulting in the loss of the animal's head and upper body. No artifacts were found within
this feature either, and hence, no date can be assigned for the burial. Although, given the close proximity of
the two burials (assuming the soil conditions are similar), the more advanced state of decomposition of this
animal suggests that it is an earlier burial than the first. Decomposition (along with its missing head) also
made it difficult to determine what kind of animal it was. Preliminary inspection suggests that it was a small
dog (Wallman, pers. comm.). Dimensions of the grave were 0.7-feet north-south and 0.85-feet east-west
(truncated by the trench).
There may have been a third pet burial in the backyard, but the bones were so decomposed that not
only was identification of the animal highly problematic, but so, too, the recovery of bones. This feature
(54L), measuring 0.85-feet north-south by 0.8-feet east-west, was located directly north of the second
burial, also along the side of the building. But unlike either of the two previous burials, this feature
contained a modest number of artifacts—by all accounts, the artifacts appear to be small fragments of
household trash, including bottle fragments. The top few centimeters of the feature also contained fish
4-18
Figure 4-26. Features associated with pet burials within the
backyard.
Figure 4-27. Skeleton of a small dog buried in a backyard garden
space (Feature 54M).
bones and scales. All of which argue against the
idea that this was a pet burial. An argument for pet
burial comes from its spatial location: in the plant
space, along the side of a building, directly next to
and in line with two known burials.
The fourth burial was discovered in the
west side-yard area just north of the former
location of the lunch counter (Feature 61C). In an
area almost completely devoid of artifacts was a
chicken (Figure 4-28). Resting in a grave
measuring 1.45 feet east-west by 1.50 feet north-
south, the fully articulated chicken was laying on
its right side, head to the east, with its left wing
over its body. Based on the burial's stratigraphic
position (the layer in which it was discovered), the
chicken was buried sometime during the early to
mid-20th century.
4-19
Figure 4-28. A pet chicken burial uncovered in Block 3, along
the west side of 1403 Richland Street.
some of the artifacts in that level are not associated
directly with the lunch counter, only artifacts from
the Lower level are presented here. A total of
3,721 artifacts (representing 1,034 MNI) and
1,084 grams (983 fragments) of faunal material
were recovered from the Lower level. The
following discussion is organized by functional
type and provides information as needed in
interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other
archaeological phenomena, as well as highlighting
artifacts of special note found in the lunch counter
deposit. Table 5-1 presents the same data
summarized in terms of Object Names and
minimum counts.
PERSONAL ITEMS
Including subcategories, a total of 168
artifacts were recovered from the Lower level
belonging to the Personal group, representing 133
individual items. Items not belonging to a
subcategory were quite varied. Two fragments of
graphite pencil lead were found—one square, one
cylindrical. The mold lines of the cylindrical lead
were visible, giving it a TPQ date of 1876. Also
related to writing was a brass, ink bottle screw-cap
closure. The cast iron, right-handed, 7-inch
straight scissors could alternately be placed in the
Personal-Sewing category. The riveted, brass clasp
of a woman's handbag was found (#12T-241),
along with a carved bone spine tip from an
umbrella. Fragments from a white, molded
graniteware water pitcher or ewer were also
recovered, as well as a one pound cast iron balance
weight for a scale (#12T-52).
Four tobacco-related artifacts were recovered,
including two pipe fragments. The first was a
brown, slip-glazed Pamplin-style (elbow) pipe
with molded rib decoration (#12T-206). The
second was a molded, buff-paste earthenware pipe,
also slip decorated, of unknown type (#12T-342).
A rectangular tobacco tin with a flip-top lid (not
present) was found, as well as an intact, unopened,
lacquered-green snuff tin (#12T-128), measuring
1-11/16-inches in diameter and 11/16-inches tall.
5-2
Figure 5-1. Planview of Unit 12 at the surface of Level 6 (12K).
Figure 5-2. Southeast view of Unit 12.
Figure 5-3. East profile of Unit 12.
5-3
Table 5-1.
Summary of Artifacts from Feature 12T, Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI Object Name MNI
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 3 Container, Bottle, Food 3
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber 10 Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles 4
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber 1 Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whiskey 5
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .40 Caliber 2 Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical 6
Ammunition, Shot, Lead 1 Container, Bottle, Shoe Polish 1
Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 12 Gauge 1 Container, Bottle, Soda Pop / Water 4
Architectural, Brick n/a Container, Bottle, Wine 1
Architectural, Cement / Concrete 1 Container, Can 7
Architectural, Glass, Window 6 Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid, Press Fit 3
Architectural, Mortar n/a Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip 1
Architectural, Sheet Metal, Corrugated Iron 1 Container, Can, Cosmetic 1
Architectural, Tile, Floor / Wall 7 Container, Can, Food, Cylindrical 13
Architectural, Tile, Roofing 2 Container, Can, Key 1
Clothing, Bluing Agent 1 Container, Can, Square / Rectangular 5
Clothing, Buckle, Belt 1 Container, Can, Tobacco 1
Clothing, Buckle, Suspender 2 Container, Can, Tobacco, Snuff 1
Clothing, Button 1 Container, Jar, Lid, Preserving 2
Clothing, Button, 2-Hole 12 Container, Jar, Preserving 4
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 15 Electrical, Wire 1
Clothing, Button, 5-Hole 1 Electrical, Wire Connector, Molding 1
Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank 5 Electrical, Wire, Single Conductor 1
Clothing, Button, Staff-Type 1 Fauna, Bone n/a
Clothing, Clip, Cuff-Holder 1 Fauna, Egg Shell n/a
Clothing, Grommet 4 Food Preparation, Baking Dish 1
Clothing, Hat Pin 1 Food Preparation, Cooking Pot, Lid 2
Clothing, Rivet 1 Hardware, Bolt 1
Clothing, Safety Pin 5 Hardware, Bolt, Counter-Sunk Carriage 2
Clothing, Shoe Horn 1 Hardware, Bolt, Saw 1
Clothing, Shoe, Grommet 14 Hardware, Bracket, Angle 1
Clothing, Shoe, Sole 1 Hardware, Chain, Lap-Link 1
Clothing, Snap 1 Hardware, Collar 2
Clothing, Straight Pin 2 Hardware, Cotter Pin 1
Communication, Pencil, Graphite 2 Hardware, Handle, Door Pull 1
Communication, Telephone, Receiver Hook 1 Hardware, Handle, Door Ring 1
Container, Bottle 7 Hardware, Handle, Drawer 1
Container, Bottle, Beverage 1 Hardware, Handle, Drawer Pull 1
Container, Bottle, Bitters 1 Hardware, Hinge, Blind Hinge Hook 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 50 Hardware, Hinge, Butt, Shutter 2
Container, Bottle, Closure, Lighting Stopper 1 Hardware, Hinge, Rolled Plate Hinge 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper 1 Hardware, Hook, Box Latch 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Screw Cap 4 Hardware, Hook, Coat-and-Hat 2
Container, Bottle, Condiment 1 Hardware, Latch, Barn Door 1
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Iced Tea Tumbler 1 Hardware, Lock, Bolt 1
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Jelly/Mustard Tumbler 1 Hardware, Lock, Key, Lever Tumbler 1
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Mustard 2 Hardware, Lock, Rim Lock 2
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Spice / Extract 4 Hardware, Lumber 1
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic 1 Hardware, Nail 129
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Perfume/Cologne 1 Hardware, Nail, Braid 4
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Skin Lightener 1 Hardware, Nail, Common 308
Artifact #12T-188 is a most intriguing bottle. The cylindrical bottle measures 1.75-inches diameter
and 3-7/8-inches tall. It was cup-bottom molded with a bead finish. Secured with a cork closure attached to
a sponge applicator by a length of stiff, twisted wire, 1/3 of the white powder contents are still in the bottle.
Given the sponge applicator, the contents were likely originally liquid. I preformed an informal solubility
test with a small sample. The results suggested that the powder is alcohol soluble but not water soluble,
further suggesting that the contents may have been a glue or adhesive, although the most likely suggestion is
that it was a bottle of white shoe polish.
Most remarkable, fragments of newspaper were recovered (#12T-258). Several small, evenly spaced
holes along the edges of some fragments, like those produced by staples, suggest that the paper may have
been used either as packaging/wrapping or was hung on the wall of the lunch counter. Although the paper is
charred, soil stained, and highly fragmented, a few words can still be deciphered.
CLOTHING
Clothing-related items were many: 69 artifacts representing 66 individual items. The most
surprising artifact among the clothing assemblage was a small fragment of bluing agent (#12T-255), of the
type that would have been purchased as a pressed powder cake. Given its nearly 100 years below ground, it
is amazing the powder had not completely dissolved. An 8-inch brass hat pin was also found. Unfortunately,
whatever decoration was once attached is gone and did not mate with any of the recovered artifacts. The hat
5-4
Table 5-1 (continued).
Summary of Artifacts from Feature 12T, Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI Object Name MNI
Hardware, Nail, Finishing 77 Tableware, Bowl, Salt / Sugar 1
Hardware, Nail, Roofing 2 Tableware, Cup 3
Hardware, Nail, Spike 15 Tableware, Cup, Tea 2
Hardware, Nut 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass 2
Hardware, Ring 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Goblet 1
Hardware, Scissors 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Stemware 1
Hardware, Screw, Eye-Screw 2 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Tumbler 4
Hardware, Staple 4 Tableware, Flatware 1
Hardware, Strap 5 Tableware, Hollowware 5
Hardware, Washer 1 Tableware, Plate 9
Hardware, Window, Shutter Dog 1 Tableware, Plate, Serving 1
Hardware, Wire, Bailing 3 Tableware, Saucer 4
Household Accessory, Candle Stick Holder 1 Tableware, Unidentified 1
Household Accessory, Flowerpot 1 Tableware, Utensil, Fork, 3-Prong 1
Household Accessory, Lettering 1 Tableware, Utensil, Knife 4
Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod 1 Tableware, Utensil, Spoon 4
Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 6 Tobacco, Pipe 1
Lighting, Socket, Light Bulb 1 Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style 1
Machinery, Gasket 1 Tool, Scale, Balance Weight 1
Paper, Newspaper 1 Toy, Coin Bank 1
Personal, Bead 11 Toy, Figurine 1
Personal, Handbag 1 Toy, Tea Set 1
Personal, Jewelry, Bracelet 1 Unidentified, Glass n/a
Personal, Jewelry, Pendent/Earring 1 Unidentified, Metal n/a
Personal, Jewelry, Wire 1 Unidentified, Metal, Disc 4
Personal, Pin-Back 1 Unidentified, Sheet Metal n/a
Personal, Umbrella 1 Utilitarian, Hollowware 1
Personal, Water Pitcher / Ewer 1 Utilitarian, Jar / Bottle 1
Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, End Cap 1 Utilitarian, Vessel 1
Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer 1
Tableware, Bowl 1 Total 1,034
pin could equally well be classified under the header 'Personal-
Ornamentation.' Also found were a stamped, iron shoe horn and the
leather heel of a shoe. The shoe heel was pegged with brass, cylindrical-
shank nails.
The remaining clothing-related items were fasteners. An
undecorated, rectangular cast-brass belt buckle was recovered, along with
two unmarked iron suspender buckles. A stamped brass cuff-holder clip
(#12T-225), engraved with a scroll design, patented in 1889, is a match
for the same item illustrated in the 1894 Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co.
catalog (Figure 5-4). One unmarked brass clothing rivet was found, along
with a steel snap with a pressed or stamped rosette design on the face.
Eighteen brass shoe grommets were found, most likely related to the shoe
heel presented earlier. Fourteen of the grommets were attached to ten
fragments of shoe leather.
Thirty-seven buttons were in the trash pit, the majority being
sew-through type buttons. Of the 14 shell buttons, 10 were 2-hole and 4
were 4-hole types. All but one was smooth and undecorated. The one
decorated shell button was painted black (#12T-309). Six buttons were
made of bone. Four of these were 4-hole, one was a 5-hole button, and
one fragmented button was indeterminate. Only one of the dry-pressed
ceramic (prosser) buttons was of the 2-hole variety, the remaining six
being 4-hole types. Four porcelain (non-prosser) buttons had loop-shanks;
each was white and dome-shaped. Only one hard rubber button was
found: a 27/32-inch diameter 2-hole type with a molded starburst pattern
on the face, manufactured by the Novelty Rubber Company between 1855 and 1870. The face of a 2-piece
brass button was undecorated. A 1-piece cast brass button of the 4-hole variety had a geometric pattern
composed of ropes on its face. A 2-piece, brass, staff-type button was decorated with the South Carolina
State Seal on its face (#12T-325). The staff-type button was manufactured by Horstmann of Philadelphia
between 1893 and 1935. The remaining two identical buttons were particularly intriguing (#12T-375 &
376). Of the 2-piece, loop-shank variety, with brass faces and iron backings, these two buttons depict an
Oriental scene with French origins (Figure 5-5).
SEWING
The dome head from an iron straight pin, a brass straight pin bent in the shape of an 'L', and five
safety pins made up the Personal-Sewing subcategory. Made of zinc, four of the safety pins were an early
style introduced in 1857. The fifth was a brass plated safety pin with a spring-guard head – the common
type manufactured today – a design patented in 1889 (#12T-252).
FIREARMS
Eighteen artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Firearms group, representing 18
individual items, composed of five different calibers of ammunition and a single example of 5/16-inch lead
shot. All metallic cartridge dates and information are based on the work of Kathleen A. Clardy (2008).
Headstamp identification is from White and Munhall, 1963. Three .22 caliber rimfire cartridge cases were
recovered, two of brass, one of copper. The copper case was a BB Cap with an unidentified headstamp—a
5-5
Figure 5-4. Advertisement for the "Wizard" brass cuff-holder clip (#12T-225) recovered from the lunch counter deposit (Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. 1894:65).
cartridge introduced in 1857 for the Smith and
Wesson revolver, considered the first American
metallic cartridge (#12T-231). The two brass cases are
particularly interesting, as only the heads were
recovered. Cartridge #12T-63 was manufactured by
Union Metallic Cartridge Company between 1871
and 1902. Cartridge #12T-232 was unmarked. The
bodies of the cartridges were cut-off (Figure 5-6).
Similarly modified cartridges were recovered across
the site, suggesting that someone was interested in
obtaining short lengths of small-diameter copper
tubing, possibly for use as a tubular bead. The
jewelry-making hypothesis is supported by artifacts
from other provenances of the same time period,
including a length of thin-gauge copper wire wound
around a fragment of pink coral, discussed in a
subsequent section.
Ten .32 caliber cartridge cases were recovered.
One brass rimfire cartridge case had the body cut off
(#12T-213), in the same manner as the above
mentioned .22 caliber cartridges. Including this
modified case, three were rimfire, seven were
centerfire. The centerfire cartridges used Bar Anvil
primers, a re-loadable primer type introduced in
1880. Three of the .32 caliber centerfire cartridges
were manufactured by the Savage Arms Company and one by the Peters Cartridge Company. The others
were either unmarked or the headstamps were unreadable.
A single .38 caliber brass centerfire cartridge case was recovered (#12T-229). This caliber was
introduced in 1864. No head stamp was present.
Also recovered were two .40 caliber cartridge cases. Neither had head stamps. The first case (#12T-
233), made of copper, was rimfire, the second (#12T-228), made of brass, was centerfire. Both are
represented by heads only, as the bodies had been removed.
An unfired 12 gauge shotgun shell (#12T-60), marked “New Cub”, manufactured by the Union
Metallic Cartridge Company between 1867 and 1902, was recovered. This was the only shotgun-related
artifact recovered from the site.
The last firearms-related artifact was a 5/16-inch diameter lead shot. This was a bit puzzling at first,
since it is too large to be shotgun shot, and the use of an early rifle firing such shot seemed unlikely. Not
until I spent time in the library at Winterthur Estate in Delaware, browsing through trade catalogs related to
clothing, did I realize that such shot was most likely used as dress or men's jacket weights. Lead shot would
have been sewn into the hem of a garment to weigh it down.
5-6
Figure 5-5. Identical brass buttons with an Oriental scene of French origins recovered from the lunch counter deposit.
Figure 5-6. Two modified .22 caliber cartridge cases. The bodies of the cartridges were cut-off and the heads thrown away..
HYGIENE
A minimum of 11 bottles and one tin
belonged to the Personal-Hygiene subgroup. Six
of the bottles were general medicinal or
pharmaceutical. Forms included two panel bottles,
one Millville Round, one Philadelphia Oval, and
two Golden Gate Oval bottles. The base of a
cylindrical milk-glass bottle of diameter 2.5-inches
likely held a cosmetic product, while the small
ball-top peg stopper matches those used on
perfume and cologne bottles. A small, 1-inch tall,
German cologne-style bottle was embossed with
“HOYT'S / 10 ¢ / COLOGNE”, manufactured
by E.W. Hoyt, of Lowell, Massachusetts, starting
in 1877. One bottle was represented by two
fragments of cobalt-blue glass (#12T-178). Its
form and contents are unknown.
The last Personal-Hygiene bottle
(#12T-257) is one of the most intriguing, rare,
and surprising discoveries from the entire site—a
bottle of “White Life” brand skin lightener (Figure
5-7). Only because of the extraordinary
preservation conditions of the deposit do we know
of the bottle's contents. Much of the paper label,
likely secured with fish-glue, was still intact. Had
the label not survived, all we would know is that it
was a colorless glass, French Square-style bottle, 1-
1/8-inch square, 3-1/2-inches high, cup-bottom
molded with a patent finish.
A small, intact tin, measuring 2-3/8-
inches in diameter and 1-inch tall, may have held
soap or a powdered cosmetic (#12T-139).
ORNAMENTAL
Seventeen artifacts belonging to the
Personal-Ornamental subgroup were recovered, representing 15 individual objects. The majority of
ornamental items (11) were glass beads. Four of the beads were round, two white and one light blue, one
was a black hexagonal bead, and six were small seed beads—three white, two blue, and one black. Also
recovered was what appears to be a handmade, terra-cotta pendent or earring—a sphere of diameter 9/16-
inch with a broken iron pin/shank (#12T-246). Two articulated links of a stamped copper Art Deco-style
bracelet were also found in the deposit (#12T-377). A type or style name for the bracelet is unknown at this
time. The last ornamental item was a 1-1/4-inch diameter pin-back made of iron with a brass pin (#12T-
54). Unfortunately, the face of the pin-back was too corroded to determine what it once was, or even to
determine if it was lithographed or celluloid decorated.
5-7
Figure 5-7. A bottle of "White Life" brand skin lightener recovered from the lunch counter deposit (#12T-257).
Three lengths of 26-gauge copper wire, wound
into rough, two-inch loops were likely related to
jewelry making. The hypothesis for jewelry
making is based on a recovered piece of pink coral
secured with a length of the same wire.
Unfortunately, the coral piece was found within a
disturbed context, so no direct temporal
correlation is possible. But, 1) given the type of
wire, 2) the association of the pink coral/wire
piece with the site, and 3) the harvesting of small
brass and copper tubes from used ammunition,
jewelry making is probable.
TOYS
Three toys were recovered: the upper
body and head of a painted, overglaze 'Frozen Charlotte' type porcelain figurine (#12T-340); a 7/8-inch tall
cast pewter ewer from a child's tea set (#12T-196); and a cast iron coin bank (#12T-164). Manufactured by
the A.C Williams Company of Ravenna, Ohio, between 1893 and 1937, the coin bank was finely cast in
the form of a bank building, with the word “BANK” over the door and traces of gold paint within so of the
recesses (Figure 5-8). According to the company webpage, these coin banks were common items in five-and-
dime stores across the nation. A.C. Williams had a reputation for producing finely-cast toys, but with the
Great Depression and subsequent slump in toy sales, they shifted their focus and began producing cast gears
and other precision mechanical parts. They are still in business today.
KITCHEN ITEMS
A total of 1,491 artifacts recovered from the Lower level belonged to the Kitchen group,
representing 165 distinct objects. Not surprisingly, kitchen-related items made up the majority of items
recovered from the lunch counter deposit. Table 5-2 summarizes the Kitchen group ceramic data in terms of
decorative style/technique, while the following discussion focuses on object form/function.
TABLEWARE
A minimum of 44 objects fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. Nine utensils were
recovered: a 3-prong, undecorated, iron table fork (#12T-62); four undecorated iron table spoons (#12T-
67, 68, 69, 79); and at least four table knives. Three of the knives had wood handles over iron cores, the
fourth had an undecorated bone handle (#12T-243). Only one of the knives was complete: a medium table
knife with a 5-1/4-inch long iron blade and a 3-3/4-inch long wood handle with white-metal ends (#12T-
259).
Thirteen drinking vessels of glass and ceramic were recovered. The assemblage included three
cups/mugs, two of which were undecorated whiteware and the other undecorated graniteware. Two
whiteware tea cups were also found, one undecorated, and one minimally decorated with a single 'liquid
gold' band around the rim. Two indeterminate drinking glasses of pressed leaded glass were also found. One
glass had a Bull's Eye & Flute design (#12T-292), the other a plain Flute design (#12T-289). They may
have been goblets. Also made of leaded glass was a stemware glass, represented by its foot and stem (#12T-
5-8
Figure 5-8. Cast iron coin bank manufactured by the A.C. Williams Co., recovered from the lunch counter deposit (#12T-164).
291). The pressed glass goblet had a
Hobnail design (#12T-266). Given
that these objects represent materials
from the lunch counter, the one
identified and two potential goblets
may have been used as ice-cream
dishes or something similar. The
remaining four drinking vessels were
glass tumblers. One tumbler was
undecorated (#12T-275), two were
impressed with a Prism design
(#12T-281, 282), and the last was
decorated with an impressed
Bohemian design (#12T-276).
Only two bowls were recovered:
a 10-inch diameter, blue,
annular/banded, slip-trail decorated
whiteware serving or small mixing
bowl (#12T-336), and a plain,
octagonal, refined porcelain, footed
salt or sugar bowl (#12T-353).
Unlike bowls, there were a
considerable number of plates in the
deposit. A minimum of four saucers
were represented. Two had a
diameter of 6-inches. Both of these were of high-fired whiteware decorated with a single band of 'liquid
gold' around the rim (#12T-11, 352). A third saucer had a diameter of 4-inches, was whiteware, and
decorated with a transfer-printed lavender floral design (#12T-335). The fourth saucer, also whiteware, with
a foot-ring diameter of 3-inches, was one of the only examples of decalcomania decoration. Underglaze, this
polychrome pattern was also floral.
One serving plate was recovered—an undecorated whiteware plate with a foot ring diameter of 7-
inches (#12T-30).
Nine table plates were recovered—six 10-inch diameter plates, one 8-inch plate, and two plates of
indeterminate size. The two indeterminate plates were both undecorated refined porcelain. The 8-inch plate
was plain with a scalloped rim (#12T-5). This plate, as evidenced by the maker's mark, was produced by the
Cook Pottery Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, between 1900 and 1910 (DeBolt 1998:23). One 10-inch
plate was undecorated refined porcelain (#12T-357). The remaining five 10-inch plates were whiteware.
Two were undecorated (#12T-364, 373), one was blue transfer-printed in the Willow pattern (#12T-337),
one was minimally decorated with a single band of 'liquid gold' around the rim (#12T-369), and the last
was blue feather-edge decorated (#12T-334). Two additional plate fragments had maker's marks, although
it is unknown to which rim fragments they belong. The first mark (#12T-8) belonged to the Edwin Bennett
Pottery Company, of Baltimore, Maryland, and was produced between 1897 and 1904 (DeBolt 1988:16).
The second mark (#12T-6) belonged to the CC Thompson Pottery Company, of East Liverpool, Ohio, and
had a production date beginning in 1905 (DeBolt 1988:70).
Six tableware fragments could only be identified at the flatware/hollowware level. A small,
undecorated, whiteware rim fragment of a flatware table item that did not match any other tableware was
5-9
Table 5-2.
Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from
Feature 12T, Sorted by Decorative Style/Technique
Decorative Style/Technique MNI
Porcelain
Refined
Molded 1
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Decalcomania, Underglaze 1
Gilded, Liquid Gold 2
Sponge / Spatter 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 3
Stoneware
Graniteware
Molded 2
Alkaline Glazed 1
Salt Glazed 1
Earthenware
Whiteware
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 8
Flow Transfer Printed 1
Gilded, Liquid Gold 3
Molded 2
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 3
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 1
Edge Decorated 1
Yellowware
Plain / Colorless Glaze 1
Total 35
identified (#12T-372). The fragment was too small to determine rim diameter. Of the five hollowware
fragments, one was green transfer-printed whiteware of indeterminate pattern (#12T-333), one was painted,
underglaze whiteware, in a floral pattern, of what I'm calling the North Carolina Flower pattern (#12T-
338), one was plain scalloped-edge whiteware (#12T-365), one was blue flow transfer-printed whiteware
(#12T-332), and the last was pink sponge/spatter painted refined porcelain (#12T-345). An additional piece
of hollowware (#12T-2), marked “Priscilla”, was made by the Glasgow Pottery, of Trenton, New Jersey,
between 1895 and 1905 (DeBolt 1988:34).
An unidentified tableware fragment (#12T-7) was also produced by the Glasgow Pottery, this piece
between 1901 and 1905 (Lehner 1988:172). The fragment was too small to determine if it was a flat or
hollowware object.
UTILITARIAN
A minimum of 121 items fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. Unlike deposits associated
with domestic activities, utilitarian ceramic vessels were very few. But, unlike its domestic counterparts, the
lunch counter deposit contained metal utilitarian vessels. This makes sense. If you drop a ceramic vessel, it
breaks. If you drop a metal vessel, it remains intact. The market shift to metal vessels is a type of negative
evidence in archaeology. Only because of the unique conditions that created the lunch counter deposit do
we have metal vessels.
One body fragment of gray, salt-glazed stoneware, two fragments of green, alkaline-glazed
stoneware with a rim diameter of 4-inches, and six fragments from a hollow, yellowware vessel made up the
complete utilitarian ceramic assemblage. Metal utilitarian vessels included 9 x 9 x 2-inch baking dish with
riveted handles (#12T-296), which could also have been used as a drip-pan. Also recovered were two pot
lids, one for a six-inch pot (#12T-297), and the other for an eight-inch pot (#12T-160). The pots
themselves were not recovered, although they may have been in the portion of the trash pit not excavated.
A minimum of 16 commercial food bottles were recovered—five condiment bottles, four spice
bottles, four pickle bottles, and three generic food bottles. Given that many bottles would have had paper
labels, likely the number is greater. The condiment bottles included two barrel-shaped mustard bottles, one
embossed with “Chars. Gulden, New York” (#12T-268), first produced in 1874. Gulden is still making
mustard today. A jelly or mustard tumbler (#12T-279) and an iced tea tumbler (#12T-278) were also
recovered. 'Iced tea' refers to the industry name for the bottle style, not its contents. It was a general-use
condiment bottle. The last was a press-and-blow machine made bottle with a 1-inch tall cap-seat finish
(#12T-27). This, too, was a general-use condiment bottle.
The four spice or extract bottles were all cup-bottom molded panel bottles with patent finishes.
Had they not been embossed with a company name, they each would have been classified as likely patent
medicine bottles—a good cautionary tale. Each of the spice/extract bottles was produced by McCormick &
Company, of Baltimore, Maryland, the large spice company still in business today. Based on the style of the
maker's mark, they were made sometime after 1896. Unfortunately, contents are unknown.
Four pickle bottles were recovered, three made with a press-and-blow machine and one with an
automatic bottle machine. All had cap-seat finishes. The three press-and-blow bottles were cylindrical, 3-
3/16-inch tall, with a diameter of 1-5/8-inches. The fourth was a clear-green, wide-mouth, hexagonal bottle,
6-inches tall and 2-5/8-inches wide (#12T-18). The base of the hexagonal bottle was embossed with
“Cannington, Shaw, & Co.” This English company produced bottled pickles, relishes, olives, and other
related foods. The style of the mark places its production date between 1897 and 1913 (although, of course,
5-10
the feature places the upper production limit at 1909 and the use of an automatic bottle machine places the
lower limit at 1905).
The remaining three commercial food bottles were unmarked, general use bottles, so their contents
are unknown. Of the two cylindrical bottles, one was wide-mouthed (#12T-280), the other, narrow-
mouthed (#12T-270). The narrow-mouthed bottle likely would have had a tin lid or cap. It was also
partially melted. The third was a base fragment of a 2-1/4-inch wide, 11-sided bottle (#12T-288).
Four preserving jars were discovered, as well as two jar closures. All of the jars were aqua-green. The
first jar was machine made (#12T-168), although whether the machine was semi-automatic or fully-
automatic is impossible to determine for wide-mouth bottles (machine made narrow-mouth bottles were
only produced on fully-automatic machines. The second jar was highly fragmented, so little was determined
about it other than some of its fragments could not be parts of other jars. The third and fourth jars, on the
other hand, were in better condition (#12T-17 & -167). Both were embossed “Ball Mason” in a script used
between 1895 and 1910 (Toulouse 1969). Each had a ground lip and used a zinc cap that sealed on the
shoulder of the bottle. On one bottle (#12T-17), the zinc lid with milk-glass liner was still screwed onto the
bottle. Unfortunately, the bottom of the bottle was broken, so there was no chance to determine what the
bottle may once have contained. Two additional intact zinc lids with milk-glass liners were recovered,
although these were not attached to jars. Both were shoulder-seal types and would have fit the recovered
jars. The liner of one lid (#12T-36) was embossed with “BOYD'S GENUINE PORCELAIN LINED”, a
mark that places its TPQ at 1869 (Toulouse 1969).
Fifty-six bottle closures were found in the pit, not including the in situ cork stopper found in the shoe polish bottle discussed earlier. One was a 11/16-inch diameter press-fit lid made of zinc (#12T-251).
Its type-name is unknown. An embossed lighting stopper was also found, although so far I have been unable
to make out what was written (#12T-66). The mushroom-style glass peg stopper is of the type that came
with bottles of club sauce (#12T-223). The peg stopper was partially melted. Fifty crown caps were
recovered; the one with a hole in the center likely caused by a bottle opener. Two, 1-inch diameter, 7/8-inch
tall, iron screw-cap closures with continuous threads were found (#12T-129). The type of bottle they would
have been associated with is unknown. The type of bottle the last closure would have been associated with is
also unknown. It, too, was a screw-cap, 1 inch diameter, 3-7/8 inches tall, and made of lead (#12T-187).
Six alcohol bottles were in the deposit—five liquor and one wine. Three of the liquor bottles were
unmarked with straight brandy finishes. One was a Philadelphia oval with evidence of heat damage (#12T-
3). One bottle was a round cornered blake, embossed with “J.W. Kelley & Co.”, a mark used between 1903
and 1915 (#12T-31). J.W. Kelley was a Tennessee whiskey producer who sold much of their whiskey
through the mail. The last liquor bottle was a South Carolina Dispensary Jo-Jo flask produced between
1891 and 1907 (#12T-272). The single wine bottle is represented by body fragments of dark olive green
('black') glass (#12T-179).
A minimum of four soda pop and water bottles were recovered, including three locally produced
bottles, embossed with “C.C. HABENIGHT / COLUMBIA / S.C.” (#12T-277, -294, -295). The fourth
was an aqua-blue, 2-1/2-inch diameter, 6-1/4-inch tall cup bottom molded bottle with a blob-top finish,
embossed with “WATERS & SHARP / DOVER / N.J.” (#12T-264). To date, no information concerning
this company has been located.
A French Square-style bottle of Cunningham & Co. root beer (bitters), produced between 1879
and 1909, was also recovered. It may well have been used as a mixer.
The remaining seven bottles were too fragmented to determine form, but each represents a unique
characteristic not associated with any previously defined bottles, mostly the color of glass, and so are
counted as additional containers; none were marked. The colorless, salamander-oval bottle suggests alcohol
5-11
contents (#12T-284), but this bottle
shape was occasionally used for other
liquids. The original shape was
indeterminate for the remaining six
bottles.
Remarkably few metal food
containers were recovered—510
fragments, representing 20 MNI.
Metal food can closures were of a
single type: wind-strip. Wind-strips
were perfected in 1895 by Edwin
Norton as a method for opening the
tapered canned meat tin patented by
Libby and Wilson of Chicago in
1875—the same tin still in use today (Rock 2000). Along with the three wind-strip fragments was an intact
can key, with part of a wind-strip still rolled around the bottom of the key (#12T-1).
Five square/rectangular cans were recovered. None were complete enough to determine size or
possible contents. As such, it is possible they represent non-food containers.
The majority of fragments were parts of cylindrical cans. MNI numbers were determined by end
pieces only. After measuring the diameter of each end-piece fragment, they were grouped together by size.
The circumference of each fragment per diameter group was then measured, and a minimum number count
determined based on the number of complete end pieces that would result if they were joined,
understanding that two end pieces are needed for each can counted. The assemblage represents a minimum
of 13 individual cans in seven different sizes. Table 5-3 summarizes the cylindrical can data. Since the
canning industry in North America became highly standardized after its start around 1820, knowing the size
of a can often tell you what the can once contained (IMACS 1992). These correlations are also presented in
Table 5-3.
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS
A total of 1,463 artifacts (667 MNI) related to architecture were recovered from the Lower level,
most representing nails (906 artifacts, 641 MNI) and window glass (419 artifacts, 6 MNI). The most
common method in archaeology for reporting window glass thickness is in millimeters or, less commonly, in
hundredths of an inch. Although such measurements aid in determining statistical variance, they have
absolutely no cultural relevancy. Window glass in the United States was produced, marketed, and sold in
increments of sixty-fourths of an inch, and it is in such increments people wrote about, discussed, and
bought window glass. Six thicknesses of colorless glass were recovered: 28 at 1/32; 142 at 3/64; 190 at 1/16;
30 at 5/64; 25 at 3/32; and 4 at 1/8. It should be noted that some fragments of colorless flat glass might
represent non-window glass, like picture frame glass.
Nails were the most abundant architecture-related items recovered from the deposit. The nail
assemblage consisted of 4 braids (flooring nails), 77 finishing nails, 15 spikes, 2 non-galvanized roofing
nails, and a range of common nails. Using the heads of nails to determine MNI counts, 164 machine-cut
(with a TPQ of 1805) and 144 wire common nails (with a TPQ of circa 1870) were found, along with 129
cut nails and 126 wire nails of unknown type.
5-12
Table 5-3.
Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 12T
Diameter MNI Type
2 1/8-inches 4
2 11/16-inches 3
2 7/8-inches 1
3-inches 1 Tomato or pineapple juice
3 5/8-inches 1
3 3/16-inches 1
3 3/4-inches 1 Likely coffee can
Total 12
Other Architecture-related artifacts included a a
fragment of concrete with drops of yellow paint
(#12T-78). What makes the concrete unusual, besides
telling us that yellow paint was used to paint the
interior or exterior of the structure, was it had an
impressed maker's mark—“AND... / … UMB ...”.
Unfortunately, at this time, no information is
available about this mark. Also found were 10
fragments of lumber painted green (#12T-64).
INTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously
associated with the interior of a structure were
represented by five fragments of plaster-coated
mortar, 101 fragments of floor or wall tile (#12T-72),
and fragments of smooth-cut slate (Figure 5-9). All of
the plaster surfaces were painted—three were matte
red, two were matte yellow. The floor/wall tile
fragments represent a minimum of six tiles. They were earthenware tiles, measuring 3x1-1/2x3/8-inches,
with an opaque green glaze mottled with brown splotches. Today, examples of these tiles are sold on eBay as
Art Deco tiles. They were manufactured by the Trent Tile Company of Trent, New Jersey, sometime
between 1882 and 1914 (although the context of the lunch counter deposit places the upper limit at 1909).
The slate fragments were sampled, suggesting how at least a portion of the lunch counter floor, or counter,
was composed.
EXTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were varied,
including bricks and brick bats coated in soot on one surface (one sample brick saved), corrugated sheet
iron, likely used as roofing material, 9 fragments of terneplate (tin plate) roofing material, and 8 fragments
of slate, which could have been roofing material, but more likely, paving material. Three different window
shutter-related artifacts were recovered. Three fragments from two 1-3/4-inch butt hinges tell us how the
windows or counter opening were fastened. The 5-inch blind hinge hook tells us how a window, or more
likely, the counter opening was secured. The 4-1/2-inch wide, 'S'-shaped shutter dog with a 5-inch spike
tells us how at least one window shutter was secured. Interestingly, the shutter dog shows evidence of repair.
At some point, the spike broke and was welded together at an off-set.
DOMESTIC ITEMS
A total of 355 Domestic group artifacts was recovered from the Lower level, representing a
minimum of 21 objects. A minimum of six lamp chimneys were in the deposit, two of which were hand-
pressed, one with a beaded edge, the other a scallop edge. One was machine-pressed with a beaded edge.
The remaining three all had flat/smooth rims, one made of soda-glass, one of milk-glass, and the last of
leaded-glass.
5-13
Figure 5-9. Decorative artifacts from the lunch counter deposit. Moving clockwise from the upper left: green floor/wall tile; yellow-painted plaster/mortar; red-painted plaster/mortar; and drops of yellow paint on concrete.
Domestic items classified as hardware were
varied. An iron angle bracket, with fragments of wood
still attached, likely supported a shelf, cupboard, or
similar accessory. Two drawer handles were found,
one a fragment from an undecorated plate with
handle attachment (#12T-44), the other a Gothic
Revival-style cast brass pull (#12T-240). Two 3 x 2-
inch coat-and-hat hooks, with gimlet-pointed screw
attachments, were in the lunch counter, along with
two eye-screws with gimlet points that may have been
used to hang something. What object the 2-inch cast iron door ring (think, trap-door ring handle) belonged
to is unknown, although a cupboard is a good possibility. The outside door handle (assuming the door
opened outward), 17-1/2-inches long, was decorative cast iron (#12T-218). The door swung on 3-hole,
rolled plate hinges, of the type commonly used today (#12T-216). A 3 x 8-inch barn door-type latch was
recovered (#12T-124), which may been used to secure the door with a padlock.
Four lock-related artifacts were recovered. The first was a cast iron lock bolt (#12T-39). The lock
bolt is the part of a lock that engages the door frame and draws in when the handle or locking mechanism is
turned, allowing the door to open. The second was a key to a level tumbler lock (#12T-10). The key had a
hollow-shank, 1-1/4-inch long, and likely mated with a padlock. The third was an intact rim lock, 3-3/4 x
3-1/2-inches (#12T-75). This lock matches exactly the rim locks found in the main Mann-Simons house
today. Given its orientation, we know the lock was mounted on the left side of the door, with the hinges on
the right. The fourth was the back-plate of a second cast iron rim lock (#12T-73).
A fluted, leaded-glass candle stick holder was found, along with an unglazed earthenware flowerpot
and a steel, chrome-plated, 13/16-inch tall letter 'S' (#12T-226). The letter 'S' had a flat back surface with
two binding posts, and is of the type used for lettering on mailboxes, etc., today. Given that John L. Simons
ran the lunch counter, it seems safe to assume the 'S' stands for 'Simon.' The last domestic item was a
mystery (#12T-127). Made of galvanized iron, it at first appeared to be a bracket for an oar. But it more
closely matches the 1902 Manhattan Electrical Supply Company catalog illustration of a receiver hook for a
telephone or speaking tube.
ELECTRICAL ITEMS
Ten artifacts associated with electricity were recovered from the Lower level, representing six
individual objects. Two different types of electrical wiring were recovered. The first (#12T-190 & 191) was
represented by five fragments of rubber coated, single braid, solid core interior wiring, as illustrated in an
early twentieth century Lanthan Company trade catalog, a type introduced industry-wide in 1889 (Figure
5-10). Amazingly, the outer jacket of braiding was still intact in many places. The second (#12T-192) was
represented by a single fragment of solid core wiring of a different diameter that was also likely rubber
coated. Also recovered was a pressed tin, 2-wire, 7/16-inch connector with a mounting hole (#12T-57) and
two fragments of 1/2-inch diameter carbon rod of the type used in arc lamps. The last electricity-related
artifact recovered (#12T-378) was a fragment of a Brush-Swan arc lamp base, a design patented by Charles
Francis Brush in 1886.
5-14
Figure 5-10. Illustration of electrical wire recovered from the lunch counter deposit (E.B. Latham Co. 19xx:211).
OTHER ITEMS
Also recovered from the Lower
level were a number of artifacts that
do not fit neatly into any of the
above functional categories. Most
of these artifacts are hardware
related. Not included here are
artifacts classified as
'Unidentified'—mostly bits of
metal that have no discernible
form. Two plumbing-related
artifacts were found, one a
fragment of red-paste earthenware
sewer pipe, common across
Columbia, the other a cast iron
end-cap pipe fitting (#12T-260).
Both are discussed in more depth
under the heading “Infrastructure.”
Recovered fasteners included
five widths of iron strapping, like
the kind used on barrels, containers, and packaging. Widths were 7/16-inch, 5/8-inch, 3/4-inch, 9/16-inch,
and 1/4-inch. Riveted to the 9/16-inch wide strap were a series of brass eyelets. What the strap may have
secured is unknown. Other fasteners were a bolt fragment of indeterminate type, two cast iron counter-sunk
carriage bolts, one 1/4-inch and the other 5/16-inch, the head of a brass bolt from a wood saw, a 3/4-inch
hex nut, a 3/4-inch long brass cotter pin, a small brass box latch hook of the kind found on jewelry boxes,
four staples (2 at 1-inch, 1 at 3/4-inch, 1 at 3/16-inch), a 3-1/4-inch diameter cast iron lap-link for mending
chains, and three diameters of bailing wire: 1/8-inch, 5/32-inch, and 3/32-inch. All were twisted-pair wires.
Some of the fragments had loop-ends connected together, forming a flexible joint.
Other recovered items were a brass washer (O.D.=5/16-inch, I.D.=1/8-inch), a 11/16-inch
diameter brass ring made from 1/16-inch diameter wire, a 3/8-inch brass collar and a 5/32-inch chrome
plated iron collar, two 7/8-inch zinc discs with tabs on opposite sides of each disc, similar to electrical box
punch-outs, two 1-1/16-inch iron discs without tabs, melted lead, and lastly, fragments of a flat, translucent,
flexible gasket. The gasket material is unknown, but is likely either a rubber compound or a celluloid-
derived plastic. In either case, its preservation is remarkable. What its original shape was is unknown.
Seven metal cans also fall under the 'Other Items' heading. Five of these cans were small tins,
measuring between 1-3/4-inches and 2-1/8-inches in diameter and were 1/2-inches to 1-inch tall. All had
friction-ring groove lids. They may have once held a powder, possibility soap or cosmetic. A 13-inch
diameter press-fit removable lid, like those used on paint cans, was also recovered. A rectangular press-fit
removable lid was also recovered, although it was too fragmented to determine its original size. The last can
was a nearly complete 6-inch diameter hole-in-cap type that had a series of holes punched in the bottom—
possibly for use as a watering can (#12T-217).
FAUNA
[The following discussion of faunal remains is extracted verbatim from Faunal Report for Mann-Simons by Diane Wallman (2010).]
5-15
Table 5-4.
Taxa Representation, Feature 12T
Taxon/Class NISP %NISP Weight (g) %Weight
FOOD BONES
Mammal
15 1.53 258.7 23.86
49 5 339.4 31.3
7 0.71 30.7 2.83
Aves
175 17.8 162.3 14.97
1 0.1 9.2 0.84
Unidentified Aves 399 40.6 106.4 9.8
Pisces 10 1.02 1.9 0.18
Mollusk 11 1.02 3.4 0.31
NON-ECONOMIC SPECIES
6 0.62 1.2 0.12
3 0.31 4.4 0.41
SIZE GRADED FRAGMENTS
Rat/Squirrel sized (Class II) 1 0.1 1.1 0.1
Cat/Dog sized (Class III/ IV) 11 1.11 1.7 0.16
Sheep/Pig sized (Class V) 202 20.55 121.9 1.7
Cow sized (Class VI) 7 0.71 18.6 0.72
TOTAL 983 1084
Cow; Bos
Pig; Sus scrofa
Ovis aries/Capra hircus
Chicken; Gallus gallus
Turkey; Meleagris gallopavo
Rattus sp.
Felis catus
The excavation of Feature 12T
yielded 983 bone fragments
(1084g), 250 (26%) of which
were identified to at least the
level of Family (Table 5-4). The
low percentage of identifiable
specimens is likely due to the
highly fragmented nature of the
avian remains, as only 176 of
the 399 analyzed bones were
identifiable to species. Bird
remains dominate the
assemblage, comprising
approximately 60% of the total
NISP of this assemblage.
Chicken is the most common
avian species represented in the
sample, with a NISP of 175,
and calculated MNI of 11.
Analyses identified a single
turkey element in the
assemblage. Fish and
unidentifiable shell were also
recovered in this feature, but in
relatively small amounts, which
may be an effect of recovery
methods. Commensal animals
identified in the assemblage
include cat and rat.
Pig dominates the domestic
mammal food bone remains
from this feature, comprising
approximately 70% of the
NISP and 53% of the recorded
bone weight for domestic
mammals. Although many
mammalian remains were only
identified to size class, it is
important to note that pig and
sheep/goat-sized fragments (medium mammals) are the most common size-graded fragments in this feature.
Meat cut analysis reveals that the medium and large mammal remains from this feature represent a
variety of cuts, without any direct correlation to cost (Tables 5-5, 6, 7). Short loin and chuck cuts are the
most frequent beef cuts in this feature, with rib, and sirloin also common. Pork is the most common meat
found in this feature, and a variety of cuts were consumed at the site. Ham and shank hams are the most
frequent pork cuts within the assemblage. This trend is not surprising, as these cuts were likely cured or
pickled, and when not fresh, were very cost-effective. The sheep/goat remains identified indicate that these
5-16
Table 5-5.
Beef Cuts, Feature 12T
Cut %MNMC
1 Short Loin 3 27.27
2 Rib/Sirloin 2 18.18
3 Round 0 0
4 Rump/Chuck 3 27.27
5 Brisket/Plate 0 0
6 Foreshank/Hindshank/Arm 2 18.18
7 Neck/Head 0 0
8 Foot 1 9.09
Rank a MNMC b
a After Azizi et al. 1996
b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts
Table 5-7.
Sheep/Goat Cuts, Feature 12T
Cut %MNMC
1 Loin 0 0
2 Rack 3 42.87
3 Shank End 2 28.57
4 Chuck/Butt End 2 28.57
5 Neck 0 0
6 Shank/Foot/Head 0 0
Rank a MNMC b
a After Azizi et al. 1996
b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts
Table 5-6.
Pork Cuts, Feature 12T
Cut %MNMC
1 Ham 5 20
2 Loin/Rib End 6 24
3 Boston Butt 3 12
4 Picnic/Shank Ham 5 20
5 Spareribs/Side/Hock 2 8
6 4 18
Rank a MNMC b
Head/Jowl /Foot
a After Azizi et al. 1996
b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts
cuts were likely purchased and not raised on site, based on the lack of feet and head remains, with middle-
range priced cuts preferred for consumption.
FEATURE 39J-COMPLEX (PRIVY)
A total of 2,423 artifacts (representing 431 MNI), 369 grams (151 fragments) of faunal and 1.3
grams of floral material were recovered from Levels 3 through six of the privy pit (see Chapter 4 for feature
illustrations). A total of 1,661 artifacts were recovered from Level 3 (39J); 592 artifacts from Level 4 (39K);
164 artifacts from Level 5 (39L); and 14 artifacts from Level 6 (39M). The following discussion, organized
by functional type, provides information only as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or
other archaeological phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note found in the privy. Table 5-
8 presents the same data summarized in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.
PERSONAL ITEMS
Including subcategories, a total of 62 artifacts were recovered from the privy belonging to the
Personal group, representing 36 individual items. Items not belonging to a subcategory were two fragments
of back-plated mirror (#39K-37), two fragments from a 7/32-inch diameter slate pencil (#39L-27 & 39J-
78), a fragment of round molded graphite pencil lead (#39J-79), eleven pieces from the backplate of a steel
pocket watch (#39J-83), and two tobacco pipe fragments. The first pipe was an undecorated bowl fragment
of kaolin clay (#39K-20), the second was a rim fragment from an opaque green glazed pipe with a molded
rib design (#39K-19). A type name for this second pipe is unknown.
CLOTHING
Clothing-related objects were all fasteners, including an undecorated iron rivet (#39K-60), three
brass grommets, likely from a shoe, what appears to be part of a brass cuff-link (#39L-33), a brass hook from
a hump-style hook-and-eye fastener, an iron suspender buckle, a brass suspender buckle marked “RUBBER
BUTTON” (#39J-84), a brass suspender clip marked “SECURITY” (#39J-85), and 16 buttons. Seven
buttons were 4-hole dry-pressed porcelain (prosser), two were 4-hole bone buttons, one was a 4-hole brass
button marked “Double-Ring / Edge” (#39J-87), three were 2-hole shell buttons, one was an unidentified
brass button (#39K-63), two were 2-piece, loop-shank copper buttons, and one was a 2-piece fabric covered
iron button (#39J-88). Unfortunately, nearly all the fabric is gone and the color is indeterminate.
FIREARMS
A single, seemingly unfired, .22 caliber bullet was the only firearms-related object recovered (#39L-
28). A cartridge case to go with it was not found.
HYGIENE
Three Hygiene items were found. The first was an intact but unmarked bottle of perfume/cologne
in an octagonal, post-bottom molded bottle with a bead finish, 2-7/8-inches tall and a base-width of 1-7/16-
inches (#39L-19). The second was a rectangular milk-glass cosmetic jar, likely a Vaseline or cold-cream
5-17
container (#39J-45). The third was a fragment from a cobalt blue vessel. Although the fragment was too
small to determine the form of the vessel, it was likely cosmetic related.
ORNAMENTAL
Two Personal-Ornamental objects were recovered: a small, black, hexagonal glass bead (#39K-11)
and two lengths of 26-gauge copper wire (#39L-34 & 39J-75), interpreted as being related to jewelry
making (see previous discussion).
5-18
Table 5-8.
Summary of Artifacts from the 39J-Complex (Privy), Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI Object Name MNI
Ammunition, Bullet, .22 Caliber 1 Furniture, Tack 1
Architectural, Concrete/Cement 1 Hardware, Bar Stock 1
Architectural, Door Stop 1 Hardware, Collar 1
Architectural, Glass, Window 10 Hardware, Nail, Common 239
Architectural, Sheet Metal 1 Hardware, Nail, Escutcheon Pin 1
Architectural, Tile, Roofing 1 Hardware, Nail, Unidentified 22
Architectural, Tile, Roofing, Tin 1 Hardware, Nut 1
Clothing, Buckle, Suspender 2 Hardware, Screw, Wood 5
Clothing, Button 1 Hardware, Staple 3
Clothing, Button, 2-Hole 3 Hardware, Stock, Bar 1
Clothing, Button, 2-Piece 3 Hardware, Strap 6
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 10 Hardware, Tool, Shaft Clamp 1
Clothing, Fastener, Clip, Suspender 1 Hardware, Washer 1
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye 1 Hardware, Wire, Bailing 2
Clothing, Rivet 1 Household Accessory, Flowerpot 2
Clothing, Shoe, Grommet 3 Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 1
Clothing, Straight Pin 1 Lighting, Lamp, Shade 2
Communication, Pencil, Lead, Round 1 Lighting, Lamp, Shade / Chimney 1
Communication, Pencil, Slate 1 Personal, Bead 1
Container, Bottle 7 Personal, Jewelry, Wire 2
Container, Bottle, Beverage 6 Personal, Mirror 1
Container, Bottle, Bitters 1 Personal, Watch, Pocket Watch 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 13 Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper 1 Soil Sample n/a
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Perfume/Cologne 1 Tableware, Bowl 2
Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whiskey 6 Tableware, Cup 2
Container, Bottle, Soda Pop 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass 3
Container, Bottle, Wine 1 Tableware, Flatware 2
Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (non-screw) 2 Tableware, Hollowware 4
Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip 1 Tableware, Plate 9
Container, Can, Cylindrical 3 Tableware, Saucer 2
Container, Can, Square/Rectangular 2 Tableware, Unidentified 4
Container, Jar 1 Tableware, Utensil, Spoon 1
Container, Jar, Cosmetic 1 Tobacco, Pipe 2
Container, Jar, Preserving 1 Toy, Marble 2
Electrical, Insulator, Cleat 1 Unidentified, Ceramic n/a
Fauna n/a Unidentified, Glass n/a
Fauna, Egg Shell n/a Unidentified, Metal n/a
Fauna, Shell n/a Architectural, Wood, Lumber 1
Flora, Nut, Pecan n/a Utilitarian, Hollowware 4
Furniture, Spring 2
Furniture, Stove 1 Total 431
SEWING
The only sewing-related artifact recovered was a brass straight pin, 1-1/16-inches in length, with a
dome head (#39J-74).
TOYS
Two buff-colored, 9/16-inch diameter unglazed earthenware marbles were the only toy-related
objects recovered (#39K-3). The marbles appears to have been hand-rolled.
KITCHEN ITEMS
A total of 1,321 artifacts recovered from the privy belonged to the Kitchen group, representing 71
distinct objects. Table 5-9 summarizes the Kitchen group ceramic data in terms of decorative
style/technique.
TABLEWARE
A total of 91 artifacts, representing 28 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. The
low number of tableware artifacts, but a relatively high minimum number of items, suggests that the privy,
at least during its use as a trash deposit, functioned not as a primary refuse deposit, but as a convenient place
to dispose of small, miscellaneous trash items, for example, yard sweepings. This is supported by the
contrasting pattern presented by low curation items, like bottles (discussed in the next section), of which
there were a high number of artifacts relative to the minimum number of vessels (suggesting that bottles and
like items were deposited as unbroken objects).
Identifiable tablewares included two blue, transfer printed whiteware bowls with floral patterns, an
annular/banded, slip-decorated green mocha-patterned cup, a graniteware cup decorated with a single,
'liquid gold' band along the rim, and fragments from three drinking glasses. Two of the drinking glasses
were pressed, leaded-glass, one with a fish scale pattern (#39L-17), the other with a geometric diamond
pattern (#39J-18). The third drinking glass was decorated with thin, frosted bands along its circumference
(#39J-29).
At least two undecorated whiteware saucers were recovered, both with 3-inch diameter footrings. A
rim fragment with a diameter of 4-inches may or may not be part of one of these identified saucers. Also
found were fragments from nine plates. Seven of the plates were whiteware, and included two undecorated
8-inch plates, two undecorated 7-inch plates, a blue transfer printed 7-inch plate with a scalloped edge, an
undecorated 10-inch plate, and a plate of unknown diameter with a red painted, underglaze band along the
rim. The remaining two were 6-inch undecorated graniteware plates.
Additionally, two undecorated flatware items were recovered, one of whiteware, the other of refined
porcelain. Four hollowware items were recovered, three of which were undecorated. Two of the undecorated
hollowware items were whiteware, the third was pressed glass. The fourth hollowware was acid etched glass
with annular bands, and likely is a fragment from a drinking vessel.
Four additional tablewares were recovered, but the fragments were too small to determine if they
were flatware or hollowware. Each had a surface decoration not found on any other tableware items from
5-19
the deposit. The first had an opaque,
black glaze, the second a pink
transfer printing, the third, a brown
transfer printing of a floral design,
and the fourth, underglaze
decalcomania in a pink floral
pattern.
The last tableware item was an
iron spoon, 5-3/4-inches long, with a
bowl diameter of 1-1/4-inches
(#39J-11). Unfortunately, the spoon
was too corroded to determine a
pattern type.
UTILITARIAN
A total of 1,230 artifacts,
representing 43 objects, fell within
the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup.
The high number of artifacts, but
relatively low minimum number of
items, is the product of highly-
fragmented glass bottles. Food-can
objects included fragments from
three cylindrical cans, two rectangular cans, a single fragment of a wind-strip, and two non-screw removable
lids. The first was a 2-inch diameter pry-top lid (a paint can style lid) and the second, a cylindrical copper
lid of unknown diameter with iron can side fragments still attached. None of the cylindrical cans were
complete enough to determine diameter.
The only non-bottle glass item was a preserving jar with a rubber-sealed, spring-clip finish (#39J-
90). This design was patented in 1904 by William H. Honiss (Pat. #826,104) and an improvement in 1907
by Alfred C. McCloskey (Pat. #907,166).
Utilitarian items of ceramic included three small alkaline glazed stoneware fragments representing
three different hollowware vessels and two highly burnished, unglazed earthenware fragments decorated
with a single black painted line along the rim (#39L-32 & 39J-86). These last two pieces appear to be from
a hollowware vessel consistent with those produced by the Catawba for market sale.
Bottle closures were of two types: thirteen crown-caps and an intact, amber-colored glass Caswell-
style peg stopper (#39J-28).
The remaining Kitchen-Utilitarian objects were all bottles. Bottles identified only by color included
a dark olive ('black' glass) wine bottle, a brown bottle of unknown form, a bright green (“7-UP” green)
bottle, and a manganese-clarified ('solarized' or 'amethyst') bottle, also of unknown form. The remaining
bottles were all either intact or identified by number of bases. The only identified soda pop bottle was a light
green bottle embossed “Chero Cola” in angled block text (#39J-13), a style used by the company, according
to various internet collector sites, between 1915 and 1923.
Four intact liquor/whiskey bottles were recovered. All were machine made of colorless glass with
brandy finishes. Three were Jo-Jo flasks (two 1/2-pints, one full pint), the fourth was a quart bottle
5-20
Figure 5-11. Possible door stop associated with the privy.
Table 5-9.
Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from
Feature 39J-Complex (Privy), Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique
Decorative Style/Technique MNI
Porcelain
Refined
Molded 1
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Decalcomania, Underglaze 1
Gilded, Liquid Gold 2
Sponge / Spatter 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 3
Stoneware
Graniteware
Molded 2
Alkaline Glazed 1
Salt Glazed 1
Earthenware
Whiteware
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 8
Flow Transfer Printed 1
Gilded, Liquid Gold 3
Molded 2
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 3
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 1
Edge Decorated 1
Yellowware
Plain / Colorless Glaze 1
Total 35
embossed “Hayner Whiskey” (#39J-38), a company
based in Troy, Ohio, that went out of business, as
most did, in 1918. Two additional Handy-style bases
(the base style used on Jo-Jo flasks) were recovered,
along with seven brandy finishes. Assuming two of
the finishes belong to the bases, it leaves five finishes
without bases, suggesting a minimum of seven
bottles. With the four intact bottles, there were
potentially a minimum of 11 liquor/whiskey bottles
recovered from the privy.
The remaining bottles were all general beverage
bottles, including the base of an aqua-blue cylindrical
bottle with a post-bottom mold, the base of a
colorless bottle produced with a bottom-hinged mold,
and the base of a colorless panel bottle.
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS
A total of 779 artifacts (256 MNI) related to architecture were recovered from the privy, most being
sheet metal (134 artifacts, 1 MNI), nails (525 artifacts, 239 MNI), and window glass (86 artifacts, 10
MNI). The iron sheet metal fragments all belonged to a single, highly corroded sheet with rolled, locking
edges (#39K-73). Both wire and cut nails were recovered. None were specialty nails, although corrosion
made identification difficult. Six thicknesses of green-tinted window glass were recovered: 1 at 3/64; 9 at
1/16; 3 at 5/64; 2 at 3/32; and 1 at 1/8. Five thicknesses of colorless window glass were also recovered: 15 at
1/16; 31 at 5/64; 22 at 3/32; 1 at 1/8; and 1 at 7/32. Note that some fragments of colorless flat glass might
represent non-window glass, like picture frame glass.
Two related architecture items were particularly interesting (Figure 5-11). The first was an under-
fired (soft) brick bat, in the center of which a 1-3/4 x 1/2-inch slot had been carved (#39J-2). The slot was
rounded and well-worn. The second was a 13-inch length of 1-1/4 x 1/4-inch iron bar stock (#39J-93).
Together, they may have functioned as a door-stop for the privy. The bar, attached to the door, would have
slotted down into the rectangular slot in the brick at the base of the door. Although a bolt-latch on the door
would have been a simpler solution for keeping the door closed while occupied, someone did take the time
to carve the brick. Given the brick's clear association with privy debris, and the lack of any other clear
function for the brick (or even a reason for carving a brick such), the hypothesis of a door stop is reasonable.
INTERIOR
No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were
recovered. This is not surprising, given that it was a privy.
EXTERIOR
Four architecture-related items unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were
recovered: 22 fragments of crimped tin (terneplate) roofing material (MNI=1), a 1/2-inch thick fragment of
trowel-spread cement (#39J-6), seven fragments of slate (MNI=1), and one fragment of unpainted sawed
5-21
Figure 5-11. Possible door stop associated with the privy.
lumber (#39K-4). Although the slate may have been roofing material, more likely it was used as paving
material or some similar function.
DOMESTIC ITEMS
A total of 37 Domestic group artifacts was recovered from the privy, representing 13 objects. A
brass furniture tack (#39K-64) and a 1/2-inch brass escutcheon pin (#39K-66) were recovered. Fragments
from two flowerpots were recovered: one a terracotta flowerpot (#39K-15), the other a stoneware flowerpot
with an Albany slip (#39J-8). Two furniture springs were found, both cylindrical, with a diameter of 1-1/4-
inches and a length of 1-1/2-inches. One spring had a wood screw attached to an end. Body fragments from
a frosted-glass lamp chimney were recovered (#39K-40), along with a fragment from a clear-glass shade or
chimney (glass thickness suggests chimney), and a fragment from a frosted-glass lamp shade (#39K-14). The
frosted lamp shade is particularly interesting, as it is of the same type – if not the same object – found in
other provenances. Two domestic artifacts are mysteries: a fragment of parian ceramic (#39J-51) and a glass
ring (#39J-77). Parian is a type of high-fired whiteware/porcelain almost exclusively used with decorative
objects, like figurines. Unfortunately, the fragment recovered was too small to determine what it might once
of been a part. The black glass ring, with an outer diameter of 5/8-inch and an inner diameter of 1/8-inch,
was likely a part of an Art Deco decorative element, possibly a lamp.
The last Domestic group artifact was an intact stove leg (#39J-117). After cleaning with electrolysis,
the cast iron artifact was identified as a stove leg with a floral pattern. The leg matches that of the Acme
Royal Coal Cook, a stove that could burn coal or wood. It was advertised in the 1902 Sears, Roebuck, &
Co. catalog on page 820. The least expensive model sold for $10.83.
ELECTRICAL ITEMS
One artifact associated with electricity was recovered from the privy—a dry-pressed ceramic, 2-wire
insulator cleat (#39K-18). The cleat was marked “E P Co”, short for Electrical Porcelain Company, of East
Liverpool, Ohio. It was manufactured sometime between 1903 and 1911 (Tod 1977:79). Founded in 1903,
the Electrical Porcelain Company was absorbed by the General Porcelain Company in 1911.
OTHER ITEMS
Also recovered from the privy were a number of artifacts that do not fit neatly into any of the above
functional categories. Most of these artifacts are hardware related. Not included here are artifact fragments
classified as 'Unidentified.' A fragment from a milk-glass vessel was recovered (#39K-38), although the
fragment was too small to determine if the vessel was a cosmetic jar, tableware, or other item. An iron split
shaft-clamp was recovered (#39J-95), although what it may have been used for is unknown.
Also recovered was a large, square 3/4-inch iron nut, measuring 1-1/4 x 1-1/4 x 1-5/8-inches
(#39K-59), a 3/16-inch iron washer (outer diameter of 3/4-inch), a 1-inch copper collar (#39J-96), three
staples (3/8-inch and 1-1/4-inch), and five wood screws—a flat head, gimlet point, 3/16-inch brass screw,
5/8-inch long, and four flat head, gimlet point screws 1-1/4-inch long.
Iron bar stock fragments were 3/4-inch wide and 5/64-inch thick (#39K-68). Fragments of iron
strapping, like the kind used on barrels, packaging, and the like, were of six widths: 1-inch, 9/16-inch, 7/16-
inch, 5/16-inch, 3/16-inch, and 1/32-inch. The 1-inch strapping was riveted. The 1/32-inch strapping may
have been part of a wind-strip from a food can. There were 109 fragments of 1/16-inch and 1/32-inch
5-22
bailing wire, some in twisted
pairs, and some with loop-ends.
Lastly, a fragment of 6-
inch red-paste earthenware
sewer pipe was recovered (39L-
1). Ceramic sewer pipe was
standard in Columbia and
elsewhere prior to widespread
use of cast iron. Note that the
sewer pipe was recovered from
the second-to-lowest level of the
privy.
FAUNA
[The following discussion of faunal remains is extracted verbatim from Faunal Report for Mann-Simons by Diane Wallman (2010).]
The privy contained
151 bone fragments (369g), of
which only 7% were
identifiable to the species level
due to high fragmentation of
the remains (Table 5-10).
Cattle and chicken were the only identified species within this deposit, and cattle remains were the most
common, comprising 75% of the bone weight from this assemblage. Pig and sheep/goat sized fragments
dominate the size-graded specimens, which suggests that these species were likely represented in the
assemblage, but unidentifiable due to fragmentation.
The beef cuts identified in this feature were mainly individual, thin ‘steak’ cuts, although the
foreshank cut was likely a large ‘roast’-type cut (Table 5-11). Round steaks were the most common cut
within this deposit, although cuts from all sections but the foot of the animal were deposited in this feature.
FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)
A large trash deposit was discovered in Unit 31 (Figure 5-12), extending into units 27, 32, and 35,
measuring 5.75 feet east to west and 6.5 feet north to south, with a maximum depth of 2.4 feet below the
surface of stratum 31B. It was intruded upon by three features: a modern trench associated with a sprinkler
system (F2) running east-west across Block 1, a postmold and posthole (32D/E) straddling the northeast
edge, and a foundation pier (32H) associated with the house at 1904 Marion Street. The sprinkler trench
and postmold/hole were excavated completely prior to excavation of the trash pit. The pit was bisected
along a north-south axis flush with the eastern edge of the foundation pier. Due to time constraints, only
the east half of the trash pit was excavated. Plastic sheeting was secured to the pit's west face prior to
backfilling to maintain integrity of the unexcavated portion.
5-23
Table 5-10.
Taxa Representation, 39J-Complex (Privy)
Taxon/Class NISP %NISP Weight (g) %Weight
FOOD BONES
Mammal
156 9.93 277.8 75.28
Aves
12 7.94 7.4 2.01
Pisces 1 0.66 0.3 0.08
SIZE GRADED FRAGMENTS
Cat/Dog sized (Class III/ IV) 2 1.32 0.4 0.11
Sheep/Pig sized (Class V) 76 50.33 42.9 11.63
Cow sized (Class VI) 20 13.25 30.1 8.16
Unidentifiable mammal 25 16.56 10.1 2.77
TOTAL 151 369
Cow; Bos
Chicken; Gallus gallus
Table 5-11.
Beef Cuts, 39J-Complex (Privy)
Cut %MNMC
1 Short Loin 1 7.14
2 Rib/Sirloin 3 21.33
3 Round 4 28.57
4 Rump/Chuck 2 14.49
5 Brisket/Plate 1 7.14
6 Foreshank/Hindshank/Arm 2 14.49
7 Neck/Head 1 7.14
8 Foot
Rank a MNMC b
a After Azizi et al. 1996
b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts
The trash pit contained seven layers consisting of
a series of lenses and deposits of sandy silt, builder's
sand, architectural debris and sandy silt, all of
differing colors and textures making for very clear
layer transitions (Figures 5-13, 14). The deposit as a
whole is designated as the 31C-Complex, while
individual layers are referenced by their unique
provenience designations. Level 1 (31C), the top-
most layer, was a very dark brown sandy silt with 5%
mortar and 5% charcoal inclusions and a depth of
0.35 feet. Level 2 (31D) was a thin lens of loose
yellowish brown builder's sand, 0.15 feet thick on the
north and <0.05 feet on the south side. Architectural
debris dominated Level 3 (31E), a very compact dark
grayish brown sandy silt 0.5 feet thick on the north,
thinning to 0.15 feet on the south side. Level 4 (31F)
was a thin (0.1 feet), compact dark grayish brown
sandy silt mottled with 40% subsoil, a very compact
yellowish red sandy clay. Level 5 (31J) was a second
thin lens of loose yellowish brown builder's sand, 0.15
feet thick on the north side, thinning to <0.05 feet on
the south side. Level 6 (31K) was a dark brown sandy
silt with no mottling and a maximum thickness of
0.75 feet. The bottom-most layer, Level 7 (31L), was a very loose sandy loam varying in thickness from 0.3
to 0.8 feet and contained the highest concentration of architectural and household debris. The high
concentration of charcoal (20%) along with artifacts showing evidence of high heat/burning suggests that
Level 7 represents a trash burning event. No other layers showed evidence of burning.
Starting from the bottom-up, the TPQ date for Level 7 (31L) is 1882 (based on artifact #31L-30, a
beer bottle marked “ROBERT PORTNER, ALEXANDRIA, VA – TIVOLI”). Level 6 (31K) dates to circa
1890 (based on artifact #31K-30, an octagonal cobalt blue cosmetic bottle). Level 5 (31J) dates to circa
1870 (based on artifact #31J-42, a wire-drawn nail). Level 4 (31F) dates to 1874 (based on artifact #31F-14,
a pressed brass shoe grommet). Level 3 (31E) dates to 1888 (based on artifact #31E-1, a whiteware plate
marked “MD POTTERY CO”). Level 2 (31D) dates to circa 1870 (based on artifact #31D-17, a 3-part,
dip body molded pharmaceutical bottle). The upper-most layer, Level 1 (31C), dates to 1892 (based on
artifact #31C-73, a crown-cap bottle closure).
All seven layers of the trash pit contained artifacts with closely-spaced TPQ dates, indicating a
creation date sometime between 1892 and 1904. The earlier date is based on the TPQ date from Level 1.
Although the possibility always exists that the topmost layer of any feature might contain intrusive materials,
thereby artificially causing the date of the feature to appear more recent than it really is, a date of 1892 is
consistent with lower levels, particularly Level 3 (1888) and Level 6 (circa 1890). The later date of 1904 is
derived from the presence of an intrusive foundation pier associated with an addition to the house at 1904
Marion Street. Although an exact construction date for the addition is not known, the 1904 Sanborn map
shows the footprint of the house in-line with the intrusive pier, suggesting that at least that portion of the
house was constructed by 1904, and subsequently, the trash pit prior.
A total of 3,722 artifacts (representing 607 MNI) and 779.8 grams (361 fragments) of faunal
material were recovered from the seven levels. In summary, a total of 506 artifacts were recovered from Level
1 (31C); 163 artifacts from Level 2 (31D); 623 artifacts from Level 3 (31E); 59 artifacts from Level 4 (31F);
5-24
Figure 5-12. Planview drawing of the Feature 31C-Complex. Note the intrusive brick pier from the first addition to the house at 1904 Marion Street.
160 artifacts from
Level 5 (31J); 1,405
artifacts from Level 6
(31K); and 807
artifacts from Level 7
(31L). No floral
material was recovered
from any of the levels.
The following
discussion, organized
by functional type,
provides information
only as needed in
interpreting patterns,
sequences of events, or
other archaeological phenomena, as
well as highlighting artifacts of
special note found in the deposit.
Table 5-12 presents the same data
summarized in terms of Object
Names and minimum counts.
PERSONAL ITEMS
Including subcategories, a total
of 142 artifacts were recovered
belonging to the Personal group,
representing 73 individual items.
Items not belonging to a subcategory
were a pair of cast iron scissors, two
fragments of back-plated mirror
glass, a brass spine catch from an
umbrella, a 1.25-inch diameter lens
ring from a pocket watch, two
pocket knives (one with two blades, the other with three), a brass pencil holder, fragments of 3/16-inch
diameter graphite pencil lead, the base of a stamped end, machine soldered square tobacco can, and
fragments of bowls from two tobacco pipes. One of the pipes was an orange, ribbed Pamplin-style pipe; the
other, an undecorated kaolin clay pipe. Lastly, an undecorated whiteware water pitcher or ewer, represented
by a rim fragment with a diameter of five-inches (#31K-83), was recovered.
CLOTHING
Sixty-six artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Clothing group, representing 27 MNI.
The most abundant clothing-related artifact was buttons. Nineteen individual buttons were recovered, made
of brass (2), shell (3), bone (3), glass (1), and dry-pressed porcelain (prosser) (10). None had makers’ or back
marks; all were plain.
5-25
Figure 5-13. West profile of Feature 31C-Complex.
Figure 5-14. West profile of Feature 31C-Complex. Note the electrical grounding rod in the excavated portion and the intrusive brick pier on the surface of the unexcavated portion.
Table 5-12.
Summary of Artifacts from the Feature 31C-Complex, Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI Object Name MNI
Ammunition, Bullet, .22 Caliber 1 Hardware, Nut 1
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 6 Hardware, Ring 1
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber 2 Hardware, Scissors 1
Ammunition, Shot, Lead 3 Hardware, Stock, Bar 2
Architectural, Glass, Window 7 Hardware, Strap 4
Architectural, Plaster 1 Hardware, Tack 1
Architectural, Tile, Roofing 1 Hardware, Unidentified 1
Clothing, Buckle, Suspender 1 Hardware, Washer 1
Clothing, Button 1 Household Accessory, Fireplace Tool Stand 1
Clothing, Button, 2-Hole 2 Household Accessory, Flowerpot 2
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 15 Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 4
Clothing, Button, Shank Molded 1 Lighting, Lamp, Globe 1
Clothing, Cuff Link 1 Lighting, Lamp, Shade 1
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye 2 Personal, Bead 4
Clothing, Shoe, Grommet 1 Personal, Jewelry, Unidentified 1
Clothing, Shoe, Sole 2 Personal, Mirror 1
Clothing, Snap 1 Personal, Pocket Knife, 2-Blades 1
Clothing, Straight Pin 1 Personal, Pocket Knife, 3-Blades 1
Communication, Holder, Pencil 1 Personal, Umbrella 1
Communication, Pencil, Graphite 1 Personal, Unidentified 1
Container, Bottle 9 Personal, Watch, Pocket 1
Container, Bottle, Beer 2 Personal, Water Pitcher / Ewer 1
Container, Bottle, Beverage 2 Tableware, Bowl 6
Container, Bottle, Bitters 1 Tableware, Bowl, Footed-Salt 1
Container, Bottle, Closure 1 Tableware, Bowl, Salt / Sugar 2
Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 1 Tableware, Bowl, Serving 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Lighting Stopper 1 Tableware, Cup 4
Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper 1 Tableware, Cup, Tea 5
Container, Bottle, Condiment 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass 1
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Mustard 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Goblet 1
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic 2 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Stemware 2
Container, Bottle, Food 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Tumbler 4
Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles/Olives 1 Tableware, Flatware 4
Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical 10 Tableware, Hollowware 14
Container, Bottle, Wine 2 Tableware, Plate 11
Container, Bucket, Lead/Solder Pot 1 Tableware, Plate, Lunch 1
Container, Can, Cylindrical 14 Tableware, Saucer 12
Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (non-screw) 2 Tableware, Unidentified 8
Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (press-fit) 1 Tableware, Utensil 1
Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip 1 Tableware, Utensil, Knife 2
Container, Can, Square / Rectangular 4 Tobacco, Pipe 1
Container, Can, Tobacco 1 Tobacco, Pipe, Elbow 1
Container, Jar, Lid 1 Toy, Doll, China Head 1
Container, Jar, Preserving 2 Toy, Marble 1
Electrical, Wire 1 Toy, Tea Set 2
Fauna n/a Unidentified, Ceramic 3
Fauna, Clam Shell n/a Unidentified, Glass 2
Fauna, Oyster Shell n/a Unidentified, Metal 3
Furniture, Caster 1 Unidentified, Metal, Plate 1
Furniture, Spring 1 Unidentified, Object 1
Furniture, Tack 4 Unidentified, Wood 1
Hardware, Bolt 4 Utilitarian, Bowl 1
Hardware, Bolt, Eye 1 Utilitarian, Hollowware 2
Hardware, Hook, Eye Hook & Staple 1 Utilitarian, Jar / Crock 4
Hardware, Nail, Common 334 Utilitarian, Vessel 1
Hardware, Nail, Finishing 7
Hardware, Nail, Spike 1 Total 607
5-26
Also recovered was a brass suspender buckle marked “*CH. GUYOT*” on the back (the '*' represent small
stars on the original). No information has been found yet for this manufacturer. The dumb-bell shaped cuff
link was of cast white metal. One hook and two eyes from two brass hump-style hook-and-eye fasteners
were found, as well as a 1/8-inch brass shoe grommet and a plain, 1/2-inch diameter pressed iron snap.
Portions of two shoes or boots were also recovered from the deposit. The fragments were all too small to
determine size or style. Both were constructed using bass nails, one with round shanks, the other, square.
Interestingly, the heads of the square nails were painted red.
FIREARMS
Twelve artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Firearms group, representing two
different calibers of ammunition, a potential piece of jewelry-making byproduct, and two clothing-related
items. All metallic cartridge dates are based on the work of Kathleen A. Clardy (2008). A single, unfired .22
caliber bullet was found. The bullet showed no marks indicating how it was removed from the cartridge
case. Eight fired cartridge cases were recovered. Of the six .22 caliber rim-fire cartridges, two were short and
four were long; four had head stamps with identifiable makers' marks. The two .22 caliber shorts were
copper cartridges, measuring 0.247-inches in length, manufactured by Union Metallic Cartridge Company
(UMC) between 1867 and 1902. One of the .22 caliber long rifle cartridges was also manufactured by
UMC, between 1871 and 1902. It, too, was copper. Of the two long rifle cartridges without head stamps,
one was copper, the other brass. Both have a TPQ of 1871, the introduction date of the .22 caliber long
rifle cartridge. The remaining .22 caliber long rifle cartridge was brass, also manufactured by UMC between
1871 and 1902.
The remaining two cartridges were rim-fire .32 caliber. The first, made of brass, was manufactured
by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company (“H”) sometime after 1867. The second, made of copper, was
without a head stamp. It postdates 1860, the introduction date of the .32 caliber cartridge. Only the head
was recovered from this last cartridge (#31C-74). As with the two .22 caliber cartridge cases recovered from
the Lower level of the lunch counter trash pit, the body of the cartridge was cut-off, possibly to obtain short
lengths of tubing for use as beads (see previous discussion).
Lastly, three lead shot balls were recovered. Two are 3/8-inch diameter, the other, 5/32-inch.
HYGIENE
The 30 artifacts in the Personal-Hygiene group represent 12 different cosmetic and
medicinal/pharmaceutical glass containers. Two cosmetic containers were recovered. The first was an aqua-
blue panel bottle with a prescription finish of “HILL'S // HAIR DYE // No. 1” (#31E-31). The second was
the base of a cobalt blue polygonal bottle. All 10 of the medicinal/pharmaceutical bottles had either patent
or prescription finishes. Six were panel bottles, two were cylindrical, one was a French square, and one was a
vial. The vial was embossed with “B. L. // FAHNESTOCK'S // VERMIFUGE” (#31L-2). Of the
cylindrical bottles, one still had its cork closure intact (#31D-17), although no suggestion of contents
remained, and the other embossed with “... ECLIPSE M ...”. Two of the panel bottles were embossed, one
with “... HE / E ...” (#31K-56) and the other with “... HOFE ...” (#31J-10 and 11). The French square was
a bottle of “Dr. J. Hostetter's Stomach Bitters” (#31C-31), in production between 1870 and 1886.
5-27
ORNAMENTAL
The Personal-Ornamental group contained four
beads and an unidentified piece of jewelry made of
brass. The first bead was a yellow glass sphere,
diameter 3/16-inch. The second is a clear glass,
press-molded, hexagonal bead, 3/16-inch wide
and 3/16-inch long. The third was a fragment
from a doughnut-shaped blue porcelain bead. The
fourth was a black glass, 5/15-inch diameter bead
with a molded geometric design. The piece of
copper jewelry or household accessory object
(#31K-29) is still a mystery (Figure 5-15).
Composed of copper sheeting with press-molded
design, it may have been part of a necklace.
Alternately, it may represent a fragment of an Art
Deco-style household object.
SEWING
Only one artifact belonging to the Personal-Sewing group was recovered—a one-inch brass straight
pin with a dome head.
TOYS
Five fragments of toys representing four distinct objects were recovered. Two fragments of a child's
porcelain tea-set were found, one a cup with a rim diameter of 7/16-inch and the other a fragment of a
hollowware vessel, likely a tea pot. Both tea-set fragments were overglaze painted. The head and leg of a
china-head doll were also recovered. Both were overglaze-painted porcelain. The head measured 13/16-inch
head-to-chin, had blue eyes, brown wavy molded hair, rose-colored cheeks, and red lips. The leg had a
brown molded shoe with a heel. China-head dolls with heels on their shoes were introduced at the time of
the American Civil War (Coleman, et al. 1965). Prior to circa 1865, dolls had flat-soled shoes. The last toy,
a 7/16-inch diameter blue glass marble, showed evidence of burning or high heat.
KITCHEN ITEMS
By far, the greatest number of artifacts recovered from the trash pit belonged to the Kitchen group
—a total of 2,450 artifacts (nearly 66% of all artifacts recovered from the deposit), representing 136 distinct
objects. Table 5-13 summarizes the Kitchen group data in terms of decorative style/technique, while the
following discussion focuses on object form/function.
TABLEWARE
A total of 298 artifacts, representing 94 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. Three
utensils were recovered. The first was a table knife with a wood handle, iron core, and a white-metal end
piece (#31L-56). The blade was missing. The second was a cast pewter fragment of either a fork or spoon
(#31E-22). The third was a base fragment of an iron core belonging to a table knife (#31E-24). This knife
5-28
Figure 5-15. Mystery copper jewelery or household accessory fragment.
likely had a wood handle
covering. Nearly 45% of the
glass and ceramic artifacts in the
Tableware group (133 artifacts)
were too fragmented to
determine vessel form, even at a
hollowware-flatware level.
Nonetheless, some forms were
identifiable.
The majority of
identifiable ceramic tablewares
were plain or minimally-
decorated whiteware objects.
Although there was a multitude
of different decorative styles
represented in the tableware
assemblage, these tended to be
small fragments, and for the
most part, isolated examples.
This pattern is partially
explained by the characteristics
of the ceramics themselves. The
plain and minimally-decorated
wares tended to be heavier with
thick(er) bodies, whereas the
highly decorated wares had
much thinner bodies. Dropped
from the same height, a thick-
walled ceramic will tend to
break into larger pieces than its
thin-walled counterpart. A
larger piece is easier to identify.
But this only explains part of the
pattern. There were far more
plain and minimally-decorated
fragments than those that were
highly decorated, suggesting the
obvious: more plain tablewares were thrown away than decorated tablewares.
The amount of tableware in the trash deposit was surprising. There were six table bowls,
one serving bowl, two salt or sugar bowls, and a footed glass salt bowl. Four cups, five tea cups, one drinking
glass, one goblet, two stemware glasses, and four tumblers make up the drinking vessels. There were 11
plates, one lunch plate, and 12 saucers. In addition, there were four pieces of flatware and 14 pieces of
hollowware that could not be further identified. Eight pieces of tableware were identified as unique by their
decorative style but could not be categorized as either flat or hollowware. Thirty-nine of the above 51
identified forms were ceramic. Of these 39, 25 (64%) were plain or minimally-decorated wares. Of the 26
ceramics identified as flatware, hollowware, or unidentified, only two (7.6%) were plain.
5-29
Table 5-13.
Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from the
31C-Complex, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique
Decorative Style/Technique MNI
Porcelain
Chinese Export
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 1
Refined
Molded 2
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 1
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 3
Stoneware
Graniteware
Plain / Colorless Glaze 1
Molded 1
Albany Slip / Bristol Glaze 1
Alkaline Glazed 7
Salt Glazed (American Stoneware) 1
Earthenware
Whiteware
Annular / Banded, Slipped 1
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Cable Design 1
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Mocha 1
Color Glaze, Opaque 3
Plain / Colorless Glaze 24
Flow Transfer Printed 2
Gilded, Liquid Gold 1
Molded 3
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 13
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 4
Sponge / Spatter 2
Pearlware
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 1
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Cable Design 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 2
Yellowware
Plain / Colorless Glaze 1
Annular / Banded, Slipped 1
Redware
Color Glaze, Opaque 1
Total 82
UTILITARIAN
A total of 2,152 artifacts, representing 57 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. The
large number of artifacts in this group was largely the product of highly fragmented glass bottles. Utilitarian
ceramic vessels (MNI=8) were primarily stoneware, although single fragments of lead-glazed yellowware
(clear glaze) and redware (yellow exterior, brown interior glaze) were recovered. Both of these earthenware
vessels were hollowware. Also recovered were three alkaline glazed stoneware jars/crocks, a refined brown-
paste salt glazed stoneware jar/crock, an alkaline glazed mixing bowl, two alkaline glazed hollowware vessels,
and one unidentified alkaline glazed vessel.
Only four commercial food bottles were in the trash pit—a barrel-shaped mustard bottle, a square
pickle or olive jar, a Gothic-style condiment bottle with fluted corners, and the rim of a jar that may have
once held a condiment or relish.
Two preserving jars were found, as well as a 2-3/16-inch diameter pressed glass lid that would have
had a wax seal (#31E-37). The two jars were both Mason-style, but fragments that might suggest the actual
manufacturer were not recovered. The first jar was represented by an aqua-green base fragment with a
diameter of 3-1/8 inch (#31C-44). The second was represented by an aqua-blue finish fragment with
external threads (#31D-12), a style introduced in 1858 (Toulouse 1969).
Four bottle closures were found in the pit, not including the in situ cork stopper found in the medicinal/pharmaceutical bottle discussed earlier. One was a crown cap, one a lightening stopper, one a
pressed glass peg stopper, likely from a sauce bottle, and lastly, a lead bottle seal (#31J-47). The lead seal was
smashed, so it was difficult to determine its original size and shape. Alternately, it may be a piece of lead
sheeting used for an unknown purpose.
Four alcohol bottles were in the deposit. Two of these were beer bottles, one an Albany-type slip
glazed stoneware bottle and the other an olive colored bottle embossed with “ROBERT PORTNER,
ALEXANDRIA, VA – TIVOLI” (#31L-30). According to various collector websites, Robert Portner
distributed beer in this style of bottle from his brewery outside of Washington, D.C. starting in 1882 and
ending in 1916 with Prohibition. Interestingly, the bottle appears to have been used as a striking device,
evidenced by the small flakes taken off one side of the base. Two dark olive ('black' glass) wine or
champaign bottles were also recovered.
A minimum of 11 other bottles were recovered, including an intact, locally produced soda,
embossed “C.C. HABENIGHT / COLUMBIA / S.C. // RETURN / THIS / BOTTLE” (#31K-15). A
blob-top, lightening-stopper finish that matched the Habenight bottle was also found. The remaining nine
bottles were too fragmented to determine form, but each represents a unique characteristic not associated
with any previously defined bottles, mostly the color of glass, and so are counted as additional containers.
Over a third of all recovered artifacts from the trash pit were fragments of metal containers—1,676
fragments, representing 23 MNI. Given the large number of fragments recovered, 23 MNI was a very
conservative count. Metal can closures were of three types: wind-strip (1), removable, non-screw lids (3),
and removable, press-fit lid (1). What the removable, non-screw lids were associated with is unknown. Two
of them were 5/8-inch high with a diameter of 1-3/4-inches. The third was 1/2 inch high with a diameter of
2 inches. Can fragments neither matched nor mated with the lids. They may have been snuff cans, or
possibility cosmetic tins. The press-fit lid was a paint-can style lid with a diameter of 10-inches.
Four square/rectangular cans were recovered. Two of these were sardine cans, one was a meat tin,
and the other was too fragmented to identify. The meat tin (#31D-47) was a tapered can, hand soldered
with rounded corners, with a base of 2 x 2-3/4-inches. The unidentified tin could have been either a meat or
tobacco tin.
5-30
The majority of fragments were
parts of cylindrical cans. MNI
numbers were determined by end
pieces only. After measuring the
diameter of each end-piece fragment,
they were grouped together by size.
The circumference of each fragment
per diameter group was then
measured, and a minimum number
count determined based on the
number of complete end pieces that
would result if they were joined,
understanding that two end pieces
are needed for each can counted.
The assemblage represents a
minimum of 23 individual cans in nine different sizes. Table 5-14 summarizes the cylindrical can data.
Interestingly, two can fragments still show evidence of their original lithograph-printed decoration. The first
fragment shows red ink (#31E-100), and the other, traces of red, gold, and silver (#31E-101).
Unfortunately, the fragments were too small to determine the type of can they were a part of once.
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS
A total of 951 artifacts (358 MNI) related to architecture were recovered, the second most
abundant artifact group in the assemblage, most representing nails (723 artifacts, 352 MNI) and window
glass (112 artifacts, 13 MNI). Both clear green and colorless window glass was found in multiple
thicknesses. Seven thicknesses of clear green glass were recovered: 2 at 1/32; 19 at 4/64; 9 at 3/32; 2 at 7/64;
6 at 1/8; 6 at 9/64; and 4 at 7/32. Six thicknesses of colorless glass were recovered: 11 at 1/32; 8 at 3/64; 25
at 1/16; 11 at 5/64; 8 at 3/32; and 1 at 1/8. It should be noted that some fragments of colorless flat glass
might represent non-window glass, like picture frame glass. Interestingly, one fragment of 1/8-inch clear
green glass (#31D-9) may have been intentionally shaped. One edge of the shard is chipped, in the manner
of a scraper, with a series of smaller chips along the leading edge that may have resulted from use.
The nail assemblage consisted of a fragment of a round-head spike, seven machine-cut finishing
nails with ovaloid heads, and a range of common nails. Measuring from the top of the nail head to the
shank point, four of the finishing nails had a length of 5/8-inch, one was 7/8-inch, and two were 15/16-
inch. A total of 333 machine-cut (with a TPQ of 1805) and 18 wire common nails (with a TPQ of circa
1870) were found. Fifty-five cut nails were complete, representing 16 different sizes. One cut nail was
particularly intriguing (#31L-97). It consisted of a flared side running down the center from the base of the
head to just below the half-way point on the shank. It is unknown if this is a manufacturing mistake, which
seems unlikely given its uniform nature, or an actual type of nail. No discussion of such nail type is known
to me. Only three wire nails were complete, all with a length of 1-1/4-inches.
An eye-hook and associated staple with wood fragments still attached to the staple was recovered
(#31K-33). The hook is of the type used to secure a door, gate, cupboard, or something similar.
5-31
Table 5-14.
Cylindrical Can Data from the Feature 31C-Complex
Diameter MNI Type
1 1/2-inches 1
1 3/4-inches 1
1 7/8-inches 1
2 1/8-inches 2
2 11/16-inches 1
3-inches 2 Tomato or pineapple juice
3 1/16-inches 2 Fruit; tomato or pineapple juice
3 7/16-inches 2
4 1/16-inches 2 Fruit
Total 14
INTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were
represented by 74 fragments of plaster. All of the fragments had matte red paint on the front side and
evidence of wood-lattice impressions on the reverse. In some cases, wood fibers were still attached to the
plaster.
EXTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were
represented by 27 fragments of slate. Unfortunately, the fragments did not have clear edges and were too
small to determine if they represent roofing tile, walkway paving, or some other function.
DOMESTIC ITEMS
A total of 71 Domestic Group artifacts were recovered, representing a minimum of 15 objects. Four
brass furniture tacks with 3/8-inch dome heads were recovered, three with square shanks, one with a
cylindrical shank. All were brazed. Other furniture related artifacts consisted of a spring of the type used in
upholstered chairs or couches and a cast iron caster with a 9/16-inch diameter wheel. The base of a cast iron
fireplace tool stand with scalloped edges was also recovered. The remains of two unglazed earthenware
flowerpots were found, one orange and one buff colored. Both were represented by body fragments, so
diameter is unknown. At least four lamp chimneys were recovered, two with hand-pressed scalloped rims
and two with smooth rims. Two other lighting-related objects were recovered. One was a frosted glass lamp
globe and the other was a 12-inch diameter milk-glass lamp shade with a smooth rim.
ELECTRICAL ITEMS
The sole electricity-related artifact was a single length of un-insulated (0.103-inch diameter) copper
wire with a 1-1/4-inch long tapered end (#31C-77). The wire was most likely a fragment of grounding wire
associated with the electrical grounding rod that intruded upon the feature, discussed in more detail under
the primary header 'Infrastructure.'
OTHER ITEMS
Also recovered were a number of artifacts that did not fit neatly into any of the above functional
categories. Most of these artifacts are hardware related and all are metal. Not included here are artifact
fragments classified as 'Unidentified.' Five iron bolts, including an eye-bolt, were recovered. Unfortunately,
they were all too correlated to determine thread count or pitch. Associated with the bolts was an iron nut.
What the small brass washer (O.D.=1/4-inch; I.D.=1/16-inch) may have been a part of is unknown. Two
fragments of one-inch wide iron bars were also recovered one 1/4-inch thick, the other 1/16-inch thick. The
function of the slightly conical iron ring, with a diameter of 6-inches at one end and 5-1/2-inches at the
other, was a mystery. Recovered were four widths of iron strapping, like the kind used on barrels,
containers, and packaging. Widths were 3/8-inch, 1/2-inch, 3/4-inch, and 11/16-inch. Several fragments of
the 3/4-inch strap were fastened with rivets. Most intriguing were rim fragments from a 15-inch diameter
bucket (#31L-62 and 65). What makes them interesting is a coating of melted lead along the interior of the
bucket and lead drippings along the top of the rim and down the outside surface. Most likely this bucket is
the remains of a lead pot, probably used for sealant, potentially on the roof along flashing. Since this feature
5-32
pre-dates running water at
the house, a plumbing-
related function is unlikely.
FAUNA
[The following discussion of faunal remains is extracted verbatim from Faunal Report for Mann-Simons by Diane Wallman (2010).]
Feature 31C-Complex
yielded 361 bone fragments
(779.8g), comprised mostly
of domestic mammal
remains (Table 5-15). Cow
was the most common species
within this feature, and likely
contributed the most to
household consumption (45%
of bone weight). This feature
contained relatively few avian
remains, with a minimum
number of one chicken
identified within the
assemblage, and only 18 total
avian specimens.
Cattle remains are the most
common domestic mammal
remains within this deposit,
comprising almost 50% of the
frequency and 70% of the
identified medium and large
mammal species. In terms of
relative abundance, pork cuts
are also common within this
assemblage, while relatively few
sheep/goat remains were
identified in this feature.
This deposit contained
a diverse range of beef cuts,
with all standard retail butchery
cuts represented in the assemblage (Table 5-16), and no apparent correlation to cost. Sirloin and round cuts
dominate the assemblage, which are represented largely by ‘steak cuts’ in the feature, that is, thinner,
individual cuts of meat indicated by thin bone segments with sawed ends.
5-33
Table 5-15.
Taxa Representation, Feature 31C-Complex
Taxon/Class NISP %NISP Weight (g) %Weight
FOOD BONES
Mammal
30 8.31 352.4 45.19
27 7.48 87.8 11.26
5 1.39 35.8 4.59
Aves
3 0.83 1.2 0.15
Unidentified Aves 15 4.16 9.2 1.18
Pisces 2 0.55 1.1 0.14
Mollusk 1 0.28 1 0.13
SIZE GRADED FRAGMENTS
Sheep/Pig sized (Class V) 153 42.38 87.4 11.21
Cow sized (Class VI) 125 34.63 203.9 26.15
TOTAL 361 779.8
Cow; Bos
Pig; Sus scrofa
Ovis aries/Capra hircus
Chicken;Gallus gallus
Table 5-16.
Beef Cuts, Feature 31C-Complex
Cut %MNMC
1 Short Loin 2 8.33
2 Rib/Sirloin 6 25
3 Round 4 16.67
4 Rump/Chuck 3 12.5
5 Brisket/Plate 3 12.5
6 Foreshank/Hindshank/Arm 4 16.67
7 Neck/Head 2 8.33
8 Foot 2 8.33
Rank a MNMC b
a After Azizi et al. 1996
b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts
Table 5-17.
Pork Cuts, Feature 31C-Complex
Cut
1 Ham 1 8.33
2 Loin/Rib End 1 8.33
3 Boston Butt 3 25
4 Picnic/Shank Ham 2 16.67
5 Spareribs/Side/Hock 0 0
6 5 41.67
Rank a MNMC b %MNMC
Head/Jowl /Foot
a After Azizi et al. 1996
b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts
The pork bones from
this feature are dominated by
Boston butt cuts, which were a
moderately priced portion of
the animal (Table 5-17).
Interestingly, cuts from the foot
and head of the pig, which were
likely cured, are common in
this deposit. Pig feet were a very
marketable cut in the 19th
century in both urban and rural
deposits (Cheek and
Friedlander 1990; Henry 1987a: 23). While for cattle and sheep/goat, animal heads are often not considered
“marketable” cuts (Bowen 1998: 141; Henry 1987a: 23; Rothschild and Balkwell 1993), pig’s head is an
ingredient in common 19th-century dishes, such as scrapple and head-cheese (Devoe 1867: 96).
Few sheep/goat remains were recovered from
this feature (Table 5-18). Surprisingly, however,
the sheep/goat remains that were identified
represent the foot and head of a single animal. The
presence of these elements may suggest on-site
slaughtering and/or butchery of a sheep/goat.
FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)
A small trash pit was discovered in the
southeast quadrant of Block 1 (Features 34C/D/E;
Figure 5-16), 6.75 feet (center point) east of the
rear wall of the house at 1904 Marion Street. It was
one of only three features discovered in this portion
of the yard not related to architecture, posts, or
infrastructure (the other two being a charcoal stain
and the Feature 31C-Complex trash pit). Roughly
circular, the pit measured 2.3 feet north-south and
2.5 feet east-west with a depth of 1.62 feet below
stratum 34B. The pit had been cleanly bisected by
a modern trench associated with a sprinkler system
(F3) cut with a ditch-wench. Running north-south
across the entire block with a width of 0.45 feet
and a depth of 1.1 feet, the trench was fully
excavated prior to excavating the pit.
The trash pit contained three deposits
consisting of a shallow outer ring (Feature 34E)
and two inner fill layers (Figure 5-17). The outer
ring was a compact shallow depression of silty sand
varying in width from 0.25 feet maximum to 0.05
feet minimum, and varying in depth from 0.15 feet
5-34
Figure 5-16. Planview illustration of Feature 34C-Complex uncovered in Block 1.
Table 5-18.
Sheep/Goat Cuts, Feature 31C-Complex
Cut %MNMC
1 Loin 0 0
2 Rack 0 0
3 Shank End 0 0
4 Chuck/Butt End 1 33.33
5 Neck 0 0
6 Shank/Foot/Head 2 66.66
Rank a MNMC b
a After Azizi et al. 1996
b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts
along the western edge to 0.02 feet along the
eastern edge. Both inner fill layers were composed
of very loose soils and excavated with a spoon. The
upper layer (34C) was a mottled very dark brown
sandy silt containing 20% charcoal inclusions
transitioning into a dark yellowish brown silt. The
lower layer (34D) was a very dark gray sand with
few charcoal inclusions. Since the pit had been
bisected by the sprinkler trench, it was excavated
along this bisection line. The east half was
removed first, but because of the high artifact
concentration it was not until the west profile was
exposed that two distinct layers were noticeable.
Artifacts from both inner fill layers were bagged
together; those from the outer ring (34E) were
kept separate from the inner fill.
The TPQ for the deposit is 1909, based on two comb fragments made of Bakelite plastic (#34C-78
and 34C-79). Although Bakelite was in common use into the early 1970s (Meikle 1995), two South
Carolina Dispensary bottles (#34C-21 and 34C-22) suggest that the deposit was created a short time after
the introduction of Bakelite. The South Carolina Dispensary operated from 1892 to 1907 (Huggins 1997).
Assuming the occupants of the site did not curate the two bottles of Dispensary whiskey for more than a few
years, the deposit seems to have been created sometime between 1909 and early 1910.
A total of 3,595 artifacts (representing 493 MNI) were recovered from the pit, including 658 fish
scales, 403 egg shell fragments, and three oyster shells. A faunal analysis has not yet been undertaken for this
feature. No floral material was recovered. The following discussion, organized by functional type, provides
information only as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other archaeological
phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note found in the deposit. Table 5-19 presents the
same data summarized in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.
PERSONAL ITEMS
Including subcategories, a total of 113 artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal group,
representing 67 individual items. Items not belonging to a subcategory included stem fragments from a
kaolin / ball clay tobacco pipe, bone spine fragments from an umbrella with copper joints, a mirror, two
Bakelite combs, and five items related to communication: two slate pencils, a ruled writing slate, a round
graphite pencil lead, and a copper eraser holder.
CLOTHING
Thirty-four artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Clothing group, representing 33
MNI. Two pieces of lead shot were recovered, with diameters of 1/4- and 3/16-inch. Lead shot was
commonly used as dress or jacket weights. Two fragments of a leather shoe sole were recovered. The sole
was pegged with square-shank brass nails. Likely associated with the same shoe, 22 brass grommets, with an
outer diameter of 1/4-inch and inner diameter of 1/8-inch, were also found. The remaining eight clothing
items were buttons: a loop-shank button with a brass backing and a faceted dome milk-glass front; a prosser
collar button; four white prosser 4-hole sew-through disc buttons of diameters 7/16-inch (2), 3/8-inch, and
5-35
Figure 5-17. West profile of Feature 34C-Complex.
11/16-inch; and two 2-hole sew-through disc buttons, one prosser and one ferrous-alloy, both of 1/2-inch
diameter.
FIREARMS
Nine artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Firearms group, representing four
individual objects. Two calibers of ammunition were found, represented by a fired .38 caliber centerfire
cartridge case, a fired .32 caliber rimfire cartridge case, and an unfired .32 caliber bullet. Neither of the
cartridges had headstamps. Six artifacts represent a highly-fragmented rifle of unknown type/make.
5-36
Table 5-19.
Summary of Artifacts from Feature 34C-Complex, Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI Object Name MNI
Ammunition, Bullet, .32 Caliber 1 Hardware, Wire 1
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber 1 Hardware, Wire, Bailing 1
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber 1 Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod 3
Ammunition, Shot 2 Lighting, Lamp, Burner, Kerosene 1
Architectural, Mortar 1 Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 2
Architectural, Plaster 1 Lighting, Lamp, Font 1
Architectural, Tile 1 Personal, Badge/Medal 1
Clothing, Button, 2-Hole 1 Personal, Comb 2
Clothing, Button, 2-Piece 1 Personal, Jewelry 1
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 4 Personal, Jewelry, Bead 1
Clothing, Button, Collar 1 Personal, Jewelry, Earing/Pendent 1
Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank 1 Personal, Jewelry, Wire 1
Clothing, Grommet 22 Personal, Mirror 1
Clothing, Shoe, Sole 1 Personal, Umbrella 1
Clothing, Straight Pin 1 Personal, Water Basin 1
Communication, Eraser, Holder 1 Shell, Egg n/a
Communication, Pencil, Graphite 1 Shell, Oyster 3
Communication, Pencil, Slate 2 Shell, Snail 8
Communication, Writing Slate 1 Tableware, Bowl 1
Container, Bottle 5 Tableware, Cup 1
Container, Bottle, Condiment 1 Tableware, Cup, Tea 2
Container, Bottle, Liquor/Whiskey 2 Tableware, Hollowware 5
Container, Bottle, Medicinal/Pharmaceutical 4 Tableware, Plate 3
Container, Bottle, Wine 1 Tableware, Saucer 5
Container, Can 11 Tableware, UID 4
Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid, Screw 1 Tobacco, Pipe 1
Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip 1 Toy, Doll 1
Container, Can, Square/Rectangular 3 Toy, Doll, China Head 1
Container, Closure, Peg Stopper 1 Toy, Marble 6
Container, Personal, Vaseline 1 Toy, Vehicle, Wheel 1
Electrical, Wire 1 UID, Ceramic 1
Firearm, Rifle 1 UID, Glass 2
Fish, Scales n/a UID, Metal 6
Hardware, Bolt, Carriage Bolt 1 UID, Metal, Rod 2
Hardware, Door Knob 1 UID, Slate 1
Hardware, Hook 1 UID, Tubing 1
Hardware, Hose, Spring Hose 1 UID, Wood 1
Hardware, Nail, Common 326 Utilitarian, Container 1
Hardware, Ring 1 Utilitarian, UID 1
Hardware, Screen 1
Hardware, Screw, Wood 4 Total 494
Hardware, Strap 3
HYGIENE
The 22 artifacts in the Personal-Hygiene group belong to five individual items: a small bottle of
Vaseline produced by the Chesebrough Manufacturing Company (#34C-23); a bottle of “SCOTT'S
EMULSION // COD LIVER OIL // WITH LIME & SODA” (#34C-30); a bottle of Dr. J. Hostetters
Stomach Bitters (#34C-24); and a bottle of patent medicine produced by the John C. West Co. of Chicago,
IL (#34C-29).
ORNAMENTAL
Ten artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Ornamental group, representing five
individual objects. Ornamental objects included six fragments from a stamped copper suspension for a one-
inch ribbon, a fragment of a copper pin that may have been from a broach, a black multi-faceted glass bead
of 5/16-inch diameter, a small molded parian earring or pendent in the form of what appears to be a baby's
face, and a coiled length of 1/32-inch diameter copper jewelry wire.
SEWING
Only one artifact was recovered belonging to the Personal-Sewing group—a one-inch stainless-steel
straight pin with a flat head.
TOYS
Eleven artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Toys group, representing a minimum of
nine objects. Most of these were marbles. Three marbles were of kaolin/ball clay (one with a green opaque
glaze), two were hand-molded
buff-colored earthenware, and
one was white porcelain. Two
“china-head” dolls were found,
including an unglazed porcelain
arm and fragments from the
head of a second doll. The head
fragments were pink painted
overglaze porcelain. The last toy
was a cast iron spoke-and-hub
wheel of 1-3/4-inch diameter.
The wheel could be from a train,
wagon, tractor, or similar toy
vehicle.
KITCHEN ITEMS
A total of 1,236
artifacts were recovered
belonging to the Kitchen group,
representing 49 individual items.
Table 5-20 summarizes the
5-37
Table 5-20.
Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from
Feature 34C-Complex, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique
Decorative Style/Technique MNI
Porcelain
Refined
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Gilded, Liquid Gold 2
Plain / Colorless Glaze 2
Stoneware
Graniteware
Molded 1
Alkaline Glazed 1
Earthenware
Whiteware
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 2
Plain / Colorless Glaze 6
Flow Transfer Printed 2
Gilded, Liquid Gold 1
Edge Decorated 1
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 4
Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 1
Yellowware
Plain / Colorless Glaze
Total 24
Kitchen group ceramic data in terms
of decorative style/technique, while
the following discussion focuses on
object form/function.
TABLEWARE
A total of 81 artifacts,
representing 22 objects, fell within
the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup.
Four pieces of tableware were
identified as unique by their
decorative style but could not be
categorized as either flat or hollowware. Three of these were whiteware (two transferprinted, one underglaze
painted) and one was refined porcelain with a “liquid gold” band. Five whiteware vessels were identified as
hollowware. One of these was an annular / banded slipware, one a blue flown transferprint, and three were
undecorated. One whiteware cup and two tea cups (one whiteware, one graniteware) were recovered, along
with three plates (two of whiteware, one porcelain), five saucers (one graniteware, three of whiteware, and
one porcelain), a whiteware bowl, and an 18-inch diameter whiteware water basin.
UTILITARIAN
A total of 1,155 artifacts, representing 27 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. The
vast majority of these were tin can fragments. Unidentifiable can fragments were 895, or just under 78% of
all Kitchen-Utilitarian artifacts. Identifiable cans included three square/rectangular cans of indeterminate
size and 11 cylindrical cans. Can data is summarized in Table 5-21. Can closures were two: fragments of a
wind-strip and a screw-lid of indeterminate size. Ceramic items included an alkaline-glazed stoneware
container and a fragment of a yellowware vessel. A minimum of eight bottles were recovered: one Plain-style
condiment bottle; two South Carolina Dispensary whiskey bottles; a dark-olive wine bottle; a Blake-style
bottle; a Philadelphia Oval bottle; and two bottles of indeterminate form. The last Utilitarian item was a peg
stopper by Nestle, embossed with “EXTR. / BOUILLON / MAGGI”.
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS
A total of 762 artifacts (329 MNI) related to architecture were recovered, most representing nails
(707 artifacts, 326 MNI). Both cut and wire nails were in the deposit, represented evenly by 107 cut nails,
108 wire nails, and 111 nails of indeterminate type.
INTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were
represented by 10 fragments of mortar and 34 fragments of plaster. The interior surfaces of the mortar
fragments were painted a red or dark pink, and the plaster was tinted pink.
5-38
Table 5-21.
Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 34C-Complex
Diameter MNI Type
1 3/4-inches 1
2 1/8-inches 1
2 11/16-inches 2
3-inches 1 Tomato or pineapple juice
3 1/16-inches 1 Fruit or tomato/pineapple juice
4 1/16-inches 2 Fruits
6 3/16-inches 1 Fruits or vegetables
10-inches 1
Total 10
EXTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were
represented by 11 fragments of slate tile. It is unknown if the tile was roofing or paving.
DOMESTIC ITEMS
A total of 43 Domestic Group artifacts were recovered, representing a minimum of 6 objects. The
Domestic assemblage included a fragment of a decorative Parian object, a porcelain door handle overglaze
painted in a red cross-hatch pattern, fragments from two lamp chimneys, an Eagle-style burner from a
kerosene lamp manufactured by the Plume & Atwood Co., and the upper half of an unmarked cast iron
bell-shaped lamp font.
ELECTRICAL ITEMS
Ten artifacts represented the four electrical objects recovered: two fragments of 7/64-inch diameter
non-insulated solid-core copper wire and eight fragments (3 MNI) of 1/2-inch carbon rods for an arc-lamp.
The carbon rods were painted green. The manufacturer of green-painted rods is unknown.
OTHER ITEMS
Also recovered were a number of
artifacts that did not fit neatly into any of the
above functional categories. Most of these artifacts
were hardware-related. Not included here are
artifact fragments classified as 'Unidentified.'
Fasteners included a 1/2-inch carriage bolt, four
gimlet-pointed wood screws, three widths of
ferrous-alloy packaging straps, and two diameters
of bailing wire. Other items included 105
fragments of 1/16-inch iron mesh screen, a 10-
inch hand-made iron hook, a one-inch cast iron
ring, and a spring hose of gray rubber wrapped in
an iron spring.
FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)
A large trash pit was discovered in the
southeast quadrant of Block 2, eight feet (from
center point) west of the 1407-1/2 Richland Street
structure (Figures 5-18 & 19). Like the majority
of features encountered in the southeast quadrant
of Block 2, the Feature 49J-Complex was overlaid
by planting/garden areas. Nearly a perfect circle,
the diameter of the pit at the surface was 4.1-feet,
at the base a diameter of 3.65-feet, and a
maximum depth of 0.75-feet below the garden
5-39
Figure 5-18. Planview illustration of Feature 49J-Complex uncovered in Block 1.
Figure 5-19. Planview photograph of the 49J-Complex.
features 45C, 50H, and 53C. It was intruded upon by two features, both wooden posts lacking postholes
(Features 49T and 49U). What these posts were once a part of is unknown. The trash pit was bisected along
the east-west axis to generate a profile of the stratigraphy. While excavating the north-half, a second trash pit
feature, designated as 48N, was discovered below the 49J-Complex. Soil differentiation between the 49J-
Complex and the 48N feature was clear, with no mixing of associated artifacts.
The trash pit contained four layers consisting of a series of mixed deposits of differing colors and
textures (Figure 5-20). Artifact cross-mends were found throughout the deposit, suggesting a single or rapid
deposition event. The deposit as a whole is designated as the 49J-Complex, while individual layers are
referenced by their unique provenience designations. Artifacts from all layers were cataloged under the
provenance 49J.
The top-most layer, 49J, was a black (10YR 2/1) loose silty sand, mottled with 10% charcoal flecks,
10% brick fragments, and less than 5% mortar. Level 2 was a very 1% brick fragments, and <1% mortar
and plaster fragments. Level 3 was a dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy clay, mottled with 10% brown (7.5YR
4/4) sandy loam, 1% yellowish red (5YR 4/6), and 5% charcoal flecks. Level 4, a thin interface between
Level 3 and subsoil, was a very dark brown (7.5YR 2.5/3) sandy clay mottled with 15% yellowish red (5YR
4/6) sandy clay (subsoil) with 1% charcoal flecks.
The TPQ for the deposit is 1909, based on a pair of Bakelite plastic pistol grips (49J-310). The
deposit also contained a significant number of locally produced beer, liquor and soda pop bottles, the
majority of which were manufactured during the first decade of the twentieth century (Jester and Teal
1976). Companies represented include Best Beverage Co. (1905-1908), J.C. Seegers (1890-1901), F.W.
Seegers (1899-1908), L.L. Bultman (1904-1908), Charles Narey (1893-1904), W.H. Griffin (1900-1906),
C.C. Habenicht (1879-1898), and the S.C. Dispensary (1892-1907). The bottle dates in tandem with
Bakelite suggest that the deposit was created sometime between 1909 and 1910.
A total of 6,661 artifacts (representing 821 MNI) and a fragmented peanut shell were recovered
from the pit. No faunal material was found in the pit. The following discussion, organized by functional
type, provides information only as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other
archaeological phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note found in the deposit. Table 5-22
presents the same data summarized in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.
5-40
Figure 5-20. South profile illustration of Feature 49J-Complex.
5-41
Table 5-22.
Summary of Artifacts from Feature 49J-Complex, Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI Object Name MNI
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 3 Container, Bottle, Soda Pop 2
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber 16 Container, Bottle, Soda Pop / Water 3
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber 5 Container, Bottle, Wine/Champaign 1
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .44 Caliber 2 Container, Can 16
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .44-40 Caliber 4 Container, Can, Hole-In-Top 2
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45-70 Caliber 4 Container, Can, Lid, Non-Screw 1
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .577 Caliber 1 Container, Can, Square / Rectangular 1
Animal, Tack, Horseshoe 1 Container, Jar, Closure, Lid Liner 1
Architectural, Glass, Window 3 Container, Jar, Preserving 5
Architectural, Mortar 1 Container, Personal, Cosmetic / Hygiene 1
Architectural, Plaster 3 Electrical, Bulb, Incandescent 1
Architectural, Tile 1 Electrical, Insulator, Tube 3
Architectural, Tile, Roofing 2 Electrical, Receptacle, Lamp, Wall 1
Clothing, Buckle 3 Firearm, Revolver, .22 Caliber 1
Clothing, Buckle, Suspender 3 Flora, Nut, Peanut 1
Clothing, Button 2 Hardware, Bolt, Carriage 2
Clothing, Button, 1-Hole 2 Hardware, Bolt, UID 1
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 21 Hardware, Bracket, Triangular 1
Clothing, Button, Collar 4 Hardware, Bracket, UID 1
Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank 1 Hardware, Chain, Jack Chain 2
Clothing, Clip 1 Hardware, Fastener, UID 2
Clothing, Cloth 1 Hardware, File, Finishing 1
Clothing, Fastener, UID 1 Hardware, Handle, Drawer Pull 1
Clothing, Grommet 36 Hardware, Hinge, “T” 1
Clothing, Rivet 2 Hardware, Hinge, Butt 1
Clothing, Safety Pin 2 Hardware, Hook 4
Clothing, Shoe 1 Hardware, Hook, Coat / Hat 1
Clothing, Shoe, Hook 2 Hardware, Nail 8
Clothing, Snap 2 Hardware, Nail, Common 289
Clothing, Straight Pin 3 Hardware, Nail, Finishing 3
Communication, Pencil, Graphite 2 Hardware, Nail, Roofing 11
Communication, Pencil, Slate 2 Hardware, Nail, Spike 9
Container, Bottle 20 Hardware, Ring 5
Container, Bottle, Beer 15 Hardware, Screw, Wood 3
Container, Bottle, Beverage 9 Hardware, Spring 3
Container, Bottle, Bitters 1 Hardware, Staple 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 20 Hardware, Strap 5
Container, Bottle, Closure, Lightening Stopper 1 Hardware, Strap, Barrel 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper 2 Hardware, UID 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Screw Cap 1 Hardware, Wire 1
Container, Bottle, Closure, Thumb Screw 1 Hardware, Wire, Bailing 1
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Ketchup 2 Household Accessory, Flowerpot 2
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Spice / Extract 5 Household Accessory, Furniture, Escutcheon 2
Container, Bottle, Cosmetic 1 Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod 3
Container, Bottle, Food 3 Lighting, Lamp, Burner 2
Container, Bottle, Food, Olive 2 Lighting, Lamp, Chain, Pull 1
Container, Bottle, Ink 1 Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 13
Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whiskey 23 Lighting, Lamp, Gas Key 1
Container, Bottle, Medicinal/Pharmaceutical 20 Lighting, Lamp, Shade 1
PERSONAL ITEMS
Including subcategories, a total of 289 artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal group,
representing 186 individual items—the largest collection of Personal items from any feature at the site.
Items not belonging to a subcategory were included: a celluloid hair clip in a tortoise-shell design; the brass
clasp from a chatelaine-type lady's handbag; a three-inch, one blade iron pocket knife; and two undecorated
whiteware water basins, 10- and 12-inch in diameter.
Nine artifacts representing five individual objects were related to communication, including a
conical aqua-blue ink bottle, two 3/16-inch diameter slate pencils, a 3/32-inch diameter graphite lead
fragment, and a copper pencil holder. The pencil holder, incised with vertical ribs, contained a pencil stub
fitted with a white eraser held in place with a copper band.
Related to tobacco, 31 artifacts were recovered belonging to a minimum of eight objects. The
Rockingham ware spittoon, with a yellowware paste measuring 7-inches in diameter and 3-1/2-inches tall,
was decorated with the molded profile of a female figure. The kaolin / ball clay stem fragment with a 5/64-
inch bore was undecorated. Six Pamplin-style pipes were recovered. The four unglazed pipes all had a buff
paste, three of which were mold decorated, one with vertical ribs, one with raised diamonds, and one
unidentified pattern. The other two Pamplin pipes had a brown glaze, one molded with a vertical rib design.
Clothing
Related to clothing were 95 artifacts, representing 82 individual objects. The cotton cloth found
was rolled in a loose ball and was very fragile. The weave type is unidentified. Six buckles were recovered:
one ferrous-alloy rectangular buckle measured 1-1/2 x 7/8-inch, a second measured 1 x 15/16-inch; of the
three brass suspender buckles, two were undecorated, one was silver plated. The small, spring-loaded
5-42
Table 5-22 (continued).
Summary of Artifacts from Feature 49J-Complex, Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI Object Name MNI
Lighting, Switch Plate, Button / Twist 1 Tableware, Plate 9
Personal, Bead 2 Tableware, Saucer 10
Personal, Bead, Seed 2 Tableware, Tureen, Lid 1
Personal, Chamber Pot 1 Tableware, UID 4
Personal, Comb, Hair Clip 1 Tableware, Utensil, Knife, Table 1
Personal, Fob, Slider 1 Tobacco, Pipe 1
Personal, Handbag, Chatelaine 1 Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style 6
Personal, Jewelry, Broach 1 Tobacco, Spittoon 1
Personal, Jewelry, Gemstone 1 Toy, Doll 2
Personal, Jewelry, Wire 1 Toy, Doll, China-Head 2
Personal, Pin Back 2 Toy, Doll, Figurine 1
Personal, Pocket Knife, 1-Blade 1 Toy, Marble 5
Personal, Toothbrush 2 Toy, Tea Set, Jug 1
Personal, Water Basin 2 UID 1
Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer 1 UID, Ceramic 2
Tableware, Bowl 2 UID, Glass 7
Tableware, Bowl, Candy 1 UID, Metal 6
Tableware, Bowl, Footed-Salt 1 UID, Paper 1
Tableware, Bowl, Serving 1 UID, Rubber 1
Tableware, Cup 8 UID, Synthetic 1
Tableware, Cup, Tea 2 UID, Wood 1
Tableware, Drinking Glass 3 Utilitarian, Bowl 2
Tableware, Drinking Glass, Cup 2 Utilitarian, Hollowware 9
Tableware, Flatware 4
Tableware, Hollowware 15 Total 822
copper, zinc-plated clip was of the type used to
hold up stockings. The small, copper fastener of
unknown typename was of the type used to secure
a brassiere, etc. (#49J-411). Also found were two
brass rivets, one embossed with “PATENTED
APR 21 '96 & SEP 11 '96”, and two snaps, one
brass and one iron.
The leather shoe fragments had square brass nails
with brass grommets attached. Thirty-five loose
brass grommets were also recovered, of diameters
3/16, 7/32, and 1/4-inches, and a single iron
grommet of diameter 1/4-inch. The last shoe-
related item was a brass shoelace hook.
The remaining 30 objects were all buttons. The
copper loop-shank button was dome-shaped and
embossed with a lion in a shield on the face with a backstamp of “HORSTMANN PHILADELPHIA”
(1893-1935). Four collar buttons were found, three prosser and a brass, gold-plated button embossed with
“THE CROWN...” on the face of the link. Two buttons were composites with missing shanks, one of shell
and brass, the other cloth-covered iron. The others were all sew-through buttons: two one-hole shell
buttons, one 4-hole bone button, and 20 4-hole prosser buttons of various sizes.
FIREARMS
Thirty-six artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Firearms group, representing 36
individual items. The 35 cartridge cases represent six different calibers of ammunition. Three were .22
caliber rimfire cartridges, one made by the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. (UMC). Fourteen were .32 caliber
centerfire cartridges, 12 of which were extra-short cartridges produced by Smith & Wesson. Two were .32
caliber rimfire cartridges, one produced by UMC, both of which had the head cut from the cartridge tube.
Four cartridges were .38 caliber centerfire, two of Smith & Wesson, and two of Colt Long—all four were
made by UMC. The unfired .38 caliber rimfire cartridge had the head cut from the cartridge tube. Four .44
caliber cartridges were recovered: a rimfire cartridge with the head removed, produced by the US Cartridge
Co.; a centerfire cartridge produced by the Frankford Armory in May 1904; and two .44-40 centerfire
cartridges produced by UMC. The four .45-70 caliber centerfire cartridges were each produced by a
different manufacturer: Winchester Repeating Arms Co., US Cartridge Co., Frankford Armory, and one
unmarked. The remaining cartridge was an unmarked centerfire .577 caliber cartridge.
One of the most unusual artifacts recovered from the site was an intact .22 caliber “pocket”
revolver, measuring 5-1/4-inch in length, with checkered Bakelite grips (Figure 5-21). The manufacturer is
unknown, as the pistol had no markings, but is of an inexpensive type widely produced during the late
nineteenth and early twentieth century. Even more unusual than finding an intact firearm was that the
revolver was apparently thrown away cocked and loaded. Two of the six cartridges, manufactured by UMC,
had been fired. The Bakelite grips place the earliest date of manufacture as 1909. Given that the 49J-
Complex trash pit was created circa 1909, the pistol was still relatively new when thrown away.
5-43
Figure 5-21. Cocked and loaded .22 caliber pistol recovered from the 49J-Complex trash pit.
HYGIENE
The 55 artifacts in the Personal-Hygiene group
represent 24 different cosmetic, hygiene, and
medicinal/pharmaceutical items. Recovered were a 9-
inch diameter undecorated whiteware chamber pot, a
hand-drilled bone toothbrush, and a 1/2-inch tall milk-
glass container embossed “... KER ...”. The remaining
Hygiene items were bottles. Three of the bottles were
from local druggists: a Golden Gate Oval bottle
embossed “L.C. LIPSCOMB / COLUMBIA / S.C” (in
business between 1901 and 1924); a French Square
bottle embossed “W.C. FISHER / DRUGGIST /
COLUMBIA / S.C.” (in business between 1871 and
1908); and a panel bottle embossed “RICHLAND
DRUG CO / COLUMBIA SC” (in business between
1899 and 1938). Two bottles were embossed
“CHATTANOOGA MEDICINE CO. // WINE OF
CARDUI” (a compound meant to help with menstrual
cramps). A cobalt blue bottle embossed with
“BROMO-SELTZER” was also found.
Unmarked bottles, or bottles with marks too fragmented to identify, included: a colorless round
pomade bottle; a Salamander Oval bottle with prescription finish; two Blake bottles, one with a prescription
finish, the other with a collard ring finish; seven panel bottles, four with prescription finishes, three with
patent finishes; and two bottles represented by finishes only, a prescription finish and a packer finish.
ORNAMENTAL
Seventeen artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Ornamental group, representing 10
individual objects. Beads included two white milk-glass spheres of 3/16-inch diameter and two colorless
seed beads. An ornate cast brass slider for a 3/4-inch wide ribbon was found, as well as a small brass broach,
a diamond-cut black glass gemstone, and a length of copper 1/32-inch diameter jewelry wire. Two pinbacks
were also found. The first, 7/8-inch in diameter, had an iron back and celluloid face. Unfortunately,
whatever was printed on the face was gone. The face of the second pinback, 1-1/4-inch in diameter, was in
better shape (Figure 5-22). On the face was printed “American Federation of Labor” around the
Federation's logo.
SEWING
Five artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Sewing group, representing five objects: two
copper 1-1/4-inch straight pins, one copper 1-3/4-inch straight pin, and two Duplex-style brass safety pins.
TOYS
Fifteen artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Toys group, representing 10 individual
objects. Four of the five marbles were of kaolin / ball clay, three unglazed and one with a brown mineral
slip. The other marble was glass with a polychrome “cat's-eye” inner swirl. Fragments from four different
5-44
Figure 5-22. A 1-1/4 inch diameter "American Federation of Labor" celluloid pinback recovered from the 49J-Complex trash pit.
dolls were also recovered,
two of which were “china-
head” dolls, and two of
indeterminate type, each
represented by a hand
fragment. The remaining
toy was an unusual porcelain
“moonshine” style jug with
a brown mineral slip,
measuring 13/16-inch high
and 1/2-inch in diameter.
KITCHEN ITEMS
Including
subcategories, a total of
4,245 artifacts were
recovered belonging to the
Kitchen group, representing
194 individual items. In
terms of the total number of
artifacts recovered, Kitchen
items made up nearly 64%
of the assemblage, but in
terms of MNI, the
assemblage only represents
24% of the total. The large
number of can and bottle
fragments account for the
difference. Table 5-23
summarizes the Kitchen
group ceramic data in terms
of decorative
style/technique.
TABLEWARE
A total of 456 artifacts, representing 63 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup.
Tablewares accounted for 11% of the Kitchen artifacts and 32% in terms of MNI. Only one Tableware
item was a material other than glass or ceramic: a fragment of a ferrous-alloy table knife. Over 57% of the
glass and ceramic artifacts in the Tableware group (259 artifacts) were too fragmented to determine vessel
form, even at a hollowware-flatware level. Nonetheless, some forms were identifiable.
There were two table bowls (one glass, one whiteware), one graniteware serving bowl, a porcelain
soup tureen lid, and a footed whiteware salt bowl. Seven whiteware cups, one stoneware cup, two ceramic
tea cups, two glass cups, and three drinking glasses made up the drinking vessel assemblage. There were four
whiteware plates, five refined porcelain plates, and 10 whiteware saucers. In addition, there were three pieces
of flatware and 15 pieces of hollowware that could not be further identified. Four pieces of tableware were
5-45
Table 5-24.
Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 49J-Complex
Diameter MNI Type
1 3/4-inches 3
2 1/8-inches 2
2 7/16-inches 1
2 11/16-inches 3
3-inches 3 Tomato or pineapple juice
3 7/16-inches 1
4 4/16-inches 1 Fruits
4 1/4-inches 1
UID 2 Paint-style can
Total 17
Table 5-23.
Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from
Feature 49J-Complex, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique
Decorative Style/Technique MNI
Porcelain
Refined
Molded 1
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Painted, Overglaze, Polychrome 1
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 4
Stoneware
Graniteware 3
Albany Slip / Bristol Glaze 1
Alkaline Glazed 4
Mineral Slipped 1
Salt Glazed 2
Earthenware
Catawba
Burnished 1
Whiteware
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 2
Plain / Colorless Glaze 10
Flow Transfer Printed 2
Gilded, Liquid Gold 2
Molded 5
Mineral Slipped 2
Opaque Glaze 1
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 8
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 2
Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 3
Sponge / Spattered 1
Edge Decorated 1
UID 1
Redware
Opaque Glaze 1
Yellowware
Molded 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 1
Total 63
identified as unique by their
decorative style but could not
be categorized as either flat or
hollowware.
UTILITARIAN
A total of 3,789
artifacts, representing 131
objects, fell within the Kitchen-
Utilitarian subgroup.
Utilitarian items made up 89%
of the Kitchen assemblage in
terms of artifacts and 68% in
terms of MNI. The assemblage contained 12 food-related bottles: five spice/extract bottles embossed
“McCORMICK & CO.”; two ketchup bottles; two olive jars; and three wide-mouth general purpose food
bottles. Seven other bottles could not be identified beyond the “Container, Bottle” level. There were five
preserving jars, two of which were embossed with “MASON'S / PATENT / NOV 30TH / 1858”, and a
milk-glass lid-liner embossed with “... LAIN ...”. There were two utilitarian bowls, the first a thick-walled,
10-inch diameter yellowware vessel with a white glaze on the interior and a molded diamond pattern on the
unglazed exterior, and the second a 10-inch diameter whiteware bowl with a green mineral slip on the
exterior and a white glaze on the interior. Nine ceramic items were classified as hollowwares: a yellowware
vessel with a colorless glaze; a white, salt-glazed stoneware vessel; four stoneware vessels with alkaline glazes;
a stoneware with an Albany slip; and a highly burnished rim fragment from a Catawba-produced vessel. The
can assemblage, summarized in Table 5-28, included a least one square or rectangular can and 14 cylindrical
cans.
Five different types of bottle closures were recovered, including 20 crown caps, a lightening stopper
with the rubber seal still attached, two club sauce style peg stoppers, an internally-threaded screw cap, and a
thumb screw closure embossed with “PAT / APRIL 23 / 1901”.
The number of beverage bottles, particularly alcohol bottles, in the trash deposit was staggering
when compared with all other discovered at the site regardless of time period or household composition—a
total of 53 bottles. Nine bottles could not be identified beyond the “Container, Bottle, Beverage” level.
There were two soda pop bottles, one embossed “F.W. SEEGERS / BOTTLER / COLUMBIA SC” (1899-
1908) and one embossed “BEST BEVERAGE CO”, of Columbia, SC (1905-1908). There were three soda
pop or water bottles, one un-embossed, one embossed “... SPRINGS / … R...”, and the last embossed “C.C.
HABENICHT / COLUMBIA S.C.” (1879-1898). One wine or champagne bottle was found—a dark olive
“black” glass bottle.
There were 15 beer bottles in the deposit. Four of the glass bottles were unmarked, one was a
stoneware ginger beer bottle, and the remaining 11 glass bottles were embossed with the content marks.
One bottle was embossed “J.C. SEEGERS / COLUMBIA / S.C. / REGISTERED” (1890-1901), four
bottles were embossed “L.L. BULTMAN / COLUMBIA / SC” (1904-1908), one was embossed
“CHARLES NAREY / COLUMBIA SC” (1893-1904), and four embossed “W.H. GRIFFIN /
BOTTLER / COLUMBIA SC” (1900-1906).
There were 23 liquor / whiskey bottles in the deposit, including three SC Dispensary bottles (1892-
1907), two embossed with “MEYER, PITTS & CO”, whiskey manufacturers in Baltimore, MD, and one
embossed “... ER & CO. / DISTILLERS / LOUISVILLE, KY.” (manufacturer unknown). The 17
5-46
Table 5-24.
Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 49J-Complex
Diameter Type
1 3/4-inches 3
2 1/8-inches 2
2 7/16-inches 1
2 11/16-inches 3
3-inches 3 Tomato or pineapple juice
3 7/16-inches 1
4 4/16-inches 1 Fruits
4 1/4-inches 1
UID 2 Paint-style can
Total 17
MNI
remaining bottles were unmarked other than
mold marks.
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS
A total of 1,486 artifacts (332 MNI)
related to architecture were recovered, the
majority of which were nails (1,339 artifacts,
320 MNI). Both cut and wire common nails
were recovered: 132 cut nails and 157 wire
nails. Also recovered were three wire finishing
nails, five wire spikes, four cut spikes, eight
nails of indeterminate type, and 11 roofing
nails. Six of the roofing nails were copper and
five were non-galvanized ferrous-alloy. Twenty
fragments of window glass were recovered,
representing three thicknesses: 7/64, 5/64, and
1/16-inch. Two hinges were also recovered: a
cast iron butt hinge and a ferrous-alloy “T”
hinge.
INTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambigu-
ously associated with the interior of a structure
were represented by 54 fragments of plaster
and one fragment of mortar. The interior surface of the mortar was painted red, while 52 of the plaster frag-
ments were tinted pink. One plaster fragment was tinted green. The remaining plaster fragment was non-
tinted white.
EXTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were
represented by four fragments of slate tile (either roofing or paving), 43 fragments of copper sheet roofing
material (several fragments had copper nails still attached), and 22 fragments of tin sheet roofing material.
DOMESTIC ITEMS
A total of 193 Domestic Group artifacts were recovered, representing a minimum of 26 objects.
Lighting-related objects included two eagle-style burners from two kerosene lamps, one of which was
embossed “MADE IN AMERICA” on the knob, 13 lamp chimneys, a milk-glass lamp shade, a brass lamp
chain pull, and a cast iron gas key from a gaselier. Two earthenware flowerpots were recovered: one an
unglazed terracotta pot and one with a thick mineral slip. Other objects included an undecorated two-inch
diameter industrial porcelain handle-pull, a cast iron coat / hat hook, a cast iron escutcheon, a copper
escutcheon, a painted overglaze porcelain candy-style dish, and three-inch tall porcelain figurine of a girl in a
dress with hands folded in prayer (Figure 5-23).
5-47
Figure 5-23. Figurine recovered from Feature 49J-Complex (#49J-297).
ELECTRICAL ITEMS
Eighteen artifacts, representing a minimum of
nine objects, falling under the header Electrical were
recovered. No other feature contained as many
objects related to electricity. Three tub insulators were
found, two of which were unglazed dry-pressed and
one of industrial porcelain with a colorless glaze. Used
for arc-lamps, three carbon rods were recovered, two
of 1/2-inch diameter and one of 7/16-inch diameter.
An incised copper switch-plate for a push or twist
button was found, along with an industrial porcelain
wall lamp receptacle produced by the General Electric
Co. Most surprisingly, from a preservation
perspective, was the base of a Thomas-Houston
incandescent light bulb with much of the filament
still intact (Figure 5-24).
OTHER ITEMS
Also recovered were a number of artifacts that did not fit neatly into any of the above functional
categories. Not included here are artifact fragments classified as 'Unidentified.' The majority of Other Items
were hardware-related, including two cast iron carriage bolts with square nuts attached, a cast iron bolt of
unknown type, a 2-inch triangular iron bracket, fragments from two jack chains (one iron, one brass), three
cast iron rings (1-1/8, 1-3/8, and 2-1/4-inch outer diameter), a fragment of a triangular finishing or
jeweler's file, two gimlet-pointed wood screws, three 1-1/2-inch iron wire springs, multiple widths of iron
strapping material, a 8-5/8-inch cast iron barrel ring, and many fragments of bailing wire.
Non-hardware items included fragments of terracotta sewer pipe, a Southern Pattern horseshoe, 13
bottles that could not be assigned a functional category nor defined more specifically than “Container,
Bottle”, a 1/2-inch diameter paper disc, a fragment of gray rubber with a possible fabric impression, and
fragments of a mica-based insulating film.
UNIT 11, LEVEL 4
A total of 1,048 artifacts (representing 269 MNI) and 133 fragments of faunal material were
recovered from Unit 11, Level 4. The following discussion is organized by functional type and provides
information as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other archaeological phenomena, as
well as highlighting artifacts of special note. Table 5-25 presents the same data summarized in terms of
Object Names and minimum counts.
PERSONAL ITEMS
Including subcategories, a total of 39 artifacts were recovered from Level 4 belonging to the
Personal group, representing 28 individual items. Objects not belonging to a subcategory were stem
fragments from two kaolin / ball clay tobacco pipes (one plain, one molded with “... MEIS … // … ES ...”,
an unidentifiable mark), two small fragments of petrified wood, mirror fragments, and a harmonica marked
“SUPERIOR / BRASS REEDS / 1878” made by M. Hohner.
5-48
Figure 5-24. Base of a Thomas-Houston incandescent light bulb (#49J-344) recovered from Feature 49J-Complex.
CLOTHING
Clothing-related items consisted of nine artifacts
representing nine individual items: two brass
grommets, a 2-piece dome copper button, a 4-hole
disc bone button, a 4-hole disc shell button, three 4-
hole disc prosser buttons, and a highly-decorated
gold-plated copper women's separable collar button.
SEWING
A one-inch copper straight pin with a dome
head made up the Personal-Sewing subcategory.
FIREARMS
Five artifacts were recovered belonging to the
Personal-Firearms group, representing five individual
items and three different calibers of ammunition:
two .22 caliber rimfire long cartridge cases (one
produced by Union Metallic Cartridge Co., the other
by Peter's Cartridge Co.), a .41 caliber rimfire
cartridge case produced by Union Metallic Cartridge
Co., and two unmarked .44 caliber centerfire
cartridge cases.
HYGIENE
The Personal-Hygiene subgroup was represented
by a 1/2-ounce medicinal / pharmaceutical bottle and
an undecorated whiteware chamber pot with a rim
diameter of 11-inches.
ORNAMENTAL
No artifacts belonging to the Personal-
Ornamental subgroup were recovered.
TOYS
A minimum of six toys were recovered: three
unglazed terracotta marbles, two china-head style
dolls (one parian, one overglaze-painted refined
porcelain), and a small unpainted cast lead carousel
horse (Figure 5-25), likely belonging to a music box.
5-49
Table 5-25.
Summary of Artifacts from Stratum 11D, Level 4
Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 2
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .41 Caliber 1
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .44 Caliber 2
Architectural, Glass, Window 2
Architectural, Tile 1
Clothing, Button, 2-Piece 1
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 5
Clothing, Button, Collar, Separable 1
Clothing, Grommet 2
Clothing, Straight Pin 1
Container, Bottle 8
Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 1
Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical 1
Container, Bottle, Wine 1
Faunal, UID n/a
Furniture, Tack 4
Hardware, Nail 115
Hardware, Nail, Common 52
Hardware, Nail, Finishing 4
Hardware, Nail, Spike 1
Hardware, Screw, Wood 1
Household Accessory, Flower Pot 1
Household Accessory, UID 1
Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 2
Personal, Chamber Pot 1
Personal, Curio, Petrified Wood 2
Personal, Mirror 1
Personal, Music, Harmonica 1
Stone, Cobble 1
Tableware, Bowl 2
Tableware, Bowl, Sugar 1
Tableware, Cup 9
Tableware, Cup, Tea 1
Tableware, Drinking Glass, Cup 1
Tableware, Flatware 2
Tableware, Hollowware 4
Tableware, Plate 9
Tableware, UID 3
Tobacco, Pipe 2
Toy, Doll 0
Toy, Doll, China Head 2
Toy, Figurine 1
Toy, Marble 3
UID, Glass 1
UID, Metal 3
Utilitarian, Hollowware 9
Utilitarian, Jug 1
Total 270
The horse had a hole through the center for the
carousel pole.
KITCHEN ITEMS
A total of 239 artifacts recovered from Level 4
belonged to the Kitchen group, representing 45
distinct objects. Table 5-26 summarizes the Kitchen
group ceramic data in terms of decorative
style/technique, while the following discussion focuses
on object form/function.
TABLEWARE
A minimum of 31 objects fell within the
Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. Eleven drinking vessels
of glass and ceramic were recovered. The assemblage included nine cups/mugs: one of undecorated
graniteware, one a pearlware cup with a molded band around the rim, and seven whiteware cups with
various decorative techniques. Two of the whiteware cups were annular / banded slip-trailed with cat's eye
designs, two were annular / banded slip-trailed line designs, one was undecorated, one had a black opaque
glaze, one was underglaze painted in a red unidentified geometric design, and the last was underglaze
transferprinted in a red floral design. Not related to this last cup was a transferprinted underglaze whiteware
tea cup also with a red floral design. The last drinking vessel was an octagonal pressed, leaded-glass cup.
Three whiteware bowls were recovered. Of the two table bowls, one was blue spatter-ware and the
other underglaze painted in a “streaky” design accentuating the brush strokes. The third was a sugar bowl
with lavender underglaze transferprinting in a floral design.
Nine plates were recovered, seven of whiteware, one yellowware, and one of soft porcelain. The
porcelain plate was decorated with a red flower painted overglaze. The fragment was too small to measure
the diameter. The yellowware plate had a colorless glaze and measured 7-inches in diameter. Of the
whiteware plates, two were 10-inch, two were 8-inch, and three were of indeterminate size. Three of these
plates were undecorated, one was green edgeware, and three were underglaze transferprinted, one in a brown
floral design and two in geometric designs (one green, one brown).
Six tableware fragments could only be identified at the flatware/hollowware level. The two flatware
items were both underglaze transferprinted whitewares. Of the four hollowware items, one was pressed glass,
one was a polychrome overglaze painted refined porcelain in a floral design, one was underglaze painted in
the “NC Flowers” pattern, and the last a blue underglaze transferprinted floral whiteware.
Three additional tablewares were recovered, but the fragments were too small to determine if they
were flatware or hollowware. Each had a surface decoration not found on any other tableware items from
the deposit. The first, a whiteware, had a polychrome underglaze painted floral design, the second, also a
whiteware, was identified as Rockingham ware, and the third was a fragment of Chinese export porcelain.
UTILITARIAN
A minimum of 14 items fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. Bottles included a cylindrical
olive-colored bottle, a dark olive (“black glass”) wine bottle, and a crown cap bottle closure. The buff-paste
5-50
Figure 5-25. Cast lead carousel horse (#11D-94), likely part of a music box, recovered from stratum 11D (Level 4).
coarse earthenware jug was slip
decorated in reddish-orange, green,
and white colors with possible mica
inclusions in the glaze. The
remaining nine items were classified
as hollowware. Four of the
hollowwares were of alkaline-glazed
stoneware. The other five
hollowwares were earthenware, one
turned with a brown mineral slip,
two with opaque glazes (one green,
one light green), and two were
unglazed with green and yellowish-
green slips.
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS
A total of 368 artifacts (175
MNI) related to architecture were
recovered from Level 4, most
representing nails (360 artifacts, 172
MNI). Both cut and wire nails were
recovered. Of the common nails,
115 were wire and 52 were cut. Four
cut finishing nails were found, along
with a cut spike. Two thicknesses of
window glass were recovered: one
fragment of 1/8-inch glass, and two fragments of 1/16-inch glass.
INTERIOR
No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were
recovered.
EXTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure consisted of
five fragments of slate tile. The tile could be either roofing or paving.
DOMESTIC ITEMS
A total of 34 Domestic group artifacts were recovered from Level 4, representing a minimum of
eight objects. Two lamp chimneys were found, both with scalloped rims. Also found was a brass furniture
tack with a square shank, an unglazed terracotta flowerpot, and an unidentified fragment from a parian
decorative object.
5-51
Table 5-26.
Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from
Stratum 11D, Level 4, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique
Decorative Style/Technique
Porcelain
Refined
Painted, Overglaze, Polychrome 1
Soft
Painted, Overglaze, Polychrome 1
Chinese Export
Colorless Glaze 2
Stoneware
1
Alkaline Glazed 5
Earthenware
Pearlware
Molded 1
Whiteware
1
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 2
Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed – Cat's Eye 2
Plain / Colorless Glaze 4
Slipped, Glazed 1
Slipped, Unglazed 2
Mineral Slip 1
7
Spatter Ware 1
4
Edge Decorated 1
Opaque Glaze 1
UID 1
Plain / Colorless Glaze 1
Total 40
MNI
Graniteware
Rockingham Ware
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome
Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome
Yellowware
ELECTRICAL ITEMS
No artifacts associated with electricity were recovered.
OTHER ITEMS
Also recovered from Level 4 were a number of artifacts that do not fit neatly into any of the above
functional categories. Not included here are artifacts classified as 'Unidentified'—mostly bits of metal that
have no discernible form. Seven glass bottles fall under the “Other Items” heading. All were too highly
fragmented to allow further identification. Only one hardware-related item was found—a fragment of a 1/8-
inch diameter wood screw. The last item was a quartz cobble, split cleanly in half. The cobble is not
necessarily culturally significant, but does represent the only quartz cobble encountered at the site.
UNIT 11, LEVEL 5
A total of 206 artifacts (representing 66 MNI), two unidentified seeds, and 47 fragments of faunal
material were recovered from the level. The following discussion is organized by functional type and
provides information as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other archaeological
phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note. Table 5-27 presents the same data summarized
in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.
PERSONAL ITEMS
Including subcategories, a total of 16 artifacts were recovered from Level 5 belonging to the
Personal group, representing 13 individual items. Items not belonging to a subcategory included a molded
Pamplin-style tobacco pipe with a red opaque glaze, two pencil holders, and an 1863 penny. One of the
pencil holders was of copper, containing a round wood pencil with an eraser on the end. The other holder
was a split copper tube in a rib-molded rubber sleeve containing a round wood pencil. As mentioned
previously, the penny was found directly underneath the brick foundation on the southeast corner of the
lunch counter.
CLOTHING
Three clothing-related items were found: an iron 4-hole disc button, a 1-1/2-inch diameter cast
lead dress weight, and a brass grommet.
SEWING
No artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Sewing subcategory.
FIREARMS
Three .22 caliber rimfire cartridge cases constituted the Personal-Firearms group. One cartridge case
had an unreadable mark, one was produced by the Union Metallic Cartridge Co., and the last had a bird
mark belonging to the Braun and Bloem Co. of Düsseldorf, Germany.
5-52
HYGIENE
No artifacts were recovered belonging to the
Personal-Hygiene subgroup.
ORNAMENTAL
No artifacts were recovered belonging to the
Personal-Ornamental subgroup.
TOYS
Three toys were recovered: an unglazed kaolin /
ball clay marble, a fragment from a painted parian
china-head style doll, and a hollow rubber “bouncy”
ball. The 2-1/8-inch diameter ball was composite-
molded to represent a red-and-white number 11
billiard ball (Figure 5-26).
KITCHEN ITEMS
A total of 39 artifacts recovered from Level 5
belonged to the Kitchen group, representing 11
distinct objects. Table 5-4 summarizes the Kitchen
group ceramic data in terms of decorative
style/technique, while the following discussion focuses
on object form/function.
TABLEWARE
A minimum of six objects fell within the
Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. The assemblage
included two cups. One cup was refined porcelain decorated with an overglaze painted blue band around
the base. The other cup was redware with an exterior brown glaze, an interior white glaze, and a molded
band of stippled dots around the rim. The single bowl was undecorated whiteware with a rim diameter of 7-
inches. The two hollowware vessels were whiteware, one decorated with a flown blue design and the other
with an egg-blue opaque glaze on the exterior. The last items could not be classified as either hollowware or
flatware—a fragment of blue underglaze transferprinted pearlware.
UTILITARIAN
A minimum of five items fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. All were highly fragmented.
The utilitarian assemblage contained two cylindrical bottles, a plain oval bottle, a dark olive (“black glass”)
wine bottle, and fragments from a square/rectangular can.
5-53
Table 5-27.
Summary of Artifacts from Stratum 11J, Level 5
Sorted by Object Name and MNI
Object Name MNI
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 3
Architecture, Glass, Window 3
Architecture, Plaster 1
Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 1
Clothing, Dress Weight 1
Clothing, Grommet 1
Communication, Pencil, Holder 2
Container, Bottle 5
Container, Bottle, Wine 1
Container, Can, Closure, Lid, Non-Screw 1
Container, Can, Square / Rectangular 1
Faunal, Shell, Oyster 1
Faunal, UID n/a
Flora, Seed, UID 2
Hardware, Nail 17
Hardware, Nail, Braid 2
Hardware, Nail, Common 4
Hardware, Nail, Tack 1
Hardware, Strap 3
Hardware, Washer 1
Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 1
Personal, Coin, Penny 1
Tableware, Bowl 1
Tableware, Cup 2
Tableware, Hollowware 2
Tableware, UID 1
Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style 1
Toy, Ball, Bouncy, Hollow 1
Toy, Doll, China Head 1
Toy, Marble 1
UID, Composite 1
UID, Metal 1
UID, Stone 1
Total 66
ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS
A total of 50 artifacts (27 MNI) related to
architecture were recovered from Level 5. Three
thicknesses of window glass were found: 5/64-inch
(one fragment), 1/16-inch (two fragments), and 1/32-
inch (six fragments). All nails were machine cut and
included 21 common and two braid nails.
INTERIOR
Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously
associated with the interior of structures were
represented by a single fragment of white plaster.
EXTERIOR
No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were
recovered.
DOMESTIC ITEMS
The only Domestic group artifacts were 22 fragments of a lamp chimney.
ELECTRICAL ITEMS
As expected for such an early stratum, no artifacts associated with electricity were recovered.
OTHER ITEMS
Also recovered from the Lower level were a number of artifacts that do not fit neatly into any of the
above functional categories. Not included here are artifacts classified as 'Unidentified'—mostly bits of metal
that have no discernible form. Two bottles were found of unidentifiable form/function, as well as fragments
from a press-fit can lid, a 1/2-inch long wire tack (non-furniture), three widths of iron packaging strap
material, and a 1/16-inch thick
round iron washer with an OD of 1-
3/4-inch and an ID of 5/8-inch.
5-54
Figure 5-26. Composite-molded, hollow rubber "bouncy" ball (#11J-33) recovered from stratum 11J (Level 5).
Table 5-28.
Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from
Stratum 11J, Level 5, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique
Decorative Style/Technique MNI
Porcelain
Refined
Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1
Earthenware
Whiteware
Opaque Glaze 2
Plain / Colorless Glaze 1
Flow Transfer Printed 1
Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 2
Total 7
***
Presented in Volume II is the full artifact catalog record. Together with the information presented
in Volume I and the supplemental information on CD (additional maps, drawings and a digital copy of the
artifact catalog), all data needed for generating new interpretations is made available.
5-55
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APPENDIX A
A-1
Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n
5C N427 E540 Brick Row Landscaping n/a 0 0
6U N430 E575 Circular Pit Trash Pit 1870 6U-23 339 91
6W N430 E575 Rectangular Pit Post Hole 1870 6W-9 29 10
8E N450 E570 Charcoal Concentration Trash Pit 1905 8E-32 577 56
8F N450 E570 Pipe Trench Trench 1892 8F-22 83 49
8H N450 E570 Post Mold Post Mold 1870 8H-17 83 33
8K N450 E570 Post Mold Post Mold n/a n/a 0 0
8L N450 E570 Mottled Depression Post Hole 1870 8L-21 78 37
8N N450 E570 Large Semi-Circle UID
8P N450 E570 Small Post Mold Post Mold
9B N465 E565 Linear Trench Trench Post-1970
9G N465 E565 Post Mold Post Mold 1872 9G-9 72 22
9J-Complex N465 E565 Circular Pit Trash Pit 1892 9J-68 1009 283
9P N465 E565 Irregular Shallow Pit Trash Pit 1872 9P-1 227 51
9S N465 E565 Rounded Depression UID 1870 9S-1 28 20
9T N465 E565 Circular Depression Trash Pit 1870 9T-13 156 17
10D N445 E580 Pipe Trench Trench Post-1970 n/a
10G N445 E580 Clay Concentration Post Hole n/a 0 0
10H N445 E580 Charcoal Smear UID n/a 0 0
10J N445 E580 Foundation Trench Trench n/a 0 0
10K N445 E580 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 1 1
10L N445 E580 Circular Stain UID n/a 0 0
10M N445 E580 Small Circular Stain Post Mold n/a 0 0
11D N428.5 E512.4 Level 4 Stratum 1892 11D-66 1048 269
11E N428.5 E512.4 Brick Foundation Foundation n/a 0 0
11F N428.5 E512.4 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
11G N428.5 E512.4 Builder's Trench Trench n/a NDA 2 2
11H N428.5 E512.4 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
11J N428.5 E512.4 Level 5 Stratum 1880 11J-45 206 66
11K N428.5 E512.4 Small Trench Trench c. 1870s 11K-2 8 2
12J N445 E502 Post Mold Post Mold 1842 12J-4 8 8
12L N445 E502 Post Mold Post Mold 1903 12L-13 33 15
12M N445 E502 Post Mold Planting n/a 0 0
12P-Complex N445 E502 Debris Pit, Upper Trash Pit 1901 12P-83 425 78
12T-Complex N445 E502 Debris Pit, Lower Trash Pit 1908 12T-339 3748 1062
12W N445 E502 Square Post Hole Post Hole 1805 12W-6 35 6
12X N445 E502 Square Depression Post Hole n/a 0 0
12Y N445 E502 Circular Stain UID 1820 12Y-2 23 5
13C N442.66 E500.35Post Hole Post Hole n/a 0 0
13D N442.66 E500.35Wooden Post Post n/a 1 1
13E N442.66 E500.35Irregular Depression UID
MNI
NDA
A-2
Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI
13F N442.66 E500.35South Post Mold Post Mold n/a 1 1
13G N442.66 E500.35South Post Hole Post Hole
14G N485 E510 Circular Pit UID 1891 14G-7 20 13
14J N485 E510 Level 4, Black Lens Stain 1820 14J-10 20 15
14N N485 E510 Foundation Rubble Foundation n/a 10 1
14P N485 E510 Pipe Trench Trench 1899 14P-12 49 26
14S N485 E510 Builder's Trench Trench n/a 0 0
14T N485 E510 Post Hole Post Hole 1820 14T-2 25 9
14W N485 E510 Post Hole Post Hole 1820 14W-1 2 2
15F N485 E520 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0
15L N485 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
15M N485 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
15N N485 E520 Dark Stain UID n/a 0 0
15R N485 E520 Foundation Trench Trench
15U N485 E520 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
17H N490 E535 Corner Stain Trench
17K N490 E535 Post Mold Post Hole
17L N490 E535 Small Trench Trench 1870 17L-55 404 106
17N N490 E535 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
17P N490 E535 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
17R N490 E535 Square Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
17S N490 E535 Corner Mold Post Hole n/a 0 0
18E N490 E520 Brick Foundation Foundation n/a 0 0
18H N490 E520 Square Post Mold Post Hole
18J N490 E520 Square Post Mold Post Hole
18L N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
18M N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
18N N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
18P N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
18S N490 E520 Square Post Mold Post Hole
18W N490 E520 Square Stain Post Hole
18X N490 E520 Irregular Stain UID
18Y N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
19C N485 E560 Coal Pit Trash Pit 1897 19C-1 41 17
19E N485 E560 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
19F N485 E560 Post Hole Post Hole 1870 19F-3 73 28
19H N485 E560 Irregular Clay Stain UID 1892 19H-28 173 66
19J N485 E560 Circular Stain UID 1907 19J-15 78 22
19L N485 E560 Post Hole Post Hole 1870 19L-10 19 15
19M N485 E560 Small Post Hole Post Mold n/a 0 0
19N N485 E560 Post Hole Post Hole 1880 19N-9 40 13
NDA
A-3
Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI
19R N485 E510 Post Hole Post Hole n/a 0 0
19T N485 E560 Rectangular Stain Stain 1820 19T-7 18 11
20C N480 E575 Irregular Depression UID 1870 20C-28 237 74
20E N480 E575 Debris Pit Trash Pit 1907 20E-20 98 32
20G N480 E575 Circular Depression UID 1870 20G-4 47 7
20H N480 E575 Square Post Mold Post Mold 1847 20H-1 2 2
21C N520 E575 Trash Deposit Trash Pit
21D N520 E575 Trash Deposit Trash Pit
21E N520 E575 Post Hole Post Hole
21F N520 E575 Trash Deposit Trash Pit
21H N520 E575 Linear Stain Stain
22C N520 E565 Post Hole Post Hole
22D N520 E565 Post Post n/a 1 1
22E N520 E565 Post Post n/a 1 1
22F N520 E565 Small Circular Depression Trash Pit 1820 22F-1 30 8
22G N520 E656 Trash Deposit Trash Pit
23E N515 E530 Foundation Pier Trench Trench
23F N515 E530 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0
23G N515 E530 Post Mold Post Mold
23H N515 E530 Post Mold Post Mold
24D N515 E535 Post Mold Post Mold
24E N515 E535 Post Mold Post Mold
25C N515 E540 Irregular Depression UID
25D N515 E540 Irregular Depression UID
25E N515 E540 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0
26C N515 E545 Circular Depression Post Hole
26D N515 E545 Circular Depression UID
26E N515 E545 Oval Depression UID
27C N510 E530 Post Mold Post Mold
29C N510 E540 Post Mold Post Mold
29D N510 E540 Post Hole Post Hole n/a 0 0
29E N510 E540 Charcoal Stain Stain 1870 29E-25 160 44
30C N510 E545 Circular Depression UID
31C N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 1 Trash Pit 1892 31C-73 506 99
31D N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 2 Trash Pit 1870 31D-17 181 65
31E N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 3 Trash Pit 1888 31E-1 672 171
31F N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 4 Trash Pit 1874 31F-14 59 20
31H N505 E530 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0
31J N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 5 Trash Pit 1885 31J-42 224 68
31K N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 6 Trash Pit c.1890 31K-30 1532 205
31L N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 7 Trash Pit 1882 31L-30 807 168
A-4
Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI
32D N505 E530 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0
32E N505 E530 Post Hole Post Hole n/a 0 0
33D N505 E540 Post Mold Post Mold
33E N505 E540 Post Hole Post Hole
33F N505 E540 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0
33G N505 E540 Linear Stain Stain
34C-ComplexN505 E545 Smudge Pit, Inner Trash Pit 1907 34C-78 3595 494
34E N505 E545 Smudge Pit, Outer Trash Pit
34F N505 E545 Rectangular Stain Post Hole
34G N505 E545 Circular Depression UID
34H N505 E545 Post Mold UID
34J N505 E545 Post Mold Post Mold
34K N505 E545 Post Hole Post Hole
34L N505 E545 Square Post Mold Post Mold
34M N505 E545 Post Mold Post Mold
34N N505 E545 Post Mold, Small Post Mold
35E N500 E530 Foundation Depression Trench
35F N500 E530 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0
36C N500 E535 Pipe Trench, Large Trench 1907 36C-35 270 59
36D N500 E535 Post Mold Post Mold
36E N500 E535 Post Hole Post Hole n/a 2 2
36F N500 E535 Post Mold Post Mold
36G N500 E535 Post Mold Post Mold
36H N500 E535 Circular Depression UID
36J N500 E535 Post Hole Post Hole
37C N500 E540 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0
37D N500 E540 Circular Depression UID
37E N500 E540 Post Mold Post Mold
37F N500 E540 Post Mold Post Mold
37H N500 E540 Linear Stain Stain
38C N500 E545 Pipe Trench, Terracotta Trench
38D N500 E545 Circular Depression Post Hole
38E N500 E545 Post Mold Post Mold
39C N515 E560 Circular Depression Privy
39D N515 E560 Square Depression Privy
39E N515 E560 Small Circular Depression Privy
39F N515 E560 Brick Foundation Foundation n/a 0 0
39G N515 E560 Post Mold Post Mold 1870 39G-8 22 13
39H N515 E560 Post Mold Post Mold 1820 39H-7 72 27
39J N515 E560 Privy, Level 3 Privy 1915 39J-13 1661 238
39K N515 E560 Privy, Level 4 Privy 1918 39K-18 595 124
NDA
A-5
Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI
39L N515 E560 Privy, Level 5 Privy 1860 39L-9 207 49
39M N515 E560 Privy, Level 6 Privy 1885 39M-7 14 7
40C N515 E565 Square Post Hole Post Hole
41C N515 E570 Post Mold Post Mold
41D N515 E570 Plant Bed Plant Bed
41E N515 E570 Small Post Hole Post Hole n/a 1 1
41F N515 E570 Square Post Mold Post Hole 1830 41F-6 17 10
42C N515 E575 Post Mold Post Hole
42D N515 E575 Irregular Depression UID
42D N510 E560 Post Hole UID
43E N510 E560 Post Mold Post Mold 1870 43E-8 10 9
43F N510 E560 Square Post Mold Post Hole 1870 43F-7 24 9
43G N510 E560 Circular Stain Post Hole
43H N510 E560 Dark Stain Post Hole
43J N510 E560 Post Mold Post Mold 1820 43J-2 8 4
44C N510 E565 Post Mold Post Mold
44E N510 E565 Irregular Stain Post Hole
45C N510 E570 Irregular Depression Plant Bed
47E N505 E560 Post Hole Post Hole
47G N505 E560 Square Depression Post Hole
47H N505 E560 Irregular Stain Post Hole
47K N505 E560 Small Post Hole Post Mold
48C N505 E565 Irregular Depression Plant Bed
48D N505 E565 Square Post, Wood Post n/a 1 1
48E N505 E565 Post Hole Post Hole
48F N505 E565 Post Post n/a 1 1
48G N505 E565 Post Hole Post Hole
48H N505 E565 Post Mold Post Hole
48J N505 E565 Square Post Hole Post Hole
48K N505 E565 Circular Depression Plant Bed
48L/M N505 E565 Irregular Depression Plant Bed
48N N505 E565 Trash Deposit Trash Pit 1892 48N-11 1153 243
49J-Complex N505 E570 Trash Pit Trash Pit 1905 49J-176 6661 821
50G N505 E575 Square Post Mold Post Mold
51C N500 E560 Trash Deposit Trash Pit 1872 51C-58 782 68
51D N500 E560 Post Hole Post Hole
51K N500 E560 Circular Depression Post Hole 1881 51K-1 11 9
52C N500 E565 Irregular Depression Post Hole
52D N500 E565 Mottled Depression Plant Bed
52F N500 E565 Dark Stain UID
52H N500 E565 Circular Stain Post Mold
NDA
A-6
Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI
52J N500 E565 Irregular Depression Post Hole
53C N500 E570 Level 3 Plant Bed
53F N500 E570 Post Mold Post Hole
53G N500 E570 Circular Stain UID
53H N500 E570 Post Mold Post Mold
54E N500 E575 Post Mold UID
54F N500 E575 Plant Bed Plant Bed
54J N500 E575 Irregular Stain Plant Bed
54K N500 E575 Square Depression Pet Burial
54L N500 E575 Square Depression UID
54M N500 E575 Burial Pet Burial
55C N520 E570 Post Hole Post Hole
55D N520 E570 Post Post n/a 1 1
55E N520 E570 Square Post Hole Post Hole 1872 55E-34 311 62
55F N520 E570 Post Post n/a 1 1
55G N520 E570 Post Hole Post Hole
55H N520 E570 Post Post n/a 1 1
55I N520 E570 Trash Deposit Trash Pit
55J N520 E570 Post Post n/a 1 1
55K N520 E570 Trash Deposit Trash Pit
55L N520 E570 Post Mold Post Mold
56C N515 E520 Circular Depression Post Hole
56F N515 E520 Circular Depression Post Hole
56G N515 E520 Foundation Pier Trench Foundation
56H N515 E520 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0
58C N515 E525 Circular Depression Post Mold
58G N515 E525 Circular Depression Post Mold
59C N495 E535 Square Post Mold Post Mold
59D N495 E535 Post Hole Post Hole
59E N495 E535 Irregular Depression Post Hole
59F N495 E535 Circular Depression Post Hole
59H N495 E535 Pipe Trench, Small Trench
61C N455 E504 Rectangular Stain Burial n/a 1 1
63C N450 E504 Post Mold Post Mold
63D N450 E504 Post Hole Post Hole
63E N450 E504 Oval Pit Pit
64D N450 E507 Small Post Mold UID
65C N445 E498 Post Mold Post Hole
65D N445 E498 Post Hole Post Hole
65E N445 E498 Post Hole Post Hole
65H N445 E498 Linear Trench Trench
NDA
NDA
NDA
A-7
Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI
65J N445 E498 Post Hole Post Hole
65K N445 E498 Post Mold Post Mold
66C N445 E507 Trash Pit, E ½, Upper Trash Pit
66D N445 E507 Trash Pit, E ½, Lower Trash Pit
66F N445 E507 Post Hole Post Hole
67C N440 E498 Post Mold Post Mold
67D N440 E498 Pipe Trench Trench
68C N440 E502 Brick Drain Drain n/a
68D N440 E502 Cinder Blocks Foundation n/a
68E N440 E502 Circular Stain UID
69C N440 E507 Post Mold Post Mold
70C N435 E498 Post Hole Post Hole
70D N435 E498 Post Mold Post Mold
70E N435 E498 Planting Planting
70F N435 E498 Planting Planting
70G N435 E498 Planting Planting
70H N435 E498 Planting Planting
70J N435 E498 Planting Planting
70K N435 E498 Planting Planting
70L N435 E498 Planting Planting
71C N435 E502 Planting Planting
71D N435 E502 Planting Planting
71E N435 E502 Planting Planting
71F N435 E502 Planting Planting
71G N435 E502 Planting Planting
71H N435 E502 Planting Planting
71J N435 E502 Planting Planting
71N N435 E502 Post Mold Post Mold
71P N435 E502 Irregular Depression Planting
71Q N435 E502 Circular Depression UID
71T N435 E502 Post Hole Post Hole
71W N435 E502 Post Hole Post Hole
72C N430 E498 Planting Planting
72D N430 E498 Planting Planting
72E N430 E498 Planting Planting
72F N430 E498 Planting Planting
73C N430 E502 Planting Planting
73D N430 E502 Planting Planting
73E N430 E502 Planting Planting
73F N430 E502 Planting Planting
73J N430 E502 Post Hole Post Hole
A-8
Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI
73L N430 E502 Square Depression Post Hole
74C N430 E508 Planting Planting
74D N430 E508 Planting Planting
74E N430 E508 Planting Planting
74F N430 E508 Planting Planting
74G N430 E508 Planting Planting
74H N430 E508 Planting Planting
74J N430 E508 Planting Planting
74K N430 E508 Planting Planting
74L N430 E508 Planting Planting
74P N430 E508 Trash Pit Trash Pit
74T N430 E508 Small Depression UID
74U N430 E508 Post Hole Post Hole
75C N430 E512 Circular Depression UID
75H N430 E512 Trash Pit Trash Pit
76C N426 E498 Planting Planting
76D N426 E498 Post Mold Post Mold
76E N426 E498 Post Hole Post Hole
76F N426 E498 Post Mold UID
76G N426 E498 Rectangular Depression UID
76H N426 E498 Rectangular Depression UID
77C N426 E502 Planting Planting
77D N426 E502 Post Hole Post Mold
77E N426 E502 Planting Planting
77F N426 E502 Planting Planting
77G N426 E502 Planting Planting
77H N426 E502 Post Hole Post Hole
77J N426 E502 Post Mold Post Mold
77K N426 E502 Post Hole Post Hole
77W N426 E502 Post Hole Post Hole
77X N426 E502 Irregular Depression Planting
78G N426 E508 Post Hole Post Hole
78H N426 E508 Post Hole Post Hole
78J N426 E508 Post Hole Post Hole
79K N426 E512 Post Hole Post Hole
80C N435 E507 Planting Planting
81G N421 E502 Post Hole Post Hole
F1 Block 2 Sprinkler Trench – East Half Trench Post-1970
F2 Block 1 Sprinkler Trench – West Half Trench Post-1970
F3 Block 1 Sprinkler Trench – Supply Line Trench Post-1970
Total Features: 327 Total Artifacts Processed: 29172 5750
APPENDIX B
THE following is a full list of fields and values used for cataloging artifacts from the Mann-Simons site. Details are found in Chapter 2.
CLASS PART (cont') COLOR (cont')
Bone Links Ivory
Ceramic Lip Lavender
Composite Neck Medium Sapphire Blue
Glass Profile Mottled
Metal Rim Mulberry
Mineral Seam Multiple
Organic Shank Olive
Shell Shell Olive ('Black')
Soil Sole Olive, Dark
Stone Spine Catch Olive, Light
Synthetic Spine Tip Orange
Wood Spring Guard Pink
Tooth Polychrome
PART Top Red
Back Plate Reddish-Brown
Base COLOR Reddish-Orange
Bat Amber Silver
Blade Amethyst Translucent White
Body Aqua (Blue) Turquoise
Bowl Aqua (Green) White
Bracket Black Yellow
Cap Blue Yellow / Cream
Clasp Blue, Dark Yellow/Brown
Complete Blue, Light
Core Brown FUNCTIONAL CAT.
Cup Brown, Dark Architectural
End Buff Architectural-Exterior
Ewer Clear Green Architectural-Interior
Face Cobalt Blue Domestic
Finish Colorless Electrical
Footring Copper Kitchen
Fragment Cream Kitchen-Tableware
Handle Gold Kitchen-Utilitarian
Head Gray Personal
Heel Green Personal-Clothing
Kick-Up Green, 'Black' Personal-Firearms
Lead Green, Dark Personal-Hygiene
Leg Green, Light Personal-Ornamental
Lens Ring Green, Lime Personal-Sewing
Lid Grey Personal-Toy
B-1
MATERIAL DEC. ELEMENT DEC. DESIGN (cont')
Bone 12-Sided Animal
Brass Bank Annular
Brick Bohemian Architectural
Carbon Circle(s) Ball
Cast Iron Diamond Band
Cement/Concrete Diamond(s) Bar & Anvil Primer
Composite Dot(s) Barrel
Copper English Hobnail Barrel Design
Cupric Alloy Excelsior Pattern BB Cap
Earthenware Eyelets beaded Edge
Ferrous Alloy Feather Berdan Primer
Glass Female Buckshot
Glass, Cobalt Flower(s) Bull's Eye & Fluted
Glass, Frosted Flower(s) Cable
Glass, Leaded Hatch Marks Circular
Glass, Manganese Hole Circular Head
Glass, Milk Interior Concave
Glass, Soda Leaves Cone
Glass, Solarized Letter(s) Conical
Glass, Uranium Line(s) Conical
Graphite line(s) (trailed) Continuous Threads
Lead Loop Cork Lined
Leather Loop(s) Cylindrical
Marble 'L'-Shape Dendridic
Mortar NC Flowers Diamond Point
Nut number(s) Disc
Organic Person Dish Shape
Paper Plant(s) Dome
Pewter Prism and Flute Dome Head
Plaster Rib(s) Dome Head / Square Shank
Porcelain Ribs Dome Shape
Rubber Rope Doughnut-Shaped
Rubber, Gutta-Percha SC Dispensary Dumb Bell Shape
Rubber, Hard SC State Seal Elixir / Handy
Shell Sheep Feather Edge
Slate Slot Figure(s)
Soil Solid Fish Scale
Steel Thumb Print Flat Head
Stoneware Tick Marks Flat Rim
Synthetic Tree(s) Floral
Terneplate Weaving Fluted
Terra Cotta Willow Fluted Diamond
Tin Fluted Oblong
Unidentified Material DEC. DESIGN French Square
Unidentified Metal 1 lb Friction-Ring Groove
Wood 2-Wire Frozen Charlotte
Zinc 3-Hole Geometric
B-2
DEC. DESIGN (cont') DEC. DESIGN (cont') MAN. TECH. (cont')
German Cologne Style Smooth Back Cast, Two-Piece
Glass Liner Smooth Edge Centerfired
Golden Gate Oval Smooth Rim Champagne Finish
Gothic Revival Sphere Chinese Export Porcelain
Grape Square Coarse
Hex Square Ended Codd Stopper Finish
Hexagonal Starburst Collared Ring Finish
Hump Style Stippling Combination
Insignia Straight Continuous Threads
Interior Studded Crimped
Interior Sunburst Crown Cap Finish
Jo-Jo Flask Table, Medium Cup-Bottom Mold
Locking Tapered End Cup-Seat Mold
Long Twisted Cut
L-Shaped Head Two-Wire Die Cut
Millville Round Dip Body Mold
Mushroom MAN. TECH. Double Ring Finish
Neck-and-Eye 1-Piece Button Drilled
Octagonal 2-Piece Button Exterior (glazed)
Octagonal (Irregular) 3-Part Blow Mold Extruded
Opened
3-Part Blow Mold w/Dip Body
Mold Finishing Tool
Oriental 3-Part Press Mold Fired Lip
Ovaloid Head Agateware Flared Ring Finish
Panel Albany Type Slip Glazed Flat Glass
Panel, 2x2 Alkaline Glazed Folded
Panel, Square Applied Lip Folded Lip Finish
Philadelphia Oval Automatic Machine, Bottle Forged
Plain Back Plated Gimlet Point
Polygon Bead Finish Graniteware
Pressed-Powder Cake Beaded Finish Gray Paste Stoneware
Prism Blob-Top Finish Grooved Ring Finish
Rectangular
Blob-Top, Lightning Stopper
Finish Ground
Rectangular/Square Blow Over Finish Ground Lip
Ribbed Blown in the Mold Ground Lip, Shoulder Seal
Rosette Bottom-Hinged Mold (2-Piece) Ground-Off Pontil
Round Brandy Finish Hand Made
Round Base, Square Shoulder Brandy Finish, Straight Hand Pressed
Round Cornered Blake Brazed Hand Soldered
Round Head Bristol Glazed Hand Wrought
Rounded Corners Brown Paste Stoneware Hotel Ware Porcelain
Rounded Head Buff Paste Earthenware Hutchinson Stopper Finish
'S' Buff Paste Stoneware Industrial Porcelain
Salamander Oval Burned Infolded Lip
Sauce Style By-Product Insulated
Scalloped Edge Cap-Seat Finish Interior (glazed)
Scroll Carved Iron Oxide Glazed
Seed Cast Ironstone
S-Form Cast, One-Piece Kaolin / Ball
B-3
MAN. TECH. (cont') MAN. TECH. (cont') MAN. TECH. (cont')
Key-Wind Sawn Yellowware
Knurled Screw Band Yellowware, Utilitarian
Laid-On Ring Sew-Through
Lightning Stopper Finish Shank Molded 1 Piece OBJECT NAMES
Lipping Tool Sheared Ring Finish Ammunition, Bullet, .22 Caliber
Long Sheared Top Ammunition, Bullet, .32 Caliber
Machine Cut Short Ammunition, Bullet, .45 Caliber
Machine Made Shoulder Seal Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber
Machine Pressed Side Seam, Double, Lap Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .25 Caliber
Machine Soldered Side Seam, Single, Lap Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber
Melted Silvered (mirror) Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber
Mineral Finish Slip Glazed Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .40 Caliber
Mixed Small Mouth Ext. Thread Finish Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45 Caliber
Molded Snap Case Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45-70 Caliber
Molding Technique Unknown Soldered Ammunition, Cartridge Case, Unidentified
Neck Lugs Solid Ammunition, Shot, Lead
Neck Wire Solid Core Ammunition, Shot, Steel
Other Glazed Spot Crown Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 10 Gauge
Packer Finish Stacked Ring Finish Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 12 Gauge
Parian Stamped Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 14 Gauge
Patent Finish Stamped End Architectural, Door Stop
Pearlware Stranded Architectural, Brick
Pegged (nail) Stranded Core Architectural, Cement / Concrete
Pegged (wood) Super-Short Architectural, Glass, Block
Plated Threaded Finish Architectural, Glass, Window
Pontil Rod Threaded Finish (external) Architectural, Mortar
Post-Bottom Mold Threaded Finish (internal) Architectural, Plaster
Prescription Lip Finish Three-Piece Mold Architectural, Post
Press-and-Blow Machine Torpedo Base Architectural, Sheet Metal
Press Cap Finish Turn Mold Architectural, Sheet Metal, Corrugated Iron
Pressed Two-Piece Mold Architectural, Tile, Floor / Wall
Pressed Powder Unglazed Architectural, Tile, Flooring
Pressed, Hand Unidentified (UID) Architectural, Tile, Roofing
Pressed, Machine UID Ceramic Architectural, Tile, Roofing, Asphalt
Prosser UID Color Paste Earthenware Architectural, Tile, Roofing, Tin
Punched UID Finish Architectural, Tile, Siding, Asbestos
Quarried UID Manufacturing Technique Architectural, Tile, Siding, Asphalt
Red Paste Earthenware UID Stoneware By-Product, Clinker / Slag
Red Paste Stoneware UID White Paste Earthenware Clothing, Blueing Agent
Refined Porcelain Uninsulated Clothing, Buckle
Reinforced Extract Finish Unmodified Natural Material Clothing, Buckle, Belt
Rimfire White Saltglazed Clothing, Buckle, Suspender
Ring Finish Whiteware Clothing, Buckle, Suspender
Riveted Wide Mouth Ext. Thread Finish Clothing, Button
Rockingham / Bennington Wide Mouth, Applied Lip Clothing, Button, 2-Hole
Rolled Wide Prescription Finish Clothing, Button, 2-Piece
Rolled Rim Wide Prescription Finish Clothing, Button, 4-Hole
Salt Glazed Wire Clothing, Button, 5-Hole
B-4
OBJECT NAMES (cont') OBJECT NAMES (cont')
Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45-70 Caliber Container, Bottle, Condiment, Mustard
Clothing, Button, Collar Container, Bottle, Condiment, Spice / Extract
Clothing, Button, Collar Snap Container, Bottle, Cosmetic
Clothing, Button, Drilled-Eye Shank Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Perfume/Cologne
Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Skin Lightener
Clothing, Button, Military Container, Bottle, Food
Clothing, Button, Shank Molded Container, Bottle, Food, Olives
Clothing, Button, Staff-Type Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles
Clothing, Clip Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles/Olives
Clothing, Clip, Cuff-Holder Container, Bottle, Household Cleaner
Clothing, Cuff Link Container, Bottle, Ink
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whisky
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye, Eye Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical
Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye, Hook Container, Bottle, Milk
Clothing, Grommet Container, Bottle, Other
Clothing, Hat Pin Container, Bottle, Soda Pop / Water
Clothing, Rivet Container, Bottle, Wine
Clothing, Safety Pin Container, Bucket
Clothing, Shoe Container, Bucket, Lead/Solder Pot
Clothing, Shoe Horn Container, Can
Clothing, Shoe, Grommet Container, Can Tobacco, Snuff
Clothing, Shoe, Sole Container, Can, Closure
Clothing, Snap Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (non-screw)
Clothing, Straight Pin Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid, Screw
Clothing, Zipper Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lip Lid
Communication, Holder, Pencil Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip
Communication, Pen, Ball-Point Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap
Communication, Pen, Fountain Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap, Hand-Soldered
Communication, Pencil, Graphite Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap, Machine-Soldered
Communication, Pencil, Slate Container, Can, Hole-in-Top
Communication, Telephone, Receiver Hook Container, Can, Key
Container, Bottle Container, Can, Key-Wind
Container, Bottle, Alcohol Container, Can, Rolled Seam
Container, Bottle, Beer Container, Can, Sanitary
Container, Bottle, Beverage Container, Can, Side-Seam, Double
Container, Bottle, Bitters Container, Can, Side-Seam, Single, Lap
Container, Bottle, Closure Container, Can, Side-Seam, Single, Soldered
Container, Bottle, Closure, Cork Container, Can, Square / Rectangular
Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap Container, Can, Tapered
Container, Bottle, Closure, Lead Seal Container, Can, Tobacco
Container, Bottle, Closure, Lighting Stopper Container, Can, Tobacco, Snuff
Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper Container, Jar
Container, Bottle, Closure, Press-Fit Cap Container, Jar, Lid
Container, Bottle, Closure, Screw Cap Container, Jar, Lid Liner
Container, Bottle, Condiment Container, Jar, Lid, Preserving
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Iced Tea Tumbler Container, Jar, Preserving
Container, Bottle, Condiment, Jelly/Mustard Tumbler Container, Personal
B-5
OBJECT NAMES (cont') OBJECT NAMES (cont')
Container, Personal, Cosmetic / Hygiene Hardware, Hinge
Container, Vial Hardware, Hinge, Blind Hinge Hook
Electrical, Battery, Carbon Rod Hardware, Hinge, Butt
Electrical, Connector Hardware, Hinge, Butt, Shutter
Electrical, Insulator, Cleat Hardware, Hinge, Rolled Plate Hinge
Electrical, Insulator, Split Knob Hardware, Hinge, Strap
Electrical, Wire Hardware, Hook
Electrical, Wire Connector, Molding Hardware, Hook, Box Latch
Electrical, Wire, Double Conductor Hardware, Hook, Box Latch
Electrical, Wire, Quadruple Conductor Hardware, Hook, Coat-and-Hat
Electrical, Wire, Single Conductor Hardware, Hook, Cup Hook
Electrical, Wire, Triple Conductor Hardware, Hook, Eye Hook & Staple
Fauna Hardware, Hook, Plain
Fauna, Clam Shell Hardware, Hook, Screw Hook
Fauna, Egg Shell Hardware, Latch, Barn Door
Fauna, Oyster Shell Hardware, Lock, Bolt
Fauna, Shell Hardware, Lock, Case Lock
Flora Hardware, Lock, Key
Flora, Nut, Pecan Hardware, Lock, Key, Case Lock
Food Preparation, Baking Dish Hardware, Lock, Key, Lever Tumbler
Food Preparation, Cooking Pot Hardware, Lock, Key, Pin Tumbler
Food Preparation, Cooking Pot, Lid Hardware, Lock, Key, Rim Lock
Furniture Hardware, Lock, Key, Wafer Tumbler
Furniture, Caster Hardware, Lock, Lever Tumbler
Furniture, Spring Hardware, Lock, Padlock
Furniture, Tack Hardware, Lock, Pin Tumbler
Hardware, Bar Hardware, Lock, Rim Lock
Hardware, Barbed Wire Hardware, Lock, Unidentified
Hardware, Barrel Strap Hardware, Lock, Wafer Tumbler
Hardware, Bolt Hardware, Nail, Braid
Hardware, Bolt, Carriage Hardware, Nail, Common
Hardware, Bolt, Counter-Sunk Carriage Hardware, Nail, Escutcheon Pin
Hardware, Bolt, Eye Hardware, Nail, Finishing
Hardware, Bolt, Saw Hardware, Nail, Roofing
Hardware, Bracket Hardware, Nail, Spike
Hardware, Bracket, Angle Hardware, Nail, Unidentified
Hardware, Chain Hardware, Nut
Hardware, Chain, Lap-Link Hardware, Pull Chain
Hardware, Chain, Link Hardware, Ring
Hardware, Collar Hardware, Rod
Hardware, Cotter Pin Hardware, Scissors
Hardware, Door Knob Hardware, Screw, Eye-Screw
Hardware, Eye Hardware, Screw, Metal
Hardware, Handle, Door Pull Hardware, Screw, Wood
Hardware, Handle, Door Ring Hardware, Spike
Hardware, Handle, Drawer Hardware, Spring
Hardware, Handle, Drawer Pull Hardware, Staple
B-6
OBJECT NAMES (cont') OBJECT NAMES (cont')
Hardware, Staple, Fence Personal, Pin-Back
Hardware, Stock, Bar Personal, Pocket Knife
Hardware, Strap Personal, Pocket Knife, 2-Blades
Hardware, Tack Personal, Pocket Knife, 3-Blades
Hardware, Tube Personal, Scissors
Hardware, Unidentified Personal, Umbrella
Hardware, Washer Personal, Unidentified
Hardware, Window, Shutter Dog Personal, Watch, Pocket
Hardware, Wire Personal, Water Pitcher / Ewer
Hardware, Wire, Bailing Plumbing, Pipe
Harness Hardware, Horseshoe Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting
Household Accessory, Candle Stick Holder Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, End Cap
Household Accessory, Figurine Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, Gas
Household Accessory, Fireplace Tool Stand Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, Gas Stove
Household Accessory, Flowerpot Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer
Household Accessory, Lettering Religious Item
Household Accessory, Unidentified Soil Sample
Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod Tableware, Bowl
Lighting, Bulb Tableware, Bowl, Footed-Salt
Lighting, Bulb, Incandescent Tableware, Bowl, Salt / Sugar
Lighting, Lamp Tableware, Bowl, Serving
Lighting, Lamp, Chimney Tableware, Bowl, Tea-Waster
Lighting, Lamp, Globe Tableware, Cup
Lighting, Lamp, Shade Tableware, Cup, Tea
Lighting, Unidentified Tableware, Drinking Glass
Machinery, Gasket Tableware, Drinking Glass, Goblet
Machinery, Unidentified Tableware, Drinking Glass, Stemware
Mineral, Coal Tableware, Drinking Glass, Tumbler
Mineral, Unidentified Tableware, Flatware
Paper Tableware, Fork
Paper, Newspaper Tableware, Fork, 2-Prong
Personal, Bead Tableware, Fork, 3-Prong
Personal, Bead, Round Tableware, Fork, Serving
Personal, Bead, Seed Tableware, Hollowware
Personal, Bead, Tube Tableware, Knife
Personal, Coin Tableware, Pitcher
Personal, Comb Tableware, Plate
Personal, Handbag Tableware, Plate, Lunch
Personal, Handbag, Clasp Tableware, Plate, Serving
Personal, Jewelry, Broach Tableware, Saucer
Personal, Jewelry, Earring Tableware, Spoon
Personal, Jewelry, Necklace Tableware, Spoon, Serving
Personal, Jewelry, Pendent Tableware, Unidentified
Personal, Jewelry, Pendent/Earring Tableware, Utensil
Personal, Jewelry, Unidentified Tableware, Vessel
Personal, Jewelry, Wire Tobacco, Ashtray
Personal, Mirror Tobacco, Pipe
Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style
B-7
OBJECT NAMES (cont')
Tool, Pliers
Tool, Scale, Balance Weight
Tool, Screwdriver
Toy, Ball
Toy, Coin Bank
Toy, Doll
Toy, Doll, China Head
Toy, Figurine
Toy, Marble
Toy, Tea Set
Toy, Unidentified
Unidentified, Architectural
Unidentified, Ceramic
Unidentified, Flat Glass
Unidentified, Glass
Unidentified, Metal
Unidentified, Metal, Disc
Unidentified, Metal, Plate
Unidentified, Object
Unidentified, Sheet Metal
Unidentified, Slate
Unidentified, Vessel
Unidentified, Wood
Utilitarian, Bottle / Jug
Utilitarian, Bowl
Utilitarian, Crock
Utilitarian, Hollowware
Utilitarian, Jar
Utilitarian, Jar / Bottle
Utilitarian, Jar / Crock
Utilitarian, Vessel
B-8
APPENDIX C
CONTRIBUTORS TO FIELD AND
LABORATORY WORK
THE following is a list of individuals who worked in the field and/or laboratory between 2005 and 2012 as
part of the Mann-Simons Archaeology Project. I have
made every effort to keep track of everybody's names
over the past seven years, but there is still a chance
that I missed somebody. If you contributed to the
project but do not find your name listed here—I
apologize greatly. Without the time, effort and skills
of all of these individuals, this project would not have
been possible. Thank you all.
PAID WORK
Joseph M. Crockett
Heléna L. Ferguson
Kelsey B. Hanrahan
Benjamin P. Johnson
Joseph Johnson
Lauran L. Riser
LONG-TERM VOLUNTEERS
Kathrine Arnold
Adam Butler
Jay Cox
Kathleen Clardy
James Stewart
SHORT-TERM VOLUNTEERS
Edward Carr
Chris Judge
Michael Whiteley
Kelli Haynes
Andrew Forrester
Jill Daw
Kristen Hudgins
Don Rosick
Megan Monts
Aaron Burnette
Emily Dale
Meagan Morris
VOLUNTEERS FROM ANTHROPOLOGY
101, USC—COLUMBIA
2006
Stephen Williams
Austin Paterek
Kaci Henderson
James Bond
Megan Monts
Kayla Harward
Erica Raheja
Joe Magni
Patrick Browett
Lisa Randle
Alan Sanders
Elizabeth Tevepaugh
Katie McWilliams
LaQuisha Chester
Kim Lange
Karin Salmon
2007
Lauren Crosby
Riley Woods
Laura Ybarra
Dan Wiley
Zekharyah Wardlaw
Peter Voso
Trevor Valenti
Kathleen Shank
Stephanie Nelson
Abby Lavelle
Eric Jones
Jay Hutchison
Kim Haire
Ryan Dennis
Rob Corney
Phil Butts
Nicola Brown
Danielle Anderson
Drew Allen
2008
Ryan Wade
Brenda Martin
C-1
Mitch Anderson
Brian Harley
E. Stone Miller
Kyle Christensen
Michael Becker
Kate Smithers
Lauren Haynes
Tim Akeson
Mary Jane Morris
Dave Hutton
Jocié Migana
Katherine Kuszmaul
Jake Goss
Anne Thomas
Tracy Paul
Matthew Kibbey
Joseph Johnson
Sarah Skinner
Steven Ratugon
Lauren Dickerson
Maxwell Clayton
Rick Nichols
Meghan Fields
Anne Bonavente
Zac Fry
Brian Boomhower
John Mazzochi
John Gottshalk
2009
Michael Wolverton
Conor Frickel
Adam Stewart
Erick Shaw
Cody Sento
Chris Schlaff
Jordan Reynolds
Rozalynne Pate
Keith Minor
Brandon McAbee
Renee Mathews
Jonathan Jones
Ryan Gadow
Heather Dupre
Elise Burnham-Fay
Ben Bell
Yasmine Elraheb
Alison Connington
Michael Cryer
Ryan Quinn
Erica Huff
FIELD SCHOOL – MAY 2006
Heléna L. Ferguson
Meg Gaillard
Sean Hall
Dwight Jones
Don Rosick
Karin Salmon
James Stewart
Kelsey Hanrahan
Shannon Kicza
Alita Huff Mikiten
Denise Dunovant
Ben Johnson
Jackie Pitts
Kimberly Cavanagh (Teaching Assistant)
FIELD SCHOOL – FALL 2006
Aileen Ahearn
Adam Butler
Heléna L. Ferguson
Tamara Looney
Erika Heimbrook-Shofner
Austin Paterek
Julia Frozza-Silva
Jean Schwab
Megan Monts
Robin Villereal
Blake Monson
Charles Brooks
Michal Wigal (Teaching Assistant)
FIELD SCHOOL – MAY 2007
Zachary Buffington
Kathleen Clardy
Stephanie Jones
Margaret McWhorter
Lisa Randle
Casey Rigby
Sarah Swanson
Heléna L. Ferguson (Teaching Assistant)
C-2
APPENDIX D
D-1
East Yard Area
Units 5 – 10
Provenience: 5A
Unit: N427 E540
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.73 101.21
NE 101.65 101.31
NW 101.65 101.28
SW 101.75 101.19
C 101.71 101.19
Date Excavated: 15 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 disturbance. Not screened.
Provenience: 5B
Unit: N427 E540
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 5C at top of 5B
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 101.21 n/a
NE 101.31 n/a
NW 101.28 n/a
SW 101.19 n/a
C 101.19 n/a
Date Excavated: 30 October 2005
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Grayish Brown
(10YR4/2) sandy silt and 20% Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam.
JC, JMC
JC
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt with 40% white mortar and
30% Strong Brown (7.5YR5/8) mortar.
JC
D-2
Notes:
Provenience: 5C
N427 E540
Short Title: Brick Row
Type: Feature
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 5C at top of 5B
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 101.01 n/a
Date Excavated: 30 October 2005
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 6A
Unit: N430 E575
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 101.29 100.79
NE 101.20 100.80
NW 101.28 100.67
SW 101.41 100.01
C 101.27 100.67
Date Excavated: 15 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 6B
Unit: N430 E575
Excavation halted at top of 5B due to time constraints. No artifacts
recovered.
Unit
:
JC
Feature 5C was a row of bricks/large brick bats delineating plant space
(north) and front yard space (south). Note that these bricks are part of post-
1909 (post-lunch counter) landscaping uncovered in Block 3. The bricks
were left in situ.
Brown (10YR4/3) very loose sandy loam, mottled with <5% Very Dark
Brown (7.5YR2.5/3) sandy clay.
JC/JMC
JC
D-3
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.79 100.61
NE 100.80 100.48
NW 100.67 100.53
SW 101.01 100.80
C 100.67 100.58
Date Excavated: 16 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 6C
Unit: N430 E575
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.61 100.27
NE 100.48 100.33
NW 100.53 100.25
SW 100.80 100.46
C 100.58 100.43
Date Excavated: 18 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 6E
Unit: N430 E575
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Dark Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Strong Brown
(7.5YR4/6) sandy clay loam, <1% charcoal flecks.
JC/JMC
JC
Red (2.5YR4/6) very compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/4) sandy loam, 5% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam.
JC/JMC
JC
D-4
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.27 100.24
NE 100.33 100.23
NW 100.25 100.23
SW 100.46 100.35
C 100.43 100.22
Date Excavated: 19 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 6F
Unit: N430 E575
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.24 99.66
NE 100.23 99.36
NW 100.23 99.58
SW 100.35 99.66
C 100.22 99.62
Date Excavated: 8 October 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 6T
Unit: N430 E575
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
In SW quadrant: Dark Reddish Brown (5YR3/3) compact sandy clay. Other
quadrants: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) compact sandy silt loam,
mottled with 30% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy loam, with 30% decayed
mortar and <1% brick.
JC
JC
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Reddish Brown
(5YR3/3) compact sandy clay and 1% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC
D-5
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 6U
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.66 99.16
NE 99.36 99.19
NW 99.58 99.27
SW 99.66 99.24
C 99.62 99.28
Date Excavated: 13 October 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 6T was the upper-most intact stratum. No artifacts recovered.
Provenience: 6U
Unit: N430 E575
Short Title: Circular Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 6U at top of 6T
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:6U-23
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.49 98.97
Date Excavated: 13 October 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 6V
Unit: N430 E575
Short Title: Level 7
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.
Feature Association: 6W
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.16 n/a
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Brown
(10YR3/3) sandy silt and 20% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay loam.
JC
JC
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose sandy silt, mottled with <1% Strong
Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay and 5% charcoal.
JC
JC
6U was a circular trash pit feature (diameter = 2.2 feet). Large concentration
of tin cans (many intact).
D-6
NE 99.19 n/a
NW 99.27 n/a
SW 99.24 n/a
C 99.28 n/a
Date Excavated: 16 October 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 6V was sterile subsoil.
Provenience: 6W
Unit: N430 E575
Short Title: Rectangular Pit
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 6W at top of 6V
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:6W-9
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.25 98.63
Date Excavated: 16 October 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 8A
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.50 n/a
NE 100.34 n/a
NW 100.50 n/a
SW 100.66 n/a
JC
JC
50% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam and 50% Dark
Brown (10YR3/3) loose sandy silt.
JC
JC
6W was a rectangular feature at the surface of 6V (Level 7) measuring 2.7
feet east-west and 1.9 feet north-south (maximum extent). Upon excavation,
6W appeared to be two post holes, one apparently a replacement post, each
truncated by the south wall of the unit. Both post holes were square, the
eastern post (original) measuring 2 feet east-west, the western post measuring
1.6 feet east-west. No evidence of post/post mold. Post holes not
provenienced separately.
D-7
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 2 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. No closing elevations. Not screened.
Provenience: 8B
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE n/a 100.16
NE n/a 100.08
NW n/a 100.16
SW n/a 100.24
C n/a 100.16
Date Excavated: 2 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 8C
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy loam.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.16 99.45
NE 100.08 99.34
NW 100.16 99.37
SW 100.24 99.41
C 100.16 99.38
Date Excavated: 3 August 2005
JC
JC
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 15% Red
(2.5YR4/6) sandy clay (east half) and 10% Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt (west
side).
JMC, MW
JMC
Post-1970 fill. Evidence of erosion. Opening elevations not available. Not
screened.
D-8
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 8D
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 8E, 8F, 8H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.45 99.13
NE 99.34 99.15
NW 99.37 n/a
SW 99.41 99.19
C 99.38 99.16
Date Excavated: 11 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 8D was the upper-most undisturbed stratum. No artifacts recovered.
Provenience: 8E
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Charcoal Concentration
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy silt with 50% charcoal inclusions.
Feature Association: 8E at top of 8D; intruded upon by Feature 8F.
TPQ Date: 1905 Based Upon:8E-32
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.37 98.63
Date Excavated: 11 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
JMC
JC
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with <5% Strong
Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt and Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with
5% charcoal flecks.
JC, JMC
JC
JC
JC
8E was a small trash pit feature in the front-side side yard area intruded upon
by Feature 8F, a gas line trench running into the house at 1403 Richland
Street. The dimensions of 8E changed dramatically upon excavation (see
maps).
D-9
Provenience: 8F
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Pipe Trench
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 8F at top of 8D; intrudes upon Feature 8E.
TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:8F-22
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.39 99.30
Date Excavated: 11 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 8H
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 8H at top of 8D
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:8H-17
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.30 97.98
Date Excavated: 12 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 8J
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6)
sandy clay loam, <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) Sandy Clay, and <5%
charcoal flecks.
JMC, JC
JC
8F was a hand-dug trench feature for a gas line running along center of
trench into east side of 1403 Richland Street. Note that 8F intruded upon a
trash pit feature 8E, which had a TPQ date of 1905, suggesting that the gas
line associated with 8F post-dates 1905.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam, mottled with <50%
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with <5% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC
8H appeared as a mottled clay smear at the top of 8D. After removing <0.1-
feet of 8D, 8H became clearly defined as a circular post mold, 10-inch
diameter, with vertical walls indicative of a post-hole digger.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Dark Brown
(10YR3/3) sandy silt and 20% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay loam.
D-10
Feature Association: 8K, 8L
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.13 98.99
NE 99.15 98.96
NW n/a n/a
SW 99.19 98.99
C 99.16 99.07
Date Excavated: 12 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 8K
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 8K at top of 8J; associated with 8L (post hole)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.17 97.57
Date Excavated: 12 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 8L
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Mottled Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 8L at top of 8J; associated with 8K (post mold)
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:8L-21
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.17 97.57
JC
JC
8J was a transition stratum between 8D and 8M (subsoil). No artifacts
recovered.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.
JC
JC
8K was the post mold for post hole feature 8L. Diameter of the post mold
was ~10-inches and appeared to have been hand-dug. No artifacts.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 30%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.
D-11
Date Excavated: 12 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 8M
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Level 6 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: 8N, 8P
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.99 n/a
NE 98.96 n/a
NW n/a n/a
SW 98.99 n/a
C 99.07 n/a
Date Excavated: 13 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 8N
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Large Semi-Circle
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 8N at top of 8M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.95 n/a
Date Excavated: 13 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
JC
JC
8L was the post hole associated with the post mold 8K, measuring 0.9 feet
east-west, truncated by the south wall of the unit.
JC
JC
8M was sterile subsoil. Unit 8 was lined with black plastic at the surface of
8M as time constraints prevented excavation of Features 8N and 8P. No
artifacts recovered.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and <5% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2)
sandy silt.
JC
JC
D-12
Notes:
Provenience: 8P
Unit: N450 E570
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 8P at top of 8M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.97 n/a
Date Excavated: 13 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 9A
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy loam.
Feature Association: 9B
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.31 99.79
NE 100.37 99.82
NW 100.53 99.68
SW 100.54 99.91
C n/a 99.88
Date Excavated: 27 July 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 9B
8N was a large, oval-shaped feature at the surface of 8M (Level 6) of
unknown function. Few to no artifacts were observed at the surface of the
feature. Due to time constraints, 8N was not excavated. Unit 8 was lined
with black plastic at the top of 8M.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.
JC
JC
8P was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.25 feet or 3 inches). Due to time
constraints, 8P was not excavated. Unit 8 was lined with black plastic at the
top of 8M.
JC
JC
D-13
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Linear Trench
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition: Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% builder's debris.
Feature Association: 9B at top of 9A
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.33 98.83
Date Excavated: 2 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 9G
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 9G at top of 9H
TPQ Date: 1872 Based Upon:9G-9
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.79 98.48
Date Excavated: 2 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 9G was a circular post mold with a diameter of 0.85 feet.
Provenience: 9H
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 9G, 9J/K, 9L, 9P
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.79 99.06
JC
JC
9B was a builder's trench associated with the construction of the post-1970
walkway wall. 9B extended below subsoil (9U), but was not excavated to
bottom. Not screened.
JMC
JMC
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Strong
Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with 5% charcoal and <1% mortar.
D-14
NE 99.82 99.12
NW 99.68 98.95
SW 99.91 99.04
C 99.88 99.01
Date Excavated: 2 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 9H was the upper-most undisturbed stratum. No artifacts recovered.
Provenience: 9J
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Circular Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 9J at top of 9H; associated with 9L
TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:9J-68
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.69 99.09
Date Excavated: 3 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 9L
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Circular Pit, Lower
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 9J/K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.09 98.13
Date Excavated: 4 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
JC
JC
Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy loam, mottled with <1% Strong Brown
(7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam, with many small (<1”) sized roots.
JC
JMC
9J was a near-circular trash pit feature with a diameter of 2.0 feet. 9J (east ½)
and 9K (west ½) represented the bisection of feature during excavation. The
two halves were combined into Feature 9J in the lab. The trash pit was
composed of two levels: the upper-most level is 9J; the lower-most level was
designated 9L.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loose sandy silt, mottled with <5% Strong Brown
(7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam, with <5% charcoal flecks.
JC
JMC
D-15
Notes:
Provenience: 9P
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Irregular Shallow Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) very loose sandy silt with <5% charcoal flecks.
Feature Association: 9P at top of 9H
TPQ Date: 1872 Based Upon:9P-1
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.12 98.37
Date Excavated: 6 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 9R
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 9S, 9T
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.06 98.69
NE 99.12 98.89
NW 98.95 98.92
SW 99.04 98.88
C 99.01 98.81
Date Excavated: 9 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 9R was an intact stratum above subsoil. No artifacts recovered.
Provenience: 9S
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Rounded Depression
9L was the lower-most level of a two-level trash pit. Feature 9J was the
upper-most level.
JC
JMC
9P was a shallow, circular trash pit with a diameter of 1.92 feet. 9B intruded
upon 9P to the north, obscuring the profile of 9P in the north wall of the
unit.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) compact sandy silt, mottled with 50%
Dark Brown (10YR3/3), with 1% charcoal flecks.
JC/JMC
JC/JMC
D-16
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 9S at top of 9R
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:9S-1
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.06 98.67
Date Excavated: 9 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 9S was a squarish post mold/hole, measuring 0.85 feet square.
Provenience: 9T
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 9T at top of 9R
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:9T-13
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.01 98.18
Date Excavated: 9 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 9U
Unit: N465 E565
Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.69 n/a
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Strong
Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt and 5% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt,
with <5% charcoal flecks and mortar.
JC
JMC
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Strong
Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt and 5% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt,
with <5% charcoal flecks and mortar.
JC
JC/JMC
9T was a circular post hole with a diameter of 1.2 feet. No evidence of a
post/post mold. Several large brick bats were found within the post hole fill,
possibly used to add support for the post.
D-17
NE 98.89 n/a
NW 98.92 n/a
SW 98.88 n/a
C 98.81 n/a
Date Excavated: 9 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 9U was sterile subsoil; not excavated.
Provenience: 10A
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy silt.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.77 99.43
NE 100.42 99.14
NW 100.37 99.34
SW 100.67 99.59
C 100.52 99.20
Date Excavated: 10 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10B
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Level 2, Outside Structure
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, moderately compact.
Feature Association: 10D, 10E, 10G, 10H, 10J, 10K, 10L, 10M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
NW 99.34 99.09
SW 99.59 99.28
Date Excavated: 16 August 2005
Excavated By:
JC/JMC
JC/JMC
JC
JC
Post-1970 fill. Deeper top-layer than all other units, much higher number of
gravel, mortar, brick fragments, etc. Not screened.
JC/JMC
D-18
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10C
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Level 2, Inside Structure
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) moderately compact sandy silt.
Feature Association: 10J, 10L, 10M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.43 98.78
NE 99.14 98.92
Date Excavated: 16 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10D
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Pipe Trench
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10Y2/2) loose sandy silt loam.
Feature Association: 10D at top of 10B; intrudes upon Feature 10J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.21 98.37
Date Excavated: 17 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10G
JC/JMC
10B was the upper-most intact stratum. 10B was what would have been the
west (outside) side of 1407 Richland Street. Same stratigraphic level as 10C,
but provenienced separately so as to identify possible soil matrix differences.
No artifacts recovered.
JC/JMC
JC/JMC
10C was the upper-most intact stratum. 10C was what would have been the
inside of 1407 Richland Street. Same level as 10B, but provenienced
separately so as to identify possible soil matrix differences. No artifacts
recovered.
JC/JMC
JC/JMC
10D was a post-1970 gas pipe trench (with intact pipe) cross-cutting Unit 10
and multiple features within the unit. The trench was cut with a ditch witch,
resulting in clean separation of artifactual and contextual materials. Not
screened.
D-19
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Clay Concentration
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 10G at top of 10B; associated with 10J and 10K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.26 96.75
Date Excavated: 17 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10H
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Charcoal Smear
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with 50% charcoal.
Feature Association: 10H at top of 10B; intruded upon by 10G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.29 99.14
Date Excavated: 17 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10J
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Foundation Trench
Type: Foundation
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam, mottled with 30% Very
Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.
JC
JC/JMC
10G was an oval post hole with a rectangular post mold (Feature 10K) on
the west side of 1407 Richland Street, directly on the western boundary line
of the foundation trench/stain (Feature 10J). At the time of excavation, this
post hole/mold was thought to be replacement (or additional) post added to
the west wall of the structure. Alternatively, the post may be associated with
the expansion of the structure between 1904 and 1910 (see 1910 Sanborn
Fire Insurance map). The post hole measured 1.6 feet east-west and 1.18 feet
north-south. The post mold (Feature 10K) measured 0.93 feet east-west and
1.12 feet north-south.
JC/JMC
JMC
10H was a very shallow charcoal smear at the surface of 10B (Level 2). No
profile drawing. Pre-dates Feature 10G.
D-20
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 10J at top of 10B/10C; intruded upon by 10G, 10K, 10L, 10M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.20 99.10
Date Excavated: 17 August 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10K
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) very loose sandy silt loam.
Feature Association: 10K at top of 10B/10C; intrudes upon 10G (post hole)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.10 96.57
Date Excavated: 17 September 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10L
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Circular Stain
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt with 5% charcoal flecks.
Feature Association: 10L under 10J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Black
(10YR2/1) and <5% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay.
JC/JMC
JMC
10J was a very shallow foundation stain/trench associated with the west wall
of 1407 Richland Street. The western edge of feature was very clearly
defined; the eastern edge was poorly defined, blending into stratum 10C.
The western edge of the feature likely represented the actual wall of the
structure. An electrical grounding rod with uninsulated copper wire adhering
intruded upon the feature.
JC
JC
10K was a post mold associated with post hole 10G, that measured 0.93 feet
east-west and 1.12 feet north-south. A one-foot length of post was recovered
within the mold (wood type unknown). At the time of excavation, this post
hole/mold was thought to be replacement (or additional) post added to the
west wall of the structure. Alternatively, the post may be associated with the
expansion of the structure between 1904 and 1910.
D-21
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.40 98.89
Date Excavated: 17 September 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10M
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Small Circular Stain
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt with 5% charcoal flecks.
Feature Association: 10M under 10J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.22 98.31
Date Excavated: 17 September 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 10N
Unit: N445 E580
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
JC
JC
10L was a circular feature, 1.1 feet in diameter, discovered directly
underneath Feature 10J (foundation trench/stain), centered east/west.
Function is unknown, but was possibly the remains of a post hole/mold that
existed prior to the 1407 Richland Street structure, or was associated with
1407 Richland Street but represents an earlier phase of construction. No
wood fragments were evidenced.
JC
JC
Feature 10M was first identified at the top of stratum 10B as a small circular
stain, diameter 0.45 feet (roughly 5.5 inches), intruding upon Feature 10J
(foundation trench/stain). Upon excavation of 10J, 10M expanded into a
rectangle 0.95 east-west and 0.75 feet north-south. Likely the rectangle was a
post hole and the originally-identified circle within the rectangle was a post
mold. Given that the post hole was underneath 10J and the post mold above,
the post existed prior to the creation of the foundation trench/stain (10J) but
continued to exist after 10J came into being.
D-22
SE 98.78 n/a
NE 98.92 n/a
NW 99.09 n/a
SW 99.28 n/a
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 1 October 2005
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 10N was sterile subsoil.
JC
JC
D-23
D-24
Near Backyard Area
Units 14 – 20
Provenience: 14A
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.09 99.88
NE 99.93 99.83
NW 99.89 99.79
SW 100.08 99.91
C 100.01 99.87
Date Excavated: 9 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 14E
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.88 99.86
NE 99.83 99.74
NW 99.79 99.74
SW 99.91 99.83
C 99.87 99.74
Date Excavated: 10 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with 20% Dark Reddish
Brown (5YR3/3) sandy clay loam.
AHM, DCR, CJC
AHM
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Dark Reddish
Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy loam.
AHM, DCR, CJC
AHM
D-25
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 14G
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Circular Pit
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 14G at top of 14H
TPQ Date: 1891 Based Upon:14G-7
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.59 n/a
Date Excavated: 12 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 14H
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Reddish Brown (5YR3/4) sandy clay loam.
Feature Association: 14G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.86 99.65
NE 99.74 99.45
NW 99.74 99.56
SW 99.83 99.52
C 99.74 99.46
Date Excavated: 12 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 14J
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Level 4, Black Lens
Type: Stratum
Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Brown (7.5YR5/4)
and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.
DCR, CJC
AHM
14G appeared as a loose sandy combination of soils in a rough oval shape
with irregular edges. Possible planting-related, post-1970.
AHM, DCR, CJC
CJC
D-26
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 14J at top of 14H (Level 3)
TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:14J-10
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
E 99.51 99.32
W 99.47 99.47
Date Excavated: 17 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 14K
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Level 5, Arbitrary
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.65 n/a
NE 99.51 n/a
NW 99.56 n/a
SW 99.52 n/a
C 99.46 n/a
Date Excavated: 17 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 14L
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Brown
(7.5YR4/3) sandy loam.
AHM, DCR, CJC
CJC
14J was a very thin lens in the northwest quadrant of Unit 14. Unknown if
its deposition relates to pre- or post-1970 activities.
Dark Reddish Brown (2.5YR3/4) clay loam with varying amounts of sand
and 10% brick fragments.
CJC, DCR, AHM
AHM, DCR
14K was formerly part or all of 14H (Level 3). The layer was re-provenienced
as 14K when it was noticed that the north half of the unit had a very thin
layer of 14H which overlay a dark brown layer (14L), whereas the south half
remained consistent with 14H soil matrix. 14K was post-1970 fill also seen
in units 15, 16, and 17. Excavation halted in the 14K section of the unit.
Not screened.
D-27
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 14N
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.47 98.80
NE 99.45 98.71
NW 99.56 98.75
SW 99.41 98.73
C 99.48 98.66
Date Excavated: 17 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 14N
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Foundation Rubble
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 14N at top of 14L; bottom of 14N resting on 14R
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.20 n/a
NE 99.03 n/a
NW 99.04 n/a
SW 99.29 n/a
Date Excavated: 23 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 14P
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Pipe Trench
Strong Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 20% Dark Reddish
Brown (5YR3/4) sandy clay loam.
AHM, DCR, CJC
AHM
14L was the top-most intact layer. The top of Feature 14N (Foundation
Rubble) was at the top of 14L. Electrical grounding rod and capped gas line
were first encountered within this layer. Note, in the field there was an
additional stratum (14M, Level 7), but determined to be the same layer as
14L, and so was included with 14L. Not screened.
AHM, DCR, CJC
AHM
14N was the remains of the southwest corner foundation pier for the
structure at 1904 Marion Street. Elevations taken at the top of bricks.
Heavily disturbed, likely from compression stress associated with post-1970
heavy equipment activities.
D-28
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 14P at top of 14R
TPQ Date: 1899 Based Upon:14P-12
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.66 96.52
Date Excavated: 30 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 14R
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Level 8
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 14P, 14S, 14T, 14W
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.80 97.22
NE 98.71 97.14
NW 98.75 97.20
SW 98.73 97.19
C 98.66 97.06
Date Excavated: 30 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 5% Grayish Brown (10YR5/2)
loose sand.
JC
JC
14P was a heavily mottled, irregular feature associated with the laying of a 1-
inch diameter gas pipe for the 1904 Marion Street structure. Pipe (copper)
and feature runs parallel with the south wall of 1904 Marion Street. Pipe
likely ties into main gas line under Marion Street. The pipe “T”s 1.4-feet
from the west wall of the unit. The “T” runs directly south at a down slope
into the disturbed area surrounding the back of the main house (14K). The
copper line continues east, into a brass union, then into a cast iron “T”,
which is capped on the east end, the”T” runs directly north, turns 90-degrees
vertical, and is capped. The vertical segment would have run just on the
outside edge of the south wall of 1904 Marion Street. The trench with the
copper line is original, with what appears to be a later pit/hole dug to
facilitate the repair or addition of the cast iron segment.
JC
JC
D-29
Notes:
Provenience: 14S
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Builder's Trench
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition: Light Yellowish Brown (10YR6/4) loose sand
Feature Association: 14S at top of 14R (Level 8)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
E 98.73 98.67
W 98.75 98.60
C 98.71 98.57
Date Excavated: 30 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 14T
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loose sandy silt.
Feature Association: 14T at top of 14R (Level 8)
TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:14T-2
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.66 96.36
Date Excavated: 19 August 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
No difference detected between the inside and outside of 1904 Marion Street
structure within 14R. Presence of Features 14N, 14T, 14W were the only
indications of spatial segregation/differentiation. The base of Feature 14N
(brick pier) was resting on the surface of 14R. No artifacts recovered.
HLF
HLF
14S was a trench filled with builder's sand running parallel to the south wall
of 1904 Marion Street, along the inside of the structure's foundation (wall)
line. No artifacts within feature.
JC
JC
D-30
Notes:
Provenience: 14W
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loose sandy silt.
Feature Association: 14W at top of 14R (Level 8); associated with post hole 14T
TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:14W-1
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.66 96.61
Date Excavated: 19 August 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 14X
Unit: N485 E510
Short Title: Level 9
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 97.22 n/a
NE 97.14 n/a
NW 97.20 n/a
SW 97.19 n/a
C 97.06 n/a
Date Excavated: 19 August 2006
14T was associated with 14R (Level 8), but did not become fully defined
until subsoil (14X, Level 9), at which time it was fully excavated. Feature 14P
(pipe trench) intruded upon Feature 14T on the south side. Post hole is
nearly square with a square post mold in the center (post mold measured 0.3
feet east-west and 0.25 feet north-south). The post mold showed no
indication until reaching the bottom of the post hole, at which time the
square shape of the mold was visible as part of the floor. The post hole/mold
is directly in-line with the brick foundation piers (14N & 15F), and hence
the south wall of 1904 Marion Street. Unsure if the post is related to the
1904 Marion structure, given that it rested on brick piers, was related to an
earlier structure on the same site. 14T was in-line with post feature 14W.
JC
JC
14W was a rectangular post hole truncated by the east wall of the unit.
North-south dimension was roughly 1.3 feet. 14W was in-line with post
feature 14T.
D-31
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 14X was sterile subsoil. No associated features.
Provenience: 15A
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.90 99.67
NE 99.78 99.65
NW 99.83 99.74
SW 99.88 99.75
C 99.89 99.70
Date Excavated: 9 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 15B
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.67 99.34
NE 99.65 99.38
NW 99.74 99.28
SW 99.75 99.47
C 99.70 99.49
Date Excavated: 10 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
JC
JC
Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay.
BPJ, SPK
SPK
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 40% Dark
Reddish Brown (5YR3/4) silty clay loam.
BPJ, SPK
BPJ, SPK
D-32
Provenience: 15C
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 15F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.34 n/a
NE 99.38 98.88
NW 99.74 99.01
SW 99.47 n/a
C 99.49 98.99
Date Excavated: 16 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 15D
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Level 4, Arbitrary
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.34 99.05
SW 99.47 99.13
C 99.49 99.03
Date Excavated: 16 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) silty loam, with <2% mortar, <2% brick,
and <1% charcoal flecks
BPJ, SPK
BPJ, SPK
Southeast closing elevation unavailable due to location of Feature 15F. 15C
(Level 3) was the north half of the unit. Soil matrix differences were
uncovered upon excavation of 15B (Level 2). Not screened.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Dark
Reddish Brown (5YR3/3) sandy clay loam
BPJ, SPK
BPJ, SPK
15D was the south half of the unit, provenienced separately from 15C (Level
3) due to soil matrix differences uncovered upon excavation of 15B (Level 2).
15D represents post-1970 activities related to units 14, 16, and 17. Not
screened.
D-33
Provenience: 15F
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Foundation
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 15F at top of 15C (Level 3)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.98 n/a
NE 99.03 n/a
NW 99.06 n/a
SW 99.14 n/a
Date Excavated: 22 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 15J
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 15L, 15M, 15N, 15P, 15R
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.95 98.74
NE 98.83 98.57
NW 98.71 98.62
SW 99.98 98.78
C 98.89 98.52
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
BPJ, SPK
SPK
15F was a brick foundation pier associated with the structure at 1904 Marion
Street. When the house was originally built, this pier would have been the
southeast corner. Bricks were not disturbed as was the case with Feature
14N. Mortar intact. Several bricks had impressed finger prints. One brick
had a 1/2-inch drill hole. Brick foundation left undisturbed. Black plastic
was put down over its upper surface before back-filling the unit.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loamy sand, with less than 5% charcoal
flecks
JC
JC
D-34
Notes:
Provenience: 15L
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand.
Feature Association: 15 L at top of 15J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.93 97.59
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 15M
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand.
Feature Association: 15M at top of 15J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.92 97.76
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 15N
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Dark Stain
Type: UID
15J appeared to be remnants of the yard surface associated with an earlier
occupation of the site (pre-1870s; pre-1904 Marion Street construction).
The base of Feature 15F (brick foundation pier) rests directly on the surface
of 15J. No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC
15L appeared as a near-circle on the surface of 15J with a diameter of 0.2 feet
(~2.5 inches), but upon excavation, 15L became more oval shaped (long axis
= east-west). Possible post mold, but unclear. No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC
15M appeared as a near-circle on the surface of 15J with a diameter of 0.15
feet (~2 inches), but upon excavation, 15M became more oval shaped (long
axis = east-west). Possible post mold, but unclear. No artifacts recovered.
D-35
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 15N at top of 15J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.90 97.70
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 15R
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Foundation Trench
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 15R at top of 15J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
W 98.78 98.39
C 98.78 98.37
E 98.78 98.29
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 15T
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loamy sand, mottled with 1% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loamy sand.
JC/HLF
JC
15N, upon excavation, had a very irregular shape (~ 0.55 feet east-west, 0.40
feet north-south). Given its location directly outside the foundation line of
the 1904 Marion Street structure, 15N might be related to an early planting.
No artifacts recovered.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/4), with <5% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC
15R was a uniform trench running east-west below the level of the
foundation pier (Feature 15F) with an average width of 0.85 feet. 15R might
be a builder's trench associated with the construction of a structure at that
location that pre-dated the construction of 1904 Marion Street (pre 1870s),
although it can not be ruled out that the trench was not associated with the
1904 Marion structure, despite the two very different types of building
techniques. 15R ran slightly to the north in a westerly direction. As such, it
seems likely that 15R was part of 14S (builder's trench).
D-36
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 15U
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.74 n/a
NE 98.57 n/a
NW 98.62 n/a
SW 98.78 n/a
C 98.52 n/a
Date Excavated: 5 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 15U
Unit: N485 E520
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 15U at top of 15T (Level 6)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.61 97.98
Date Excavated: 5 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 16 (all)
Unit: N480 E530
Short Title: n/a
Type: n/a
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: n/a
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with <5% Brown
(10YR4/3) loamy sand.
JC
HLF
15U was sterile subsoil. Multiple root molds throughout. Single post mold
feature (15U) associated with stratum.
JC
HLF
15U was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.3 feet or ~ 3.5 inches) that was
in-line with the south wall of 1904 Marion Street, but associated with a level
below the base of the foundation piers. Post not visible at higher levels.
Associated with an earlier structure? No artifacts recovered.
D-37
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.98 n/a
NE 99.68 n/a
NW 99.91 n/a
SW 99.95 n/a
C 99.85 n/a
Date Excavated: 9 – 22 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17A
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) loam.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.49 n/a
NE 99.49 n/a
NW 99.49 n/a
SW 99.57 n/a
C 99.49 n/a
Date Excavated: 9 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Closing elevations not available. Not screened.
Provenience: 17B
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
JAS, KBH, KMS
JAS, KBH, KMS
Unit 16 was excavated to a depth of 96.09 (center point, 3.76 feet below
surface). The entire unit was disturbed as a result of post-1970 activities.
Drawing on excavations in units 14, 15 and 17, it appears that during work
on the house at 1403 Richland Street, workers excavated completely to
subsoil 10-feet out from the rear of the house (brick walkway) across the full
width of the house. As a result, all archaeological data from this area was
destroyed.
DLD, MCG, JMP
DLD, MCG, JMP
D-38
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE n/a 99.16
NE n/a 98.93
NW n/a 98.90
SW n/a 99.34
C n/a 98.92
Date Excavated: 9 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Opening elevations not available. Not screened.
Provenience: 17C
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.16 98.89
NE 98.93 98.84
NW 98.90 98.79
SW 99.34 98.96
C 98.92 98.83
Date Excavated: 12 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 17D
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Level 4 (Red Clay Lens)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.16 99.17
DLD, MCG, JMP
DLD, MCG, JMP
Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 2% charcoal flecks.
DLD, MCG, JMP
DLD, MCG, JMP
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.
D-39
NE 99.26 99.22
NW 99.50 99.32
SW 99.34 99.28
C 99.34 99.21
Date Excavated: 12 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17E
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loamy sand
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.17 99.23
NE 99.22 99.17
NW 99.32 99.21
SW 99.28 99.25
C 99.21 99.15
Date Excavated: 16 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17G
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR4/3) sandy loam.
Feature Association: 17H, 17K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
DLD, MCG, JMP
MCG
Removal of 17C (Level 3) uncovered a red clay (subsoil) layer in the south
half of the unit, while the north half continued down with no change in soil
matrix. This red clay lens was provenienced as 17D. Post-excavation analysis
of the unit and site showed this to be post-1970 disturbance associated with
the removal of soils around the back of the house at 1403 Richland Street.
See 'Notes' for Unit 16. Not screened.
DLD, MCG, JMP
DLD, MCG, JMP
17E was encountered directly underneath 17D (Level 4), while 17C to the
north continued down unchanged. Post-excavation analysis showed that
strata 17A, 17B, 17C, 17D, and 17E were all associated with post-1970
activities. Not screened.
D-40
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.89 98.42
NE 98.84 98.39
NW 98.79 98.40
SW 98.96 98.42
C 98.83 98.26
Date Excavated: 22 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 17G was the upper-most intact stratum. No artifacts recovered.
Provenience: 17H
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Corner Stain
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam.
Feature Association: 17H at top of 17G (Level 6); intrudes upon 17L
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.71 97.96
Date Excavated: 22 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17K
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand.
Feature Association: 17K at top of 17G (Level 6)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.76 97.51
Date Excavated: 23 May 2006
DLD, MCG, JMP
MCG
DLD
MCG, DLD
17H was part of a trench feature for a 5-inch diameter ceramic waste water
pipe. The trench ran through the southeast corner of the unit at a 45-degree
angle (northeast-to-southwest). The section of the pipe trench excavated
exposed the original trench, in situ ceramic pipe, and a portion of hand-dug
trench associated with a pipe repair (a concrete patch). The pipe and
associated trench intruded upon the top south portion of a trash pit feature
(17L).
D-41
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17L
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Small Trench
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose sandy loam.
Feature Association: 17L at top of 17G (Level 6); intruded upon by Feature 17H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.78 97.11
Date Excavated: 25 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17M
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Level 7
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 17N, 17P, 17R
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.42 98.00
NE 98.39 98.01
NW 98.40 98.01
SW 98.42 98.02
MCG
MCG
17K was a square post hole feature truncated by the west wall of the unit that
measured 0.85 feet north-south. At the surface of 17G, 17K appeared as an
irregular shape. Upon excavation, 17K gradually narrowed to the south,
defining itself as a square post hole with associated circular post mold (post
mold diameter = 0.45 feet). Artifacts from the hole and mold were not kept
separate in the field. Mold/hole bisected by west wall of unit. Post-excavation
analysis shows that this post was most likely associated with the east wall of
the first addition to the house at 1904 Marion Street.
DLD, JC
DLD, JC
17L was a semi-circular trash deposit, roughly 4 feet north-south, truncated
by the east wall of the unit. The deposit had a very high concentration of
large (~ ½ to 1 inch) charcoal fragments and large artifacts. The top of 17L
had been disturbed by the digging of a pipe trench (Feature 17K) associated
with a ceramic waste water pipe.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) loamy sand, mottled with 30% Dark Grayish
Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and <5% Dark Reddish Brown (5YR3/2) sandy
clay.
D-42
C 98.26 98.00
Date Excavated: 1 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 17M (Level 7) was a sterile stratum. No artifacts recovered.
Provenience: 17N
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 17N at top of 17M (Level 7)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.16 98.09
Date Excavated: 1 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17P
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 17P at top of 17M (Level 7)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.16 98.09
Date Excavated: 1 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17R
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Square Post Mold
JC
JC
JC
JC
17N was a small diameter (0.25 feet / 3 inches). Shallow, bowl-shaped base.
Likely a post mold associated with landscaping activities pre-dating the
formation of Level 6 (17G). No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC
17P was a small diameter (0.25 feet / 3 inches). Shallow, bowl-shaped base.
Likely a post mold associated with landscaping activities pre-dating the
formation of Level 6 (17G). No artifacts recovered.
D-43
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 17R at top of 17M (Level 7)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.21 97.33
Date Excavated: 3 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17S
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Corner Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 17S at top of 17G (Level 6)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.76 97.78
Date Excavated: 3 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 17T
Unit: N490 E535
Short Title: Level 8
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
JC
JC
17R appeared on the surface of 17M (Level 7) as an irregular, defuse area.
Upon excavation, 17R became a clearly-defined 5-1/2 inch square post mold.
The base of 17R contained a thin lens of compact grayish clay covering ~
50% of the bottom surface. No artifacts, other than a post fragment and
some charcoal flecks/fragments were encountered. No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC
17S was a small section of a circular post hole (diameter = 0.7 feet)
encountered to the unit north and designated 59D. 17S was not visible on
the surface of either 17G (Level 6) or 17M (Level 7). Stratigraphic
association and elevations obtained through post hole profile on the north
wall of the unit. As with Feature 17K, 17S is most likely associated with the
east wall of the first addition to the house at 1904 Marion Street. No artifacts
recovered.
D-44
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.00 n/a
NE 98.01 n/a
NW 98.01 n/a
SW 98.02 n/a
C 98.00 n/a
Date Excavated: 3 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 17T was sterile subsoil.
Provenience: 18A
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) sandy silt loam.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.80 n/a
NE 99.65 n/a
NW 99.72 n/a
SW 99.84 n/a
C 99.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 11 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Closing elevations not available. Not screened.
Provenience: 18B
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE n/a n/a
NE n/a n/a
JC
JC
JC, BPJ
JC
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt loam.
D-45
NW n/a n/a
SW n/a n/a
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 12 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Elevations not taken. Not screened.
Provenience: 18C
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE n/a 99.08
NE n/a 98.82
NW n/a 98.94
SW n/a 99.23
C n/a 99.05
Date Excavated: 12 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Opening elevations not available. Not screened.
Provenience: 18D
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 18E
TPQ Date: Based Upon:
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.08 98.71
NE 98.82 98.69
NW 98.94 98.70
SW 99.23 98.69
C 99.05 98.71
JC
JC
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with <5% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks and <1% paver stones.
JC
JC
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks, <1% mortar,
and <1% brick fragments
D-46
Date Excavated: 14 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 18D was the top-most intact stratum. No artifacts recovered.
Provenience: 18E
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Brick Foundation
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 18E at top of 18D (Level 4)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.81 n/a
Date Excavated: 14 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 18F
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 18H, 18J, 18L, 18M, 18N, 18P, 18S
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.71 98.61
NE 98.69 98.59
NW 98.70 98.56
SW 98.69 98.63
C 98.71 98.63
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
JC
JC
JC
JC
Feature 18E was a brick foundation pier directly in-line (5-feet north, center-
to-center) of Feature 15F, the southeast corner of 1904 Marion Street as
originally built. 18E would have helped support the east wall of the structure.
Mortar between bricks. Foundation was left in place after excavation.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) loamy sand, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Brown (10YR5/4) sandy loam and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with <5% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC, HLF
D-47
Notes:
Provenience: 18H
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 18H at top of 18F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.74 98.60
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 18J
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 18J at top of 18F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.68 98.10
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
18F was most likely the original ground surface underneath the 1904 Marion
Street structure. Level correlates with surface of Blocks 1 & 2. No artifacts
recovered.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with <5% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC, HLF
18H was a square post mold (or hole, with the mold beyond the west wall of
the unit). Given its location underneath the structure 1904 Marion Street,
the post related to either an earlier structure on site (or fence, etc.) or was
part of the construction activities for 1904 Marion.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC, HLF
18J was a initially though to be a square post mold. Upon excavation, 18J
was determined to be a post hole, with a rectangular post mold visible as a
shallow indentation on the floor surface. Post hole measured roughly 9-
inches square; post mold measured 5 x 7 inches). As with Feature 18H, given
its location underneath the structure 1904 Marion Street, the post relates to
either an earlier structure on site (or fence, etc.) or was part of the
construction activities for 1904 Marion.
D-48
Provenience: 18L
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Grayish Brown (10YR5/2) sandy silt
Feature Association: 18L at top of 18F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.70 98.65
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 18M
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt
Feature Association: 18M at top of 18F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.62 98.57
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 18N
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt
Feature Association: 18N at top of 18F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
JC
JC, HLF
18L was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.1 feet (~1.5 inches), containing a
high concentration of white/gray ash. Very shallow. Directly in-line with
post molds 18M, 18N and 18P, running north-west at an approximately 45-
degree angle. No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC, HLF
18M was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.1 feet (~1.5 inches), containing a
high concentration of white/gray ash. Very shallow. Directly in-line with
post molds 18L, 18N and 18P, running north-west at an approximately 45-
degree angle. No artifacts recovered.
D-49
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.72 98.67
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 18P
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt
Feature Association: 18P at top of 18F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.77 98.72
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 18S
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 18S at top of 18F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.67 98.57
Date Excavated: 26 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
JC
JC, HLF
18N was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.1 feet (~1.5 inches), containing a
high concentration of white/gray ash. Very shallow. Directly in-line with
post molds 18L, 18M and 18P, running north-west at an approximately 45-
degree angle. No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC, HLF
18P was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.1 feet (~1.5 inches), containing a
high concentration of white/gray ash. Very shallow. Directly in-line with
post molds 18L, 18M and 18N, running north-west at an approximately 45-
degree angle. No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC, HLF
18S was a very shallow square depression, most likely a post hole. No
indication of post mold.
D-50
Provenience: 18T
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: 18X, 18W, 18Y
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.61 n/a
NE 98.59 n/a
NW 98.56 n/a
SW 98.63 n/a
C 98.63 n/a
Date Excavated: 7 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Sterile Subsoil.
Provenience: 18W
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Square Stain
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR3/4) loamy sand.
Feature Association: 18W at top of 18T (Level 6)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.64 97.31
Date Excavated: 7 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 18X
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Irregular Stain
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR3/4) loamy sand.
Feature Association: 18X at top of 18T (Level 6)
JC
HLF
JC
HLF
18W appeared as a squarish stain at the surface of 18T (Level 6). Upon
excavation, post hole function was clear. An associated circular post mold was
not visible until the base of 18W was reached.
D-51
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.61 98.28
Date Excavated: 7 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 18Y
Unit: N490 E520
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand.
Feature Association: 18Y at top of 18T (Level 6)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.64 98.60
Date Excavated: 7 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19A
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.62 98.92
NE 99.32 98.75
NW 99.47 98.86
SW 99.60 98.79
C n/a 98.81
Date Excavated: 9 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By: TEL
HLF, JC
HLF
18X was an irregularly-shaped shallow feature with irregular wall surfaces.
Unknown function.
JC
HLF
18Y was a very shallow post mold, diameter = 0.13 feet (1.5 inches). No
artifacts recovered.
TEL, JCS, ABB
D-52
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 19B
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 19C, 19E, 19F, 19H, 19J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.92 98.56
NE 98.75 98.47
NW 98.86 98.61
SW 98.79 98.61
C 98.81 98.53
Date Excavated: 28 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19C
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Coal Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 19C at top of 19B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: 1897 Based Upon:19C-1
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.84 98.25
Date Excavated: 28 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By: TEL
Notes:
Very Dark Grayish Brown ((10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Strong
Brown (7.5YR5/6) sandy clay, 15% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6) sandy clay,
with 5% charcoal and <5% brick
TEL, JCS, ABB
ABB
Unit 19 was intruded upon by STP 45. All back-fill from STP was removed
after the surface of 19B was cleaned and all features identified. 19B
contained several features, but does not appear to be associated with the
upper-most intact stratum of Block 2 (19B was a higher level). Not screened.
TEL, ABB
19C contained very little soil, comprised of nearly 98% coal and coal
byproducts. Small amounts of charcoal encountered throughout. All faunal
material was recovered from the bottom of the feature, suggesting that (single
meal?) remains were dumped prior to the apparent emptying of a coal-
burning stove or furnace.
D-53
Provenience: 19E
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 19E at top of 19B (Level 2); associated with 19F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.84 97.38
Date Excavated: 28 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By: TEL
Notes:
Provenience: 19F
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 19F at top of 19B (Level 2); associated with 19E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.84 97.35
Date Excavated: 28 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19H
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Irregular Clay Stain
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
TEL, ABB
Feature 19E was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.45 feet / ~ 5.5 inches)
associated with square post hole Feature 19F. Post mold and hole are directly
in-line with the east wall of the small backyard structure depicted on the
1919 Sanborn Fire Insurance map. No artifacts recovered.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 15%
Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy clay.
TEL, ABB, JC
TEL, JC
Feature 19F was a square post hole measuring 0.75 feet east-west (truncated
by the south wall of the unit), associated with circular post mold 19E. Post
mold and hole were directly in-line with the east wall of the small backyard
structure depicted on the 1919 Sanborn Fire Insurance map.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 30%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.
D-54
Feature Association: 19H at top of 19B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:19H-28
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.83 97.57
Date Excavated: 28 November 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19J
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Circular Stain
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 19J at top of 19B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.73 98.08
Date Excavated: 28 November 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19K
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 19L, 19M, 19N, 19R
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.56 98.31
NE 98.47 98.14
NW 98.61 98.17
JC
JC
19H was a pit feature with nearly straight (plumb) sides. Feature was profiled
in the east wall of the unit, while the portion of the feature was destroyed by
STP 45. Function of feature unknown – related to a backyard structure?
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with 10% charcoal and 2% mortar.
JC
JC
19J was an oval, bowl-shaped depression measuring 1.05 feet east-west and
0.80 feet north-south. Most likely the feature was a small trash pit, given the
faunal material recovered and presence of coal by-products and some
charcoal.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Very Dark
Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy
clay.
D-55
SW 98.61 98.26
C 98.53 98.25
Date Excavated: 4 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19L
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt
Feature Association: 19L at top of 19K (Level 3)
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:19L-10
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.54 98.11
Date Excavated: 4 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19M
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Small Post Hole
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 19M at top of 19K (Level 3)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.53 98.39
Date Excavated: 4 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
JC
JC
19K most closely matches the exposed surface of Block 2 in terms of soil
matrix. Not screened.
JC
JC
19L was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.85 feet) with circular mold
(diameter = 0.3 feet). The post mold was not visible until the base of the post
hole had been reached. Post mold and hole are directly in-line with the east
wall of the small backyard structure depicted on the 1919 Sanborn Fire
Insurance map.
JC
JC
19M was a small, circular post mold (diameter = 0.15 feet / 2 inches) with
vertical walls. No artifacts recovered.
D-56
Provenience: 19N
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 19N is at top of 19K (Level 3); associated with 19S (Level 4)
TPQ Date: 1880 Based Upon:19N-9
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.49 97.42
Date Excavated: 4 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19R
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 19R at top of 19K (Level 3)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.57 98.49
Date Excavated: 4 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 19S
Unit: N485 E560
JC
JC
19N became very wide approximately 0.3-feet below surface. Halted
excavation until the 19K (Level 3) was removed, since it was possible that
19N was actually intruding upon a larger feature associated with Level 4
(19S). Upon removal of 19K and full of excavation of 19N, the feature
appeared to have been both post hole and mold. Interestingly, the mold was
associated with 19K (Level 3), while the hole was associated with 19S (Level
4) – suggesting that the post hole and mold were created at the same time,
but subsequent landscaping activities obscured the post hole.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC
19R was a shallow, bowl-like depression, suggesting the feature had be
impacted by later landscaping activities. Post was directly in-line with the
east wall of the small backyard structure depicted on the 1919 Sanborn Fire
Insurance map – feature may be related to an early (or earlier) incarnation of
the structure. No artifacts recovered.
D-57
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: 19T
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.31 n/a
NE 98.14 n/a
NW 98.17 n/a
SW 98.26 n/a
C 98.25 n/a
Date Excavated: 5 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Subsoil.
Provenience: 19T
Unit: N485 E560
Short Title: Rectangular Stain
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 19T at top of 19S (Level 4)
TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:19T-7
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.17 97.71
Date Excavated: 5 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 20A
Unit: N480 E575
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
JC
JC
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.
JC
JC
19T appeared on the surface of 19S (Level 4) as a curvilinear (likely oval)
surface stain. Upon excavation, 19T revealed a bowl-shaped depression
containing few artifacts, all very small fragments. Feature function is
unknown, but note that the shape, level, and soil matrix match closely with
Features 8N and 12Y.
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.
D-58
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.88 99.26
NE 99.63 99.05
NW 99.59 99.15
SW 99.96 99.15
C n/a 99.16
Date Excavated: 9 September 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 20B
Unit: N480 E575
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.26 98.96
NE 99.05 98.94
NW 99.15 98.17
SW 99.15 98.72
C 99.16 98.96
Date Excavated: 16 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 20D
Unit: N480 E575
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
TEL, JCS, AP, HLF, BAM, MEM
JCS, MEM, JC
Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
compact sandy clay, with 1% brick fragments and 1% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
D-59
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.96 98.52
NE 98.94 98.39
NW 98.17 98.43
SW 98.72 98.41
C 98.96 98.45
Date Excavated: 28 October 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 20E
Unit: N480 E575
Short Title: Debris Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 20E at top of 20F (Level 4)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.38 97.15
Date Excavated: 6 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 20E contained a large amount of mortar fragments
Provenience: 20F
Unit: N480 E575
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 20E, 20G, 20H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.52 98.05
NE 98.39 98.14
NW 98.43 98.19
SW 98.41 97.99
C 98.45 98.18
MFW, JFR
MFW
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) very loose sandy silt, with 30% mortar/plaster
fragments
JC
JC
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Very Dark
Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy
clay.
D-60
Date Excavated: 7 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 20G
Unit: N480 E575
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 20G at top of 20F (Level 4)
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:20G-4
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.52 98.04
Date Excavated: 8 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 20H
Unit: N480 E575
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 20H at top of 20F (Level 4)
TPQ Date: 1847 Based Upon:20H-1
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.43 98.03
Date Excavated: 8 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
JC
JC, HLF
20F had a high concentration of very compact sandy silt in the north ½ of
the unit. At time of excavation, thought that this might indicate a possible
east-west walkway in the rear of the yard near the back of the 1403 Richland
Street house, or more simply, evidence of spatial differences in the yard
areas/activities. No artifacts recovered.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/6) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC, HLF
20G was a circular bowl-shaped depression containing relatively few artifacts.
No evidence of a post mold, and likely not a post hole. Feature function is
unknown.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/6) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC, HLF
20H was a square post mold measuring roughly 4 x 6 inches, likely the
dimensions of a structural post.
D-61
Provenience: 20J
Unit: N480 E575
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.05 n/a
NE 98.14 n/a
NW 98.19 n/a
SW 97.99 n/a
C 98.18 n/a
Date Excavated: 8 December 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Subsoil.
JC
JC
D-62
D-63
Block 1
Units 23 – 38, 56 – 60
Provenience: F2
Unit: Block 1
Short Title: Sprinkler Trench – West Half
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
E 98.52 97.54
W 98.73 98.05
C 98.67 97.53
Date Excavated: 7 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: F3
Unit: Block 1
Short Title: Sprinkler Trench – Supply Line
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
S 98.52 97.79
N 98.12 97.27
C 98.53 97.73
Date Excavated: 7 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) loamy sand, mottled with 40% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
JC, HLF
HLF
Modern sprinkler trench for rear yard, dug with ditch-witch, owned by
Columbia Housing Authority. Fully excavated prior to excavations of
features within Block 1. Not Screened.
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2), mottled with 40% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay
JC, HLF
HLF
Modern sprinkler trench for rear yard, dug with ditch-witch, owned by
Columbia Housing Authority. Fully excavated prior to excavations of
features within Block 1. Not Screened.
D-64
Provenience: 23B
Unit: N515 E530
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 23E, 23F, 23G, 23H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.62 n/a
NE 98.49 n/a
NW 98.49 n/a
SW 98.59 n/a
C 98.46 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By:
Notes: 23B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated
Provenience: 23E
Unit: N515 E530
Short Title: Foundation Pier Trench
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) compact coal dust
Feature Association: 23E at top of 23B (Level 2); associated with 23F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.46 98.36
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 23F
Unit: N515 E530
Short Title: Foundation Pier
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 23F at top of 23B (Level 2); associated with Feature 23E
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 30% Black (10YR2/1)
compact sandy silt, with 1% mortar, <1% brick, and <1% charcoal.
KBH, JC
JC, KBH
23E was possibly related to post-1970 activities that left a thin lens of coal
dust surrounding the brick foundation pier (23F). Not Excavated.
D-65
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.50 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 23G
Unit: N515 E530
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam
Feature Association: 23G at top of 23B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.50 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 23H
Unit: N515 E530
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with 1% brick
Feature Association: 23H at top of 23B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.48 98.43
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
JC
JC
23F was a brick foundation pier associated with the north wall of the second
addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. It was one of three brick
piers for this wall, with roughly 7-foot centers. No closing elevations as the
brick pier was left in place at the close of excavations.
JC
23G was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.4 feet (~ 5 inches), off the
southwest corner of brick foundation pier 23F. Feature was not excavated
due to time constraints.
CJC
JC
D-66
Notes:
Provenience: 24B
Unit: N515 E535
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 24D, 24E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.57 n/a
NE 98.48 n/a
NW 98.49 n/a
SW 98.62 n/a
C 98.53 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 24B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 24D
Unit: N515 E535
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty loam/coal dust
Feature Association: 24D at top of 24B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.49 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 24E
Unit: N515 E535
Short Title: Post Mold
23H was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.35 feet (~ 4 inches). Not
Excavated.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% black
(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with <5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar/brick fragments.
JC, KBH
JC
24D was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.20 feet (~2.5 inches). Not
excavated due to time constraints.
D-67
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty loam/coal dust
Feature Association: 24E at top of 24B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.50 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 25B
Unit: N515 E540
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 25C, 25D, 25E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.38 n/a
NE 98.32 n/a
NW 98.48 n/a
SW 98.57 n/a
C 98.56 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 25C
Unit: N515 E540
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand/coal dust, with 5% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 25C at top of 25B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
JC
24E was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.30 feet (~3.5 inches). Not
excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% black
(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with <5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar/brick fragments.
JC, KBH
25B was the upper-most intact stratum. Concentration of compact coal dust
in the southwest quadrant and northern boundary of unit. Not excavated.
D-68
Opening: Closing:
C 98.37 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 25D
Unit: N515 E540
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand/coal dust, with 5% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 25D at top of 25B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.35 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 25E
Unit: N515 E540
Short Title: Foundation Pier
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 25E at top of 25B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.65 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
JC, KBH
25C appeared at surface as an possible small pit feature with irregular edges.
High concentration of coal dust. High concentration of fish bones/scales on
surface. Not excavated due to time constraints. Can not rule out possibility
of post-1970 association.
JC, KBH
25D (as with Feature 25C) appeared at surface as an possible small pit
feature with irregular edges. High concentration of coal dust. High
concentration of fish bones/scales on surface. Not excavated due to time
constraints. Can not rule out possibility of post-1970 association.
JC, KBH
25E was a brick foundation pier associated with the northeast corner of the
second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. Surrounding soil
matrix was not excavated.
D-69
Provenience: 26B
Unit: N515 E545
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 26C, 26D, 26E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.27 n/a
NE 98.11 n/a
NW 98.32 n/a
SW 98.38 n/a
C 98.19 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 26B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 26C
Unit: N515 E545
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 26C at top of 26B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.29 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 26D
Unit: N515 E545
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: UID
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with
<5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar
JC, KBH
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.
JC, KBH
26C appeared to be a circular post hole (or mold), diameter = 0.25 feet (~ 3
inches). Not excavated.
D-70
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 26D at top of 26B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.32 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 26E
Unit: N515 E545
Short Title: Oval Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam.
Feature Association: 26E at top of 26B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.19 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 27B
Unit: N510 E530
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 27C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.75 n/a
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.
JC, KBH
26D was a semi-circular feature, measuring 1.0 feet east-west and 0.85 feet
north-south, that may have been either a post hole/mold, although given
that the vast majority of post holes and molds were clearly defined at surface
across the site, this was not conclusive. Not excavated.
JC, KBH
26E was a small oval-shaped feature measuring 0.75 feet east-west and 0.35
feet north-south. Function is unknown, but likely non-culturally significant.
Not excavated due to time constraints.
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with charcoal-stained
Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam, with 1% brick fragments, <1% mortar, and
<1% charcoal flecks
D-71
NE 98.62 n/a
NW 98.59 n/a
SW 98.78 n/a
C 98.66 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 27C
Unit: N510 E530
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 27C at the top of 27B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.71 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 28B
Unit: N510 E535
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.63 n/a
NE 98.57 n/a
NW 98.62 n/a
SW 98.75 n/a
JC, HLF, KBH
27B was the upper-most intact stratum. Evidence of only one feature in unit.
Not excavated.
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with 40% charcoal-
stained Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam transitioning through the middle and
east ½ of the feature, and 1% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sand
HLF
27C was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.80 feet, bisected by the west wall
of the unit. Not Excavated.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% black
(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with <5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar/brick fragments.
D-72
C 98.64 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 29B
Unit: N510 E540
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 29C, 29D, 29E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.49 n/a
NE 98.38 n/a
NW 98.57 n/a
SW 98.63 n/a
C 98.62 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 29B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 29C
Unit: N510 E540
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.55 97.12
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: LR
Recorded By: LR
JC, KBH
28B was the upper-most intact stratum. No features identified at surface.
Not excavated.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% black
(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with <5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar/brick fragments.
JC, KBH
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with >50% crushed granite and granite paver stones.
29C at top of 29B (Level 2); associated with post hole Feature 29D; intrudes
upon Feature 29E
D-73
Notes:
Provenience: 29D
Unit: N510 E540
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.55 97.12
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: LR
Recorded By: LR
Notes:
Provenience: 29E
Unit: N510 E540
Short Title: Charcoal Stain
Type: Stain
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam
Feature Association: 29E at top of 29B (Level 2); intruded upon by Features 29C and 29D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.60 98.39
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: LR
Recorded By: LR
Notes:
Provenience: 30B
29C was a circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.25 feet) located with
circular post hole Feature 29D. Both 29C and 29D intruded upon Feature
29E. Presence of granite suggests possible post-1970 formation, but unable
to determine.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <50% granite paver stones.
29D at top of 29B (Level 2); associated with post mold Feature 29C;
intruded upon Feature 29E
29D was a circular post hole feature (diameter = 0.60 feet) associated with
circular post mold Feature 29C. Both 29C and 29D intruded upon Feature
29E. Presence of granite suggests possible post-1970 formation, but unable
to determine. No artifacts recovered.
29E was a thin, oval-shaped charcoal lens/stain, the only one of its kind
uncovered at the site. Function is unknown, but most likely represents the
remains of a fire, possibly for either cooking or laundry. Given the surface
nature of such stains, it is possible that other such features were scrapped-
away/destroyed through post-1970 activities.
D-74
Unit: N510 E545
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 30C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.50 n/a
NE 98.27 n/a
NW 98.38 n/a
SW 98.49 n/a
C 98.31 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 30B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 30C
Unit: N510 E545
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 30C at the top of 30B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.50 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 31B
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with
<5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar
JC, KBH
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 10%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal flecks
JC
30C was a circular feature, diameter = 1.65 feet. Given its size, location (in-
line on a north-south axis with Feature 34C-Complex to the south) and
similarity to other features, 34C was likely a small trash deposit. Not
excavated due to time constraints.
D-75
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a (see 'Notes')
Feature Association: 31C-Complex (31C, 31D, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31K, 31L), 31G, 31H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.67 n/a
NE 98.75 n/a
NW 98.78 n/a
SW 98.80 n/a
C 98.63 n/a
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience:
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 1
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: See 'Notes' section
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:31C-73
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.67 96.65
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
JC
31B was the upper-most intact stratum. No Stratigraphic Definition, as
Feature 31C-Complex completely covered the entire unit. Not excavated.
31C-
Complex
31C-Complex at top of 31B (Level 2); associated with 31C,31D, 31E, 31F,
31J, 31K, 31L; intruded upon by Feature 31H
JC, KBH
JC, KBH
D-76
Notes:
Provenience: 31C
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 1
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 31C at top of 31B (Level 2); associated with 31D, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31K, 31L
TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:31C-73
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.67 98.27
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: See Feature 31C-Complex entry.
Provenience: 31D
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 2
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) very loose sand
Feature Association: 31C, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31K, 31L
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:31D-17
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.27 98.12
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
31C-Complex was a large trash pit feature composed of seven distinct strata:
31C,31D, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31K, and 31L. The deposit as a whole was
designated as the 31C-Complex, while individual layers are referenced by
their unique provenience designations. The feature extended into units 27,
32, and 35. It measured 5.75 feet east to west and 6.5 feet north to south,
with a maximum depth of 2.4 feet below the surface of stratum 31B. It was
intruded upon by three features: a modern trench associated with a sprinkler
system (F2) running east-west across Block 1, a post mold and post hole
(32D/E) straddling the northeast edge, and a foundation pier (32H)
associated with the house at 1904 Marion Street. The sprinkler trench and
post mold/hole were excavated completely prior to excavation of the trash
pit. The pit was bisected along a north-south axis flush with the eastern edge
of the foundation pier. Due to time constraints, only the east half of the
trash pit was excavated. Plastic sheeting was secured to the pit's west face
prior to back-filling to maintain integrity of the unexcavated portion.
Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, with 5% mortar and <5% charcoal flecks
JC
JC
JC
JC
D-77
Notes:
Provenience: 31E
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 3
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 31C,31D, 31F, 31J, 31K, 31L
TPQ Date: 1888 Based Upon:31E-1
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.12 98.02
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 31F
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 4
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 31C,31D, 31E, 31J, 31K, 31L
TPQ Date: 1874 Based Upon:31F-14
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.02 97.61
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 31G
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, with 5% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 31G at top of 31B (Level 2)
See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31D was completely composed of a very
loose builder's sand with artifacts throughout.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with 10% brick fragments,
5% mortar, and <5% charcoal fragments/flecks
JC
JC
See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31E was a very compact soil matrix,
relatively homogeneous in color/texture/inclusions. Few artifacts.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) compact sandy silt, mottled with 40%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks
JC
JC
See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31F was a thin, compact mottled soil
matrix. Minus the Yellowish Red mottling, 31F was the same as 31E.
D-78
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.656 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 31H
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Foundation Pier
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 31H at top of 31B (Level 2); intrudes upon Feature 31C-Complex
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.65 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 31J
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 5
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) very loose sand
Feature Association: 31C,31D, 31E, 31F, 31K, 31L
TPQ Date: 1885 Based Upon:31J-42
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.61 97.34
Date Excavated: 28 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31J was a lens of very loose builder's sand.
Provenience: 31K
JC, KBH
31G was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.25 feet. Not excavated due to
time constraints.
JC, KBH
31H was a brick foundation pier disturbed by post-1970 activities. The pier
was located nearly horizontally within the Feature 31C-Complex and was the
northeast corner of the first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.
JC, HLF
JC
D-79
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 6
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 31C,31D, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31L
TPQ Date: c. 1890 Based Upon:31K-30
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.34 97.03
Date Excavated: 28 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: See Feature 31C-Complex entry.
Provenience: 31L
Unit: N505 E530
Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 7
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: 1882 Based Upon:31L-30
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.03 96.65
Date Excavated: 30 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 32B
Unit: N505 E535
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar
JC, HLF
JC
Black (10YR2/1) very loose sandy loam, with 20% charcoal and charcoal
flecks
JC, KBH
JC, KBH
See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31L was the lowest-most level of the trash
pit (31C-Complex). 31L was representative of a burning activity, evidenced
by the high levels of charcoal and artifacts with burn/melt indicators. As with
previous levels, there was a high concentration of builder's/architectural
debris, but unlike previous levels, there was also a high concentration of
household debris. 31L may represent an initial dumping of household debris,
although the function of the pit was still most likely related to a building
event, possibly related to the 1904 Marion Street structure.
D-80
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 32D, 32E, 31C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.67 n/a
NE 98.66 n/a
NW 98.76 n/a
SW 98.72 n/a
C 98.72 n/a
Date Excavated: 23 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 32D
Unit: N505 E535
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.77 97.68
Date Excavated: 23 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 32E
Unit: N505 E535
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Black
(10YR2/1) sandy silt and <1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with
<5% charcoal flecks.
JC, KBH
32B was the upper-most intact stratum. The Black soil identified in the
'Stratigraphic Definition' appeared as a diffused linear stain running north-
south near the western edge of the foundation pier (Feature 33F). Possibly
related to post-1970 activities. Stratum not excavated.
32D at top of 32B (Level 2); within Feature 32E (Post Hole); intrudes upon
Feature 31C-Complex
JC
JC
32D was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.30 feet) within circular post hole
Feature 32E, intruding upon trash pit feature 31C-Complex. No artifacts
were recovered from the post mold (nor the post hole). Soil matrix unlike
any other post mold/hole discovered within Blocks 1 and 2. Possibly related
to post-1970s activities, but more likely it was related to the period between
1919 (Sanborn map) and the construction of the second addition to the
structure at 1904 Marion Street. Did not appear to be related to Feature
31C-Complex.
D-81
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.77 97.68
Date Excavated: 23 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 33B
Unit: N505 E540
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 33D, 33E, 33F, 33G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.51 n/a
NE 98.49 n/a
NW 98.63 n/a
SW 98.68 n/a
C 98.63 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 33B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 33D
Unit: N505 E540
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6) compact sandy silt, mottled with 10% Brown
(10YR4/3) sandy silt
32E at top of 32B (Level 2); associated with Feature 32D (Post Mold);
intrudes upon Feature 31C-Complex
JC
JC
32E was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.60 feet) associated with post mold
feature 31D and intruding upon Feature 31C-Complex. No artifacts were
recovered from the post mold (nor the post hole). Soil matrix unlike any
other post mold/hole discovered within Blocks 1 and 2. Possibly related to
post-1970s activities, but more likely it was related to the period between
1919 (Sanborn map) and the construction of the second addition to the
structure at 1904 Marion Street. Did not appear to be related to Feature
31C-Complex.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, 30% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy
silt, with <1% charcoal flecks.
JC, KBH
D-82
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam
Feature Association: 33D at top of 33B (Level 2); within Post Hole 33E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.86 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 33E
Unit: N505 E540
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 33E at top of 33B (Level 2); associated with Post Mold 33D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.48 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 33F
Unit: N505 E540
Short Title: Foundation Pier
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 33F at top of 33B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.68 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
JC, KBH
33D was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.20 feet) within circular post hole
33E. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, mottled with 40% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay
JC, KBH
33E was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.55 feet) associated with post mold
33D. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-83
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 33G
Unit: N505 E540
Short Title: Linear Stain
Type: Stain
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 33G at top of 33B (Level 2); associated with Feature 37H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
N 98.49 n/a
S 98.51 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 34B
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34C, 34D, 34E, 34F, 34G, 34H, 34J, 34K, 34L, 34M, 34N
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.48 n/a
NE 98.50 n/a
NW 98.49 n/a
SW 98.51 n/a
C 98.49 n/a
JC
33F was an in situ brick foundation pier associated with the east wall of the
second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. Pier left intact at the
end of excavations.
Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, mottled with 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3)
sandy silt and 10% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silt
JC
33G was a heavily mottled, very compact linear stain running parallel with
the east wall of the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.
33G is a continuation of the same linear stain designated Feature 37H to the
south. Both 33G and 37H appear to be remnants of a drip-line from the
roof of 1904 Marion Street. Alternately, the features might represent a walk-
way/path, although given their proximity to the wall, a drip-line is more
plausible. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with
<5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar
D-84
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience:
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Smudge Pit, Inner
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34C at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with Feature 34E
TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:34C-78 & 79
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.53 96.91
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 34C
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Smudge Pit, Inner, Level 1
Type: Trash Pit
JC, KBH
34B was the upper-most intact stratum. High concentration of features
compared to other units within Block 1. Not excavated.
34C-
Complex
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silt, with 20% charcoal
KBH
KBH
34C-Complex was a small, circular trash pit composed of Features 34C,
34D, and 34E, located 6.75 feet east of the east wall of the second addition
to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. The feature measured 2.3 feet north-
south and 2.5 feet east-west. The pit had been cleanly bisected by a modern
trench associated with a sprinkler system (Feature F3) cut with a ditch-
wench. Running north-south across the entire block with a width of 0.45
feet and a depth of 1.1 feet, the trench was fully excavated prior to excavating
the pit. The trash pit contained three deposits consisting of a shallow outer
ring (Feature 34E) and two inner fill layers (Features 34C & 34D). The
outer ring was a compact shallow depression varying in width from 0.25 feet
maximum to 0.05 feet minimum, and varying in depth from 0.15 feet along
the western edge to 0.02 feet along the eastern edge. Since the pit had been
bisected by the sprinkler trench, it was excavated along this bisection line.
The east half was removed first, but because of the high artifact
concentration it was not until the west profile was exposed that two distinct
layers were noticeable (34C, upper level; 34D, lower level). Artifacts from
both inner fill layers were bagged together; those from the outer ring (34E)
were kept separate from the inner fill. Stratigraphic Definitions for 34C,
34D and 34E, as well as elevations, are found in their own entries.
D-85
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34C at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with Features 34D, 34E, F3
TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:34C-78 & 79
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.53 97.55
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: See 'Notes' section of 34C-Complex.
Provenience: 34D
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Smudge Pit, Inner, Level 2
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Gray (7.5YR3/1) silty sand
Feature Association: 34D below 34C; associated with Feature F3
TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:34C-78 & 79
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.55 96.91
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: See 'Notes' section of 34C-Complex.
Provenience: 34E
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Smudge Pit, Outer
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) compact silty sand, with 10% charcoal
Feature Association: 34E at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with Feature F3
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.53 98.22
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: See 'Notes' section of 34C-Complex.
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silt, with 20% charcoal
KBH
KBH
KBH
KBH
KBH
KBH
D-86
Provenience: 34F
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Rectangular Stain
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34F at top of 34B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.59 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 34G
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, with 5% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 34G at top of 34B (Level 2); intruded upon by Features 34K & 34L
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.62 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 34H
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34H at top of 34B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
JC, KBH
34F was a rectangular feature measuring 0.80 feet north-south, truncated by
the east wall of the block. Likely a post hole. Not excavated due to time
constraints.
JC, KBH
34G was a circular feature with a diameter of 0.80'. Possibly a post hole, but
unknown. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks
D-87
Opening: Closing:
C 98.67 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 34J
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, with 50% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 34J at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with post hole feature 34K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.55 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 34K
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34K at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with post mold feature 34J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.57 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
JC, KBH
34G was a circular feature with a diameter of . Possibly a post hole, but
unknown. Not excavated due to time constraints.
JC, KBH
34J was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.35 feet) within a square post hole
(Feature 34K), representing the northwest corner of a wooden outbuilding
depicted in a 1969 photograph of the common backyard area of the site.
Association with this outbuilding was determined using the technique of
photographic superimposition. The northeast corner of the structure was
represented by Feature 47G. The outbuilding measured 12-feet square. 34J
was not excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) and 20% Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, with 5% charcoal
flecks
JC, KBH
D-88
Notes:
Provenience: 34L
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34L at top of 34B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.49 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 34M
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34M at top of 34B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.49 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 34N
Unit: N505 E545
Short Title: Post Mold, Small
Type: Post Mold
34K was a square post hole measuring 0.75 feet east-west and 0.80 feet
north-south, associated with circular post mold feature 34J. See 'Notes' entry
for Feature 34J. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR3/4) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks
JC, KBH
34L was a square feature measuring 0.30 feet east-west and 0.35 feet north-
south. May or may not be related to post-1970 activities. Not excavated due
to time constraints.
Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR3/4) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks
JC, KBH
34M was a small circular feature, diameter = 0.35 feet. May or may not be
related to post-1970 activities. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-89
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 34N at top of 34B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.49 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 35B
Unit: N500 E530
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 35E, 35F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.77 n/a
NE 98.67 n/a
NW 98.80 n/a
SW 98.88 n/a
C 98.76 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 35B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not Excavated.
Provenience: 35E
Unit: N500 E530
Short Title: Foundation Depression
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with 20% mortar
Feature Association: 35E at top of 35B (Level 2); associated with Feature 35F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR3/4) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks
JC, KBH
34M was a small circular feature, diameter = 0.20 feet. May or may not be
related to post-1970 activities. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 15% Strong Brown
(7.5YR4/6) sandy clay south of Features 35E & 35F and 10% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
JC, KBH, HLF
D-90
C 98.71 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 35F
Unit: N500 E530
Short Title: Foundation Pier
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 35F at top of 35B (Level 2); associated with Feature 35E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.82 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 36B
Unit: N500 E535
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 36C, 36D, 36E, 36F, 36G, 36H, 36J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
98.68 Closing:
SE 98.72 n/a
NE 98.68 n/a
NW 98.67 n/a
SW 98.77 n/a
C 98.72 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
HLF
35E was a dark stain/depression encompassing brick foundation pier Feature
35F. The feature may relate to construction activities (setting of the pier) or
differential impact on yard surfaces over time (e.g. sweeping). Not excavated
due to time constraints.
HLF
35F was an in situ brick foundation pier associated with the east wall of the
first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. Foundation left in place
at the end of excavation.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Black
(10YR2/1) sandy silt and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <5%
charcoal flecks
D-91
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 36C
Unit: N500 E535
Short Title: Pipe Trench, Large
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 36C at top of 36B (Level 2); intrudes upon Feature 36J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.73 98.35
Date Excavated: 23 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 36D
Unit: N500 E535
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam
Feature Association: 36D at top of 36B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.67 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
JC, KBH
36B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated due to time
constraints.
Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam transitioning to Very Dark Brown
(7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam from north to south, mottled throughout with
15% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6), with 5% charcoal flecks
HLF, JC
HLF, JC
36C was a hand-dug trench feature associated with an in situ 5-inch cast iron
waste-water pipe running into the southeast corner of the second addition to
the structure at 1904 Marion Street at a 45-degree angle (northwest to
southeast) to the structure. Feature was bisected along a north-south plane at
midpoint to generate a profile. The pipe rested directly on the floor of the
feature. A brick bat was discovered upon excavation resting on the floor of
the trench directly beneath a cap fitting for the pipe, likely used for support
of a 90-degree elbow fitting that had largely rusted away. A 1969 Columbia
Housing Authority floor-plan drawing of 1904 Marion Streets depicts that
part of the house as a bathroom. Trench feature intruded upon a small,
circular post mold, Feature 36J.
JC, KBH
D-92
Notes:
Provenience: 36E
Unit: N500 E535
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam
Feature Association: 36E at top of 36B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No diagnostic artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.78 98.68
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 36E was a circular post hole or mold, diameter = 0.40 feet. Very shallow.
Provenience: 36F
Unit: N500 E535
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam
Feature Association: 36F at top of 36B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.71 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 36G
Unit: N500 E535
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 36G at top of 36B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
36D was a small, circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.20 feet). Not
excavated due to time constraints.
HLF
HLF
JC, KBH
36F was a circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.40 feet). Not excavated
due to time constraints.
Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, mottled with 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3)
sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks and 1% mortar
D-93
Opening: Closing:
C 98.67 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 36H
Unit: N500 E535
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam, with 15% mortar
Feature Association: 36H at top of 36B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:39H-7
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.70 98.04
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 36J
Unit: N500 E535
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam
Feature Association: 36J at base of Feature 36C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.35 98.30
Date Excavated: 26 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
JC, KBH
36G was a circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.40 feet). Not excavated
due to time constraints.
HLF
HLF
36H was a circular feature at surface (diameter = 1.15 feet) and a bowl-
shaped profile with irregular walls. Brick foundation feature 37C slightly
intruded upon the feature, suggesting the feature pre-dates the construction
of the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.
HLF
HLF
36J was a small circular post mold (diameter = 0.35 feet) discovered at the
base of the pipe trench feature 36C. The feature was extremely shallow. No
artifacts recovered.
D-94
Provenience: 37B
Unit: N500 E540
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 37C, 37D, 37E, 37F, 37H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.62 n/a
NE 98.51 n/a
NW 98.68 n/a
SW 98.72 n/a
C 98.71 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 37B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 37C
Unit: N500 E540
Short Title: Foundation Pier
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 37C at top of 37B (Level 2); intrudes upon Feature 36H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 37D
Unit: N500 E540
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: UID
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, 30% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy
silt, with <1% charcoal flecks.
JC, KBH
JC
37C was an in situ brick foundation pier representing the southeast corner of
the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. Feature intruded
slightly upon Feature 36H.
D-95
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 37D at top of 37B (Level 2); intrudes upon Feature 37H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 37E
Unit: N500 E540
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 37E at top of 37B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.56 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 37F
Unit: N500 E540
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 37F at top of 37B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.49 n/a
Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt, with <5% charcoal flecks
JC, KBH
37D was a circular feature (diameter = 1.00 feet) located on the outer edge of
the east wall of the second addition to the 1904 Marion Street structure.
Feature might be related to post-1970 activities, as it intrudes upon Feature
37H, a linear stain thought to be the remains of a drip-line from the roof of
1904 Marion Street. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with <5%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal flecks
JC, KBH
37E was a circular feature (diameter = 0.40 feet), likely a post mold. Not
excavated due to time constraints.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 40%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
D-96
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 37H
Unit: N500 E540
Short Title: Linear Stain
Type: Stain
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 37H at top of 37B (Level 2); associated with Feature 33G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
N 98.72 n/a
S 98.70 n/a
C 98.74 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 38B
Unit: N500 E545
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 38C, 38D, 38E, 38F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.54 n/a
NE 98.48 n/a
NW 98.51 n/a
SW 98.62 n/a
JC, KBH
37F was a circular feature (diameter = 0.50 feet), likely a post mold. Not
excavated due to time constraints.
JC
37H was a heavily mottled, very compact linear stain running parallel with
the east wall of the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.
37H is a continuation of the same linear stain designated Feature 33G to the
north. Both 37H and 33G appear to be remnants of a drip-line from the
roof of 1904 Marion Street. Alternately, the features might represent a walk-
way/path, although given their proximity to the wall, a drip-line is more
plausible. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with
<5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar
D-97
C 98.61 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 38B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 38C
Unit: N500 E545
Short Title: Pipe Trench, Terracotta
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 38C at top of 38B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.78 98.24
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 38D
Unit: N500 E545
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 38D at top of 38B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.56 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
JC, KBH
Very Dark Brown ( 10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark Reddish
Brown (5YR3/4) loamy sand and <5% charcoal flecks
KBH
KBH
38C was hand-dug trench feature containing an in situ 6-inch terracotta
waste-water pipe. The pipe appears to have been repaired at some point with
a mortar compound at the exposed joint. The pipe line ran at at a 45-degree
angle relative to the site/structures, northeast-southwest. This trench/pipe is a
continuation of the same trench/pipe exposed in Unit 17 (designated Feature
17H).
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 5%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
JC, KBH
38D was a circular stain (diameter = 0.80 feet) bisected by the south wall of
the unit. Possible post hole. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-98
Provenience: 38E
Unit: N500 E545
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Grayish Brown (7.5YR4/2) silty sand, with 5% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 38E at top of 38B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.61 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 38F
Unit: N500 E545
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, with 50% charcoal
Feature Association: 38F at top of 38B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.66 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 56B
Unit: N515 E520
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 56C, 56F, 56G, 56H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.69 n/a
JC, KBH
38E was a circular feature (diameter = 0.40 feet) that was most likely a post
mold. Not excavated due to time constraints.
JC, KBH
38E was a circular feature (diameter = 0.30 feet) that was most likely a post
mold. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Black
(10YR2/1) sandy silt, with 1% brick and 1% charcoal
D-99
NE 98.58 n/a
NW 98.66 n/a
SW 98.75 n/a
C 98.67 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 56B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 56C
Unit: N515 E520
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with 1% brick and 1% charcoal
Feature Association: 56C at top of 56B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.66 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 56F
Unit: N515 E520
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 56F at top of 56B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 56G
JC, KBH, Andrea P.
JC, KBH, Andrea P.
56C was circular feature (diameter ~ 1.5 feet) bisected by the west wall of the
unit. Possible post hole. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with 1% brick, 1%
charcoal and >1% mortar
JC
56F was a nearly circular feature (diameter ~ 0.85 feet) bisected by the south
wall of the unit. Possible post hole. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-100
Unit: N515 E520
Short Title: Foundation Pier Trench
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with 1% brick and 1% charcoal
Feature Association: 56G at top of 56B (Level 2); associated with Feature 56H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.58 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 56H
Unit: N515 E520
Short Title: Foundation Pier
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 56H at top of 56B (Level 2); associated with Feature 56G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.63 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 57B
Unit: N520 E520
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
JC
56G was a dark stain/depression encompassing brick foundation pier Feature
56H. The feature may relate to construction activities (setting of the pier) or
differential impact on yard surfaces over time (e.g. sweeping). Not excavated
due to time constraints.
JC
56H was an in situ brick foundation pier associated with the northeast corner
of the original incarnation of the structure at 1904 Marion Street. The pier
was added onto to accommodate the second addition to the structure.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Black
(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust, with 1% brick and 1% charcoal flecks
D-101
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.58 n/a
NE 98.47 n/a
NW 98.58 n/a
SW 98.66 n/a
C 98.50 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 57B was the upper-most intact stratum. No features found. Not excavated.
Provenience: 58B
Unit: N515 E525
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 58C, 58G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.59 n/a
NE 98.49 n/a
NW 98.58 n/a
SW 98.69 n/a
C 98.60 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 58B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 58C
Unit: N515 E525
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with <1% brick fragments
Feature Association: 58C at top of 58B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.58 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
JC, KBH
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 50% Black
(7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam in north half of unit, with <1% brick fragments
JC, KBH
D-102
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 58G
Unit: N515 E525
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with brick bat covering 75% of surface
Feature Association: 58G at top of 58B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.60 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 59B
Unit: N495 E535
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 59C, 59D, 59E, 59F, 59H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.48 n/a
NE 98.72 n/a
NW 98.77 n/a
SW 98.71 n/a
C 98.68 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 59B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
HLF
58C was a circular feature (diameter = 0.45 feet) thought to be a post mold
but can not rule out association with post-1970 activities. Not excavated due
to time constraints.
HLF, JC
58G was a circular feature (diameter = 0.60 feet) located directly in-line with
the north wall of the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.
Thought to be a post mold, but can not rule out association with post-1970
activities. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy loam, mottled with 1% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks, 1% mortar, and <1%
brick fragments
HLF
D-103
Provenience: 59C
Unit: N495 E535
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy loam, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 59C at top of 59B (Level 2); associated with post hole 59D/17S
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.71 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 59D
Unit: N495 E535
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.71 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 59E
Unit: N495 E535
JC
59C was a square post mold, measuring 0.35 feet east-west and 0.20 feet
north-south, associated with post hole Feature 59D (first discovered in Unit
17 and designated 17S). Post was directly in-line with the east wall of the
first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street, along with post features
17K, 59E, and 59F. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% charcoal stained
Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam, with 1% brick fragments
59D at top of 59B (Level 2); associated with post mold feature 59C and post
hole 17S
JC
59D was a squarish post hole feature measuring 0.75 feet east-west
(truncated by the south wall of the unit), associated with post mold feature
59C. Post hole was first discovered in Unit 17 and designated 17S. Features
17S and 59D are parts of the same feature. Post was directly in-line with the
east wall of the first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street, along
with post features 17K, 59E, and 59F. Not excavated due to time
constraints.
D-104
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 59E at top of 59B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 59F
Unit: N495 E535
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 59F at top of 59B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 59H
Unit: N495 E535
Short Title: Pipe Trench, Small
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 589H at top of 59B (Level 2); associated with 36C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
HLF, JC
59E was a squarish post hole feature measuring 0.55 feet north-south
(truncated by the west wall of the unit), directly in-line with the east wall of
the first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street, along with post
features 17K, 59C/D, and 59F. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks
HLF, JC
59F was a circular post hole feature (diameter = 0.35 feet), directly in-line
with the east wall of the first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street,
along with post features 17K, 59C/D, and 59E. Not excavated due to time
constraints.
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with 15% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, 10% Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam, and 5%
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy loam, with 1% brick fragments
D-105
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.68 98.38
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 60B
Unit: N505 E525
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.80 n/a
NE 98.78 n/a
NW 98.78 n/a
SW 98.88 n/a
C 98.79 n/a
Date Excavated: 27 June 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
HLF
HLF
59H was a hand-dug trench feature associated with an in situ 2-1/2 inch cast
iron water pipe running into the east wall of the first addition to the
structure at 1904 Marion Street at a 90-degree angle to the wall. The feature
was bisected along a north-south plane at midpoint to generate a profile. The
pipe rested directly on the floor of the feature. A 1969 Columbia Housing
Authority floor-plan drawing of 1904 Marion Street depicts that part of the
house as a kitchen. This trench feature tied into trench feature 36C (5-inch
waste-water line).
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with <5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, <5% Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt, with <1% brick
fragments and 1% charcoal flecks
JC, KBH
60B was the upper-most intact stratum. No features uncovered. Not
excavated.
D-106
D-107
Block 2
Units 21, 22, 39 – 55
Provenience: F1
Unit: N500 E560
Short Title: Sprinkler Trench, East ½
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) loamy sand
Feature Association: F1 at top of Level 1
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
E 98.12 98.12
W 98.36 97.40
C 98.32 97.66
Date Excavated: 23 February 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 21B
Unit: N520 E575
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 21C, 21D, 21E, 21F, 21G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 97.85 n/a
NE 97.75 n/a
NW 97.81 n/a
SW 97.93 n/a
C 97.67 n/a
Date Excavated: n/a
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By:
JC, HLF
HLF
Modern sprinkler trench for rear yard, dug with ditch-witch, owned by
Columbia Housing Authority. Fully excavated prior to excavations of
features within Block 2.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
L. Riser (modified by JC)
D-108
Notes:
Provenience: 21C
Unit: N520 E575
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 21C at top of 21B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.66 97.24
Date Excavated: 15 May 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 21D
Unit: N520 E575
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 21D at top of 21B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.89 96.77
Date Excavated: 16 May 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 21E
Unit: N520 E575
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
21B was the upper-most intact stratum. Stratigraphic definition, etc. not
recorded by L. Riser. Values taken from Unit 41. Unit straddled the property
line between 1904 and 1906 Marion Street. Not Screened.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 15% charcoal flecks and 10%
brick fragments
21C was an oblong shaped trash pit measuring 1.1 feet from the east wall of
the unit and 2.0 feet from the north wall. Feature was north of the property
line within the 1906 Marion Street lot.
21D was an irregularly shaped trash pit feature measuring 2.85 feet east-west
and 2.25 feet north-south. L. Riser did not record stratigraphic definition.
Feature was south of the property line within the 1904 Marion Street lot.
North edge of feature abutted the property line.
D-109
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 2 brick bats and 10% charcoal
Feature Association: 21E at top of 21B
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.94 97.53
Date Excavated: 18 May 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 21F
Unit: N520 E575
Short Title: Circular Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 21F at top of 21B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.89 97.49
Date Excavated: 23 May 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 21H
Unit: N520 E575
Short Title: Linear Stain
Type: Stain
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 21H at top of 21B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
21E was a square post hole feature containing a square post feature. The post
hole measured 0.75 feet east-west and 0.90 feet north-south; the square post
mold measured 0.65 feet east-west and 0.70 feet north-south. L. Riser did
not provenience the hole and mold separately. 21E was south of the property
line. Given the feature's proximity to other post features closer to the
property line, 21E was not likely associated with a boundary fence between
lots.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loamy sand, with 20% charcoal flecks
and 10% brick fragments
21F was an oval shaped trash pit feature measuring 1.85 feet north-south and
1.5 feet east-west. The feature was located north of the property line within
the 1906 Marion Street lot. South end of the feature abutted the property
line.
D-110
E n/a
W n/a
Date Excavated: 25 May 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 22B
Unit: N520 E565
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 22C, 22D, 22E, 22F, 22G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE n/a
NE n/a
NW n/a
SW n/a
C n/a
Date Excavated: n/a
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 22C
Unit: N520 E565
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 22C at top of 22B (Level 2); associated with post features 22D and 22E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
JC
21H was a dark linear stain running east-west within the east half of the unit.
Measuring approximately 2 feet east-west and 0.8 feet north-south, the
feature straddled the property line and likely represents either the base of a
fence line or differential yard space use as a result of a fence (e.g. sweeping).
L. Riser did not record stratigraphic definition nor excavated the stain. Dark
Yellowish Brown based on photographs.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
22B was the upper-most intact stratum. Stratigraphic definition, etc. not
recorded by L. Riser. Values taken from Unit 41. Unit straddled the property
line between 1904 and 1906 Marion Street. Not screened.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 15% brick & mortar and 10%
charcoal flecks
D-111
E n/a 97.01
W n/a 96.69
C 98.06 96.88
Date Excavated: 13 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 22D
Unit: N520 E565
Short Title: Post
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 22D at top of 22B (Level 2); associated with post hole 22C and post 22E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.05 96.64
Date Excavated: 13 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 22E
Unit: N520 E565
Short Title: Post
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 22E at top of 22B (Level 2); associated with post hole 22C and post 22D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.09 96.97
Date Excavated: 13 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
22C was an irregularly shaped post hole with one wooden post visible at the
surface (Feature 22D). Upon excavation, a second post was discovered
(Feature 22E). The feature contained an assortment of granite, brick and
mortar fragments, possibly used as addition support for the post(s). Post hole
(and molds) were just south of the property line and likely represent post(s)
associated with a fence along the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street property line.
22D was an in situ circular wooden post (diameter ~ 0.20 feet) within post
hole feature 22C. Wood type unknown; removed intact. 22D might be a
replacement post for 22E, or vise versa. See 'Notes' section for 22C.
D-112
Notes:
Provenience: 22F
Unit: N520 E565
Short Title: Small Circular Depression
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 22F at top of 22B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 97.59 97.38
Date Excavated: 14 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 22G
Unit: N520 E565
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 22G at top of 22B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.05 97.02
Date Excavated: 15 June 2005
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 39B
Unit: N515 E560
22E was an in situ circular wooden post (diameter ~ 0.10 feet) within post
hole feature 22C. Wood type unknown; post fell apart upon excavation. 22E
might be a replacement post for 22D, or vise versa. See 'Notes' section for
22C.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loamy sand, with 10% charcoal and 2%
brick fragments
22F was a very small circular trash pit feature (diameter = 0.90 feet) bisected
by the north wall of the unit. 22F was located north of the property line,
within the 1906 Marion Street lot.
Pale Brown (10YR6/3) loamy sand, with 25% charcoal and 10%
brick/mortar
22G was a squarish trash pit feature in the northwest corner of the unit,
measuring 2.60 feet from the west wall of the unit and 2.00 feet from the
north wall. The feature was located north of the property line, within the
1906 Marion Street lot. High concentration of charcoal.
D-113
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 39C, 39D, 39E, 39F, 39G, 39H, 39J, 39K, 39L, 39M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 98.28 n/a
NE 98.11 n/a
NW 98.09 n/a
SW 98.33 n/a
C 98.13 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 39B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 39C
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Privy
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, with 20% charcoal
Feature Association: 39C at top of 39B (Level 2); intrudes upon 39D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.14 96.08
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
JC, KBH, CJC
JC, KBH
D-114
Notes:
Provenience: 39D
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Square Depression
Type: Privy
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, with 40% charcoal and 1% brick fragments
Feature Association: 39D at top of 39B (Level 2); intruded upon by 39C and 39E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.23
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 39D merged into 39C. See 'Notes' section for Feature 39C.
Provenience: 39E
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Small Circular Depression
Type: Privy
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, with 20% charcoal
Feature Association: 39E at top of 39B (Level 2); intrudes upon 39D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.24
39C was an upper deposit associated with the privy. The following notes are
for Features 39C, 39D, and 39E. Excavation of 39E was initiated first, as it
appeared that both 39E and 39C intruded upon 39D. Upon excavation, it
appeared that the boundary of 39E expanded beyond what was evident of
the surface. Excavation was halted in 39E at 0.4 feet below surface. It was
decided to take 39D down 0.2 feet to determine the boundary between 39D
and 39E. Excavating 39D required excavating 39C, which was taken down
to a depth of 0.7 feet below surface, which revealed a distinct boundary/edge
to the north with straight walls in-line with the northern edge of 39D. After
further excavation of 39C, 39D and 39E, determined that all three features
were associated as different depositional events within the same feature
(privy). Complete removal of 39C, 39D, 39E uncovered a layer composed
entirely of coal and coal by-products. This coal layer was initially screened
and included within 39D. However, after initial screening, the coal layer was
discarded without screening. Artifacts from 39D and 39E were merged with
those from 39C. The coal layer was later designated 39D-Lower. Unable to
rule out possibility that 39C, 39D and 39E were not impacted by post-1970
activities. For that reason, artifactual discussions of the privy do not include
artifacts from 39C, 39D or 39E. Artifacts were a mix of furnace and/or
stove waste and household debris.
JC, JLR
JC, JLR
D-115
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 39E merged into 39C. See 'Notes' section for Feature 39C.
Provenience: 39F
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Brick Foundation
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 39F at top of 39B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.96 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 39G
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 39G at top of 39B (Level 2); associated with post mold 39M
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:39G-8
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.08 97.28
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 39H
JC, JLR
JC
JC
39F was the remains of a brick foundation pier composed of three bricks
(two parallel bricks running north-south with a third brick on the north end
running east-west), located off the northeast corner of the privy. Its
association with the privy is unknown but possible, given the lack of
evidence for other structures in the vicinity Not excavated; bricks left in place
at close of excavation.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 20% charcoal flecks
LBR
LBR
39G was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.70 feet) located east of the privy
feature with in situ post. A railroad spike was within the fill. Associated with
post mold feature 39M.
D-116
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:39H-7
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.12 97.70
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 39J
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Privy, Level 3
Type: Privy
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 39J underneath 39D-Lower
TPQ Date: 1915 Based Upon:39J-13
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 96.98 95.94
NE 96.47 95.81
NW 96.79 95.75
SW 96.66 95.95
C 96.08 95.91
Date Excavated: 23 May 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 39K
Unit: N515 E560
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar and 1% brick fragments
SBS
SBS
39H was a circular post hole (diameter = 1.1 feet) with a bowl-shaped base.
A brick was discovered against the northeast wall of the hole, likely to add
support for the post. Small fragments of wood found within center of the
feature. No evidence of a post mold.
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam on east half of feature; Very
Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt on west half.
KBH, CJC
KBH
39J was a layer within the privy fill composed almost entirely of
architectural debris, primarily brick bats, mortar, nails, and large pieces of ferrous and non-ferrous sheet metal, in a matrix of mottled loamy sand, certainly representing a deconstruction/demolition event, likely the removal of the privy super structure.
D-117
Short Title: Privy, Level 4
Type: Privy
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (2.5Y2.5/1) loamy sand
Feature Association: 39K below 39J
TPQ Date: 1918 Based Upon:39K-18
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 95.94 95.70
NE 95.81 95.60
NW 95.75 95.58
SW 95.95 95.79
C 95.91 95.62
Date Excavated: 25 May 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 39L
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Privy, Level 5
Type: Privy
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 39L below 39K
TPQ Date: 1860 Based Upon:39L-9 & 19
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 95.70 95.48
NE 95.60 95.46
NW 95.58 95.50
SW 95.79 95.41
C 95.62 95.37
Date Excavated: 29 May 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 39L was a thin privy deposit containing few artifacts.
Provenience: 39M
Unit: N515 E560
Short Title: Privy, Level 6
KBH
KBH
39K was a thin lens roughly centered in the privy pit extending to the
north. A soil sample was taken from the center of the lens for later flotation.
Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay, 20% Dark Gray (2.5Y4/1) sandy silt, and 5% Very Dark Brown (
2.5Y2.5/1) sandy silt
KBH, CJC
CJC
D-118
Type: Privy
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 39M below 39L
TPQ Date: 1885 Based Upon:39M-7
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 95.48 95.48
NE 95.46 95.46
NW 95.50 95.50
SW 95.41 95.41
C 95.37 95.37
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 40B
Unit: N515 E565
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 40C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.15 n/a
NE 98.06 n/a
NW 98.11 n/a
SW 98.28 n/a
C 98.22 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 40C
Unit: N515 E565
Short Title: Square Post Mold
KBH
KBH
39M was the bottom-most layer within the privy, comprised of a very thin
lens of dark material, likely the remains of 'night soil' from the last time the
privy was cleaned out. A soil sample was taken from the center of the lens
for later flotation.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
40B was the upper-most intact stratum. Only one feature was evident at this
level. Not excavated.
D-119
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 40C at top of 40B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.18 97.18
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 41B
Unit: N515 E570
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 41C, 41D, 41F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 97.92 n/a
NE 97.93 n/a
NW 98.06 n/a
SW 98.15 n/a
C 98.00 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 41B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 41C
Unit: N515 E570
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam
Feature Association: 41C at top of 41B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
SBS
SBS
40C was a square post hole feature, measuring 0.95 feet east-west and 0.80
feet north-south. Several wood fragments were found within the fill, along
with three brick bats possibly used for support. No evidence of a post mold
within soil matrix, nor an indication on the floor of the feature.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
D-120
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.94 97.84
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: E. Dale
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 41D
Unit: N515 E570
Short Title: Plant Bed
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 41D at top of 41B (Level 2); associated with 44H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
E 97.93 96.24
W 98.13 97.51
C 98.04 97.54
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: AB
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 41F
Unit: N515 E570
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loam
Feature Association: 41F at top of 41B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: 1830 Based Upon:41F-6
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.99 97.58
JC
41C was a shallow oval/circular depression ( 0.30' east-west x 0.25' north-
south). Probable post mold but not likely not a structural post. No artifacts
recovered.
Dark Gray (10YR4/1) clayey loam, mottled with 5% Dark Brown
(10YR3/3) silty sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6), with 1% charcoal
flecks and multiple large brick bats
JC
41D was an irregularly-shaped, rough oval plant bed. Upon excavation,
discovered that the plant bed was intruding upon an underlying trash pit.
This was not realized until the majority of the trash pit had been removed,
thus the artifacts from the plant bed and the trash pit were combined. At the
base of the plant bed, along the far western edge was discovered a post hole
and mold (Feature 44H), which was excavated separately.
D-121
Date Excavated: 23 May 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 42B
Unit: N515 E575
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 42C, 42D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 97.91 n/a
NE 97.85 n/a
NW 97.93 n/a
SW 97.92 n/a
C 97.93 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 42B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 42C
Unit: N515 E575
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) very loose silty sand
Feature Association: 42C at top of 42B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.79 97.76
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
SBS
SBS
41F was a rectangular post mold measuring 0.25 feet east-west and 0.35 feet
north-south. During excavation, the walls of the feature opened up into a
rough circular/bowl shape, likely the post hole, which was not visible on the
surface. The post hole diameter was 0.95 feet. The post within the mold was
decayed, with most of the remaining wood attached to roots.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
HLF
JC
D-122
Notes:
Provenience: 42D
Unit: N515 E757
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 42D at top of 42B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.83 97.54
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 43B
Unit: N510 E560
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 43D, 43E, 43F, 43G, 43H, 43J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.32 n/a
NE 98.28 n/a
NW 98.33 n/a
SW 98.33 n/a
C 98.23 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 43B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
42C was a roughly circular feature (diameter = 0.60 feet) at the surface of
42B. Upon excavation, the feature had a square(ish) form. No indication of a
post mold.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark
Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with
1% charcoal flecks
LBR
LBR
42D was an oval-shaped feature measuring 1.40 feet east-west and 1.35 feet
north-south, with a shallow, bowl-shaped profile. Function unknown, but
high bone concentration might suggest a trash deposit function for a meal or
similar.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
D-123
Provenience: 43D
Unit: N510 E560
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 43D at top of 43B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.21 98.16
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 43E
Unit: N510 E560
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 43E at top of 43B (Level 2); intruded upon by 43F
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:43E-7
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.22 97.86
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 43F
Unit: N510 E560
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 43F at top of 43B (Level 2); intrudes upon post hole 43E
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, mottled with 40% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand
JC
JC, HLF
43D initially appeared as a possible post hole with an associated post mold.
Upon excavation, 43D was the only plant-related feature found in close
proximity to the privy. The feature was a shallow, bowl-like depression
measuring 1.3-feet east-west, 1.95-feet north-south, and 0.35-feet deep.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks
HLF
HLF
43E was a square post hole feature measuring 0.75 feet east-west and 0.70
feet north-south. It was intruded upon by post hole feature 43F, which may
have been a replacement post for 43E.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, with 10% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks
D-124
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.25 97.57
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 43G
Unit: N510 E560
Short Title: Circular Stain
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 43G at top of 43B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.31 98.08
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 43H
Unit: N510 E560
Short Title: Dark Stain
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt
Feature Association: 43H at top of 43B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.24 97.69
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
HLF
HLF
43F was a post feature consisting of hole and mold. The post hole was
squarish, measuring 0.85 feet east-west and 0.95 feet north-south; the post
mold was circular with a diameter of 0.50 feet. Post mold was not visible
until the base of the feature was reached. 43F intruded upon post hole
feature 43E, and may represent a replacement post.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, with 10% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks
HLF
HLF
43G was a shallow, bowl-shaped depression with a rectangular depression at
the base of the feature, suggesting a circular post hole (diameter = 0.65 feet)
for a rectangular post.
LBR
LBR
D-125
Notes:
Provenience: 43J
Unit: N510 E560
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty loam
Feature Association: 43J at top of 43B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.36
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 44B
Unit: N510 E565
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 44C, 44E, 44H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.16 n/a
NE 98.15 n/a
NW 98.28 n/a
SW 98.32 n/a
C 98.29 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 44B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
43H initially appeared as an irregularly-shaped surface stain. Upon
excavation, the feature boundaries became clear, with a clearly defined
circular post hole (diameter = ) with a circular mold (diameter = 0.70 feet).
The post feature seems to have intruded upon an earlier feature containing a
high concentration of bone, but may have been disturbance associated with
the digging of the post hole. Artifacts from the intruded-upon possible
feature were kept separate from the post feature.
LBR
LBR
43J was a small, circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.65 feet) with no
evidence of a post hole.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
D-126
Provenience: 44C
Unit: N510 E565
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with 10% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 44C at top of 44B (Level 2); associated with post hole 44E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.28 97.40
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 44E
Unit: N510 E565
Short Title: Irregular Stain
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 44E at top of 44B (Level 2); associated with post mold feature 44C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.29 97.47
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 44H
Unit: N510 E565
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 44H at base of 41D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
HLF
HLF, JC
44C was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.40 feet) associated with post hole
feature 44E. 44C was not provenienced separately from 44E.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks and
<1% brick fragments
JC
JC, HLF
44E was a squarish post hole measuring 1.00 feet east-west and 1.55 feet
north-south, associated with post mold feature 44C. 44E was not
provenienced separately from 44C.
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, with <5% Dark Red (2.5YR3/6)
sandy clay
D-127
Opening:Closing:
C 97.34
Date Excavated: 31 March 2007
Excavated By: AB
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 45B
Unit: N510 E570
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 45C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 97.98 n/a
NE 97.92 n/a
NW 98.15 n/a
SW 98.16 n/a
C 98.06 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 45B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 45C
Unit: N510 E570
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
S 98.05 97.74
JC, AB
44H was a post hole/mold feature discovered in course of excavating Feature
41D, which intruded upon and sheared the top off 44H. The post hole was
squarish, measuring 0.80 feet east-west and 0.75 feet north-south; the post
mold was circular with a diameter of 0.50 feet. The top of 44H was at the
base of 41D.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
Dark Gray (10YR4/1) clayey loam, mottled with 5% Dark Brown
(10YR3/3) silty sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6), with 1% charcoal
flecks and multiple large brick bats
45C at top of 45B (Level 2); intruded upon by Feature 49J-Complex;
associated with Features 48L/M, 53C, 50H
D-128
E 97.92 97.62
W 98.02 97.94
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 46B
Unit: N510 E575
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.15 n/a
KAC
KAC
45C was part of a series of features associated with two generations of
planting spaces in the backyard area. The first generation of plantings is
represented by Features 45C, 48L/M, and 53C. They formed a single,
contiguous planting space that was arbitrarily divided into four proveniences
during excavation so as to generate feature profiles and minimize the chance
of mistakenly lumping together discrete features. Post-excavation analysis
confirmed they were all part of a single, very large feature that intruded upon
multiple underlying features and was itself intruded upon by multiple
features. The planting space extended 14.5-feet east-west (full extent) and
12.5-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2). Given the
highly uneven floor surface of all the planting spaces, individual depth-
below-surface measurements were largely meaningless. Broadly though, the
planting space was shallower in the western portion, in the range of 0.3-feet,
gradually deepening to the east (0.74-feet maximum) and south (1.27-feet
maximum). The soil matrix also changed along the same pattern. The
western portion was composed of a brown loamy sand mottled with dark
grayish brown sandy silt, gradually transitioning to a dark grayish brown
sandy silt mottled with a brown loamy sand. Charcoal fleck inclusions varied
from 1 to 5%. Artifact density increased with depth, as did artifact size, with
larger artifacts recovered from the base of the feature(s). Patterns of artifact
density and size are attributable to a complex of trash pits (Feature 48N)
underlying the planting space. Gardening activities would have disturbed the
underlying trash deposits, thereby mixing those artifacts into the lower
portions of the garden's soil matrix (while continuing to incorporate new
materials through its use-life). For this reason, the artifacts from 48L/M,
45C, and 53C were not cataloged, although all artifacts were saved. The
intrusive Feature 49J-Complex, a large, circular trash deposit, had very
clearly defined boundaries and is it unlikely that this trash deposit
contributed any artifacts to those recovered from the garden space(s). Block 2
findings suggest that the backyard contained a collection of closely spaced,
amorphous plant areas without delineation via bricks or other materials.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
D-129
NE 97.91 n/a
NW 97.92 n/a
SW 97.98 n/a
C 97.92 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 47B
Unit: N505 E560
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 47E, 47G, 47H, 47K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.33 n/a
NE 98.32 n/a
NW 98.33 n/a
SW 98.38 n/a
C 98.41 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 47B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 47E
Unit: N505 E560
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 47E at top of 47B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.35 97.61
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
JC
46B was the upper-most intact stratum. No features were recognized on the
surface of Level 2. Not excavated.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
HLF
D-130
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 47G
Unit: N505 E560
Short Title: Square Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 47G at top of 47B (Level 2); associated with post features 34J and 34K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
E 98.44 98.18
W 98.43 97.57
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 47H
Unit: N505 E560
Short Title: Irregular Stain
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand.
Feature Association: 47H at top of 47B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.34 97.35
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
HLF
47E was a circular feature (diameter = 0.75 feet), most likely the remains of a
post hole/mold.
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks
HLF
HLF
47G was a feature encompassing two post holes and one post mold. Both
post holes were square. The west hole measured 0.95 feet north-south and
0.90 feet east-west. The east hole measured 0.70 feet north-south and 0.65
feet east-west. No evidence of a post mold was found within the eastern post
hole. A square post mold measuring was discovered in the far southwest
corner of the western post hole. Also found within the western post hole
were several large brick bats and gravel used to support the post. It is unclear
which post feature, if either, represents a replacement post. 47G represents
the northeast corner of a wooden outbuilding depicted in a 1969 photograph
of the common backyard area of the site. Association with this outbuilding
was determined using the technique of photographic superimposition. The
northwest corner of the structure was represented by post hole feature 34K
and post mold feature 34J. The outbuilding measured 12-feet square.
HLF
D-131
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 47K
Unit: N505 E560
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand
Feature Association: 47K at top of 47B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C
Date Excavated: 13 April 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 48B
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 48C, 48D, 48E, 48F, 48G, 48H, 48J, 48K, 48L/M, 48N
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.15 n/a
NE 98.16 n/a
NW 98.32 n/a
SW 98.33 n/a
C 98.21 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 48B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 48C
Unit: N505 E565
HLF
47H was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.55 feet) and circular post mold
(diameter = 0.35 feet) feature. Hole and mold were not provenienced
separately
JC
JC
47K was a small, shallow, circular post mold (diameter = 0.12 feet / 1.5
inches). May or may not relate to post-1970 activities.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
D-132
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 48C at top of 48B (Level 2); intrudes upon 48L/M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.15 96.85
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 48D
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Square Post, Wood
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 48E
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 48E at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with post 48D; intrudes upon 48L/M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Black
(10YR2/1) sandy loam, with 10% charcoal flecks
JC
JC
48C was a second-generation planting space that intruded upon first-
generation planting space 48L/M, measuring 3.1-feet north-south, 3.1-feet
east-west, and 1.3-feet deep. See 'Notes' section for Feature 45C.
48D at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with post hole feature 48E; intrudes
upon planting feature 48L/M
JC
HLF
48D was an in situ wooden post found within post hole feature 48E,
measuring 0.20 feet east-west and 0.15 feet north-south. 48D and 48E
intruded upon (were completely within) the planting space feature 48L/M.
Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks
D-133
C 98.13
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 48F
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Post
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 48G
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.25
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
JC
HLF
48E was an oval-shaped post hole measuring 1.05 feet east-west and 0.75 feet
north-south, associated with wooden post 48D. 48D and 48E intruded upon
(were completely within) the planting space feature 48L/M.
48F at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with post hole feature 48G; intrudes
upon 48L/M
JC
JC, HLF
48F was an in situ wooden post found within post hole feature 48G,
measuring 0.20 feet square. 48F and 48G intruded upon (were completely
within) the planting space feature 48L/M.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
48G at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with post 48F; intrudes upon 48L/M
and 48H
JC
JC
D-134
Notes:
Provenience: 48H
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 48H at top of 48B (Level 2); intruded upon by 48G; intrudes upon 48L/M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.29
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 48J
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Square Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 48J at top of 48B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.31 98.12
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
48G was an oval post hole measuring 0.70 feet east-west and 0.80 feet north-
south. Excavation of 48G started when excavation of Feature 48H begin to
intrude upon the boundary of 48G. Upon removal of Feature 48F and full
excavation, uncovered five brick bats lining the wall of the post hole feature
as support for the post (48F). 48G intruded upon 48H and appeared to be
the remains of a replacement post represented by 48H.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal flecks and 1 brick bat
JC
JC
48H was a large post hole/post mold feature. The post mold was 6-inches
diameter, extending below the base of the post hole. There was no indication
of a post mold during excavation, only indication was at the base of the
feature. Interestingly, the wooden post of Feature 48F became visible during
excavation of 48H. It appeared that 48H was the remains of the original
post, while Features 48G/G represent a replacement post.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with <5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 20% charcoal flecks
JC
JC
D-135
Notes:
Provenience: 48K
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 48K at top of 48B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.29 98.03
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 48L/M
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 48L/M at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with features 45C and 53C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
E 98.01 97.77
W 98.28 97.41
C 98.16 97.42
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
48J appeared on the surface of 48B (Level 2) as a possible square post hole,
measuring 0.55 feet east-west and 0.65 feet north-south. Upon excavation,
48J was a shallow, slightly concave depression that maintained its square plan
view, with no indication of a post or mold. Probable post hole, but could be
related to post-1970 activities.
Brown (10YR4/3) silty sand, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/4) silty sand, with 5% charcoal flecks
HLF
HLF
48K was a shallow, oval-ish planting-related feature measuring 0.6-feet east-
west, 0.8-feet north-south, and 0.27-feet below surface.
Brown (10YR4/3) loamy sand, mottled with 40% Yellowish Red (5YR4/3)
sandy clay, 5% Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal
and <1% mortar
SAJ, CLR, KBH, JC
SAJ, CLR, JC
D-136
Notes:
Provenience: 48N
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 48N below features 48L/M and 49J-Complex
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.91 96.57
Date Excavated: 30 May 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
48L/M was part of a series of features associated with two generations of
planting spaces in the backyard area. The first generation of plantings is
represented by Features 45C, 48L/M, and 53C. They formed a single,
contiguous planting space that was arbitrarily divided into four proveniences
during excavation so as to generate feature profiles and minimize the chance
of mistakenly lumping together discrete features. Post-excavation analysis
confirmed they were all part of a single, very large feature that intruded upon
multiple underlying features and was itself intruded upon by multiple
features. The planting space extended 14.5-feet east-west (full extent) and
12.5-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2). Given the
highly uneven floor surface of all the planting spaces, individual depth-
below-surface measurements were largely meaningless. Broadly though, the
planting space was shallower in the western portion, in the range of 0.3-feet,
gradually deepening to the east (0.74-feet maximum) and south (1.27-feet
maximum). The soil matrix also changed along the same pattern. The
western portion was composed of a brown loamy sand mottled with dark
grayish brown sandy silt, gradually transitioning to a dark grayish brown
sandy silt mottled with a brown loamy sand. Charcoal fleck inclusions varied
from 1 to 5%. Artifact density increased with depth, as did artifact size, with
larger artifacts recovered from the base of the feature(s). Patterns of artifact
density and size are attributable to a complex of trash pits (Feature 48N)
underlying the planting space. Gardening activities would have disturbed the
underlying trash deposits, thereby mixing those artifacts into the lower
portions of the garden's soil matrix (while continuing to incorporate new
materials through its use-life). For this reason, the artifacts from 48L/M,
45C, and 53C were not cataloged, although all artifacts were saved. The
intrusive Feature 49J-Complex, a large, circular trash deposit, had very
clearly defined boundaries and is it unlikely that this trash deposit
contributed any artifacts to those recovered from the garden space(s). Block 2
findings suggest that the backyard contained a collection of closely spaced,
amorphous plant areas without delineation via bricks or other materials.
Grayish Brown (10YR5/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Brown (10YR4/3)
loamy sand and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR5/6) sandy clay, with 2% charcoal
and <1% mortar
SAJ, CLR, KBH
SAJ, CLR, KBH
D-137
Notes:
Provenience: 48P
Unit: N505 E565
Short Title: Mottled Lens
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: Below 48LM; above 48N
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.14 97.10
Date Excavated: 4 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 49B
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 49J-Complex (49J, 49K, 49L, 49N, 49P, 49R, 49S), 49M, 49T, 49U
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 97.96 n/a
NE 97.98 n/a
NW 98.16 n/a
SW 98.15 n/a
C 98.16 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
48N was a large trash pit feature underlying planting spaces (Feature 48L/M)
and intruded upon by trash pit feature 49J-Complex. 48N was bisected
along a north-south axis by planting-related activities at some point when the
planting area was actively being used. Initially, the two halves of the trash pit
were though to be separate features, but the identical soil matrix and
bisection trough suggested a single feature. A thin mottled lens
(provenienced as Feature 48P) existed between the base of 48L/M and the
top of the western half of the 48N trash pit.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 35% Dark
Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand and 5% Brown (5YR4/4) loamy sand, with
5% charcoal inclusions
KBH
KBH
48P was a thin lens existing between the base of Feature 48L/M above and
48N below.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
D-138
Recorded By:
Notes: 49B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 49J-Complex
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: See individual provenience entries
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:49J-310
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.18 96.54
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 49J
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: Inner Circle, Level 1
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 49J at top of 49B (Level 2); part of 49J-Complex
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
JC
49J-Complex at top of 49B (Level 2); intruded upon by 49T and 49U;
intrudes upon 48N, 48L/M, 45C, and 53C; composed of 49J, K, L, N, P, R,
S
KAC, JC
KAC, JC
49J-Complex was a large trash pit in the southeast quadrant of Block 2, eight
feet (from center point) west of the 1407-1/2 Richland Street structure. The
trash pit contained four layers consisting of a series of mixed deposits of
differing colors and textures. Artifact cross-mends were found throughout
the deposit, suggesting a single or rapid deposition event. The deposit as a
whole was designated as the 49J-Complex, while individual layers are
referenced by their unique provenience designations. Artifacts from all layers
were cataloged under the provenance 49J. Like the majority of features
encountered in the southeast quadrant of Block 2, the Feature 49J-Complex
was overlaid by planting/garden areas. Nearly a perfect circle, the diameter of
the pit at the surface was 4.1-feet, at the base a diameter of 3.65-feet, and a
maximum depth of 0.75-feet below the garden features 45C, 50H, and 53C.
It was intruded upon by two features, both wooden posts lacking post holes
(Features 49T and 49U). The trash pit was bisected along the east-west axis
to generate a profile of the stratigraphy. While excavating the north-half, a
second trash pit feature, designated as 48N, was discovered below the 49J-
Complex. The 49J-Complex is composed of: 49J, 49K, 49L, 49N, 49P,
49R, 49S
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
D-139
Opening:Closing:
C 98.18 97.37
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 49J was the first level of the 49J-Complex trash pit feature.
Provenience: 49K
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: Circular Fill
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 49K at top of 49B (Level 2); part of 49J-Complex
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.06 97.75
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 49L
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: Outer Circle
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 49L at top of 49B (Level 2); part of 49J-Complex.
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.17 97.37
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
KAC
KAC
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 20%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
KAC, MEM
KAC
49K appeared on the surface of 49B as an intrusive feature within the 49J.
Upon excavation, determined to be a part of the same feature, later
designated as 49J-Complex
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
JC
JC
49L appeared on the surface of 49B as a distinct ring surrounding features
49J and 49K. Upon excavation, determined to be a part of the same feature,
designated as 49J-Complex.
D-140
Provenience: 49M
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam
Feature Association: 49M below 48N (west half)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.34 96.89
Date Excavated: 6 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 49N
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: North ½, Level 2
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: Level 2 of the 49J-Complex
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.37 97.03
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 49P
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: South ½, Level 2
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: Level 2 of the 49J-Complex
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
CJC, HLF
HLF
49M was a circular post hole (mold?) feature with a diameter of , discovered
at the base of Feature 48N (west half of 48N).
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy loam, mottled with <1%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks, 1% brick
fragments, and <1% mortar/plaster fragments
JC, CJC, MAF
JC
49N was the north ½ of level 2 of the 49J-Complex trash pit feature. Feature
was bisected so as to generate a profile.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy loam, mottled with <1%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks, 1% brick
fragments, and <1% mortar/plaster fragments
D-141
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 49R
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: Level 3 of the 49J-Complex
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.03 96.66
Date Excavated: 13 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: 49R was level 3 of the 49J-Comlex trash pit feature.
Provenience: 49S
Unit: N505 E570
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: Level 4 of the 49J-Complex
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 96.66 96.54
Date Excavated: 14 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
JC
JC
49P was the south ½ of level 2 of the 49J-Complex trash pit feature. Feature
was bisected so as to generate a profile.
Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Brown (7.5YR4/4)
sandy loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal
flecks
JC, CJC, HLF
JC
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/3) sandy clay, mottled with 15% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
JC, HLF
JC
49S was the bottom-most level within the 49J-Complex trash pit feature.
Level was a thin interface between level 3 (49R) and subsoil, and within the
northwest quadrant of the feature, an interface between level 3 and trash pit
feature 48N, which was intruded upon by the 49J-Complex feature.
D-142
Provenience: 50B
Unit: N505 E575
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 50G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.03 n/a
NE 98.15 n/a
NW 97.98 n/a
SW 97.96 n/a
C 98.04 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 50B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated
Provenience: 50G
Unit: N505 E575
Short Title: Square Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam
Feature Association: 50G at top of 50B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.02 97.69
Date Excavated: 1 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 51B
Unit: N500 E560
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
LBR
SBS, LBR
50G was a rectangular feature with vertical walls, measuring 2x4-inches. No
evidence of a post hole, although 50G was only excavated to a depth that
could be reached using a spoon. The base of the feature was not reached
(closing elevation reflects stopping point, not base of feature). Possible that
1) the associated post hole was associated with a lower level; 2) the 2x4 post
was driven directly into the ground; or 3) the feature relates to post-1970
activities. No artifacts found within feature.
D-143
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 51C, 51D, 51K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.36 n/a
NE 98.33 n/a
NW 98.38 n/a
SW 98.38 n/a
C 98.36 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 51B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 51C
Unit: N500 E560
Short Title: Trash Deposit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) very loose silty sand, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 51C at top of 51B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: 1872 Based Upon:51C-58
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.26 97.88
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 51D
Unit: N500 E560
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 51D at top of 51B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
HLF
HLF
51C was a shallow, semi-circular, bowl-shaped trash pit feature (diameter ~
2.40') bisected by the south wall of Block 2.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with <5%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal flecks
D-144
Opening:Closing:
C 98.38 98.06
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 51K
Unit: N500 E560
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 51K at top of 51B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: 1881 Based Upon:51K-1
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.38 97.39
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 52B
Unit: N500 E565
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 52C, 52D, 52F, 52H, 52J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.15 n/a
NE 98.15 n/a
NW 98.33 n/a
SW 98.36 n/a
C 98.25 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
HLF
HLF
51D was a shallow, bowl-shaped, roughly circular feature with a diameter of
0.95 feet, of unknown function. Possible post hole, although there was no
indication of a mold within or at the base of the feature.
Brown (10YR4/3) silty sand, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/4) silty sand, with 10% charcoal flecks
HLF
HLF
51K was a nearly-circular post hole feature (diameter ~ 0.70 feet). No post
mold was evident during excavation. Circular post indentation (diameter =
0.55 feet) uncovered at base of post hole.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
D-145
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 52B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 52C
Unit: N500 E565
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 52C at top of 52B (Level 2); intruded upon by 52J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.27 97.85
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 52D
Unit: N500 E565
Short Title: Mottled Depression
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 52D at top of 52B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.26 96.96
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 52F
Unit: N500 E565
JC
Brown (10YR4/3) loamy sand, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/4) silty sand, with 5% charcoal
HLF
HLF
52C was was an oval post hole feature with a bowl-shaped profile measuring
0.95 feet east-west and 0.65 feet north-south. Post feature 52J intruded upon
52C, suggesting that 52J was a replacement post for 52C.
Dark Reddish Brown (5YR3/3) sandy loam, with 20% brick fragments, 10%
mortar, and <5% charcoal flecks.
JC
JC
52D was an irregularly-shaped plant bed with an irregular floor surface. The
feature represents either a single planting space or several plantings grouped
closely together. Measuring 2.1-feet north-south and 2.25-feet east-west, it
was intruded upon to the north by Feature 52J, a post hole/mold with
brickbat supports at its base.
D-146
Short Title: Dark Stain
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 52F at top of 52B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.28 98.18
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 52H
Unit: N500 E565
Short Title: Circular Stain
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 52H at top of 52B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.24 97.29
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 52J
Unit: N500 E565
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 52J at top of 52B (Level 2); intrudes upon 52C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish Brown
(10YR5/8) silty sand, with 10% charcoal flecks
JC
JC
52F was a shallow, bowl-like feature with high root disturbance. Function of
feature is unknown, but field impression suggested that it might have been
related to either a small fire or the re-deposited remains of a fire.
HLF
HLF
52H was a small, nearly circular post mold (diameter = 0.40 feet). Small
fragments of post wood found throughout. Possible secondary fence post,
given its 1-foot depth but small diameter.
Brown (10YR4/3) silty sand, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/4) silty sand, with 5% charcoal flecks
D-147
C 98.27 97.80
Date Excavated: 30 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 53B
Unit: N500 E570
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 53C, 53F, 53G, 53H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 97.86 n/a
NE 97.96 n/a
NW 98.15 n/a
SW 98.15 n/a
C 97.99 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes: 53B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.
Provenience: 53C
Unit: N500 E570
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.94 96.67
Date Excavated: 22 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
HLF
HLF
52J was a post hole feature measuring 0.60 feet east-wast and 0.50 feet
north-south that intruded upon post hole feature 52C, suggesting that 52J
was a replacement post for 52C.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 10% mortar and 5% charcoal flecks
53C at top of 53B (Level 2); intruded upon by 53F, 53G, 53H, and 49J-
Complex; associated with 48L/M, 45C, and 54F
MEM, SBS
MEM, SBS
D-148
Notes:
Provenience: 53F
Unit: N500 E570
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 53F at top of 53B (Level 2); intrudes upon 53C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.91 n/a
Date Excavated: 22 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
53C was part of a series of features associated with two generations of
planting spaces in the backyard area. The first generation of plantings is
represented by Features 45C, 48L/M, and 53C. They formed a single,
contiguous planting space that was arbitrarily divided into four proveniences
during excavation so as to generate feature profiles and minimize the chance
of mistakenly lumping together discrete features. Post-excavation analysis
confirmed they were all part of a single, very large feature that intruded upon
multiple underlying features and was itself intruded upon by multiple
features. The planting space extended 14.5-feet east-west (full extent) and
12.5-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2). Given the
highly uneven floor surface of all the planting spaces, individual depth-
below-surface measurements were largely meaningless. Broadly though, the
planting space was shallower in the western portion, in the range of 0.3-feet,
gradually deepening to the east (0.74-feet maximum) and south (1.27-feet
maximum). The soil matrix also changed along the same pattern. The
western portion was composed of a brown loamy sand mottled with dark
grayish brown sandy silt, gradually transitioning to a dark grayish brown
sandy silt mottled with a brown loamy sand. Charcoal fleck inclusions varied
from 1 to 5%. Artifact density increased with depth, as did artifact size, with
larger artifacts recovered from the base of the feature(s). Patterns of artifact
density and size are attributable to a complex of trash pits (Feature 48N)
underlying the planting space. Gardening activities would have disturbed the
underlying trash deposits, thereby mixing those artifacts into the lower
portions of the garden's soil matrix (while continuing to incorporate new
materials through its use-life). For this reason, the artifacts from 48L/M,
45C, and 53C were not cataloged, although all artifacts were saved. The
intrusive Feature 49J-Complex, a large, circular trash deposit, had very
clearly defined boundaries and is it unlikely that this trash deposit
contributed any artifacts to those recovered from the garden space(s). Block 2
findings suggest that the backyard contained a collection of closely spaced,
amorphous plant areas without delineation via bricks or other materials.
MEM
MEM
D-149
Notes:
Provenience: 53G
Unit: N500 E570
Short Title: Circular Stain
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 53G at top of 53B (Level 2); intrudes upon 53C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.85 n/a
Date Excavated: 22 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 53H
Unit: N500 E570
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Reddish Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, with <5% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 53H at top of 53B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.84 n/a
Date Excavated: 22 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
53F was a circular post hole feature (diameter = 0.50 feet). The upper
portion of the feature was cylindrical; within the lower portion, the south
and west walls were flat (square), whereas the north and east walls were
cylindrical. At the base of the feature, the south and west floor areas were flat,
while the north and east floor was bowl shaped. The walls and floor suggest
that the post hole as dug was square(ish), while the post was cylindrical and
located against the north and east walls. The stratigraphic difference between
the upper and lower portions of the post hole (cylindrical v. square) suggests
that landscaping activities left the post intact but erased the upper portion of
the post hole (53F) – the plant-related activities associated with Feature 53C
went around the post. At some later time (but pre-1970) the post was
removed, although no subsequent planting activities disturbed the post
hole/mold. Closing elevation not recorded.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with <5%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks
MEM
MEM
53G was a single planting intruding upon Feature 53C, a first generation
planting space. Circular, shallow and bowl-shaped, Feature 53G measured
1.3-feet in diameter and extended 0.2-feet below surface.
MEM
MEM
D-150
Notes:
Provenience: 54B
Unit: N500 E575
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 54E, 54F, 54J, 54K, 54L, 54M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.03 n/a
NE 98.03 n/a
NW 97.96 n/a
SW 97.86 n/a
C 97.95 n/a
Date Excavated: 22 March 2007
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 54E
Unit: N500 E575
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 54E at top of 54B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.83 n/a
Date Excavated: 22 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 54F
53H was a small, circular post mold (diameter = 0.30 feet). The base of the
feature was not reached, and excavation halted, as it appeared to be intruding
upon a larger feature underlying planting area 53C.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
JC
54B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated, although the vast
majority of the unit was occupied by Feature 54F.
HLF
HLF
54E was a circular feature (diameter ~ 0.75 feet) bisected by the south wall of
Block 2, located within planting space feature 54F. Function is unknown.
Shallow bowl shape, possibly related to planting activities. No evidence of a
post or mold within feature or at base. Closing elevation not recorded.
D-151
Unit: N500 E575
Short Title: Plant Bed
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
N 98.03 n/a
S 97.92 n/a
C 98.02 n/a
Date Excavated: 22 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 54J
Unit: N500 E575
Short Title: Irregular Stain
Type: Plant Bed
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, with 20% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 54J at top of 54B (Level 2); intrudes upon 54F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.98 n/a
Date Excavated:
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 30%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks and 1% brick
fragments54F at top of 54B (Level 2); intrudes upon 53C; intruded upon by 54J and
54L
LBR, ZLB, JC
LBR, ZLB, JC
54F was the largest of the second generation plant spaces uncovered. Located
next to the building at 1407-1/2 Richland Street, it measured 5.65-feet east-
west (truncated by the east wall of Block 2), 5.8-feet north-south (truncated
by the south wall of Block 2), and a maximum depth of 1.3-feet. Feature
contained multiple small, thin lenses of brown loamy sand. Unlike
generation one plantings, Feature 54F did not intrude upon any features
below, resulting in an artifact assemblage representative of the use-life of the
planting space. Second generation of plantings formed not a contiguous area,
as did the first generation, but rather multiple spaces in close proximity.
54J was a shallow planting-related depression located within the boundaries
of 54F and measured 1.55-feet north-south, 1.05-feet east-west, and 0.35-
feet deep. Feature definition came from differences in soil compactness (54J
was much more loose) and charcoal inclusions (54J contained 20% charcoal
flecks), otherwise soil composition was the same as Feature 54F. Artifacts
from 54J were not provenienced separately from 54F. No closing elevation.
D-152
Provenience: 54K
Unit: N500 E575
Short Title: Square Depression
Type: Pet Burial
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 54K at top of 54B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.904 97.56
Date Excavated: 22 March 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 54L
Unit: N500 E575
Short Title: Square Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 54L at top of 54B (Level 2); intrudes upon 54F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.04 97.75
Date Excavated: 21 May 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
ZLB
ZLB
54K was one of three pet burial features uncovered at the site. The feature
was located directly between the pet burial feature 54M and the 1407-1/2
Richland Street building. Unfortunately, a trench had been dug for electrical
conduit running to a street lamp for the parking lot, resulting in the loss of
the animal's head and upper body. No artifacts were found within the feature
either, so no date can be assigned for the burial. Although, given the close
proximity of the burial features 54K and 54M (suggesting that the soil
conditions are similar), the more advanced state of decomposition of this
animal suggests that it is an earlier burial than 54M. Decomposition (along
with its missing head) also made it difficult to determine what kind of
animal it was. Preliminary inspection suggests that it was a small dog (Diane
Wallman, pers. com.). Dimensions of 54K were 0.7-feet north-south, 0.85-
feet east-west (truncated by the trench), and 0.48-feet deep.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks and
<1% brick fragments
KAC, LBR
KAC, MEM
D-153
Notes:
Provenience: 54M
Unit: N500 E575
Short Title: Burial
Type: Pet Burial
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 54M within 54F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C See 'Notes'See 'Notes'
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 55B
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Although speculative, 54L may have been a pet burial. Unfortunately, the
bones were so decomposed that not only was identification of the animal
highly problematic, but so too the recovery of bones. 54L was located
directly north of Feature 54K, also along the side of the building at 1407-1/2
Richland Street. Also like Feature 54K, this feature was square, with
dimensions of 0.85-feet north-south, 0.8-feet east-west, and 0.29-feet deep.
But, unlike either 54K or 54M, this feature contained a modest number of
artifacts—by all accounts, the artifacts appear to be small fragments of
household trash, including bottle fragments and possible stemware. The top
few centimeters of the feature also contained fish bones and scales (so far,
unidentified). All of which argues against the idea that this was a pet burial.
An argument for pet burial comes from its spatial location: in the plant space,
along the side of a building, directly next to, and in line with, two known
burials (54K and 54M).
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks and
<1% brick fragments
JC
JC
54M was a pet burial feature discovered in the south wall of Block 2 while
excavating Feature 54F. 3.1-feet west of the building at 1407-1/2 Richland
Street was a single grave containing the fully articulated skeletons of a small
dog and a cat laying on their left sides with heads facing west-southwest. No
artifacts were found within the burial feature, which measured 0.7-feet east-
west, 0.65-feet north-south, with a depth of 0.8-feet below the top of the
feature (like all the features at the surface of Stratum B, the top of the plant
space within which the dog and cat were buried had been sheared-off during
1970s demolition activities, so the actual depth below the original surface is
unknown. The depth below the top of Feature 54F was 0.45-feet).
Preliminary inspection of the skeletons offered no clues regarding cause of
death, or why the two animals were buried together—apparently they died,
or were at least buried, at the same time.
D-154
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 55C, 55D, 55E, 55F, 55G, 55H, 55I, 55J, 55K, 55L
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 97.93 n/a
NE 97.81 n/a
NW 97.85 n/a
SW 98.06 n/a
C 97.86 n/a
Date Excavated: 30 March 2007
Excavated By: LR
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 55C
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 55C at top of 55B (Level 2); 55D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.99 96.99
Date Excavated: 30 March 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 55D
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Post
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 55D at top of 55B (Level 2); 55C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.
LR (modified by JC)
55B was the upper-most intact stratum. Stratigraphic definition, etc. not
recorded by L. Riser. Values taken from Unit 41. Unit straddled the property
line between 1904 and 1906 Marion Street. Not excavated.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 10% brick fragments and 5%
charcoal
55C was a near-circular post hole measuring 0.65' east-west and 0.75' north-
south; associated with wooden post 55D. 55C and 55D are associated with
an historic fence separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street properties.
D-155
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.83 96.94
Date Excavated: 1 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 55E
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 55E at top of 55B (Level 2); 55F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.09 97.35
Date Excavated: 1 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 55F
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Post
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 55F at top of 55B (Level 2); 55E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.07 97.67
Date Excavated: 1 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
55D was a cylindrical wooden post, 0.25' in diameter, associated with post
hole 55C. Both are associated with an historic fence separating the 1904 and
1906 Marion Street properties.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 10% brick fragments and 5%
charcoal
55E was a rectangular post hole measuring 0.5' east-west and 0.65' north-
south; associated with wooden post 55F. Both are associated with an historic
fence separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street properties.
55F was a wooden post associated with post hole 55E. Both are associated
with an historic fence separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street
properties.
D-156
Provenience: 55G
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 15% brick fragments
Feature Association: 55G at top of 55B (Level 2); 55H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.01 97.04
Date Excavated: 4 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 55H
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Post
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 55H at top of 55B (Level 2); 55G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.69 96.86
Date Excavated: 4 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 55I
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 55I at top of 55B (Level 2); intruded upon by 55J
55G was a circular post hole, measuring 0.75' in diameter, associated with
wooden post 55H. Although a post mold was visible, the excavator did not
provenience the two separately. All are associated with an historic fence
separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street properties.
55H was a wooden post measuring 0.3' in diameter, associated with post
hole 55G. Both are associated with an historic fence separating the 1904 and
1906 Marion Street properties.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 25% charcoal and 15%
brick/mortar fragments
D-157
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:55I-30
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.06 97.59
Date Excavated: 6 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 55J
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: n/a
Feature Association: 55J at top of 55B (Level 2); intrudes upon 55I
TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:55I-30
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 97.87 96.79
Date Excavated: 6 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 55K
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 55K at top of 55B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.65 98.26
Date Excavated: 7 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
55I was a squarish trash pit measuring 1.45' east-west and 1.5' north-south.
Feature was located on the 1906 Marion Street property line. Given that
post feature 55J intrudes upon 55I, the TPQ date for 55I provides a TPQ of
1870 for the fence.
55J was a circular wooden post measuring 0.4' in diameter. The post hole
associated with post 55J was not identified by the excavator and thus was
included within the 55I feature in which 55J intruded. The post is associated
with an historic fence separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street
properties.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 10% brick fragments and 5%
charcoal
D-158
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
Provenience: 55L
Unit: N520 E570
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loamy sand.
Feature Association: 55L at top of 55B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 98.66 98.03
Date Excavated: 25 June 2007
Excavated By: L. Riser
Recorded By: L. Riser
Notes:
55K was a circular trash pit bisected by the north wall of the unit measuring
1.05' in diameter. Feature was located on the 1906 Marion Street property
line side.
55L was a small, circular post mold measuring 0.2' in diameter, located on
the 1906 Marion Street property line side. No artifacts recovered.
D-159
Block 3
Units 11 – 13, 61 – 81
Provenience: 11A
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy loam.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE n/a n/a
NE n/a n/a
NW n/a n/a
SW n/a n/a
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 25 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 11B
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE n/a n/a
NE n/a n/a
JS, KBH, JC
JS, JC
Unit 11 began as STP 104 (1x1 foot). The unit was converted to a 2.5x2.5'
unit by JC upon uncovering Feature 11E (Brick Foundation) on 1 June
2006. On 26 May 2006, a spike was put in place for the purpose of string
line elevations on the south side of the unit. Nail head elevation = 101.81'.
All elevation measurements in Unit 11 beginning with 11D (Level 4) were
from this datum point. Since the STP had been excavated by natural strata,
conversion to a unit was straightforward, with no loss of artifactual or
contextual data. Stratum 11A represents post-1970 fill. No elevations
available for this stratum. Not screened.
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with inclusion of Very Pale Brown
(10YR8/2) loose sand.
D-160
NW n/a n/a
SW n/a n/a
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 25 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 11C
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Reddish Brown (2.5YR4/3) compact sandy clay.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE n/a n/a
NE n/a n/a
NW n/a n/a
SW n/a n/a
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 26 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. No elevations available for this stratum. Not screened.
Provenience: 11D
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 11E, 11F, 11G, 11H
TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:11D-66
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.47 100.26
NE 100.48 100.25
NW 100.44 100.23
JS, KBH, JC
JS, JC
The Very Pale Brown loose sand inclusion was excavated as part of 11B.
Upon full excavation of 11B as a STP, however, the sand inclusion appeared
as a distinct stratum in profile. Given the lumping of the sand inclusion with
11B as a STP, excavation as a unit was the same. Stratum 11B represents
post-1970 fill. No elevations available for this stratum. Not screened.
JS, KBH, JC
JS, JC
D-161
SW 100.48 100.33
C 100.39 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 11E
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Brick Foundation
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.67 100.19
Date Excavated: 28 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 11F
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam.
Feature Association: 11F at top of 11D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.48 99.27
Date Excavated: 28 June 2006
Excavated By:
JS, KBH, JC
JS, JC
11D was the upper-most intact stratum. It was at the top of 11D that the
STP was converted into a unit with the discovery of brick foundation
remains (Feature 11E).
11E at top of 11D (Level 4); bottom of lowest course of bricks resting on
surface of 11J (Level 5).
JC
JC
At the top of 11E, the brick foundation remains consisted of two in situ
parallel bricks oriented north-south, an in situ perpendicular brick directly
south, and two disturbed bricks to the north. Upon excavation of 11D (Level
4), a second in situ course of bricks was discovered directly underneath the
first course. No evidence of mortar between the bricks was observed. All
bricks associated with the foundation were included in the designation of
11E. Upon completion of excavation, all in situ bricks were left in place;
disturbed bricks were mapped, photographed, and discarded in the field.
JC
D-162
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 11G
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Builder's Trench
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt.
Feature Association: 11G at top of 11D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No diagnostic artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.45 100.23
Date Excavated: 28 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 11H
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam.
Feature Association: 11H at top of 11D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.41 100.40
Date Excavated: 28 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
JC
11F was a possible post-1970 related feature, as profile suggests the top of the
feature was at the top of 11B (Level 2), a stratum known to be associated
with post-1970 activities. The feature measured 1.20 feet in diameter with a
depth of 1.75 feet. The post mold likely represents either a post-lunch
counter-era fence separating the front yard from the sidewalk or is the
product of post-1970 activities. No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC
11G was a builder's trench associated with the lunch counter. The shape of
the trench changed and became more clearly defined as 11D (Level 4) was
taken down, becoming a rough '+' shape following the outline of the brick
foundation, running north-south/east-west. Upon complete excavation of
11D, the soil color/texture of the unit floor merged with Feature 11G,
indicating that 11D was a distinct stratum, but that 11G is likely remnant of
the ground surface at the time the structure at 1401 Richland Street was
constructed. This further suggests that 11D is post-construction landscaping.
JC
JC
D-163
Notes:
Provenience: 11J
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) loose sandy silt.
Feature Association: Base of Feature 11E at top of 11J
TPQ Date: 1880 Based Upon:11J-45
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.26 99.57
NE 100.25 99.71
NW 100.23 99.46
SW 100.33 99.79
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 30 June 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 11K
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Small Trench
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loose sandy silt.
Feature Association: 11K at top of 11L
TPQ Date: c. 1870s Based Upon:11K-2
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.50 99.33
Date Excavated: 2 July 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
11H was a very shallow circular post mold, diameter = 0.25 feet (3 inches).
Bottom of post mold was at the top of the second (lower) course of bricks
(Feature 11E) and directly in-line with the east wall of the lunch counter. No
artifacts were recovered, but given its stratigraphic position, it either pre-
dates the construction of the lunch counter or, more likely, given its
orientation respective to the lunch counter's east wall, is associated with the
building of the structure. No artifacts recovered.
JC
JC
An 1863 penny was recovered at the surface of 11J directly underneath
Feature 11E (Brick Foundation).
JC
JC
11K was a shallow trench running east-wast, originating at the east side of
Feature 11E (Brick Foundation). Function of 11K unknown, although some
association with the construction of 1401 Richland Street is likely.
D-164
Provenience: 11L
Unit: N428.48 E512.38
Short Title: Level 6 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: 11K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.57 n/a
NE 99.71 n/a
NW 99.46 n/a
SW 99.79 n/a
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 2 July 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 12A
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 101.25 101.04
NE 101.00 100.91
NW 101.03 101.01
SW 101.24 101.09
C 101.10 100.90
Date Excavated: 9 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
JC
JC
11L was sterile subsoil. Evidence of decayed organic material, likely roots,
observed in the southeast quadrant of the unit (appeared as small gray clay
lenses/stains).
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
HLF, DLJ, SH
HLF, DLJ, SH
D-165
Notes:
Provenience: 12B
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 101.04 100.86
NE 100.91 100.79
NW 101.01 100.82
SW 101.09 101.04
C 100.90 100.80
Date Excavated: 10 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Provenience: 12C
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 101.04 100.44
NE 100.91 100.26
NW 101.01 100.30
SW 101.09 100.47
C 100.90 100.26
Date Excavated: 12 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
Using the 1904 Sanborn map as a guide, Unit 12 was placed directly over
the indicated north wall, 17 feet north of the sidewalk. Instead of a north
wall, however, a large trash pit, a series of post holes/molds unrelated to the
wall, and a large pit feature related to the early occupation of the site were
encountered. Stratum 12A was post-1970 fill. Not screened.
HLF, DLJ, SH
HLF, DLJ, SH
HLF, DLJ, SH
HLF, DLJ, SH
D-166
Provenience: 12D
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Level 4, Arbitrary
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.44 100.01
NE 100.26 99.87
NW 100.30 100.14
SW 100.47 100.28
C 100.26 100.00
Date Excavated: 16 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 12H
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Reddish Black (2.5YR2.5/1) loose sandy loam.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 100.01 99.69
NE 99.87 99.80
NW 100.14 99.82
SW 100.28 99.91
C 100.00 99.58
Date Excavated: 23 May 2006
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Notes:
Provenience: 12J
HLF, DLJ, SH
HLF, DLJ, SH
12D was designated a different stratum than 12C (Level 3) based on possible
features and presence of brick bats. Post-1970 fill. Not screened.
HLF, DLJ, SH
HLF, DLJ, SH
12H was a stratum representing the likely the remains of post-1909
landscaping (post lunch counter fire) disturbed by post-1970 activities. No
artifacts recovered.
D-167
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Reddish Brown (5YR3/4) loose sandy silt.
Feature Association: 12J at top of 12K
TPQ Date: 1842 Based Upon:12J-4
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.85 96.27
Date Excavated: 23 May 2006
Excavated By: DLJ/JC
Recorded By: DLJ/JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12K
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.69 99.10
NE 99.80 99.29
NW 99.82 99.30
SW 99.91 99.02
C 99.58 99.10
Date Excavated: 25 May 2006
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12L
12J was a circular post mold, 6-inch diameter, associated with post hole
Feature 12W. The top of 12J was identified at the top of stratum 12K (Level
6); the top of 12W was identified at the top of stratum 12U (Level7). A
likely explanation for the differing stratigraphic visibility is that landscaping
activities left the post intact (12J) but erased the upper portion of the post
hole (12W) – the landscaping went around the post.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay and <1% charcoal flecks.
12J, 12L, 12M, 12P/R (Feature 12R-Complex), 12S/T (Feature 12T-
Complex)
12K was the upper-most intact stratum. The transition between 12K (Level
6) and 12U (Level 7) was difficult to discern due to the large number (and
size) of features at the top of 12U. As a result, the bottom of 12K extended
into the top of 12U approximately 0.1-feet. No artifacts recovered.
D-168
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy loam.
Feature Association: 12L at top of 12K
TPQ Date: 1903 Based Upon:12L-13
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.62 97.60
Date Excavated: 25 May 2006
Excavated By: HLF
Recorded By: HLF
Notes:
Provenience: 12M
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) loose sandy loam
Feature Association: 12M at top of 12K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.63 n/a
Date Excavated: 25 May 2006
Excavated By: HLF
Recorded By: HLF
Notes:
Provenience: 12P
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Debris Pit, N ½, Upper
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 12P at top of 12K
TPQ Date: 1901 Based Upon:12P-83
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.62 99.38
12L was a shallow, oval feature measuring 1.1 feet east-west and 1.05 feet
north-south. Feature was likely planting related, pre- or post-1970.
12M was a shallow, oval feature measuring 0.55 feet east-west and 0.75 feet
north-south. Feature was likely planting related, pre- or post-1970. Error in
recording closing elevation. No artifacts recovered.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 50% Yellowish Red
(5YR3/2) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks and <5% mortar.
D-169
Date Excavated: 19 June 2006
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12R
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Debris Pit, N ½, Lower
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 12R under 12P
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:See Feature 12T
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.38 97.39
Date Excavated: 19 June 2006
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12S
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Debris Pit, S ½, Upper
12P was the north ½ of the upper ½ of the lunch counter trash pit. Feature
was bisected in the field to generate a profile. North (12P) and south (12S)
halves combined in the lab and designated Feature 12P-Complex. Heavy
artifact concentration.
Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy silt, with <5% charcoal and ~5%
brick/mortar. Outer edge mottled with 50% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/6) loose sand.
12R was a large, nearly-circular trash pit (diameter ~ 4.5 feet) with a flat/level
floor and nearly vertical walls (although there is some reverse slope, creating a
slight undercut). The soil was very loose throughout and fairly consistent. A
thin lens of near-charcoal black soil covered the bottom of the feature. Gray
clay related to possible burning and subsequent decomposition, was
encountered multiple times throughout the depth of the pit. A large number
of bricks, brick bats, mortar, and plaster were encountered throughout.
Samples of plaster were saved. Many (but less than 50%) of the bricks/brick
bats showed evidence of fire by way of a thin coating of soot on the one side
only (samples taken). There was no evidence of burning within the pit itself
(that is, burn activity occurred prior to the creation of the trash pit). Soil
matrix and artifact distribution suggests the pit is the result of a single or
rapid-succession dumping event. The upper layer (Feature 12P-Complex)
may or may not have been created at the same time, although ceramic cross-
mends suggest the same origin of materials. Feature was bisected in the field
to generate a profile. North (12R) and south (12T) halves combined in the
lab and designated Feature 12T-Complex. Heavy artifact concentration.
Estimated that less than half of the full feature excavated. Upon full
excavation of the unit, the east wall of the feature was covered in black plastic
before back-filling so as to protect the remaining feature composition.
D-170
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 12S at top of 12K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:See Feature 12P
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.62 99.37
Date Excavated: 21 June 2006
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12T
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Debris Pit, S ½, Lower
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 12T under 12S
TPQ Date: 1908 Based Upon:12T-339
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.62 99.37
Date Excavated: 21 June 2006
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12U
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Level 7 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: 12W, 12X, 12Y, 12Z
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 50% Yellowish Red
(5YR3/2) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks and <5% mortar.
12S was the south ½ of the upper ½ of the lunch counter trash pit. Feature
was bisected in the field to generate a profile. North (12P) and south (12S)
halves combined in the lab and designated Feature 12P-Complex. Heavy
artifact concentration.
Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy silt, with <5% charcoal and ~5%
brick/mortar. Outer edge mottled with 50% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/6) loose sand.
See 'Notes' for Feature 12R. Interestingly, a concave pot lid created a hollow
space underneath, protecting several artifacts: bird bone with the consistency
of wet paper (desegregated on touch); a rubber gasket; a boot/shoe heel; and
paper (possibly newspaper) sitting on top of a Mason jar lid (upon drying,
the paper fragmented into several pieces).
D-171
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
SE 99.10 n/a
NE 99.29 n/a
NW 99.30 n/a
SW 99.02 n/a
C 99.10 n/a
Date Excavated: 23 June 2003
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12W
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Square Stain
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 12W at top of 12U; associated with post mold 12J
TPQ Date: 1805 Based Upon:12W-6
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.00 97.66
Date Excavated: 23 June 2003
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12X
Unit: N455
Short Title: Square Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 12X at top of 12K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
12U was sterile subsoil. Approximately 0.1-feet of the top of 12U was
removed during the course of excavating 12K (Level 6). Given that 12U was
artifact-free, the artifact count for 12K was not affected.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.
12W was a square post hole measuring 1.7 feet east-west. The post hole was
bisected along a north-south axis to generate a profile of 12W and 12J (post
mold). Provenienced separately in the field as 12W (east half) and 12AA
(west half), the two halves were combined in the lab as 12W. See 'Notes' for
12J.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) sandy silt, mottled with 45% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay and 5% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8)
loose sand (builder's sand).
D-172
C 99.04 98.73
Date Excavated: 23 June 2003
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 12Y
Unit: N445 E502
Short Title: Circular Stain
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 12Y at top of 12U.
TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:12Y-2 & 3
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.18 97.99
Date Excavated: 23 June 2003
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 13A
Unit: N442.66 E500.35
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose sandy silt.
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.73 100.13
Date Excavated: 18 June 2007
Excavated By: CJC
Recorded By: CJC
12X was a shallow square depression, measuring 0.55 feet east-west and
north-south. Function is unknown, but given that it is in-line along a north-
south axis square to the site and all known structures, it likely represents the
base of a post hole obscured through activities associated with the creation of
12K (Level 6). No artifacts recovered.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 50% Yellowish Red
(5YR3/2) compact sandy clay.
12Y was bisected along a north-south axis so as to generate a profile. The east
½ was provenienced 12Y; the west ½ was 12Z – the two were combined in
the lab as 12Y. Very few artifacts – brick, bone (degraded and very soft),
charcoal flecks. Unknown function. Very similar to Feature 8N. Appears to
be redeposited subsoil.
D-173
Notes:
Provenience: 13B
Unit: N442.66 E500.35
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 13C, 13D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.13 99.70
Date Excavated: 19 June 2007
Excavated By: CJC
Recorded By: CJC
Notes:
Provenience: 13C
Unit: N442.66 E500.35
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Unavailable
Feature Association: 13D at top of 13B
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.13 98.89
Date Excavated: 19 June 2007
Excavated By: CJC
Recorded By: CJC
Unit 13 was initially designated STP 105, but given unit designation in the
lab. Unit 13, 2.5x2.5-feet, was placed over the hypothesized northwest
corner of the structure at 1401 Richland Street, 13-feet north of the
Richland Street sidewalk (in-line with the southwest corner of the house at
1403 Richland Street), since nothing in Unit 12 indicated the structure's
north wall (as was expected from the 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance map).
13A, Level 1, is post-1970 fill. Upon removal of 13A, at a depth of 0.1 feet, a
cinder block was encountered along the east wall of the unit. Full excavation
of 13A showed that the cinder block was resting upon the surface of 13B
(Level 2). Not screened.
Dark Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 40% Very Dark Brown
(7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam and 10% Brown (7.5YR4/4), with 2% charcoal
flecks.
13B was likely post-1970 fill/disturbance, although the small size of the unit
made full stratigraphic identification difficult. Not screened.
D-174
Notes:
Provenience: 13D
Unit: N442.66 E500.35
Short Title: Wooden Post
Type: Post
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 13D at top of 13B
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 100.25 98.02
Date Excavated: 19 June 2007
Excavated By: CJC
Recorded By: CJC
Notes:
Provenience: 13E
Unit: N442.66 E500.35
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 13E within 13B. See 'Notes' section
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 99.70 98.82
Date Excavated: 19 June 2007
Excavated By: CJC
Recorded By: CJC
Notes:
13C was an oval post hole/mold, measuring 0.4 feet east-west and 0.6 feet
north-south, uncovered directly underneath the cinder block found within
13A (Level 1). Soil was extremely loose. Likely related to post-1970 activities.
No artifacts recovered.
13D was a wood post directly north of Feature 13C, measuring 0.35 feet (4
inches) east-west, 0.25 feet (3 inches) north-south, and a length of 2.23 feet.
Likely related to post-1970 activities.
Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy silt, with
1% charcoal flecks.
13E was an irregular depression, measuring 1.0 feet at its narrowest and 1.4
feet at its widest, running roughly north-south through the center of the
unit. 13E was uncovered while excavating 13B (Level 2). Interestingly,
Features 13C, 13D, and 13F – all related to posts – were located on the
feature's western inside edge, suggesting a boundary between spaces, most
likely the north wall of the structure at 1401 Richland Street. If 13E is
indeed related to the structure's wall, then 13C and 13D would pre-date the
1970s activities. Chronology is unclear.
D-175
Provenience: 13F
Unit: N442.66 E500.35
Short Title: South Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/3) sandy loam.
Feature Association: 13F at top of 13H; associated with Feature 13G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.78 98.11
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: CJC
Recorded By: CJC
Notes:
Provenience: 13G
Unit: N442.66 E500.35
Short Title: South Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR/4) sandy clay loam.
Feature Association: 13G at top of 13H; associated with Feature 13F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
C 98.77 98.22
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: CJC
Recorded By: CJC
Notes:
Provenience: 13H
Unit: N442.66 E500.35
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening: Closing:
13F was a circular post mold measuring 0.55 feet east-west and 0.6 feet
north-south within a square post hole (Feature 13G). Most likely, this post
was part of the rear (north) wall of 1401 Richland Street.
13G was a square post hole associated with a circular post mold (Feature
13F), measuring 0.85 feet east-west and 0.90 feet north-south.
D-176
SE 98.00 n/a
NE 98.83 n/a
NW 98.74 n/a
SW 98.10 n/a
C 98.82 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 June 2007
Excavated By: CJC
Recorded By: CJC
Notes: 13H was sterile subsoil.
Provenience: 61B
Unit: N455 E504
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 61C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.63 99.28
NE 99.59 99.24
NW 99.59 n/a
SW 99.65 99.33
C 99.63 99.28
Date Excavated: 22 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes: Unit 61 was a 3x3' unit. 61B was the upper-most intact stratum.
Provenience: 61C
Unit: N455 E504
Short Title: Rectangular Stain
Type: Burial
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 61C at top of 61B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.57 99.36
Date Excavated: 22 October 2011
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 2% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 40% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks
D-177
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 61D
Unit: N455 E504
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.28 99.05
NE 99.24 99.09
NW n/a n/a
SW 99.33 99.14
C 99.28 99.11
Date Excavated: 26 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 61E
At the surface of 61B (Level 2), Feature 61C appeared as a rectangular
deposit with rounded corners truncated by the north wall of the unit. Upon
initial excavation, starting from the east, the articulated knee bone of a
chicken was found. Switched from a trowel to a bamboo stick and dental
tools. Exposed the fully articulated skeleton of a buried chicken. The head
was to the west, feet to the east. Excavation was paused with soil surrounding
all bone. Bone was very soft and easily damaged. At the conclusion of Block
3 excavations, in preparation for the removal of the burial intact, a 2'
window was removed around the burial at the surface of Level 2. The burial
measured 1.45' east-west by 1.50' north-south. Soil was removed below
Level 2 around the burial 6 inches from the feature edges. Using supports,
soil was then removed from underneath the feature at a depth of 8 inches.
With 80% of the bottom removed, the feature broke in half along an east-
west axis, with minimal damage to the skeleton. Placed on plywood, the
halves were taken to the lab for re-fitting, cleaning and stabilization of bone.
The goal was to remove enough of the soil matrix to fully expose the burial
but leave the skeleton intact in the grave. After re-fitting and cleaning, a
solution of B-72 was used to bind the soil matrix and stabilize the skeleton.
As of 5 September 2012, the skeleton and soil matrix is stable and a wooden
box will be built to enclose the feature for display. The burial appears to be
that of a pet, as there were no other artifacts found within the feature, no
damage was noted to the skeleton, and the bird was intentionally laid in a
prepared depression.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy loam, mottled with 25% Dark
Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt
Excavation of 61D (Level 3) uncovered no features; no artifacts were
recovered.
D-178
Unit: N455 E504
Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.05 n/a
NE 99.09 n/a
NW n/a n/a
SW 99.14 n/a
C 99.11 n/a
Date Excavated: 1 November 2011
Excavated By: n/a
Recorded By: JC
Notes: 61E (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.
Provenience: 62B
Unit: N455 E507
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.53 99.19
NE 99.50 99.27
NW 99.60 99.24
SW 99.64 99.28
C 99.55 99.23
Date Excavated: 22 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 62D
Unit: N455 E507
Short Title: Level 3
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 2% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks and 1% brick fragments
Unit 62 was a 3' (north-south) x 4' (east west) unit. 62B (Level 2) was the
upper-most intact stratum. Level contained no features.
D-179
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.19 98.92
NE 99.27 98.98
NW 99.24 n/a
SW 99.28 n/a
C 99.23 98.95
Date Excavated: 26 October 2011
Excavated By: JC/JMJ
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 62E
Unit: N455 E507
Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 98.92 n/a
NE 98.98 n/a
NW n/a n/a
SW n/a n/a
C 98.95 n/a
Date Excavated: 1 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes: 62E (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.
Provenience: 63B
Unit: N450 E504
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Dark
Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt
Excavation of 62D (Level 3) uncovered no features; no artifacts were
recovered.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 15% Very Dark
Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks
D-180
Feature Association: 63C, 63D, 63E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.66 99.38
NE 99.63 99.28
NW 99.61 99.33
SW 99.60 n/a
C 99.58 99.34
Date Excavated: 22 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 63C
Unit: N450 E504
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 63C at top of 63B (Level 2); intrudes upon 63E; associated with 63D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.65 99.63
Date Excavated: 22 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 63D
Unit: N450 E504
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 63D at top of 63B (Level 2); intrudes upon 63E; associated with 63C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Unit 63 was a 3' (east-west) x 5' (north-south) unit. 63B was the upper-most
intact stratum. The majority of the unit was taken up by Feature 63E. Very
few artifacts recovered.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
63C was likely a circular post mold measuring 0.2' in diameter associated
with likely post hole feature 63D, both of which intruded upon feature 63E.
Upon excavation, 63C disappeared after light troweling – may or may not be
a post mold.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks
D-181
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.65 99.63
Date Excavated: 22 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 63E
Unit: N450 E504
Short Title: Oval Pit
Type: Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 63E at top of 63B (Level 2); intruded upon by 63C & 63D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
N n/a 97.89
S n/a 97.95
C 99.58 98.41
Date Excavated: 22 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 63F
Unit: N450 E504
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
63D was likely an oval post hole measuring 0.55' east-west and 0.5' north-
south (truncated by the south wall of the unit) associated with likely post
mold feature 63C, both of which intruded upon feature 63E. Upon
excavation, 63D disappeared after light troweling – may or may not be a post
hole.
Yellowish Red (5yr4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 15% Very Dark Grayish
Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 5% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6)
sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks and <1% brick fragments
Feature 63E was a continuation of Feature 12Y to the south. At the surface
of 63B (Level 2), 63E appeared as a large, oval shape, extending into the west
wall of the unit. Upon excavation, the feature was a large, bowl-shaped
depression (consistent with 12Y) with a hump on the floor, centered,
running east-west. Soil matrix was composed of a heavily mottled mix
dominated by sandy clay (subsoil) with pockets of other soils throughout.
Very few artifacts recovered, all of which were very small. No evidence of
burning. Function of pit feature unknown. Possible pit to recover clay? Note:
center elevation is the hump. Feature measured 3 feet east-west from the west
wall and 3.7 feet north-south from the south wall.
D-182
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.38 n/a
NE 99.28 n/a
NW 99.33 n/a
SW n/a n/a
C 99.34 99.13
Date Excavated: 26 October 2011
Excavated By: JC/JMJ
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 63G
Unit: N450 E504
Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE n/a n/a
NE n/a n/a
NW n/a n/a
SW n/a n/a
C 99.13 n/a
Date Excavated: 1 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes: 63G (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.
Provenience: 64B
Unit: N450 E507
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy loam, mottled with 40% Dark
Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks
Excavation of 63F (Level 3) uncovered no features; no artifacts were
recovered.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 15% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks
D-183
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.61 99.26
NE 99.53 99.19
NW 99.67 99.34
SW 99.62 99.38
C 99.62 99.30
Date Excavated: 22 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 64C
Unit: N450 E507
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 64D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.26 99.04
NE 99.19 n/a
NW 99.34 n/a
SW 99.38 99.10
C 99.30 99.03
Date Excavated: 26 October 2011
Excavated By: JC/JMJ
Recorded By: JC
Notes: No artifacts recovered from stratum.
Provenience: 64D
Unit: N450 E507
Short Title: Small Post Mold
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt
Feature Association: 64D at top of 64C (Level 3)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts
Elevations:
Unit 64 was a 4' (east-west) x 5' (north-south) unit. 64B was the upper-most
intact stratum. No features uncovered; very few artifacts recovered.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Dark
Brown (10YR2/3) sandy silt and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
D-184
Opening:Closing:
C 99.26 95.76
Date Excavated: 26 October 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 64E
Unit: N450 E507
Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.04 n/a
NE n/a n/a
NW n/a n/a
SW 99.10 n/a
C 99.03 n/a
Date Excavated: 1 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes: 64E (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.
Provenience: 65B
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 65C, 65D, 65E, 65H, 65J, 65K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.70 99.55
NE 99.72 99.47
NW 99.89 99.64
SW 99.87 99.67
C 99.79 99.58
64D was a small, irregularly shaped circular depression measuring 0.25' in
diameter. The profile was bowl-like. Irregular plan and floor suggest the
feature was likely not a post mold. No artifacts recovered.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Dark
Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks
D-185
Date Excavated: 14 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 65C
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 65C at top of 65B (Level 2); intrudes upon 65H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.85 98.60
Date Excavated: 14 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 65D
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 65D at top of 65B (Level 2); intrudes upon features 65E & 65H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.66 98.58
Date Excavated: 14 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Unit 65 was a 4' (east-west) x 5' (north-south) unit, truncated on the west by
the Marion Street sidewalk, west of Unit 12. 65B was the upper-most intact
stratum. No artifacts recovered.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 15% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks and 1% brick fragments
65C appeared as a circular stain on the surface of 65B (Level 2), intruding
upon the north edge of feature 65H. Upon excavation, 65C turned into a
shallow post hole with a rectangular post mold. The mold measured
0.35x0.25' and ran very deep. There were small fragments of post near the
bottom. Depth of post hole = 99.70'; depth of post mold = 98.60'. Soil
matrices from hole and mold were not provenienced separately
Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
D-186
Notes:
Provenience: 65E
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 65E at top of 65B (Level 2); intruded upon by 65 D; intrudes upon 65H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.66 98.53
Date Excavated: 14 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 65H
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Linear Trench
Type: Trench
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 65H at top of 65B (Level 2); intruded upon by 65C, 65D & 65E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.70 99.50
NW 99.82 99.60
Date Excavated: 18 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
At the surface of 65B (Level 2), 65D appeared as a circular stain measuring
0.6' in diameter. Upon removing ~ 0.1', a highly degraded rectangular post
measuring 0.35' east-west x 0.2' north-south (2x4”) was discovered. Large
fragments of the post were recovered. Upon full excavation, the feature was a
square post hole measuring 0.75' north-south x 0.8' east-west. 65D intruded
upon post feature 65E, suggesting that 65D may have been a replacement
post.
Brown (10YR4/3) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay and 5% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand
65E was a square post hole measuring 0.9' north-south x 0.8' east-west. The
feature was intruded upon by post feature 65D, which may have been a
replacement or additional support for 65E. 65E was part of the west wall of
the pre-1403 Richland Street house.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, mottled with 15% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and <5% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty
sand, with 1% mortar fragments and <1% charcoal flecks
D-187
Notes:
Provenience: 65J
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 65J at top of 65B (Level 2); associated with post mold 65K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.72 98.40
Date Excavated: 18 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 65K
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 65K at top of 65B (Level 2); associated with post hole 65J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.72 98.40
Date Excavated: 17 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
65H was a trench feature running roughly northwest-southeast across the
unit, measuring 0.75' wide; intruded upon by post features 65C, 65D and
65E. At the surface of 65B (Level 2), 65H had linear edges. Upon
excavation, the edges and walls of the feature were more irregular. After
removing ~ 0.1' of the defined stratigraphic matrix above, the feature had a
surface of very compact sandy silt of the same soil color. After removing the
compact stratum, found to be a shallow trench with a nearly level floor.
Three artifacts recovered. The function of the trench is unknown.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, mottled with 35% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) silty
sand, with 5% charcoal flecks and 1% brick fragments
65J was a square post hole, measuring 1.4' square, associated with post mold
65K. The post hole was part of the west wall of the pre-1403 Richland Street
house.
Black (10YR2/1) very loose sandy loam, with wood and charcoal fragments
throughout
D-188
Notes:
Provenience: 65L
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (7.5YR4/4) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.55 99.10
NE 99.47 99.08
NW 99.64 99.16
SW 99.67 99.25
C 99.58 99.19
Date Excavated: 20 October 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes: 65L (Level 3) was not screened; no features uncovered.
Provenience: 65M
Unit: N445 E498
Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.10 n/a
NE 99.08 n/a
NW 99.16 n/a
SW 99.25 n/a
C 99.19 n/a
Date Excavated: 21 October 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
65K was a circular post mold associated with square post hole 65J. 65K
measured 0.8' east-west x 0.6' north-south, suggesting an 8” post. Several
small fragments of the post were recovered. The post lines up on an east-west
axis with post 12J (associated with post hole 12W); also lines up with post
feature 13F. The base of the post was roughly at the same depth as post 13F,
while post 12J was significantly deeper.
D-189
Notes:
Provenience: 66B
Unit: N445 E507
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 66C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.67 99.53
NE 99.64 99.45
NW 99.76 99.38
SW 99.72 99.50
C 99.67 99.45
Date Excavated: 13 October 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 66C
Unit: N445 E507
Short Title: Trash Pit, E ½, Upper
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 66C at top of 66B (Level 2); associated with 12P
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
S 99.71 99.36
N 99.80 99.31
C 99.75 99.43
Date Excavated: 13 October 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
No features uncovered at the surface of 65M (Level 4). There was a small
concentration of charcoal flecks in the north-center of the unit, directly
north of features 65E and 65D – might be related to activities associated
with the time period when the pre-1403 Richland Street house was standing.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Brown
(10YR3/3) sandy silt and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1%
charcoal flecks
Unit 66 was a 4' (east-west) x 5' (north-south) unit. 66B was the upper-most
intact stratum. No artifacts recovered.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 2% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks
D-190
Notes:
Provenience: 66D
Unit: N445 E507
Short Title: Trash Pit, E ½, Lower
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 66D below 66C; associated with 12T
TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:(see 12T)
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
S 99.36 n/a
N 99.31 n/a
C 99.43 97.39
Date Excavated: 14 October 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 66E
Unit: N445 E507
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 66F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.53 99.17
NE 99.45 99.17
NW 99.38 99.08
SW 99.50 99.14
C 99.45 99.12
Date Excavated: 20 October 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
66C was the upper stratum of the eastern half of the lunch counter trash pit.
Artifacts were merged with provenience 12P (the upper stratum of the
western half of the trash pit).
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark Brown
(10YR3/3) sandy silt and 2% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1%
charcoal flecks
66D was the lower stratum of the eastern half of the lunch counter trash pit.
Artifacts were merged with provenience 12T (the lower stratum of the
western half of the trash pit).
Brown (7.5YR4/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish Brown
(10YR4/4) sandy silt and 2% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
D-191
Notes:
Provenience: 66F
Unit: N445 E507
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 66F at the top of 66E (Level 3)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.53 98.10
Date Excavated: 21 October 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 66G
Unit: N445 E507
Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.17 n/a
NE 99.17 n/a
NW 99.08 n/a
SW 99.14 n/a
C 99.12 n/a
Date Excavated: 25 October 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes: 66G (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.
Provenience: 67B
Due to time constraints and the very compact nature of the 66E (Level 3),
the stratum was not screened.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with <10% Brown (7.5YR4/4)
sandy silt
At the surface of 66E (Level 3), 66F appeared as a roughly-circular
depression or stain, measuring 1.2' east-west and 1.15' north-south, and
thought to be a post hole or mold, however, actual function is unknown. A
2.5” cannon ball was recovered from the base of the feature. Note the feature
is in-line along an east-west axis with post feature 65J, suggesting a possible
association with the pre-1403 Richland Street house.
D-192
Unit: N440 E498
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 67C, 67D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.73 n/a
SW 100.66 n/a
Date Excavated: 14 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 67C
Unit: N440 E498
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt
Feature Association: 67C at top of 67B (Level 2); intrudes upon 67D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.66 n/a
Date Excavated: 10 January 2012
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 67D
Unit: N440 E498
Short Title: Pipe Trench
Type: Trench
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments
Unit 67 was a 4' (east-west) x 5' (north south) unit. The unit was bisected
along an east-west axis by brick trench feature 68C. 67B was the upper-most
intact stratum south of the brick feature; 67B was heavily disturbed by post
1970s construction activities north of the drain and was thus removed with
67A (Level 1) stratum. Due to time constraints, 67B was not excavated.
67C was a circular post mold measuring 0.5' in diameter located along, and
slightly intruding upon, the southern edge of trench feature 67D. With
vertical walls, the feature contained no evidence of a post. Unable to
determine if 67C is related to pre- or post-1970s activities. Closing elevation
not recorded.
D-193
Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
Feature Association: 67D at top of 67B (Level 2); intruded upon by 67C; associated with 68C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.88 100.10
SW 100.83 100.00
Date Excavated: 10 January 2012
Excavated By: JMS/JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 68B
Unit: N440 E502
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.98 100.27
SW 100.73 100.26
C 100.70 100.26
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 68C
Unit: N440 E502
Short Title: Brick Drain
67D was a shallow trench feature, 1.6' wide, associated with a terracotta
waste-water line connecting the brick drain feature 68C with the waste lines
under Marion Street. With uneven walls and plan, the hand-dug trench
contained the intact 6” terracotta line, which was composed of two sections
with a cement joint. The first, to the west, was likely laid by city workers and
extended under the sidewalk. The second, slightly angled to the north,
connected to the brick drain through a home-made cement and brick
coupler.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt
Unit 68 was bisected along an east-west axis by brick trench feature 68C.
68B was the upper-most intact stratum south of the brick feature; 68B was
heavily disturbed by post 1970s construction activities north of the drain and
thus was removed with 68A (Level 1) stratum. Note: center elevation is south
of the drain, not center of unit. No artifacts recovered.
D-194
Type: Drain
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 68E was at the top of 67B (Level 2); associated with 67D
TPQ Date: 1902 Based Upon:Date that City of Columbia began laying sewerage pipes
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
E 100.98 n/a
W 100.96 n/a
Date Excavated: 14 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 68D
Unit: N440 E502
Short Title: Cinder Blocks
Type: Foundation
Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix
Feature Association: 68D at top of 68G (Level 4)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.03 n/a
Date Excavated: 14 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
68C was a mostly-intact brick drain feature running east-west along what
would have been the inside of the back (north) wall of the lunch counter at
1401 Richland Street. The drain was three bricks wide – a center row of
bricks laid header-to-header, forming the base of the drain, and a row of
bricks on each side, laid stretcher-to-stretcher and slightly angled upwards
towards the far ends to form a 'U' shape. The bricks were mortared with
evidence of a plaster-like overlay that would have coated the exposed surface
of the drain. The west end of the open drain tied into a 6” terracotta pipe at
the west wall of the lunch counter, which was connected to the City's waste
water system. The connection point between drain and pipe was a home-
built concave dam composed of cement over brick, with the mouth of the
pipe exposed at the base of the drain. The drain ran the width of the lunch
counter. The east end of the drain was damaged by post-1970 construction
activities at the site. Before back-filling the excavation units, the drain was
covered with 6 mil black plastic and left in situ.
D-195
Notes:
Provenience: 68E
Unit: N440 E502
Short Title: Circular Stain
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand
Feature Association: 68E at top of 68B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.66 100.54
Date Excavated: 14 November 2011
Excavated By: DCR
Recorded By: DCR
Notes:
Provenience: 68F
Unit: N440 E502
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
E 100.27 100.03
W 100.26 99.83
C 100.26 100.02
Date Excavated: 25 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
68D was a row of 5 cinder blocks running east-west along what would have
been the outside of the back (north) wall of the lunch counter at 1401
Richland Street. The wall of the counter would have sat directly between the
brick drain (68C) and the cinder blocks. Given that concrete blocks were in
wide-spread use by the first decade of the 1900s, it is likely that the blocks
were added sometime after the lunch counter was built. It is also possible
that they were part of the original construction. The eastern-most block was
damaged by post-1970 construction activities at the site. Before back-filling
the excavation units, the blocks were covered with 6 mil black plastic and left
in situ.
68E was a very shallow, bowl-like depression with an uneven floor measuring
0.75' in diameter. Likely not culturally significant, but might be the base of a
post hole/mold or, given the irregular surface of the floor, remains of a
planting space.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, 45% Very Dark Gray
(10YR3/1) loamy sand and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
D-196
Notes:
Provenience: 68G
Unit: N440 E502
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
E 100.03 99.69
W 99.83 99.71
C 100.02 99.70
Date Excavated: 8 December 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 68H
Unit: N440 E502
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
E 99.69 n/a
W 99.71 n/a
C 99.70 n/a
Date Excavated: 8 December 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
68F was a stratum composed of a dark soil matrix that extended across Block
3 and is likely related to the destruction of the lunch counter at 1401
Richland Street.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Very Dark
Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt and 10% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2)
sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks
68G (Level 4) was thicker to the east, sloping downward to the west. No
features uncovered. Stratum relates to the pre-lunch counter (pre-1891) use
of the southwest corner of the property.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam
Excavation halted at the surface of 68H (Level 5) due to time constraints. No
features at surface.
D-197
Provenience: 69B
Unit: N440 E507
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 69C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
NE 99.67 n/a
NW 99.72 n/a
SW 100.98 n/a
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 69C
Unit: N440 E507
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand
Feature Association: 69C at top of 69B
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.81 n/a
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 70B
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt
In order to avoid a tree stump, Unit 69 was a six-sided 'L' shape. The unit
was bisected along an east-west axis by brick trench feature 68C. 69B was the
upper-most intact stratum south of the brick feature; 69B was heavily
disturbed by post 1970s construction activities north of the drain and thus
was removed with 69A (Level 1) stratum. The only stratum excavated in this
unit was a one square foot area south of the drain. The remainder was
exposed but not investigated further. No artifacts recovered.
69C was a square post mold measuring 0.4' (east-west) x 0.25' (north-south).
Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Decayed wood was
evident at the surface of the feature.
D-198
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 70C, 70D, 70E, 70F, 70G, 70H, 70J, 70K, 70L
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.81 n/a
NE 100.73 n/a
NW 100.66 n/a
SW 100.88 n/a
C 100.85 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 70C
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 70C at top of 70B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.66 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments
Unit 70 was a 5' (north-south) x 4' (east west) unit. 70B (Level 2) was the
upper-most intact stratum. The west edge of the unit was truncated by the
Marion Street sidewalk. From the sidewalk, 2.65 feet was a boundary
consistent with the west wall of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary
between highly mottled sandy clay (west) and less mottled sandy silt (east).
The east side of this boundary contained many planting features, most of
which were associated with post-1909 activities (after the lunch counter
burned). Due to time constraints, the unit was not excavated.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
70C, thought to be a post hole or mold, was an oval stain at the surface of
70B (Level 2) measuring 0.60' east-west and 0.70' north-south. The feature
was located within the mottled clayey area along the west side of the unit.
Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-199
Provenience: 70D
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 70D at top of 70B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.64 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 70E
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 70E at top of 70B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 70F
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 70F at top of 70B (Level 2)
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt and 2% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
70D, thought to be a post mold, was a rectangular stain at the surface of 70B
(Level 2) measuring 0.20'' east-west and 0.40' north-south. The feature was
located within the mottled clayey area along the west side of the unit. Not
excavated due to time constraints.
70E was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring
0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the
east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-200
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.72 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 70G
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 70G at top of 70B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.79 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 70H
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 70H at top of 70B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.80 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
70F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring
0.45' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the
east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.
70G was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2)
measuring 0.20' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area
within the east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-201
Notes:
Provenience: 70J
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 70J at top of 70B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.80 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 70K
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 70K at top of 70B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.81 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 70L
Unit: N435 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
70H was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring
0.50' in diameter. The feature was located along the edge of the silty area
within the east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.
70J was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring
0.30' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the
east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.
70K was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring
0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the
east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-202
Feature Association: 70L at top of 70B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.81 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71B
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 71C, 71D, 71E, 71F, 71G, 71H, 71J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.09 n/a
NE 100.98 100.35
NW 100.76 100.39
SW 100.81 n/a
C 100.76 100.47
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71C
Unit: N435 E502
70L was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring
0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the
east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt
71B was the upper-most intact stratum. Unit excavation started by removing
the linear brick feature associated with a walkway between planting spaces
created sometime after the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. All
bricks were saved so that they might be used again in future landscaping.
Due to time constraints, excavation strategy was to remove all of Level 2
without screening to expose the strata below that related to earlier uses of this
space more quickly. Although the artifacts that would have been recovered
from this stratum would have given a suggestion as to how long the planting
space(s) was used, the likely answer was already known: after the destruction
of the lunch counter through the period the house was used as a living space.
Stratum 75B was screened as a control.
D-203
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 71C at top of 71B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: DCR/JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71D
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand, with 2% coal fragments
Feature Association: 71D at top of 71B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.47 99.76
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: DCR
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71E
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 71E at top of 71B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.81 n/a
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
71C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring
0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-
lined walkway.
71D was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring
0.45' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-
lined walkway (see 71B). No artifacts recovered.
D-204
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71F
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 71F at top of 71B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.98 n/a
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71G
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 71G at top of 71B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.76 n/a
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71H
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Planting
71E was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring
0.45' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).
71F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring
0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).
71G was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring
0.75' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).
D-205
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 71H at top of 71B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.09 n/a
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71J
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 71J at top of 71B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.75 n/a
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71M
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Level 3 (Lunch Counter Stratum)
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.58 100.33
71H was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring
0.55' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).
71J was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2)
measuring 0.25' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of
the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, mottled with 40% Very Dark
Gray (10YR3/1) loamy sand and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with 1% mortar fragments
D-206
NE 100.35 100.19
NW 100.39 100.00
SW 100.70 100.31
C 100.47 100.36
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71N
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 71N at top of 71R (Level 4); associated with post hole 77T
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.22 97.69
Date Excavated: 25 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71P
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: Planting
71M (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high
concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the
planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 4 (a stratum common to the
entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch
counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum
is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience
were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a
single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,
75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.
At the surface of 71R (Level 4), 71N appeared as a circular stain with a
diameter of 0.60 feet. Upon excavation, the east half of the feature's wall was
consistent with Level 4 soil, while the west half was composed of very loose
dark soil, consistent with feature fill and Level 3. Thinking that 71N was
intruding upon a feature associated with a lower stratum, excavation was
halted until Level 4 was fully excavated, at which time it became clear that
71N was a post mold feature associated with post hole feature 77T. 77T was
associated with Level 5. The different level associations of the mold and hole
suggests that the post was in-place during an event which caused the
formation of a new stratum.
D-207
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 71P at top of 71R (Level 4)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.33 99.68
Date Excavated: 25 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71Q
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with <1% charcoal flecks
Feature Association: 71Q at top of 71R (Level 4)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.31 100.09
Date Excavated: 25 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71R
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with 2% charcoal flecks
At the surface of 71R (Level 4), 71P appeared on the surface as an irregular
stain/depression with a roughly-circular shape, measuring 1.85' east-west and
2.10' north-south. Upon excavation, the plan-view of the feature stayed the
same, with slightly in-slopping walls. The floor of the feature was a surprise –
an extremely compact surface. The floor was consistently hard/compact
except for a large number of hollow root channels. The feature seems to be
the remains of a fairly large plant – bush, small tree) – during the period
between the removal of the pre-1403 Richland Street house and the building
of the lunch counter in 1891.
71Q was a circular depression, 0.60' in diameter. Upon excavation, profile of
the feature was a bowl-like depression. Although post related, there was no
evidence of a mold/post within, nor evidence of a post hole surrounding.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Very Dark
Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt and 10% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2)
sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks
D-208
Feature Association: 71N, 71P, 71Q
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.33 99.70
NE 100.19 99.64
NW 100.00 99.66
SW 100.31 99.71
C 100.36 99.70
Date Excavated: 25 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71S
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 71T, 71W
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.70 n/a
NE 99.64 n/a
NW 99.66 n/a
SW 99.71 n/a
C 99.70 n/a
Date Excavated: 5 December 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71T
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
71R (Level 4) was a stratum representing the time period between the
destruction of the pre-1403 Richland Street house and the building of the
lunch counter in 1891. The surface of 71R was level on the southwest side of
the unit. Moving north, the surface became increasingly more irregular, with
a highly uneven floor at the north end of the unit (toward the brick drain).
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam
71S (Level 5) was a largely homogeneous stratum with patches of Very Dark
Grayish Brown (non-features). Due to time constraints, excavation was
halted at the surface of 71S.
D-209
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 71T at top of 71S (Level 5); associated with post mold 71N & 71W
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.80 97.69
Date Excavated: 5 December 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 71W
Unit: N435 E502
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 71W at top of 71S (Level 5); associated with 71T
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.80 97.88
Date Excavated: 5 December 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 72B
Unit: N430 E498
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) and 10% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6) loose sand
(builder's sand)
71T was a highly mottled feature at the surface of 71S (Level 5). The south
half of the feature was circular while the north half was square. The circular
section contained a post mold (71N). Upon excavation, the feature divided
into two related features: a square post hole to the north (71T) and a
roughly-circular post hole to the south (71W). The square post hole (71T)
measured 1.20' east-west and 1.10' north-south. 71W was likely a
replacement post (or additional post) for post feature 71T. Both post holes
were part of the west wall of the pre-1403 Richland Street house. See entries
for 71N and 71W.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) and 10% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6) loose sand
(builder's sand)
71W was a circular post hole feature (diameter = 2.50') directly to the south
of square post hole feature 71T (please see entry for relationship). 71W was a
replacement (or additional) post for 71T. 71W had irregular edges and walls.
Given the smooth and square forms of all other posts associated with the pre-
1403 Richland Street house, the irregular form of 71W suggests that a
structure was in-place at the time it was created. Wood post fragments were
recovered from the feature.
D-210
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 72C, 72D, 72E, 72F, 72G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.10 n/a
NE 101.03 n/a
NW 100.88 n/a
SW 100.81 n/a
C 101.05 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 72C
Unit: N430 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 72C at top of 72B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.83 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments
Unit 72 was a 5' (north-south) x 4' (east west) unit. 72B (Level 2) was the
upper-most intact stratum. The west edge of the unit was truncated by the
Marion Street sidewalk. From the sidewalk, 2.65 feet was a boundary
consistent with the west wall of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary
between highly mottled sandy clay (west) and less mottled sandy silt (east).
The east side of this boundary contained many planting features, most of
which were associated with post-1909 activities (after the lunch counter
burned). Due to time constraints, the unit was not excavated.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
72C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 72B (Level 2) measuring
0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 72B).
D-211
Provenience: 72D
Unit: N430 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 72D at top of 72B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.10 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 72E
Unit: N430 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 72E at top of 72B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.10 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 72F
Unit: N430 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 72F at top of 72B (Level 2)
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
72D was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 72B (Level 2)
measuring 0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of
the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 72B).
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
72E was an oval-ish planting feature at the surface of 72B (Level 2)
measuring 1.00' east-west and 0.70' north-south. The feature was located
within the area west of the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time
constraints (see 72B).
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
D-212
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.05 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73B
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 73C, 73D, 73E, 73F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.00 100.58
NE 101.09 100.58
NW 100.81 100.57
SW 101.10 100.70
C 100.94 100.63
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73C
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Planting
72F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 72B (Level 2) measuring
0.80' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 72B).
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt
73B was the upper-most intact stratum. Unit excavation started by removing
the linear brick feature associated with a walkway between planting spaces
created sometime after the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. All
bricks were saved so that they might be used again in future landscaping.
Due to time constraints, excavation strategy was to remove all of Level 2
without screening to expose the strata below that related to earlier uses of this
space more quickly. Although the artifacts that would have been recovered
from this stratum might have given a suggestion as to how long the planting
space(s) was used, the likely answer was already known: after the destruction
of the lunch counter through the period the house was used as a living space.
Stratum 75B was screened as a control.
D-213
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 73C at top of 73B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.09 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73D
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 73D at top of 73B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.08 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73E
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 73E at top of 73B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.10 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
73C was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 73B (Level 2)
measuring 0.30' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of
the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 73B).
73D was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 73B (Level 2)
measuring 0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of
the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 73B).
D-214
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73F
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 73F at top of 73B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.09 n/a
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73G
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.58 100.46
NE 100.58 100.25
NW 100.57 100.35
SW 100.70 100.45
C 100.63 100.44
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
73E was a circular planting feature at the surface of 73B (Level 2) measuring
0.65' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 73B).
73F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 73B (Level 2) measuring
0.95' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 73B).
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, mottled with 40% Very Dark
Gray (10YR3/1) loamy sand and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with 1% mortar fragments
D-215
Notes:
Provenience: 73H
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 73J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.46 99.78
NE 100.25 99.76
NW 100.35 99.79
SW 100.45 99.80
C 100.44 99.78
Date Excavated: 21 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73J
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
73G (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high
concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the
planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 4 (a stratum common to the
entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch
counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum
is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience
were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a
single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,
75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 15% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam
73H (Level 4) soil matrix was consistent with that of Units 77 (south) and
71 (north) – at the surface. Upon excavation, approximately 0.10-0.20'
below surface, a lens of very compact gray (10YR4/1 to 10YR5/1) sand was
encountered. The lens was highly irregular in plan-view and covers almost
the entirety of the north half of the unit. Upon removal, the lens, which
varied between 0.10 and 0.20' thick, was found to be 'resting' on the top,
level surface of Level 5 (73K). The lens contained no artifacts. Function,
process of creation, etc. is unknown, but a possible scenario is that the lens is
the remains of a grayish sand deposited on the surface of Level 5 and
subsequently buried through activities associated with the creation of Level 4
(of which the lens may have been a part).
Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loamy sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar
D-216
Feature Association: 73J at top of 73H (Level 4); associated with 77D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.46 99.64
Date Excavated: 21 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73K
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 73L
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.78 n/a
NE 99.76 n/a
NW 99.79 n/a
SW 99.80 n/a
C 99.78 n/a
Date Excavated: 1 December 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 73L
Unit: N430 E502
Short Title: Square Depression
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 73L at top of 73K (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
73J was a semi-circular post hole (diameter = 2.75') truncated by the east
wall of the unit. The feature straddled Units 73 and 77. 73J is associated
with post mold feature 77D. The post hole had slightly irregular edges and
bowl-like sides, with an uneven floor. The base of 73J was significantly
higher than post mold 77D.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 15% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
sandy clay
73K (Level 5) was a mottled stratum with many small roots. Due to time
constraints, excavation was halted at the surface.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6), with 10% brick fragments and <1% charcoal flecks
D-217
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.81 97.78
Date Excavated: 1 December 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74B
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 74C, 74D, 74E, 74F, 74G, 74H, 74J, 74K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.97 100.92
NE 101.06 100.88
NW 101.09 100.85
SW 101.00 100.81
C 101.13 100.92
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 74C
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74C at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.09 n/a
At the surface of 73K (Level 5), 73L appeared as a square post hole
measuring 1.10' north-south and 1.40' east-west (truncated by the west wall
of the unit). There was no indication of a post mold. Fully excavated, at the
base of the feature was the indication of a circular post mold (diameter =
0.60'). The post was part of the west wall of the pre-1403 Richland Street
house.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand
74B, the upper-most intact stratum, was a thin, heavily mottled stratum
composed primarily of sandy clay. Few artifacts were present, and those that
were encountered were scattered throughout the bottom of the stratum.
D-218
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74D
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74D at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.09 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74E
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74E at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.08 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74F
Unit: N430 E508
74C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
74D was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
74E was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.75' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-219
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74F at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.08 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74G
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74G at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.06 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74H
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74H at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.06 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
74F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
74G was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-220
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74J
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74J at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.08 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74K
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74K at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.05 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74L
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Planting
74H was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
74J was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.60' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
74K was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.55' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-221
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 74L at top of 74B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.03 n/a
Date Excavated: 29 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74M
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.92 100.47
NE 100.88 100.54
NW 100.85 100.28
SW 100.81 100.41
C 100.92 100.22
Date Excavated: 30 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 74N
Unit: N430 E508
74L was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring
0.30' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
Brown (10YR3/7) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)
compact sandy clay and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt
74M (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high
concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the
planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 4 (a stratum common to the
entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch
counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum
is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience
were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a
single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,
75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.
D-222
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 74P
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.47 n/a
NE 100.54 99.96
NW 100.28 99.81
SW 100.41 99.86
C 100.22 99.90
Date Excavated: 07 December 2012
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 74P
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 74P at top of 74N (Level 4)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
S 100.10 99.46
N 100.11 99.66
C 100.10 99.66
Date Excavated: 12 December 2011
Excavated By:
Recorded By:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Brown
(7.5YR5/4) silty sand and 5% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, with
<1% charcoal flecks
Stratum 74N (Level 4) contained large artifacts throughout and a trash pits
(74P). Artifact type and size suggests that 74N is associated either with the
destruction of the lunch counter or the counter's operation. Given the
location of 74N below the dark stratum common to Block 3 and associated
with the counter's destruction (e.g. 74M), the most probable association is
with that of the counter's operation between 1891 and 1909.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt and <1% charcoal flecks
JMJ
JMJ/JC
D-223
Notes:
Provenience: 74S
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 74T
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE n/a n/a
NE 99.96 99.73
NW 99.81 99.65
SW 99.86 99.71
C 99.90 99.73
Date Excavated: 15 December 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 74T
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Small Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 74T at top of 74S (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.80 99.58
At the surface of 74N (Level 4), 74P appeared as a dark circular stain
(diameter = 2.60') surrounded by a Grayish Brown (10YR5/2) outer ring of
sandy silt, both truncated by the east wall of the unit. The circular stain and
outer ring were initially provenienced separately, but during the course of
excavation, it was apparent that the two were part of the same deposit, with
obvious cross-mending artifacts in both, and were thus combined under the
provenience 74P. Upon subsequent excavation of Unit 75, the east half of
the trash pit was excavated. For sake of provenience descriptions, 74P refers
to the west half of the trash pit; 75H refers to the east half of the pit. Note,
however, that all the artifacts are provenienced as 74P as they are part of the
same deposit.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Reddish Yellow
(5YR6/8) sandy silt
Stratum 74S (Level 5) is associated with the period between the removal of
the pre-1403 Richland Street house and the building of the lunch counter in
1891.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
D-224
Date Excavated: 15 December 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 74U
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 74U at top of 74S
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.76 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 January 2012
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
Notes:
Provenience: 74V
Unit: N430 E508
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE n/a n/a
NE 99.73 n/a
NW 99.65 n/a
SW 99.71 n/a
C 99.73 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 January 2012
Excavated By: Not Excavated
At the surface of 74S (Level 5), 74T appeared as an oval stain measuring
0.65' northeast-southwest and 0.45' northwest-southeast. Upon excavation,
the feature expanded into a roughly circular shape (diameter = 0.90') with a
shallow bowl profile. Function of feature is unknown.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
Feature 74U was a square post hole measuring 1.10' east-west, truncated by
the south wall of the unit. Due to time constraints, the feature was not
excavated. Note that the feature is in-line along an east-west axis with post
feature 73L to the west. 74U is likely associated with the pre-1403 Richland
Street house.
D-225
Recorded By: JC
Notes: 74V was sterile subsoil.
Provenience: 75B
Unit: N430 E512
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 75C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.12 100.73
NE 100.92 n/a
NW 101.06 100.62
SW 100.97 n/a
C 101.19 n/a
Date Excavated: 14 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
Notes:
Provenience: 75C
Unit: N430 E512
Short Title: Circular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 75C at top of 75B
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.92 100.11
Date Excavated: 14 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay and 10% Brown (7.5YR4/4) sandy silt,
with <1% charcoal
Unit 75 was a 5' (north-south) x 3' (east-west) unit. 75B (Level 2) was the
upper-most intact stratum associated with planting activities that occurred
after the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. Unlike all other units
south of the brick drain feature (68C), 75B contained no evidence of
planting features. The brick-lined walkway ran east-west along the south half
of the unit.
Reddish Brown (2.5YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Brown (7.5YR4/4)
sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments
D-226
Notes:
Provenience: 75D
Unit: N430 E512
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.73 100.26
NE n/a 100.11
NW 100.62 100.26
Date Excavated: 15 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JC/JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 75E
Unit: N430 E512
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.26 100.01
NE 100.11 100.16
NW 100.26 100.09
Date Excavated: 17 November 2011
75C was a small, circular depression in the north-east corner of the unit,
measuring 1.17' east-west and 1.20' north-south (truncated by unit walls).
Function of feature is unknown, but a small trash pit is likely.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks
75D (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high
concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the
planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 5 (a stratum common to the
entire site), this layer (and the one below it – see 75E) is most likely related
to the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. NOTE: while each
provenience common to this stratum is detailed in this volume of the report,
all artifacts from each provenience were combined in the lab to aid analysis,
since this stratum represents a single creation episode. Combined under the
header of 71M are: 73G, 74M, 75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 25% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt and 2% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,
with <1% charcoal flecks
D-227
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JC/JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 75F
Unit: N430 E512
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.01 99.97
NE 100.16 99.86
NW 100.09 99.88
Date Excavated: 21 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 75G
Unit: N430 E512
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 75H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.97 99.92
75E (Level 4) was a highly mottled, thin layer of a more compact soil than
75D (Level 3) containing the same high concentration of small artifacts.
Given that the stratum is between the planting-related stratum (Level 2) and
Level 5 (a stratum common to the entire site), the layer is most likely related
to the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. NOTE: while each
provenience common to this stratum is detailed in this volume of the report,
all artifacts from each provenience were combined in the lab to aid analysis,
since this stratum represents a single creation episode. Combined under the
header of 71M are: 73G, 74M, 75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Brown
(7.5YR5/4) silty sand and 5% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, with
<1% charcoal flecks
At the surface of stratum 75F were two dark stains within the west center of
the unit. Upon excavation of 75F, the two stains formed one feature
provenienced as 75H. 75F was closed arbitrarily and a new stratum
provenience opened (75G) when the two stains become a defined feature.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 5% Brown (7.5YR4/4)
sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks
D-228
NE 99.86 99.81
NW 99.88 99.83
SW 99.87 99.82
Date Excavated: 22 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes: The majority of surface area at 75G (Level 6) was taken up by feature 75H.
Provenience: 75H
Unit: N430 E512
Short Title: Trash Pit
Type: Trash Pit
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 75H at top of 75G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
S 99.92 99.64
N 99.88 99.69
C n/a 99.54
Date Excavated: 22 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 76B
Unit: N426 E498
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 76C, 76D, 76E, 76F, 76G, 76H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.14 n/a
NE 101.10 n/a
NW 101.03 n/a
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks
75H was the east half of a trash pit located along the eastern wall of the
lunch counter or underneath the pre-1403 Richland Street house. For sake
of provenience descriptions, 74P refers to the west half of the trash pit; 75H
refers to the east half of the pit. Note, however, that all the artifacts are
provenienced as 74P as they are part of the same deposit.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments
D-229
SW 101.14 n/a
C 101.07 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 76C
Unit: N426 E498
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 76C at top of 76B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.07 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 76D
Unit: N426 E498
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 76D at top of 76B (Level 2); associated with 76E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.03 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Unit 76 was a 4' x 4' unit. 76B (Level 2) was the upper-most intact stratum.
Bot the west and south edges of the unit were truncated by sidewalks. From
both sidewalks, at 2.65 feet was a boundary consistent with the west and
south walls of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary between highly
mottled sandy clay (west/south) and less mottled sandy silt (east/north). Due
to time constraints, the unit was not excavated.
76C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 76B (Level 2) measuring
0.70' in diameter. The feature was located at the far southwest corner of the
planting space created after the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909.
Not excavated due to time constraints.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.
D-230
Notes:
Provenience: 76E
Unit: N426 E498
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 76E at top of 76B (Level 2); associated with 76D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.03 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 76F
Unit: N426 E498
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 76F at top of 76B (Level 2); intrudes upon 76G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.12 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 76G
76D was a 0.30' square post mold associated with circular post hole 76E.
Given that 76D was in-line along a north-south axis with a modern square
fence post, 76D may be associated with post-1970 activities. Due to time
constraints, the feature was not excavated.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
76E was a circular post hole (diameter = 1.00') associated with square post
mold feature 76D. Given that 76E was in-line along a north-south axis with
a modern square fence post, 76E may be associated with post-1970 activities.
Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated.
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.
76F was a circular stain (diameter = 0.60') in the far southwest corner of the
block/site. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Function
of the feature is unknown, but likely either a post hole/mold or planting.
76F intruded upon feature 76G, and might be related to post-1970 activities.
D-231
Unit: N426 E498
Short Title: Rectangular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 76G at top of 76B (Level 2); intruded upon by 76F
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.12 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 76H
Unit: N426 E498
Short Title: Rectangular Depression
Type: UID
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 76H at top of 76B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.14 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77B
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
76G was a rectangular depression measuring 0.65' (east-west) x 1.00' (north-
south) in the far southwest corner of the block/site. Due to time constraints,
the feature was not excavated. Function of the feature is unknown, but likely
a post hole/mold. 76G was intruded upon by feature 76F, and might be
related to post-1970 activities.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
76H was a rectangular depression measuring 0.40' (east-west) x 0.20' (north-
south) along the far south edge of the unit. Due to time constraints, the
feature was not excavated. Function of the feature is unknown, but likely a
post hole/mold, and might be related to post-1970 activities.
D-232
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 77C, 77D, 77E, 77F, 77G, 77H, 77J, 77K, 77L, 77M
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.14 n/a
NE 101.00 n/a
NW 101.10 n/a
SW 101.14 n/a
C 101.12 n/a
Date Excavated: 7 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77C
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 77C at top of 77B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.10 100.32
Date Excavated: 9 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77D
Unit: N426 E502
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments
Unit 77 was a 4' (north-south) x 5' (east west) unit. 77B (Level 2) was the
upper-most intact stratum. The south edge of the unit was truncated by the
Richland Street sidewalk. From the sidewalk, 2.10 feet was a boundary
consistent with the south wall of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary
between highly mottled sandy clay (south) and less mottled sandy silt
(north). The north side of this boundary contained many planting features,
most of which were associated with post-1909 activities (after the lunch
counter destruction). Note that closing elevations for this stratum were not
recorded. Opening elevations for Level 4 (77L) are available.
77C was a circular planting space with the diameter of 0.95', located within
the planting space south of the brick-lined walkway created after the
destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. Upon excavation, the feature had a
shallow, bowl-shaped profile.
D-233
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 77D at top of 77B (Level 2); associated with 73J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.97 99.19
Date Excavated: 9 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77E
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 77E at top of 77B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.10 100.78
Date Excavated: 7 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77F
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 77F at top of 77B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.12 100.51
77D was a circular (diameter = 0.70') post mold associated with post hole
feature 73J. Note that the post mold is in-line along an east-west axis with
the brick-lined walkway feature. 77D's temporal association with the
walkway/planting spaces is unknown.
77E was a small, circular planting space with a diameter of 0.30', located
within the planting space south of the brick-lined walkway created after the
destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. No artifacts recovered.
D-234
Date Excavated: 9 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77G
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 77G at top of 77B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.12 100.70
Date Excavated: 7 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77H
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loose silty sand.
Feature Association: 77H at top of 77B (Level 2); associated with 77J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.09 98.73
Date Excavated: 7 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
77F was a circular planting space with a diameter of 0.70', located within the
planting space south of the brick-lined walkway created after the destruction
of the lunch counter in 1909. Upon excavation, the feature had a shallow,
bowl-shaped profile with an irregular floor. No artifacts recovered.
77G was a circular planting space with a diameter of 0.70', located along the
south edge of the brick-lined walkway created after the destruction of the
lunch counter in 1909. Upon excavation, the feature had a bowl-shaped
profile. No artifacts recovered.
D-235
Notes:
Provenience: 77J
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Post Mold
Type: Post Mold
Stratigraphic Definition: No Soil Matrix
Feature Association: 77J at top of 77B (Level 2); associated with 77H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.09 n/a
Date Excavated: 7 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77K
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand
Feature Association: 77K at top of 77B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.10 99.30
Date Excavated: 9 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
77H was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.60') with indication of a post
mold at the surface (77J). The south edge of the feature crossed the
boundary between the red clay (south) and sandy silt planting area (north).
Upon excavation, the post hole (77H) and mold (77J) soil matrices were
unable to be kept separate. Below the red clay stratum, the post feature
widened to a diameter of 0.85 feet. Given that the feature was visible at the
top of 77B, but expanded below the red clay stratum, suggests that the
feature existed prior to the creation of the red clay stratum, but the red clay
stratum reduced the visible portion of the feature, likely because the post was
still in place.
77J was a post mold associated with post hole feature 77H. At the surface of
77B, 77J appeared as a circular mold with a diameter of 0.30'. Upon
excavation, ~0.10' below surface, the feature was defined by a square
(0.30x0.30') of highly fragmented wood. Some fragments were recovered,
but most were too small. During excavation, the post hole (77H) and mold
(77J) matrices were unable to be kept separate.
D-236
Notes:
Provenience: 77L
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: 1909 Based Upon:Destruction of lunch counter
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.84 100.37
NE 100.52 100.49
NW 100.60 100.37
SW 100.72 100.37
C 100.74 100.53
Date Excavated: 10 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77M
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 77N
77K was a circular post feature (diameter = 0.60') with no indication of a
post or post mold at the surface. As with post feature 77H, upon excavation,
and below the red clay stratum, the diameter of the feature expanded to 0.85
feet. Given that the feature was visible at the top of 77B, but expanded below
the red clay stratum, suggests that the feature existed prior to the creation of
the red clay stratum, but the red clay stratum reduced the visible portion of
the feature, likely because the post was still in place. Small fragments of wood
from the post were recovered from the lower section of the feature.
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loose silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% tan mortar fragments
77L (Level 4) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high
concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the
planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 5 (a stratum common to the
entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch
counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum
is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience
were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a
single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,
75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 25% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, 20% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy
clay, 5% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand and 1% Dark Grayish Brown
(10YR4/2) clayey loam, with <1% mortar and brick fragments
D-237
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.37 100.21
NE 100.49 100.22
NW 100.37 100.22
SW 100.37 100.26
C 100.53 n/a
Date Excavated: 10 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77P
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.21 99.81
NE 100.22 99.80
NW 100.22 99.76
SW 100.26 99.79
C n/a 99.77
Date Excavated: 14 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Stratigraphy of stratum 77M (Level 5) was consistent within the north and
south halves, but bisected by a thin layer of subsoil, 1.15' wide, running
along the east-west line that separated the red clay layer (seen at the top of
77B) from the south wall of the lunch counter. The layer of subsoil was
removed and contained no artifacts. Given that Level 4 (77L) is associated
with the destruction of the lunch counter, this thin layer of subsoil on the
surface of the stratum below likely relates to the south wall foundation line
of the counter.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, more compact within south ½
of unit
Stratum 77P (Level 6) was an arbitrary level – there was no stratigraphic
difference between 77M (Level 5) and 77P (Level 6), although 77P was more
compact. The decision to create an arbitrary level was based on the discovery
of two possible circular features within the east half of the unit. Upon
investigation, the possible features turned out to be non-culturally significant
stains likely the products of roots.
D-238
Provenience: 77T
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Level 7
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 77W, 77X
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.81 n/a
NE 99.80 n/a
NW 99.76 n/a
SW 99.79 n/a
C 99.77 n/a
Date Excavated: 30 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 77W
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 77W at top of 77T (Level 7)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.86 97.65
Date Excavated: 30 November 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 20% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand and 5% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6)
sand [builder's sand], with 1% charcoal flecks
Stratum 77T (Level 7) was a mottled stratum associated with features
belonging to the pre-1403 Richland Street house. Due to time constraints,
excavation was halted at this surface.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand
At the surface of 77T (Level 7), 77W appeared as a square post hole with
rounded corners measuring 1.70' north-south and 1.50' east-west (truncated
by the west wall of the unit). There was no indication of a post mold at the
surface. A square post mold (0.60'x0.60') became visible after removing the
top ~0.10' of the post hole. This post represents the southwest corner of the
pre-1403 Richland Street house.
D-239
Provenience: 77X
Unit: N426 E502
Short Title: Irregular Depression
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association:
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.76 99.11
Date Excavated: 14 December 2011
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 78B
Unit: N426 E508
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 78G, 78K, 78L
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.19 100.84
NE 100.97 100.88
NW 101.00 100.70
SW 101.14 100.68
C 101.10 100.74
Date Excavated: 20 December 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, 10% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6)
sand [builder's sand] and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 2%
charcoal flecks
Feature 77X was a highly irregular feature related to planting, extending a
maximum 4.95' north-south and 4.00' north-south (truncated by the east
wall of the unit). The floor of the feature contained multiple (10+) hollow
root channels of varying diameters. This is the possible location of a small
tree or large bush. Given the feature's location, and association with a
stratum below the lunch counter, the feature likely represents the remains of
a planting that came after the pre-1403 Richland Street house was removed
but before the lunch counter was built in 1891.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments
D-240
Notes:
Provenience: 78C
Unit: N426 E508
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 79D
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.84 100.21
NE 100.88 100.14
NW 100.70 100.07
SW 100.68 100.12
C 100.74 100.17
Date Excavated: 22 December 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 78E
Unit: N426 E508
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Unit 78 was a 4' (north-south) x 5' (east west) unit. 78B (Level 2) was the
upper-most intact stratum. The south edge of the unit was truncated by the
Richland Street sidewalk. From the sidewalk, 2.00 feet was a boundary
consistent with the south wall of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary
between highly mottled sandy clay (south) and less mottled sandy silt
(north). Due to time constraints, only the north half of the unit was
excavated (along the boundary line, a 5' x 2' unit) and level 2 (78B) was not
screened.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks
78C (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high
concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the
planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 4 (a stratum common to the
entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch
counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum
is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience
were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a
single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,
75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy silt, with <1%
charcoal flecks
D-241
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.21 100.00
NE 100.14 99.97
NW 100.07 99.97
SW 100.12 99.89
C 100.17 99.89
Date Excavated: 5 January 2012
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes: 78E was a nearly sterile stratum with no associated features.
Provenience: 78F
Unit: N426 E508
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 78H, 78J
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.00 99.73
NE 99.97 99.73
NW 99.97 99.71
SW 99.89 99.70
C 99.89 99.67
Date Excavated: 9 January 2012
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes: 78F was a nearly sterile stratum.
Provenience: 78G
Unit: N426 E508
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 78G at top of 78B (Level 2); intrudes upon 78H
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.14 97.73
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 5% Brown (7.5YR4/4)
sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 2% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
D-242
Date Excavated: 9 January 2012
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
Notes:
Provenience: 78H
Unit: N 426 E508
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 78H at top of 78F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.62 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 January 2012
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
Notes:
Provenience: 78J
Unit: N426 E508
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 78J at top of 78F (Level 5)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.62 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 January 2012
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
78G, at the surface of 78B (Level 2), was a rectangular post hole with
rounded corners, truncated by the south and west walls of the unit. The
feature contained a circular post mold (diameter = 0.50') with a highly
degraded post within. The post feature is in-line along an east-west axis with
post feature 78D, as well as the southeast corner of the lunch counter,
represented by brick pier feature 11E.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
78H was a square post hole along the southern edge of the unit which was
not excavated due to time constraints. Intruded upon by post feature 78G,
78H most likely represents a structural support for the south (front) wall of
the pre-1403 Richland Street house. 78H was 5.00' east of corner post
feature 77W and in-line with possible post features 78J and 79K.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
D-243
Notes:
Provenience: 78N
Unit: N426 E508
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.73 n/a
NE 99.73 n/a
NW 99.71 n/a
SW 99.70 n/a
C 99.67 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 January 2012
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
Notes: 78N was sterile subsoil. No features were associated with this stratum.
Provenience: 79B
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 11E
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
NE 100.97 100.84
NW 100.97 100.83
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
78J was a rectangular feature truncated by the south wall of the unit. Due to
time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Likely, the feature represents
a post hole, in-line along an east-west axis with post features 77W, 78H, and
possible post feature 79K. If 78J is a post feature, it would represent a
structural support for the south (front) wall of the pre-1403 Richland Street
house.
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt
D-244
Notes:
Provenience: 79C
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.21 101.00
NE 100.97 100.90
NW 100.97 100.84
SW 101.19 100.88
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
Notes:
Provenience: 79E
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
Unit 79 was a 2.60' (east-west) x 2.40' (north-south) unit directly south of
Unit 11. The purpose of excavating Unit 79 was to expose the strata between
the southeast corner of the lunch counter (represented by brick pier feature
11E, excavated in 2006) and the Richland Street sidewalk. Consistent with
all units in Block 3 that abutted the sidewalks, there was a boundary between
the area within the historic footprint of the lunch counter and the highly
mottled sandy clay between the lunch counter and sidewalks. 79B was a
narrow (0.60' wide) stratum south of the south wall of the lunch counter,
while 79C was the outer, sandy clay stratum, extending 1.80' from the
sidewalk. No artifacts were found within 79B.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, with <5% charcoal flecks and <1%
mortar
79C was a highly mottled sandy clay stratum between the lunch counter and
sidewalk at the same elevation as 79B, which extended 1.80' from the
sidewalk. Unlike the other units that abutted the sidewalk (and hence
contained the red sandy clay stratum), within 79C were five pockets of
builder's sand.
Reddish Brown (5YR4/4) clayey silt, with 20% coal ash, 10% plaster and
10% charcoal
D-245
SE 100.97 100.54
NE 100.71 100.65
NW 100.83 100.54
SW 100.69 100.50
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 3 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 79F
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.54 100.49
NE 100.65 100.54
NW 100.54 100.51
SW 100.50 100.46
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 7 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 79G
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
Stratum 79E (Level 4) contained a high concentration of charcoal and coal
ash. Layers of coal ash were seem in multiple units below the sidewalk.
Apparently, coal ash was used to build-up and level surfaces for sidewalks,
similar to the gravel used today. The creation of 79E likely dates to the
pouring of sidewalks.
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR3/6) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks
79F was a thin transitional stratum between 79E (Level 4) likely associated
with the instillation of the Richland Street sidewalk and 79G (Level 6), a
stratum common to the site.
Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy silt, with <5%
charcoal flecks
D-246
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.49 100.44
NE 100.54 100.44
NW 100.51 100.40
SW 100.46 100.35
C n/a 100.46
Date Excavated: 7 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 79H
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Level 7
Type: Lens
Stratigraphic Definition: Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sand [builder's sand]
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 100.46 100.35
Date Excavated: 7 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes: 79H was a thin lens of builder's sand on the surface of Level 6 (79G).
Provenience: 79J
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Level 8
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 79K
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.44 99.65
NE 100.44 99.62
NW 100.40 99.71
On the surface of 79G (Level 6) was a thin lens of builder's sand (79H)
within the center-west of the unit. Removal of 79H uncovered a 1.00' long
piece of lumber running east-west, square to the lunch counter.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 15% Brown (7.5YR5/4)
sandy silt
D-247
SW 100.35 99.68
C 100.46 99.68
Date Excavated: 9 November 2011
Excavated By: JMJ
Recorded By: JMJ
Notes:
Provenience: 79K
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 79K at top of 79J (Level 8)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.62 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 January 2012
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JMJ/JC
Notes:
Provenience: 79L
Unit: N426 E512
Short Title: Level 9
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 99.65 n/a
NE 99.62 n/a
NW 99.71 n/a
SW 99.68 n/a
C 99.68 n/a
Date Excavated: 26 January 2012
Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red
(5YR4/6) sandy clay
79K was a rectangular feature truncated by the north and east walls of the
unit. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Likely, the
feature represents a post hole, which is in-line along an east-west axis with
post features 77W, 78H and 78J. If 78K is a post feature, it would represent
a structural support for the south (front) wall of the pre-1403 Richland
Street house.
D-248
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes: Stratum 79L (Level 9) was sterile subsoil.
Provenience: 80B
Unit: N435 E507
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 80C
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
S 101.09 n/a
N 100.98 n/a
C 101.01 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 80C
Unit: N435 E507
Short Title: Planting
Type: Planting
Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand
Feature Association: 80C at top of 80B (Level 2)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 101.01 n/a
Date Excavated: 2 November 2011
Excavated By: Not Excavated
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 81A
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark
Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)
sandy silt
Unit 80 was a 5' (north-south) x 1' (east west) unit. 80B (Level 2) was the
upper-most intact stratum. The unit was only 1' wide in order to avoid a tree
stump to the east. Due to time constraints, the unit was not excavated.
80C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 80B (Level 2) measuring
0.60' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-
lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.
D-249
Unit: N421 E502
Short Title: Level 1
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) very loose sandy silt
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE n/a 101.14
NE n/a 101.11
NW n/a 101.20
SW n/a 101.11
C n/a 101.11
Date Excavated: 2 January 2012
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 81B
Unit: N421 E502
Short Title: Level 2
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with 2% brick bats/fragments
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 101.14 100.87
NE 101.11 100.99
NW 101.20 100.99
SW 101.11 100.91
C 101.11 101.01
Date Excavated: 2 January 2012
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Unit 81 was a 6' (north-south) x 5' (east-west) unit. Six feet was the width of
the sidewalk section removed to expose the strata below. 81A (Level 1) was a
very loose soil matrix directly underneath the sidewalk and directly on top of
the hard red clay layer (81B, Level 2). The stratum was not screened. Given
the type of cement, likely this sidewalk was the original sidewalk, thus the
date for this layer of fill would be when the City put in cement sidewalks.
The stratum contained many roots. A thin layer of coal/coal ash was noted
between Levels 1 and 2 but not provenienced separately. Opening elevations
were not recorded.
D-250
Notes:
Provenience: 81C
Unit: N421 E502
Short Title: Level 3
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.87 100.52
NE 100.99 100.82
NW 100.99 100.75
SW 100.91 100.84
C 101.01 n/a
Date Excavated: 3 January 2012
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 81D
Unit: N421 E502
Short Title: Level 4
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.52 100.56
NE 100.82 100.32
NW 100.75 100.05
81B (Level 2) was a very compact, very flat/level surface – a continuation of
the red clay layer that ringed Block 3. The clay layer covered the full extent
of the unit. This level most likely represents (or is) the old sidewalk surface
(pre-cement). Pockets of coal ash were throughout, with some builder's sand
along the south end of the unit.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish
Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, with 20% mortar/plaster fragments
81C (Level 3) was directly underneath the solid red clay layer that was likely
the old sidewalk surface. The south ½ of Level 3 was composed (under a thin
layer of the stratigraphic definition above) completely of coal burning waste
and byproducts. This coal layer was included with Level 3 as both were
though to be fill associated with the leveling and laying of sidewalk surface
81B (Level 2).
Dark Brown (10YR3/3) very loose silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish
Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar and brick fragments
D-251
SW 100.84 100.57
C n/a n/a
Date Excavated: 9 January 2012
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 81E
Unit: N421 E502
Short Title: Level 5
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.56 100.39
NE 100.42 100.32
NW 100.42 100.05
SW 199.57 100.39
C 100.51 100.33
Date Excavated: 9 January 2012
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 81F
Unit: N421 E502
Short Title: Level 6
Type: Stratum
81D (Level 4) was a mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high
concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the
planting-related stratum (Level 3) and Level 5 (a stratum common to the
entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch
counter in 1909. To the south, the stratum only extended a little over half
the unit, gradually thinning to nothing. The remaining exposed surface was
Level 6 (81E). NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum is
detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience were
combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a single
creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M, 75D,
75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 30% Dark Brown
(10YR3/3) sandy loam, with 5% mortar fragments, 5% brick fragments and
2% charcoal flecks
81E (Level 5) was a very compact stratum, very flat, that might be the
remains of an early sidewalk or yard surface. Note that 81E extended into
Unit 77 as 77M (Level 5), which terminated directly south of post feature
77W, suggesting a boundary between spaces.
D-252
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: None
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.39 100.14
NE 100.32 99.88
NW 100.05 99.82
SW 100.39 100.00
C 100.33 99.96
Date Excavated: 10 January 2012
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 81G
Unit: N421 E502
Short Title: Post Hole
Type: Post Hole
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 81G at top of 81H (Level 7)
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
C 99.96 98.50
Date Excavated: 10 January 2012
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Provenience: 81H
Unit: N421 E502
Pale Brown (10YR6/3) very compact silty sand, mottled with 30% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) clayey sand, 10% Dark Brown (10YR3/3)
clayey sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay
81F (Level 6), a grayish mottled stratum, was a continuation of stratum 77P
(Level 6) to the north, which terminated south of post feature 77W,
suggesting a boundary between spaces. No artifacts recovered.
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Dark
Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand
81G was a rectangular feature measuring 1.10' (east-west) x 1.00' (north-
south). There was no indication of a post mold at the surface of the feature,
although the mold was clearly visible at the base of the feature. The circular
post mold measured 0.55' in diameter. The post, offset to the east from the
line of posts represented by features 71T/N, 71W, 73L and 77W, and
extending beyond the current property boundaries, likely represents the
southwest corner remains of a porch associated with the pre-1403 Richland
Street house.
D-253
Short Title: Level 7
Type: Stratum
Stratigraphic Definition:
Feature Association: 81G
TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a
Elevations:
Opening:Closing:
SE 100.14 n/a
NE 99.88 n/a
NW 99.82 n/a
SW 100.00 n/a
C 99.96 n/a
Date Excavated: 10 January 2012
Excavated By: JC
Recorded By: JC
Notes:
Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) compact silty sand, mottled with 10%
Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks
Stratum 81H (Level 7) was a mottled stratum associated with features
belonging to the pre-1403 Richland Street house. Due to time constraints,
excavation was halted at this surface.