ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE MANN-SIMONS SITE (38RD1083):

REPORT OF FINDINGS

VOLUME 1

Jakob D. Crockett, PhD

Director of Archaeology

Historic Columbia Foundation

Copyright © 2013 by Historic Columbia Foundation

Some Rights Reserved. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs

3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.

For information contact:

Historic Columbia Foundation

1601 Richland Street

Columbia, South Carolina 29201 U.S.A.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

THE completion of any long-term project is dependent upon contributions from a multitude of individu-als. I am indebted to Robin Waites, Executive Director of Historic Columbia Foundation, and John Sher-

rer, Director of Cultural Resources. Simply put: this project would not have happened without their sup-

port.

Words fall short of the contributions and impact members of my dissertation committee had on my

thinking: Ken Kelly, Ann Kingsolver, Joanna Casey, Ed Carr and Kim Simmons.

The completion of fieldwork in 2005 is a direct result of Joseph Crockett's time and efforts. The

extent of fieldwork completed in 2006 and 2007 would not have happened without the help of Heléna Fer-

guson. Joseph Johnson was an integral part of the 2012 excavations. I had the privilege of directing three

field schools at the site during May 2006, Fall 2006 and May 2007. A multitude of individuals volunteered

in the field and lab. Their hard work, interest and excitement made for a better project.

Long-term projects do not happen without funding. I thank the following organizations for their fi-

nancial support: Historic Columbia Foundation supported this project with money and resources since the

beginning; the University of South Carolina Department of Anthropology supported the project with three

summer research grants; The Humanities Council SC, a National Endowment for the Humanities program,

provided funding for the first season of excavation; and the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum &

Estate granted me a McNeil Dissertation Fellowship for resident study during fall semester 2007.

I owe a deep appreciation to Mark Crockett, who not only volunteered his time, knowledge and

skills to build the ghost structures, but taught me to be curious about the world and never stop learning.

iii

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................................................................................................iii

FIGURES....................................................................................................................................vi

TABLES......................................................................................................................................ix

1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1-1

ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND.....................................................................................1-1

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND..............................................................................................1-3

COMPARATIVE ARCHAEOLOGY.........................................................................................1-8

PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH..........................................................................1-9

PREVIOUS DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH............................................................................1-10

THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT..................................................................................1-11

2 METHODOLOGIES..................................................................................................................2-1

FIELD METHODS..............................................................................................................2-1

LABORATORY METHODS..................................................................................................2-2

COLLECTION DATING......................................................................................................2-4

ARTIFACT CLASSIFICATION...............................................................................................2-5

FAUNAL ANALYSIS METHODS.........................................................................................2-10

3 FIELDWORK...........................................................................................................................3-1

EXCAVATION STAGES, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................3-1

SITE STRATIGRAPHY.........................................................................................................3-6

4 FEATURE ASSOCIATIONS........................................................................................................4-1

THE LUNCH COUNTER....................................................................................................4-1

PRE-1403 RICHLAND STREET HOUSE...............................................................................4-4

1904 MARION STREET......................................................................................................4-5

1407 RICHLAND STREET..................................................................................................4-6

THE PRIVY........................................................................................................................4-7

iv

OTHER BACKYARD STRUCTURES......................................................................................4-9

INFRASTRUCTURE...........................................................................................................4-10

PLANTING SPACES..........................................................................................................4-13

FENCES...........................................................................................................................4-16

BURIALS..........................................................................................................................4-18

5 ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS......................................................................................................5-1

FEATURE 12T (TRASH PIT)...............................................................................................5-1

FEATURE 39J-COMPLEX (PRIVY).....................................................................................5-17

FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)............................................................................5-23

FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)............................................................................5-34

49J-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)............................................................................................5-39

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................R-1

APPENDIX A. PROVENIENCE SUMMARY..................................................................................A-1

APPENDIX B. ARTIFACT CATALOG FIELDS & VALUES............................................................B-1

APPENDIX C. CONTRIBUTORS TO FIELD AND LABORATORY WORK......................................C-1

APPENDIX D. PROVENIENCE DESCRIPTIONS..........................................................................A-1

EAST YARD (UNITS 5-10)..................................................................................................D-1

NEAR BACKYARD (UNITS 14-20).....................................................................................D-24

BLOCK 1 (UNITS 23-38, 56-60).......................................................................................D-63

BLOCK 2 (UNITS 21, 22, 39-55)....................................................................................D-107

BLOCK 3 (UNITS 11-13, 61-81).....................................................................................D-159

VOLUME II

6 ARTIFACT CATALOG................................................................................................................6-1

v

FIGURES

1-1 1403 RICHLAND STREET IN 2005.........................................................................................1-2

1-2 SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSIOGRAPHIC UNITS..........................................................................1-3

1-3 1998 EXCAVATION UNITS....................................................................................................1-9

2-1 STANDARD RETAIL BEEF CUTS...........................................................................................2-11

2-2 STANDARD RETAIL PORK CUTS..........................................................................................2-11

2-3 STANDARD RETAIL MUTTON CUTS...................................................................................2-11

3-1 LOCATIONS OF SHOVEL TEST PITS......................................................................................3-2

3-2 LOCATIONS OF EXCAVATION UNITS....................................................................................3-3

3-3 PHOTOGRAPH OF BLOCK 1..................................................................................................3-5

3-4 STAGE IV, BLOCK 3 EXCAVATIONS LOOKING NORTH..........................................................3-6

4-1 LUNCH COUNTER ON THE 1904 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAP.........................................4-2

4-2 UNIT 11 AT THE TOP OF LEVEL 5 (11J)...............................................................................4-2

4-3 EXCAVATION UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LUNCH COUNTER, 2006................................4-2

4-4 BLOCK 3 EXCAVATIONS.......................................................................................................4-3

4-5 1902-1909 LUNCH COUNTER BRICK DRAIN .......................................................................4-3

4-6 BIRD'S EYE VIEW MAP OF COLUMBIA......................................................................................4-4

4-7 SOUTH VIEW OF THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF RICHLAND AND MARION STREETS.............4-5

4-8 PHOTOGRAPH OF 1904 MARION STREET. ...........................................................................4-5

4-9 EVOLUTION OF THE HOUSE AT 1904 MARION STREET ......................................................4-5

4-10 PHOTOGRAPH OF 1407 RICHLAND STREET.......................................................................4-6

4-11 PLANVIEW DRAWING OF 1407 RICHLAND STREET............................................................4-6

4-12 VIEW OF THE PRIVY UPON EXCAVATION...........................................................................4-7

4-13 THE PRIVY AT THE SURFACE OF LEVEL 3...........................................................................4-7

4-14 WEST PROFILE DRAWING OF THE PRIVY...........................................................................4-8

4-15 PLANVIEW DRAWING OF THE PRIVY..................................................................................4-8

4-16 DETAIL FROM THE 1919 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAP OF COLUMBIA.............................4-9

4-17 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE BACKYARD AREA............................................................................4-9

vi

4-18 PLANVIEW ILLUSTRATION OF THE BACKYARD OUTBUILDINGS........................................4-10

4-19 CAST IRON SEWERAGE PIPES AT 1904 MARION STREET..................................................4-12

4-20 TERMINATION POINT OF 5-INCH CAST IRON PIPE..........................................................4-13

4-21 FRONT YARD ROW OF BRICKS IN UNIT 5........................................................................4-14

4-22 FRONT YARD ROW OF BRICKS IN BLOCK 3......................................................................4-14

4-23 PLANVIEW ILLUSTRATION OF BACKYARD PLANTING AREAS.............................................4-15

4-24 FLOOR SURFACE OF THE PLANTING AREAS IN BLOCK 2...................................................4-16

4-25 FEATURES IN BLOCK 2 ASSOCIATED WITH FENCES..........................................................4-17

4-26 FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH PET BURIALS WITHIN THE BACKYARD...............................4-18

4-27 SKELETON OF A SMALL DOG...........................................................................................4-18

4-28 PET CHICKEN BURIAL......................................................................................................4-19

5-1 PLANVIEW OF UNIT 12 AT THE SURFACE OF LEVEL 6..........................................................5-2

5-2 SOUTHEAST VIEW OF UNIT 12.............................................................................................5-2

5-3 EAST PROFILE OF UNIT 12...................................................................................................5-2

5-4 ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE “WIZARD” BRASS CUFF-HOLDER CLIP.......................................5-5

5-5 BRASS BUTTONS WITH AN ORIENTAL SCENE.......................................................................5-6

5-6 MODIFIED .22 CALIBER CARTRIDGE CASES..........................................................................5-6

5-7 A BOTTLE OF "WHITE LIFE" BRAND SKIN LIGHTENER........................................................5-7

5-8 CAST IRON COIN BANK.......................................................................................................5-8

5-9 DECORATIVE ARTIFACTS FROM THE LUNCH COUNTER DEPOSIT......................................5-13

5-10 ILLUSTRATION OF ELECTRICAL WIRE..............................................................................5-14

5-11 POSSIBLE DOOR STOP ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRIVY......................................................5-21

5-12 PLANVIEW DRAWING OF THE FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX...................................................5-24

5-13 ILLUSTRATION OF THE WEST PROFILE OF FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX................................5-25

5-14 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE WEST PROFILE OF FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX................................5-25

5-15 MYSTERY COPPER JEWELERY OR HOUSEHOLD ACCESSORY FRAGMENT...........................5-28

5-16 PLANVIEW ILLUSTRATION OF FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX...................................................5-34

5-17 WEST PROFILE OF FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX.....................................................................5-35

5-18 PLANVIEW ILLUSTRATION OF FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX.....................................................5-39

5-19 PLANVIEW PHOTOGRAPH OF THE 49J-COMPLEX.............................................................5-39

5-20 SOUTH PROFILE ILLUSTRATION OF FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX............................................5-40

5-21 COCKED AND LOADED .22 CALIBER PISTOL....................................................................5-43

5-22 "AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR" CELLULOID PINBACK.............................................5-44

5-23 FIGURINE RECOVERED FROM FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX....................................................5-47

vii

5-24 BASE OF A THOMAS-HOUSTON INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB..........................................5-48

5-25 CAST LEAD CAROUSEL HORSE ........................................................................................5-50

5-26 COMPOSITE-MOLDED, HOLLOW RUBBER "BOUNCY" BALL.............................................5-54

viii

TABLES

2-1 SKELETAL CORRELATES TO CATTLE BUTCHERING UNITS..................................................2-12

2-2 SKELETAL CORRELATES TO PIG BUTCHERING UNITS.........................................................2-12

2-3 SKELETAL CORRELATES TO SHEEP/GOAT BUTCHERING UNITS..........................................2-13

2-4 MAMMALIAN SIZE CLASSES................................................................................................2-14

5-1 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 12T.....................................................................5-3

5-2 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 12T.........................5-9

5-3 CYLINDRICAL CAN DATA FROM FEATURE 12T..................................................................5-12

5-4 TAX A REPRESENTATION, FEATURE 12T............................................................................5-15

5-5 BEEF CUTS, FEATURE 12T.................................................................................................5-16

5-6 PORK CUTS, FEATURE 12T................................................................................................5-16

5-7 SHEEP/GOAT CUT S, FEATURE 12T....................................................................................5-16

5-8 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 39J-COMPLEX...................................................5-18

5-9 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 39J-COMPLEX.......5-20

5-10 TAXA REPRESENTATION, 39J-COMPLEX...........................................................................5-23

5-11 BEEF CUTS, 39J-COMPLEX...............................................................................................5-23

5-12 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX................................................5-26

5-13 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX....5-29

5-14 CYLINDRICAL CAN DATA FROM FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX...............................................5-31

5-15 TAXA REPRESENTATION, FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX..........................................................5-33

5-16 BEEF CUTS, FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX..............................................................................5-33

5-17 PORK CUTS, FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX.............................................................................5-33

5-18 SHEEP/GOAT CUTS, FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX.................................................................5-34

5-19 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX................................................5-36

5-20 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 34C-COMPLE X...5-37

5-21 CYLINDRICAL CAN DATA FROM FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX...............................................5-38

5-22 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX.................................................5-41

5-23 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX.....5-45

ix

5-24 CYLINDRIC AL CAN DATA FROM FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX................................................5-46

5-25 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM STRATUM 11D, LEVEL 4................................................5-49

5-26 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC KITCHEN GROUP ARTIFACTS FROM STRATUM 11D, LEVEL 4....5-51

5-27 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM STRATUM 11J, LEVEL 5..................................................5-53

5-28 SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS FROM STRATUM 11J, LEVEL 5..................................................5-54

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

THIS report describes the archaeological findings from the Mann-Simons Archaeology Project, a joint venture between the author and Historic Columbia Foundation (HCF), a not-for-profit preser-

vation organization. The focus of the report is a technical discussion of the archaeological investiga-

tions of, and data recovered from, the Mann-Simon site, 38RD1083 (Figure 1-1). Located on the

northeast corner of Richland and Marion streets in downtown Columbia, South Carolina, histori-

cally the Mann-Simons site was a collection of domestic and commercial structures owned and oper-

ated by the same African American family from at least 1843 to 1970. Today, the 5,565 square foot

site and single remaining building function as a museum interpreting African American life in Co-

lumbia through the lives and experiences of the Mann-Simons family. The remaining building and

southern half of the property are owned by the City of Columbia, while the northern half of the

property is owned by the Columbia Housing Authority. HCF is steward of the site.

The Mann-Simons Archaeology Project was initiated June 2005 as the author's dissertation

project and concluded September 2012 with the author as an employee of HCF. In two volumes, this

report provides detailed descriptions of the project, including research design, field and laboratory

methodologies, feature/provenience descriptions and full artifact catalog data. The information con-

tained herein provides the basis for site interpretations presented elsewhere (principally Crockett

2011, 2012) and will hopefully encourage other researchers to use this data and extend the interpreta-

tion and analysis to other sites.

ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND

The interior of South Carolina is formed by the Appalachian Mountains to the west with an

average elevation of 3,000 feet, followed to the east by the Appalachian Piedmont that typically

ranges in elevation from 300 to 1000 feet (Figure 1-2). Continuing eastward from these highlands is

a “Fall Line” which serves to transition into the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Atlantic Coastal Plain

gently slopes towards the Atlantic Ocean with few elevations higher than 300 feet. Center in the

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state, Columbia sits along this “Fall Line,” at the confluence of the Saluda and Broad rivers, forming

the 47-mile long Congaree River in Richland County.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

The “Fall Line” is an unconformity that marks the boundary between the upland Piedmont

region (bed rock) and the Coastal Plain region (sediment). The Piedmont is the remains of an ancient

mountain chain that has been eroded with existing elevations ranging from 300 feet to 1,400 feet.

The Piedmont is characterized by gently rolling topography, deeply weathered bedrock, and relatively

few rock outcrops. The vertical stratigraphic sequence consists of 5 to 70 feet of weathered residual

soils at the surface underlain by metamorphic and igneous basement rocks (granite, schist, and

gneiss). The geology of the Piedmont is complex with numerous rock types that were formed during

the Paleozoic era (250 to 570 MYA). The typical residual soil profile consists of clayey soils near the

surface, where soil weathering is more advanced, underlain by sandy silts and silty sands. The land to

the southeast of the “Fall Line” is characterized by a gently downward sloping elevation (2 to 3 feet

per mile) as it approaches the Atlantic coastline (SCDOT 2008).

1-2

Figure 1-1. 1403 Richland Street in 2005, looking south at the back of the house.

CLIMATE

Columbia resides in the

center of STRATUM Climate

Zone “South,” noted for hu-

mid, subtropical conditions.

The city receives an average of

42.22 inches of rainfall a year

compared to 51.53 inches at

Charleston and 43.51 inches

at Charlotte, NC. April is the

driest month with 3.18 inches

of rainfall; August is the

wettest month with 5.48

inches of rainfall (NOAA

2013).

The Piedmont Plateau

experiences some of the

hottest temperatures in the

state and the daily and re-

gional temperature variations

in Columbia are usually con-

sistent throughout the year. The difference between daily minimum and maximum temperatures av-

erages 20–25 degrees during all months of the year. The coldest month is January with a mean tem-

perature range of 32–55 degrees F. July is the warmest month with a mean temperature range of 70–

92 degrees F. The mean annual temperature is 65 degrees F (NOAA 2013).

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

“Columbia began as a political theory,” explains historian Margaret B. Meriwether

(1936:192). The product of political and economic conflict between the Low-Country and Up-

Country, the state legislature voted in 1786 to move the capital of South Carolina from Charleston

to Columbia, narrowly beating Stateburg by a single vote (Selby 1905:134). In 1805 Columbia was

incorporated as a town; in 1854, a city; and in 1859, a Confederate city. “Born of government, it

[Columbia] has existed and grown by and for government” (Buchanan 1936:57).

Although Columbia was the capital of South Carolina, it was never a large city. In 1793,

Samuel Green, a merchant and hotel purveyor, reported that the number of stores in Columbia were

increasing “so fast in this place that the proportion of business each can do must be very inconsider-

able” (Moore 1993:55). In 1802, roughly 200 houses and 12 stores existed within Columbia’s origi-

nal two square mile boundary (Forbes 1936:242). Dr. F. A. Michaux (in Moore 1936:261), passing

through Columbia during the early nineteenth century, observed that the houses of Columbia “are

almost all constructed of planks, and painted grey or yellow; and although very few of them raised

1-3

Figure 1-2. South Carolina Physiographic Units (redrawn from SCDOT

2008:11-2).

more than two stories, on the whole they have a very agreeable appearance.” By 1820 the city boasted

roughly 250 houses (Fickling 1936) and a number of grocery stores, taverns, tailor shops, and drug

stores, many of which, by mid-century, were large emporiums (Moore 1993).

From its inception, Columbia served a dual purpose—as a seat of government and as a com-

mercial crossroads between the Up-Country and Low-Country. While Columbia’s economy was

based on trade, agriculture and slave labor, it was not until after 1800, when cotton production began

to flourish in the Up-Country that Columbia became a market of importance (Derrick 1936). Start-

ing in the 1820s, however, cotton production in the Up-Country steadily declined (Coclanis 1985).

In 1801, South Carolina produced 20 million pounds of cotton, half of the national crop. By 1820,

with the development of cotton production in other regions, particularly in eastern Texas, South Car-

olina produced only 28% of the national crop, despite unchanged cotton production (Moore 1993).

Regardless of market saturation, by 1850, nearly all of Columbia’s economy was based on cotton.

With the adoption of a one-crop slave economy based on cotton came substantial social

change. In 1790, Africans and African Americans comprised 33% of the state's population, but by

1830, Africans and African Americans outnumbered white individuals by 2:1 (Moore 1993). In Co-

lumbia, the differences between white and African American populations were never that great. The

only time during the antebellum period when African Americans outnumbered white individuals in

Columbia was in 1840, with 2,136 whites and 2,204 African Americans (of whom 149 were free).

Throughout the Antebellum period, Columbia supported a relatively large free African American

community. In 1850, Columbia’s free African American population grew to 196 individuals living in

68 households. By 1860, 314 free African Americans resided in 92 free African American households

(Moore 1993).

Perhaps as a reaction to economic troubles related to a declining cotton market and the be-

ginning of the abolition movement in the North, a number of state statutes and city ordinances were

created that sent a clear message to free African Americans of their second-class status. In 1825, the

first police force in Columbia was created, with orders to disperse unlawful assemblies of African

Americans and apprehend slaves without “tickets.” African Americans were not allowed to assemble

in groups of five or more (except at funerals) without a white individual present. In 1834, it became a

crime in South Carolina to teach a slave to read or write, and in the 1850s, a person could be fined

and imprisoned if caught circulating published or written material to a slave. The punishment for

anyone, except white females, caught trafficking goods with slaves was 39 lashes. To protect the inter-

ests of white individuals and reserve skilled crafts for white Columbians, in 1851, slaves were ordered

not to become mechanics, trades-people, clerks, or sales persons, to grow produce for resale, or keep a

boarding house. Even smoking a cigar on the street was punishable by not more than 20 lashes

(Moore 1993).

According to the 1850 census, free African Americans in Columbia worked primarily as sta-

ble keepers, shoemakers, musicians, carpenters, tailors, and cabinetmakers, among other occupations.

Free African American women in Columbia worked as dressmakers, seamstresses, washerwomen, and

health care workers (Randle 2004). As with most of the South during this time, the majority of bar-

bers in Columbia were black. Barbers were often afforded greater social privileges than other free

1-4

African Americans. Of the 196 free African Americans in 1850 living in Columbia, seven owned real

estate valued at more than $1,000 (Moore 1993).

Throughout the Antebellum period, social attitudes of Euroamerican’s remained essentially

unchanged. Mrs. Brevard, one of Columbia’s most wealthy citizens (with over 200 slaves), wrote,

“Negroes are strange creatures. I cannot tell if they have any good feeling for their owners or not…

what are we to expect from slaves – when mine hate me as they do – it is nothing more than I am

white and own slaves” (in Moore 1993:126-7, emphasis in original). Matilda Lieber, a Columbia resi-

dent, wrote that African Americans “are so good natured – so grateful for any kindness shown them”

(Moore 1993:127).

While attitudes may not have changed much by the end of the Antebellum period, the dy-

namics of social relationships were beginning to change significantly. By the start of the Civil War,

some Columbians were calling for the eviction of all free African Americans from the state (Moore

1993). On 11 April, 1864, the editor of the Guardian newspaper complained of African Americans’

lack of supervision and not producing for the war effort enough; he stated that, “in cities and towns

he [the African American] is comparatively under no control” (Moore 1993:186). With the fall of

Columbia to General Sherman in February of 1865, Reconstruction commenced and the city began a

radical social restructuring.

Two concerns were forefront in the minds of most of Columbia’s residents during Recon-

struction: the economy, and what to do with the introduction of thousands of new citizens into the

social order (Moore 1993). While rigid control of the lives of African Americans by white Southern-

ers came to a halt with emancipation in 1865, the subjugation of African Americans by white rule

continued in more subtle forms. Most white Columbians assumed that they, the minority, would

continue to set policy and control the majority. “We can control and direct the Negroes,” wrote

South Carolina planter Wade Hampton in 1867 of the African American vote, “if we act discreetly,

and in my judgment the highest duty of every Southern man is to secure the good will and confi-

dence of the Negro. Our future depends on this” (in Moore 1993:219).

Hampton’s efforts to control the African American vote failed, despite South Carolina’s at-

tempt to deny African American suffrage in its first post-war constitution. One-hundred and twenty-

four delegates (67 African American) wrote a new state constitution in January, 1867, granting suf-

frage rights to African Americans. Resistance on the part of white South Carolinians prompted the

United States Congress to abolish South Carolina’s state government in March 1867, setting the

stage for African Americans to fully exercise their political rights for the first time. But resistance to

African American political participation continued, thus forcing U.S. military authorities to remove

the mayor and five aldermen. These authorities installed six people of their choosing, of which three

were African Americans (Moore 1993).

By April 1870, African Americans succeeded in holding the majority of all Richland County

and Columbia city offices, but mayor, sheriff, and any position related to finances remained in white

hands throughout Reconstruction (Moore 1993). Nonetheless, political involvement was not the

only way to gain social empowerment. In 1881, a public school board was organized, but, “the

[white] people had little interest in education… the poor [White] people were too proud to accept

1-5

what they regarded as the charity of the state” (Crow 1936:119). The total attendance for the two

years preceding the creation of the school board was roughly 500 students, of whom the majority

were African Americans (Crow 1936).

Historian James Moore (1993) suggests that the Columbia community had a relatively easier

time adjusting to these new social conditions than the rest of South Carolina for two reasons. First,

compared to many communities in South Carolina, Columbia has always had a relatively large free

African American population; and second, Columbians put economics before politics. Regardless of

how South Carolina’s white population may have felt about the African American vote and political

power, an individual's day-to-day economic conditions – how one is to make a living – received con-

siderable attention. The Freedmen’s Bureau reported in October of 1886 that 10,304 individuals in

Richland county were destitute, nearly half of the county’s population (Moore 1993). During Recon-

struction, rural economies continued to decline. Although the number of small farms increased,

largely as the result of splitting large plantations, the majority of farms were based on the sharecrop-

ping system, perpetuating an already destitute population. Out-of-state migration soared, and by

1870, the population of Columbia was just 9,298, an increase of only 1,200 people over a ten year

period (Moore 1993).

An African American political majority in Columbia ended abruptly in 1877 when

Democrats succeeded in ousting Republicans from city and county governments. With African

American political disempowerment and a new hands-off attitude by U. S. Congress toward the re-

structuring of the South, Reconstruction came to an end. African Americans were forced to use alter-

native means to obtain social empowerment in this post-Reconstruction environment that actively

sought to deny African Americans the full privileges of citizenship. Many African Americans and

members of other marginalized groups took advantage of an emerging mass market and consumer

culture to achieve social objectives.

Post-Reconstruction, a period lasting from 1877 to the Civil Rights era, was a time of

African American disenfranchisement through official and unofficial discrimination. Jim Crow legis-

lation, labor segregation, public surveillance, and political exclusion all served to perpetuate an exist-

ing racist ideology and social structure. Prevalent racist social thought in the South, and an assumed

superiority, are evidenced in the way some white historians of the post-Reconstruction era wrote

about the end of Reconstruction. “After the desolation of the war, interest in art naturally suffered for

some years,” wrote historian Harriet M. Salley of Columbia in 1936, “but with the restoration of white

control, the indomitable spirit of Columbians soon asserted itself and gradually there was a revival of

interest in” the arts and music (Salley 1936:186, emphasis added). W. B. Nash, a prominent African

American member of the South Carolina Republican party, observed that reconstruction and military

rule in South Carolina had little effect on dominant white ideology; white Southerners were “not

conquered—not changed” (in Moore 1993:253).

The Post-Reconstruction era witnessed the growth of a full market economy and the devel-

opment of brand names, distinctive packaging, labor unions, electric trolleys, telephones, home elec-

tricity, and national advertising and marketing (Spencer-Wood 1987; Strasser 1989). As the variety

and availability of consumer goods increased throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, so

too did the opportunities for consumers to re-appropriate the meanings of mass-produced goods.

1-6

Material goods became the dominant mode of cultural expression, where objects worked to create

personal connections to larger spheres of cultural meaning (Grier 1988). This newly emerging con-

sumer space became a key arena for the white Southern creation of, and African American resistance

to, a culture of segregation (Hale 1998). Segregation increasingly became an ideological war fought

within the spaces of consumption (Weems 1998).

Segregation and Jim Crow legislation – what historian Robert Weems (1998) has called

‘American apartheid’ – came in two fundamental forms: as a legal structure and as social custom (the

“etiquette” of Jim Crow) (Packard 2002). Fundamental to Jim Crow was the principle that any

White person was superior to every Black person, regardless of wealth, education, or status. Under

the illusion of “sameness,” and “separate but equal,” the goal of Jim Crow was to separate African

Americans from white society; “The etiquette of race represented an obligatory ritual to keep whites

in mind of their first-class rank and blacks of their second-class standing” (Packard 2002:165). Hale

(1998) suggests that segregation became the foundation of Southern society and “the central

metaphor of Southern life” because it balanced white demand for social superiority and the spread of

a national marketplace. Consumer culture, Hale argues, created spaces that both explicitly and im-

plicitly challenged segregation.

Although marketers attempted to reach a broad cross section of American society through

advertising, most Americans at the turn-of-the-20th century still bought unlabeled goods such as

sugar, flour, salt, soap and vinegar from bulk containers at local or general stores (Strasser 1989).

African Americans were routinely subjected to second-class treatment in retail establishments. The

rise of a mass market, and the shopping options it afforded, changed the nature of the relationship

between consumer and retailer. With a national market came a greater separation between consumer

and retailer that facilitated an individuality and identity often not available from local stores. While

consumer space was never free from racial bias, African Americans and other marginalized groups

were able to employ various consumption strategies that undermined white’s singular claim to the full

privileges of citizenship (Mullins 1999b).

The national mass-market brought with it branded goods, a one-price principle, mail-order

retailers, and chain stores (Strasser 1989). Brand-name goods were often used by African Americans

as a social negotiation strategy. By linking a commodity to a symbolic ‘national’ market and identity,

brand-name goods provided African Americans an effective strategy for evading the racism of local

marketers. Conducting research on African American consumer behaviors in 1932, Paul Edwards

noted:

In purchasing foods in bulk she [the African American female consumer] often not

only suspects short weight, but has no way to assure herself as to quality. North and

South the Negro all too often has been victimized by unscrupulous merchants.

Brands have come to be relied on to provide protection in buying (in Weems

1998:26).

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Brand names stood for the consumer’s expectation of product quality. Companies produced stan-

dardized products to win consumer trust and sell more products. Brand name goods offered con-

sumers a new kind of control over local surveillance and discrimination.

Likewise, by the late 19th century, mail-order outlets served to integrate individual con-

sumers into the mass market and provided African Americans with an effective strategy for evading

the racism of local marketers. Sears, Roebuck, and Company and Montgomery Ward provided a

large array of products and gave access to the national market and a national identity without racial

deference or a storekeeper’s prerogative in determining the quality of goods a consumer would receive

(Hale 1998; Strasser 1989). Attempting to preserve cultural identities and foster social empowerment

while at the same time challenging a hegemonic white social structure, in the 1920s and 1930s, the

National Negro Business League urged African American consumers to avoid White establishments

altogether and “Buy Something From a Negro Merchant!” (Weems 1998:17).

COMPARATIVE ARCHAEOLOGY

Despite this rich historical context, interpretation of findings from the Mann-Simons site

suffers from a poverty of comparative archaeology of the greater Columbia area, particularly that of

the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The majority of urban archaeology in South Carolina has been

conducted in the greater Charleston area and most late 19th and early 20th century sites that have

been excavated in the state are located within rural areas. Within downtown Columbia, archaeology

has taken place at only three other sites: the Woodrow Wilson Family Home (WWFH), the Seibels

House, and the Hampton-Preston Mansion. Each of these sites is managed by Historic Columbia

Foundation.

In 1983, Kenneth E. Lewis of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropol-

ogy (SCIAA) directed excavations at the WWFH (Lewis 1989). Located five blocks south and three

blocks east of the Mann-Simons site, the WWFH site functioned as a domestic property from 1870

to the early 1920s. Dr. Lewis's goal was to locate evidence of both known and unknown razed out-

buildings on the original lot, including a detached kitchen, two stables or carriage houses, a second

house and an outbuilding of unknown function. In 2006, John Milner Associates, Inc (JMA) was

hired by HCF to re-locate foundation piers associated with the detached kitchen previously discov-

ered by Dr. Lewis (JMA 2007). These excavations represent the only temporally-comparable archaeo-

logical data available from the Columbia area.

Archaeological investigations at the Seibels House were conducted between 2003 and 2005

under the direction of Dr. Terrence Weik, University of South Carolina—Columbia, Department of

Anthropology (Weik 2008). Located two blocks east of the Mann-Simons site, the property was

home to wealthy families and their enslaved and free servants since 1796, when the house was built.

Of particular interest to HCF was an early 19th century detached kitchen behind the house. Using

archaeological data, Dr. Weik's primary objective was to rethink how to bring to light and explain

the lives of enslaved African Americans in a 19th century, urban household. Two of Dr. Weik's stu-

dents produced MA theses based on these excavations (Quertermous 2004; Samolis 2005). The vast

majority of artifacts were from the first half of the 19th century.

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Heléna L. Ferguson excavated sections of the Hampton-Preston Mansion in 2008 as part of

her MA thesis at the University of South Carolina—Columbia (Ferguson 2011). Using ground pene-

trating radar and digging a series of 2 x 2 foot units, her goal was to document the evolution of physi-

cal landscapes within the northwest quadrant of the property during the past 200 years and attempt

to connect these physical changes with changes in household and social structure. However, the site

was heavily disturbed by mid-20th century activities, thus limiting the number of in situ late 19th

and early 20th century deposits.

This deficiency in archaeological research within the Columbia area is set to change. In Oc-

tober, 2012, Columbia Mayor Stephen Benjamin initiated the African American Heritage Project.

Directed by the author, this is a multi-year project designed to archaeologically explore domestic and

commercial lots within five historically African-American neighborhoods heavily impacted by urban

renewal during the 1960s and 1970s: Wheeler Hill, Ward One, “Black Downtown”, 1900 block of

Henderson Street, and the “Black Bottoms.” Time permitting, Arthurtown will also be explored. The

goals of the project are fourfold: (1) explore the stories of African Americans within Columbia whose

names have not always made it into the history books, including working and middle class individu-

als; (2) promote a participatory research strategy that includes input from members of the Columbia

community throughout all phases of the research process; (3) create a comprehensive comparative

database of the material culture of African Americans in Columbia over time, particularly that of the

late 19th and early 20th century; and (4) produce a body of literature and outreach programs appropri-

ate for scholars, students, and interested

citizens that explores the diversity of

African American experiences within Co-

lumbia, focusing on lives and experiences

not traditionally told in public schools

and other mainstream history venues.

PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL

RESEARCH

The Mann-Simons Archaeology Project

was not the first archaeological investiga-

tion of the Mann-Simons site. In 1998,

Chris Clement of the South Carolina In-

stitute of Archaeology and Anthropology

(SCIAA), on behalf of Historic Columbia

Foundation, conducted limited excava-

tion of the back yard area from 16 April

to 7 May. Four excavation units were

opened: two 10 x 10 foot squares and two

5 x 5 foot squares, for a total of 250

square feet (Figure 1-3). Due to the mani-

cured nature of the yard, topography and

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Figure 1-3. Detail from the 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map

noting locations of the 1998 excavation units.

historic maps primarily directed Clement’s placement of the units. The 10 x 10 foot units were in-

tended to explore the yard area behind the house, while the 5 x 5 foot units were intended to explore

areas closer to the house (Clement, et al. 1999). A total of 8,410 artifacts and 7,076 grams of bone

were recovered from all contexts. Clement's work was the first in South Carolina to focus on the ar-

chaeology of a free African American household and remains, with the addition of this study, the

only excavation of an African American owned site in the greater Columbia area.

Although the 1998 archaeology demonstrated the presence of significant, intact deposits and

offered some tantalizing clues about life in Columbia, both 10 x 10 foot excavation units (N536

E505 and N530 E555) were actually located within the 1906 Marion Street property boundaries and

relate only indirectly to the Mann-Simons family. The 5 x 5 foot excavation units (N490 E560 and

N490 E545) were located within the 1904 Marion Street lot. Unfortunately, due to limited time, the

majority of the features encountered within the 5 x 5 foot units were not excavated.

In 2003, using Clement's data for a MA thesis (Crockett 2005), the author examined how

different material consumption strategies may have been used by the family to challenge their social

status as marginalized consumers and citizens. However, put simply, during analysis the limited na-

ture of the excavations created problems attributing patterns to people. Nonetheless, the 1998 archae-

ology suggested that with further, systematic data collection, the Mann-Simons site had the potential

to offer substantial insights into the lives of the family and, accordingly, the diverse social milieu of

the time.

PREVIOUS DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

Since the Mann-Simons house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in

1974, a number of individuals have produced an impressive set of interpretations and an equally im-

pressive range of approaches to understanding the family and property. Julia T. Burr produced the

first scholarly account in 1977 with her MA thesis, An Inquiry into the Mann-Simons House. Taking a

structuralist approach that understands domestic architecture as a mirror of the thoughts, beliefs and

lifestyles of its builders/designers/occupants, Burr was the first to start piecing together the docu-

ments of Mann-Simons. Her work became the basis of all future work, although her initial conclu-

sions were too often accepted uncritically in subsequent investigations.

Concurrent with Burr's look at family and house came a report by Associated Architects

(1977) based on their physical inspection and dissection of the main house. Associated Architects

were charged with understanding the physical evolution of the house and developing a chronology of

building sequences.

In 2001, John M. Sherrer and Katherine C. Grier created a partial family tree and compiled

much of the information available for a museum display in the basement of the house. Also in 2001,

Mary C. Voght, taking a public history approach, created a docent manual and interpretive guides for

HCF aimed at furthering public education, although in-house interpretive guides have existed since

at least the mid-1980s.

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Caitlin Graham, who worked with the author as a volunteer research assistant during the

summer of 2009, became interested in Ben DeLane's life before and after residing at the site and sub-

stantially contributed to our understanding of the site's earliest history.

Documentary research done for the author's MA thesis (Crockett 2005) forms a core part of

the data used in this project, particularly information from city directories, property titles and census

records. The author's doctoral dissertation (Crockett 2011) is a synthesis of currently available docu-

mentary data and presents in-depth interpretations of the archaeology, focusing on issues of produc-

tion, consumption and the commodification of heritage.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

This report is divided into two volumes. The remainder of Volume I outlines the project and

findings. Chapter 2 is a presentation of field and laboratory methodologies. The research objectives,

field strategies, and history of the field project – from initial site survey to data recovery – are dis-

cussed in Chapter 3. Feature associations, largely organized around structures and planting spaces, are

presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 is a discussion of the artifactual findings from five trash deposits

and two levels from one unit. Together, these six proveniences comprise 74% of all cataloged arti-

facts. Appendix A is a summary of all proveniences, including short title, type of provenience (e.g.

trash pit or post hole), TPQ, number of artifacts recovered and associated MNI. Appendix B lists the

artifact catalog fields and values used during cataloging and analysis. Appendix C is a list of individu-

als who contributed to field or lab work. Appendix D contains a detailed description of each prove-

nience encountered at the site. Proveniences are presented in numerical order organized by sampling

strata (East Yard, Near Backyard, Block 1, Block 2, Block 3). Descriptive data for each excavation

unit, as well as levels within units, are also summarized.

Volume II is the full artifact catalog, representing nearly 30,000 artifacts – over 5,700 indi-

vidual artifacts – from the site.

This report also includes a CD containing additional drawings and the full artifact catalog as

an .xml document, as well as a 3x3 foot fold-out map of the site.

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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGIES

SINCE conclusions are only as good as the work that produced the data that generated those conclusions, this chapter outlines the field and laboratory methodologies that guided investigations at the Mann-Simons

Site.

FIELD METHODS

An arbitrary datum and grid system was established for the 1998 excavations, which was used for all

subsequent work to ensure comparability of data between projects and field seasons (Figure 2-1). The grid

system at the site is oriented to the Columbia street system, which is 14°-24’ west of magnetic north. The

permanent datum consists of a three-foot length of ½-inch rebar driven flush with the ground near the

Marion Street sidewalk and was assigned an arbitrary coordinate of N500 E500 and an elevation of 100 feet.

Excavation units were 5 x 5 feet and excavated by natural stratigraphic layers. Each unique

provenience (stratum, interface, feature, etc.) was assigned a unique provenience designation and received its

own provenience form. Provenience designations consist of two parts: the unit number and a letter specific

to that provenience. Provenience designations were assigned in the order in which they were encountered.

For instance, if the unit number is 6, then the first layer is 6A, the next 6B, if a feature is next encountered,

it would be 6C, and so on. If provenience assignments used the entire alphabet, double letters were assigned,

such as AA, BB, CC, etc. Because of their confusion with other letters or numbers when written on small

artifacts, the letters I, O, and Q were not used for provenience designations (with one exception: feature

22I). Each provenience was also given a short title, generally based on a functional description of the feature

(e.g. 'post hole') or strictly descriptive (e.g. ‘Level 1’, ‘Circular Intrusion’, ‘Charcoal Lens’, etc.). Having two

designations per provenience helps minimize the chance of recording error. Screening was performed

through ¼-inch wire mesh for all soil dug from units and shovel test pits (STPs). If a feature appeared to be

rich in organics, soil samples were taken for later flotation processing. STPs were dug as square 1x1 foot

holes in natural levels.

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All field measurements used an engineer’s scale of feet, tenths, and hundredths to keep the

data consistent with the 1998 excavations. While all measurements are presented here in engineer’s

scale of feet, in some cases they are also presented in the common English scale of feet and inches.

English measurements are presented for their cultural relevancy—it is the scale the occupants of the

Mann-Simons site would have used when buying lumber, building structures, laying out their yard,

etc.

Photographic documentation of all stages of archaeological investigation included general

views of the site, work in progress, and detailed record shots. Stratum photographs were taken from

the south whenever lighting or physical conditions permitted. Photographs of each profile were taken

after a unit was completely excavated. A digital camera was used for all photographs. Resulting images

were saved in .tiff format to minimize data loss and maintain image integrity. Panoramic

photography methods were employed at the site to create plan view photographs of block

excavations. A seven-foot high bipod was constructed from two lengths of 2 x 4 inch lumber with a

hinge connecting the two and a camera mount from a traditional tripod secured at the apex. A series

of photographs which overlapped by at least 50% were taken of the excavation areas. The resulting

images were stitched into a single photograph using the freeware software program Hugin™, which

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Figure 2-1. Location of the datum relative to the 1403 Richland Street house (center) and centerlines of Richland

(bottom) and Marion (left) streets. (Redrawn after Clement, et al. 1999:17)

automatically corrects for slight deviations in camera roll, pitch, and yaw. The result is a high

resolution photograph of the excavation area that overcomes the too-common problem associated

with traditional overview photographs: a single photograph of a large area unable to depict minute

details. Additionally, Austin Paterek, a visual anthropologist, employed historic photographic

superimposition to document locations of nonexistent structures not visible archaeologically. In

doing so, Paterek (2009) developed a new method of photographic superimposition using readily

available digital equipment that expands the range of interpretive potential of historic photographs.

Two types of drawings were produced: plan view and profile drawings. The standard

drawing material was a prepared tracing paper, either 15 x 16 or 11 x 17 inches, with a blue-line grid

of 10 squares-to-the-inch. All plan view and profile drawings used a scale of 1 inch = 1/2 foot, while

full site maps were drawn at a scale of either 1 inch = 10 feet or 1 inch = 20 feet. In general, the

profile of the north wall was drawn, but if the strata appeared differently in other walls then those

walls were drawn as well. Profile drawings were also completed for each feature along its bisection

line. Plan view drawings followed the same conventions as the profile drawings.

LABORATORY METHODS

Once a provenience was completely excavated and screened in the field, the artifacts were

brought to the laboratory at either the Department of Anthropology at the University of South

Carolina—Columbia or the Mann-Simons site for cleaning, cataloging and curation. Before any

cleaning took place, artifacts were inspected for objects which might require special treatment. The

following is a general overview of the processing steps for all artifacts following initial inspection.

Artifact processing followed the Society for Historical Archaeology Standards and Guidelines for the

Curation of Archaeological Collections (1993) and the Society for Historical Archaeology Curation FAQ

(2006).

Following initial sorting, artifacts requiring cleaning for identification, curation, or display

were separated by appropriate cleaning technique. Robust, stable, low-porosity materials, excluding

metal, were washed in plain, non-distilled water with a soft-bristled nylon brush. Initially, bone was

also washed with water, but this practice was halted early on to prevent possible damage before being

examined by a faunal analyst. Objects with delicate surface decoration were generally not washed,

preferring a dirty artifact over an undiagnostic artifact. After cleaning, artifacts were placed on

galvanized steel screens and allowed to air dry. Given the high acid content of paper materials,

artifacts were never placed on newspaper or paper towels to dry. Organic materials such as leather,

cloth, and wood were lightly dry-brushed or not cleaned at all. For leather, a micro-environment was

usually created to prevent undue drying and shrinking. These micro-environments were composed of

two polyethylene bags. The artifact was placed in the first bag, in which small holes had been

punched with a pin. This bag was then placed in a second, larger bag in which several drops of water

had been placed. The result was an easy-to-construct micro-environment that prevents direct contact

between the leather and water.

Metal objects were dry-brushed with nylon brushes of varying stiffness. Given the fragile

nature of metal objects, most were only cleaned enough to allow for identification. Two exceptions to

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this rule were 1) artifacts likely to be displayed as part of HCF’s museum activities and 2) ferrous-

alloy artifacts likely to continue corroding in storage but representing unique findings thus requiring

stabilization. Some metals, like aluminum, develop a thin layer of corrosion that forms a stable,

protective barrier against further corrosion (Peterson 1968; SHA 2006). Unless such a barrier

obscured important surface details, these metals were dry-brushed only, regardless of potential for

display. Other metals, like iron, require stabilization for preservation. Given that surface details are

often preserved in corrosion layers, the decision for corrosion removal was done on a case-by-case

basis. The purpose of stabilization is to prevent further deterioration and reveal important

information. If the decision was made to remove corrosion, two methods, alone or combined, were

used: mechanical (e.g. hand brushes, soft and hard picks) and electrolytic.

Mechanical methods alone were used on most non-iron artifacts, although some brass and

copper objects received limited electrolytic treatment. Due to the incorporation of water soluble salts

into iron over time, iron objects requiring stabilization most often received direct electrolytic

treatment with limited mechanical removal of corrosion.

Electrolytic reduction treatments come in two flavors. The first, indirect electrolysis, is an

electro-chemical process whereby an artifact (forming the cathode) is placed in an iron container,

covered with particles of mossy zinc (forming the anode), and a 10-20% solution of sodium

hydroxide (the electrolyte) poured over them (Peterson 1968). The artifact is left in solution until

cleaned to its desired state. The advantage of indirect electrolysis is a great degree of control over the

rate of rust removal. The disadvantage is the high cost of mossy zinc. Due to cost constraints, artifacts

from the Mann-Simons site were treated using the second method, direct electrolysis, which uses

electric current to turn iron-oxides and iron-chlorides back into metallic iron. The advantage of

direct electrolysis is the extremely low cost of operation. The disadvantage is slightly less precise

control over the process. Following standard procedures, the anode consisted of stainless steel, a 15-

20% solution of sodium chloride was used as an electrolyte, and a target 2 Ampere current flow was

sought (Western 1972; Canadian Conservation Institute 1995). Power came from a desktop

computer power supply unit (PSU). A computer PSU has several advantages over the more

commonly used automobile battery charger, including a design meant to be run 24-hours a day/seven

days a week, the ability to push 3.3, 5 and 12-volts simultaneously, the cost is free or nearly free, and

they are much smaller. After electrolytic treatment, artifacts were rinsed throughly in distilled, de-

ionized water, dried in an oven, coated in melted microcrystalline wax, and placed into polyethylene

bags containing dry silica gel in desiccators.

After cleaning, artifacts were laid out in preparation for cataloging. A unique catalog number

was assigned to each artifact or group of artifacts with identical descriptive values within a given

provenience. The catalog number is composed of two elements separated by a hyphen: the

provenience designation and the artifact number. The artifact number at the end is unique within

each provenience and is assigned sequentially. For example, cataloging the provenience designated as

‘6A’, the first artifact to be cataloged within that provenience is numbered ‘6A-1’, the second artifact

as ‘6A-2’, the third as ‘6A-3’, and so on. This procedure is repeated for each discrete provenience.

Note that catalog numbers within every provenience begin with ‘1’ and continue in numerical order.

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Catalog numbers were applied directly to artifacts to aid in identification and as a security

device. Each individually labeled artifact (or those belonging to the same catalog number) was placed

in its own polyethylene bag with the catalog number written on the lower, right-hand side of the

white writing block on the outside of the bag. An acid-free paper slip labeled with the provenience

and catalog information was also placed in the bag with the artifact. The labeling technique involves

applying Acryloid B-72 as a bottom coat, writing the number using a Rapidograph pen filled with

black pigment-based ink, and then applying B-72 as a top coat. Acryloid B-72 is a stable acrylic resin

that can be applied and removed with acetone (SHA 2006). For darkly colored objects, titanium

dioxide pigments were added to the bottom coat of B-72. This method was used on artifacts like

ceramics, glass, metal, and decorative bone (such as buttons). It was not used on plastic or rubber

artifacts as acetone would cause damage, nor was this method used for organic materials like leather,

cloth, or non-decorative bone. A string-tag label was attached to artifacts too large to fit in a gallon-

sized bag, as well as wooden items like posts. Bulk artifacts like nails, undiagnostic bottle fragments,

and metal can fragments were not labeled individually.

After cataloging and conservation, artifacts were re-bagged into larger polyethylene bags and

placed in acid-free storage boxes. The exterior end of each box was labeled in permanent ink with

provenience data and inclusive catalog numbers and a Box Contents List placed within each box.

COLLECTION DATING

While the process of dating any site, feature, or artifact can be complex, in late nineteenth

and early twentieth century contexts the complexities are compounded by the materials themselves.

When compared to the literature on seventeenth and eighteenth century material culture,

descriptions of mass-produced goods manufactured in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries are

remarkably scarce in the archaeological literature. Additionally, these materials are in many cases still

being produced today. Thus, historical archaeologists of the recent past face a unique set of

challenges, characterized by a broad temporal range for many of the most commonly found artifacts

and a shortage of published fine-grained artifact chronologies and typologies. A semester spent at

Winterthur Museum and Estate, Delaware, allowed for the development of multiple fine-grained

artifact chronologies using period trade literature, including, among others, asbestos, carbon rods,

and electrical wiring.

Two methods for dating archaeological deposits are commonly employed by historical

archaeologists. The first method, developed by Stanley South (1978), involves deriving a mean

ceramic date (MCD) for a site or assemblage, or, as Mark Groover (2001) has proposed, a mean

artifact date (MAD). With this method, the median date for the manufacture of each ceramic (or

artifact) type is multiplied by its frequency (for ceramics, either number of sherds or minimum

number of vessels), which is then divided by the total number of ceramic types in the sample. The

product is the mean date of the manufacture of recovered ceramics. Although mean ceramic dating is

a proven method for dating archaeological assemblages, particularly for early nineteenth century and

earlier sites, it is not the best option for the Mann-Simons site for two reasons. First, as Miller, et al.

(2000) note, a deposit that accumulated over a period of ten years and one that accumulated over

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100 years can produce the same MCD. Given the long, continuous, and recent occupation of the

Mann-Simons properties, this is a valid concern. Second, like many artifacts, the majority of the

ceramics produced during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries are still in production today.

Many of the ceramics would have, for example, an introduction date of 1820 (the introduction date

of whiteware) and an end date of today, producing a mean manufacturing date of 1917—a date that

is completely unrelated to the actual deposits or periods of occupation.

Therefore, dates for deposits were calculated using the second common dating method: by

terminus post quem (TPQ), Latin for 'date after which.' This method involves dating a deposit by the

latest made artifact in the assemblage. The introduction date of the latest made artifact is the earliest

date that the deposit could have been created (Miller, et al. 2000). For example, if a feature contained

three artifacts – a crown cap bottle closure (introduced in 1892), an undecorated whiteware plate

(introduced to North America circa 1820), and a galvanized roofing nail (introduced in 1901) – the

TPQ date for the feature would be 1901; the earliest date the feature could have been created. When

dateable characteristics overlapped, typically the tighter date range was used.

ARTIFACT CLASSIFICATION

The classification and cataloging system used for the Mann-Simons project was a modified

version of the system set forth in the National Park Service’s (NPS) Museum Handbook, Part II

(2000), which itself is based on the classification system proposed by Roderick Sprague (1981).

Nineteen unique fields were available for describing each artifact, six more than provided for under

the NPS system. Deviations from the NPS cataloging system are noted when discussed. A complete

list of object names and descriptors used in this study for each field is provided at the end of this

chapter. Diane Wallman (USC-Columbia) did the faunal analysis for the project. Her methods and

classification system is listed in a subsequent section.

There has been some criticism of the use of Sprague's typology (Spude 2006), revolving

around the idea that a typology based on common functional descriptions preconditions the

archaeologist to viewing artifacts in terms of these predefined functions and not the possible

function(s) the artifacts might have had for the actual users. Although I agree that preconditioned

thought is a concern, what this argument ignores is that typologies are not only structured ways of

organizing variation, and thus for understanding something about the people interacting with these

objects, but a method of communicating such variation as well. The example of a hardware

superstore illustrates this point. The majority of products in hardware stores have so many potential

uses it is impractical to group them together in ways that relate to the immediate requirements of

individual consumers. The thousands of items for sale are therefore organized according to a

recognizable typology which distinguishes between plumbing fittings, paints, wood stains, electrical

wiring, and so forth. The Sprague typology is a way of distinguishing between nails and ammunition

in a way that people will recognize, regardless that nails and ammunition can both function as

instruments of injury.

Under this taxonomy, each artifact was first assigned to a Class. Nine classifications were

available: Ceramic (includes brick), Glass, Metal, Mineral, Synthetic, Organic, Composite (more than

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one material), Soil (used only for soil samples), and Unidentified. Once broadly classified, artifacts

were assigned an Object Name. Most object names are self evident, such as Toy, Marble. Other

terms are specially defined. Container refers to packages that contained a product (e.g. Container,

Bottle, Medicinal). Tableware refers to utensils designed for table use (e.g. Tableware, Knife).

Utilitarian refers to utility ware objects (e.g. Utilitarian, Jar/Crock). Vessel was used when the specific

form of a tableware or utilitarian ware was not recognizable. Vessel was not used in conjunction with

container. Hollowware was used with tableware or utilitarian ware and refers to fragments with

enough curvature to indicate volume and depth but unrecognizable as to specific form. Flatware was

also used with tableware and utilitarian wares where fragments were more or less flat but the specific

form is unknown. Lastly, Unidentified was used when the function or form of an artifact could not be

identified (e.g. Unidentified, Vessel or Unidentified, Glass). When the specific form of an object could

be identified, an additional level of description was used to add further specificity to the Object

Name group. For example, an egg cup is a type of bowl, and therefore would be assigned the Object

Name Tableware, Bowl, Egg Cup. As this example illustrates, the hierarchical nature of object names

is one of the most useful characteristics of this classification system, allowing for increasing specificity

as new information about an object is gathered.

Under the NPS system, classification is further divided into seven broad groups:

Manufacturing Technique (e.g. Pressed Glass or Three-Piece Mold), Decorative Technique

(e.g. Embossed or Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome), Decorative Design (e.g. Floral or

Geometric), Decorative Element (e.g. Fleur-de-lis or Diamond), Color (e.g. Mulberry or Cobalt

Blue), Part (e.g. Handle or Lip), and Material (e.g. Stoneware or Aluminum). The ‘Decorative

Element’ field was also used when the specific decorative pattern could be identified (e.g. Willow or

Hobnail). When cataloging ceramic objects, the ‘Color’ field was used to record information about

the color of decoration or glaze and was used only when color was not part of the information

contained in one of the Decorative fields. Given the widely varying criteria in use for determining the

color of historic glass, for this study the Color field for glass objects was used mainly for descriptive

purposes. Count was used to record the number of artifacts falling under the same catalog number.

Manufacturing Date was used to record the manufacturing start and end dates for an object, if

known, or, in some cases, a peak usage date range.

The Mann-Simons project also used several additional fields not included in the NPS

classification system. These fields reflect the specific research questions of the project, as well as the

time period under investigation. The Maker’s Mark field was used to record any manufacturer’s

mark(s) on an object. Other Mark refers to any mark other than a Maker’s Mark, including, but

not limited to, back marks, quality marks, content marks, and post-consumption marks (e.g. initials

scratched into the side of a bottle). Weight was typically recorded for less-diagnostic artifacts, for

example, sheet metal fragments or brick. Weights for ceramics and glass were not recorded. The

Dimensions field was used when the size of the object is an important part of its identification (e.g.

the diameter of a marble, radius of a rim sherd, or shank length of a nail). Date Source was used to

record the reference materials used to determine the date entered in the Manufacturing Date field.

The MNI field, or Minimum Number of Items, refers to, as the name suggests, the

minimum number of complete items that could account for the number of artifacts under a given

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catalog identification. Although MNV (Minimum Number of Vessels) is the traditional term for

referring to minimum numbers of ceramic and glass vessels, the use of MNI as a generic term for all

Minimum Number counts is a better option, as it avoids the situation of needing to develop an

unnecessary slew of terms to refer to objects other than vessels, like MNC (Minimum Number of

Cartridges), MNB (Minimum Number of Buttons), MNN (Minimum Number of Nails), and on,

and on.

Looking at ceramic vessels, Spencer-Wood (1987) examined several different methods for

calculating minimum number counts. Two methods for determining counts were tested: the first

used rims only and the second used rims and any other distinctive body fragments that could not be

part of any vessel represented by a rim or other body fragment. She determined that the rim and

distinctive body fragment method resulted in a more complete vessel count than just using rims

alone. For this reason, MNI counts for ceramic, glass, and metal containers (like tin cans) were

calculated here using the rim and distinctive body fragment method. MNI values for other artifact

types were determined based on the unique characteristics of that particular type of object. For

example, for nails, MNI counts were based on heads, regardless of the number of shank fragments

recovered; lamp chimney counts were based on rim type and circumference.

In all cases, artifacts were examined for possible cross-mends. Fragments that did not mend

were examined for matches in design, form, color, and other attributes which would indicate

association with previously defined objects. Objects that did not match either mended objects or

other fragments were counted as additional objects. For closed contexts, like trash pits and privies,

recovery provenance was maintained for each artifact (such as the level from which an artifact was

recovered), while cross-mends and minimum number of object counts were determined for the entire

feature as appropriate.

My use of Functional Category differs from the traditional program of functional

analysis proposed by South (1978) and used by many historical archaeologists. South devised his

system of functional analysis to aid in identifying patterns in the archaeological record on seventeenth

and eighteenth century sites that could then be correlated to general theoretical explanations for the

existence of these patterns. But South’s categories for seventeenth and eighteenth century sites are less

than ideal for answering certain types of questions for late nineteenth and twentieth century sites. For

this project, ‘Functional Category’ refers to the following general categories: Architectural, Domestic,

Electrical, Kitchen, and Personal. While the Kitchen and, to a lesser extent, the Personal object

categories are in keeping with South’s schemata, the Architectural, Domestic, and Electrical

categories, when examined temporally, have the potential to yield information about the

introduction, adoption, and use of technologies and materials unique to the manufacturing and

consumption context of the late nineteenth and twentieth century. General categories contain several

subcategories:

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Architectural Personal

Architectural-Exterior Personal-Clothing

Architectural-Interior Personal-Firearms

Personal-Hygiene

Kitchen Personal-Ornamental

Kitchen-Tableware Personal-Sewing

Kitchen-Utilitarian Personal-Toy

Domestic Electrical

Artifacts in the Architectural category include nails, brick, mortar, plaster, roofing/siding tiles,

window glass, door hinges, etc. Architectural-Exterior refers specifically to those items related to the

exterior surfaces of structures, such as roofing and siding materials. The Architectural-Exterior

subcategory does not include objects whose function is not unambiguously related to exterior

structural surfaces, for example, nails, brick, mortar, etc., which are assigned the general category

Architectural. The Architectural-Interior subcategory is used for architectural objects unambiguously

related to structural interiors, for example, plaster.

The Electrical category refers to objects used in the transmission of electricity such as wire,

insulators, plugs and fuses, objects used in the conversion to or from electricity such as batteries,

carbon rods and light bulbs, as well as objects operating by way of electricity, such as telephones and

door bells.

Kitchen artifacts include all objects related to the storage, serving, or preparation of foods and

beverages such as glass and ceramic vessels, serving and eating utensils, etc. The Kitchen-Tableware

subcategory is used for utensils, ceramics, or glass designed for table use. This includes bowls suitable

for serving at the table, cups, forks, refined hollowwares, drinking glasses, knives, plates, spoons, etc.

The Kitchen-Utilitarian subcategory is used to designate objects of utility ware, including bottles,

crocks, jars, cans, and jugs. When an artifact was identifiable as a kitchen item, but not as Tableware

or Utilitarian, it was assigned the general category Kitchen.

Personal artifacts include clothing-related items such as buttons or buckles, as well as coins,

sewing-related items, tobacco pipes, etc. The Personal-Toy subcategory is used for marbles, balls,

figurines, jacks, and other items traditionally associated with the activities of children. Artifacts in the

Personal-Clothing subcategory include buttons, buckles, clothing rivets, shoe leather, hook-and-eye

fasteners, etc. Personal-Sewing is used for needles, straight pins, safety pins, thimbles, and other items

related to the making, repairing, and tailoring of clothing. The Personal-Ornamental subcategory

includes rings, necklaces, pendants, broaches, earrings, etc. The Personal-Hygiene subcategory is used

to designate objects that are hygiene, cosmetic, or personal appearance related, including

toothpaste/brushes, soap, combs, hair products, etc. The Personal-Firearms subcategory includes all

objects related to firearms. When an artifact was identifiable as a personal item, but not as Toy,

Clothing, Sewing, Firearms, Ornamental, or Hygiene, it was assigned the general category Personal. The

Domestic category was used to distinguish household-related items, including furniture hardware,

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light shades/chimneys (those not

assigned to the Electrical category),

door knobs, bric-a-brac, flowerpots,

and other household objects.

Lastly, a Notes field is

provided at the end of the catalog entry

to record any additional information

relevant to the object not included in

the previous fields. Not every artifact

description used every available field.

Classification fields were used as

appropriate for the object. To the left is

an example artifact catalog entry to

illustrate the system. A full list of

classification field values is found in

Appendix B.

FAUNAL ANALYSIS METHODS

[This section is taken verbatim from “Faunal Report for Mann-Simons (38RD1083)” by Diane Wallman

(2010). Additions and/or changes by the author are found within “[ ]” brackets.]

RECORDATION TECHNIQUES

The faunal remains from the Mann-Simons site were analyzed using standard

zooarchaeological methods, and all bones were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible

utilizing the comparative faunal collection in the Department of Anthropology at The University of

South Carolina, and reference materials including Gilbert (1981, 1990), Olsen (2004), and Sisson

(1953). The portion of each identified element is recorded as whole if it is complete; partial if the

specimen is almost complete; fragment if it appears broken; and section if the specimen appears cut.

When possible, identified elements were sided (left or right), and also aged to a general stage

(juvenile/immature or adult/mature) based on epiphyseal fusion or tooth eruption.

Observable cultural modifications (burning, fracturing, excavation damage) were also

recorded for the bones. Based on the urban setting of the site, all food remains identified were likely

locally purchased, acquired or raised, in the case of some poultry. Large mammals, then likely

represent cattle (Bos taurus), while medium mammals, likely came from pig (Sus scrofa) or sheep/goat

(Ovis aries/Capra hircus). These bones likely represent common breeds of each species known for the

late 19th century. Common cattle breeds in the 19th Century included Angus, Hereford and

Shorthorn, and eventually the Texas Longhorn (Skaggs 1986). Pig breeds in the 19th Century

included English Berkshire, Bedford, Byfield and Irish Graziers (Skaggs 1986).

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CLASS: Glass

OBJECT NAME: Container, Bottle, Soda Pop

MATERIAL: Glass

MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE: Cup-bottom Mold

DECORATIVE TECHNIQUE: Embossed

DECORATIVE DESIGN:

DECORATIVE ELEMENT: Text

COLOR: Aqua (blue)

PART: Base fragments

COUNT: 13

MNI: 1

WEIGHT:

DIMENSIONS: Base diameter = 3-inches

FUNCTIONAL CATEGORY: Kitchen-Utilitarian

MAKER'S MARK: Yes

OTHER MARKS: No

MANUFACTURING DATE: 1915-1923

DATE SOURCE: Lockhart, et al. 2007:34

NOTES: “CHERO COLA” embossed,

angled block text, center base

Each specimen identified as cattle, pig or sheep/goat was then assigned to a specific retail

meat cut as designated by Azizi, et al. (1996), associated with standard American butchery techniques

utilized for the past 100 years (Figures 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4). Elements identified to species correspond

to specific illustrated meat cuts, based on an extended version of Lyman’s (1977) system (Azizi, et al.

1996:211). The illustration of the specific fragment or section of an element is correlated to the retail

meat cut it represents (Azizi, et al. 1996: 211). This system accounts for the difficulty in linking

identifiable fragments to specific meat cuts. Butchering units for beef, for example, contain different

portions of the same element (see Tables 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3). In addition, any observable refits or

conjoined bones, that is any bones from a single animal that put back together, were recorded in

order to better determine the actual number of bones present, as opposed to bone fragments.

Both cultural and non-cultural taphonomic processes were assessed in the assemblages, using

zooarchaeological methods posited by Lyman (1994). The following attributes were recorded for each

specimen: weathering stage and other natural taphonomic processes (Behrensmeyer 1978); presence

of carnivore or rodent gnawing (Binford 1981; Lyman 1994b); presence and intensity of burning

(Brain 1981; Johnson 1989); and any evidence of butchery (Binford 1981; Crader 1990; Landon

1996), including cutting, chopping, sawing, and any signs of breaking for marrow extraction (i.e.

spiral fracturing, impact points).

SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES

Specimens without diagnostic features were assigned to animal size class categories (adapted

from Thomas 1969) (Table 2-4). Unidentifiable bones were graded by size based on “bone size and

thickness” (Schmitt and Lupo 1995:499). Cattle-size fragments, for example, were classified as Class

VI, large mammals. Distinguishing between sheep and goat remains can present significant

difficulties to analysts, because the bones are similar in overall size and morphological attributes

(Boesneck 1970; Halstead, et al. 2002; Payne 1985). It is therefore possible that some bones

identified as sheep could in fact represent goat. Even with extensive reference collections,

“distinguishing between sheep and goat bones is often not easy” (Boessneck 1970:358). While

publications have presented diagnostic criteria to identify between the two Genera, the criteria rely on

the presence of certain bones (Halstead, et al. 2000; Payne 1985; Prummel and Frisch 1986). Teeth

and mandibles have proved to be the most useful elements for differentiating between sheep and goat

(Halstead, et al. 2000; Payne 1985). Studies have developed methods for the distinction between

these two Genera based on the morphological characteristics of post-cranial skeletal elements

(Prummel and Frisch 1986). Despite the fact that many of the ovicaprine remains may in fact

represent sheep, they will be categorized as sheep/goat.

Additionally, I assessed the relative age of each specimen (after Silver 1963). Relative age was

established by the degree of epiphyseal fusion and tooth eruption sequences, the most commonly

employed skeletal parts for determining age (Klein and Cruz-Uribe 1984:41). Aging specimens in an

assemblage can provide information on “kill-off” patterns in past animal husbandry systems, and the

quality (i.e. the fat content) of the meat purchased (Landon 1996:96). When epiphyses were present,

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Figure 2-2. Standard Retail Beef Cuts (Azizi et al. 1996: 239). *(Numbers next to meat cuts were used for coding.)

Figure 2-3. Standard Retail Pork Cuts (Azizi et al. 1996: 239). *(Numbers

next to meat cuts were used for coding.)

Figure 2-4. Standard Retail Mutton Cuts (Azizi et al. 1996: 239).

*(Numbers next to meat cuts were used for coding.)

Table 2-1. Skeletal Correlates to Cattle Butchering Units

Butchering unit Skeletal definition

Hindshank Tibia, distal femur, patella, proximal metatarsal

Round/buttock Femur shaft

Rump Proximal femur, ischium, pubis, acetabulum

Loin Lumbar vertebra

Sirloin Ilium, sacrum, sacral vertebra

Plate/Brisket Ventral rib, rib cartilage, sternum, ventral rib

Ribs Dorsal rib 6-12, thoracic vertebrae 6-12

Foreshank Radius-ulna, distal humerus, proximal metacarpal

Neck Cervical vertebrae, proximal humerus, distal scapula

Chuck Dorsal rib 1-5, thoracic vertebrae 1-5, humerus shaft, scapula blade

Arm Proximal humerus, humerus shaft, distal scapula

Foot Metacarpals, tarsals, carpals, phalanges

Table 2-2. Skeletal Correlates to Pig Butchering Units

Butchering unit Skeletal definition

Boston Butt Scapula blade, proximal humerus, cervical vertebra

Picnic Ham Distal humerus, radius, ulna

Rib End Dorsal ribs, thoracic vertebra, proximal scapula

Spareribs/Side Mid and ventral ribs

Loin End Lumbar vertebrae, ilium, sacrum

Ham Acetabulum, pubis, ischium, proximal femur and shaft

Shank Ham Distal Femur, proximal tibia and shaft

Hock Carpals, tarsals

Foot Metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges

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Table 2-3. Skeletal Correlates to Sheep/Goat Butchering Units

Butchering unit Skeletal definition

Shoulder Tibia, distal femur, patella

Rack Thoracic vertebra 6-12, dorsal rib 6-12, lumbar vertebrae

Loin Lumbar Vertebra

Butt End Pelvis, sacrum, proximal femur and shaft

Shank End Distal Femur, proximal tibia and shaft

Shank Distal humerus, radius-ulna, tibia, metapodial

Foot Carpals/Tarsals, Phalanges

Neck Cervical vertebrae

Chuck Scapula, thoracic vertebrae 1-5, rib 1-5, proximal humerus and shaft

I recorded the stage of fusion for each specimen identified as cow, pig and sheep. Stages were

recorded as fused, unfused, and partially fused, distinguished by the presence of an epiphyseal line or

suture. These stages are compared to the relative ages at which specific epiphyses fuse for each animal.

Additionally, deciduous teeth and permanent teeth were differentiated to provide a relative age for

specimens.

QUANTIFICATION OF FAUNAL REMAINS

Determining the appropriate unit of quantification for faunal analyses remains a complicated

concern within zooarchaeology. The use of the number of identified specimens, or NISP, to quantify

faunal remains has received significant criticism (Grayson 1984, Klein and Cruz-Uribe 1984), most

importantly for its failure to account for specimen interdependence, because several bone fragments

may come from the same element. To account for this problem, many zooarchaeologists calculate the

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Table 2-4. Mammalian Size Classes (after Thomas 1969:393).

Class I Mammals weighing less than 100g., e.g., meadow mouse and pocket gopher.

Class II Mammals weighing between 100 and 700 g., e.g., squirrel and chipmunk.

Class III Mammals weighing between 700 g. and 5kg., e.g., cottontail rabbit and marmot.

Class IV Mammals weighing between 5 and 25 kg., e.g., coyote and bobcat.

Class V Mammals weighing more than 25kg., e.g., antelope, deer and mountain sheep.

Class VI Mammals cow size and larger

minimum number of individuals, or MNI to determine how many animals are actually represented

by the recovered remains. This calculation, however, has also been subject to criticism, as it is known

to correlate with sample size, as the larger the number of bones in an assemblage the greater the MNI

(Grayson 1984; Lyman 1979:537, 1994). In historic assemblages, MNI remains a problematic value

because people purchase butchering units, not complete animals, with the possible exception of fish

and poultry (Lyman 1979, 1987, 1994; Milne and Crabtree 2001). Determining the contribution of

various species or of the different cuts to an assemblage, therefore, remains a difficult task, as the

butchering units acquired are not always known or consistent.

In the past, historical zooarchaeologists calculated the amount of available meat for species,

and for meat cuts utilizing bone-weights (Otto 1984) and the amount of usable meat (Lyman 1979).

However, bone weight analysis was based on the assumption that the relation between bone and meat

weight is linear, which is not accurate (Grayson 1984). Additionally,”bone weights are subject to

biases from differential mineralization, leaching, weathering, and preservation” (Lyman 1979:536).

According to Reitz and Wing (2000:202), specimen weight is rarely used directly to document

relative frequency, but is may be used as an estimate for ‘edible’ or ‘usable’ meat.

Calculating “usable meat” for each species is a suggested method to account for the amount

of meat purchased and consumed (Lyman 1979, 1987). This approach, however, has not been widely

applied to historic assemblages and therefore its utility has not been sufficiently tested (Landon 2005:

9). Furthermore, it is necessary to consider size change through time and space when estimating

dietary contribution based on weight (Reitz and Wing 2000:226). The total weight of species with

“determinate growth varies because of geographical range, age, sex, season and nutritional condition”

(Reitz and Wing 2000:226).

Despite potential problems with this unit of measurement, NISP is the most widely used

unit of quantification in zooarchaeology. The features investigated in this study all have similar

depositional contexts and the households and businesses who deposited the materials had access to

the same types of meat and meat cuts. Furthermore, based on the urban environment, the unit of

acquisition for the meat purchased would be individual meat cuts, represented by relatively few bones

each in the archaeological record. In consideration of these factors, employing the NISP to calculate

relative abundances should provide a sufficient means for comparison between features. For those

animals, such as birds, that were likely acquired whole, whether purchased or raised on site, the MNI

is calculated. For the evaluation of meat cuts, I calculate a minimum number of meat cuts for cattle,

pig and sheep/goat.

ANALYSIS OF MEAT CUTS

To evaluate differences among assemblages with regard to particular meat-cuts, I calculated

the minimum number of meat cuts represented within each deposit. For this measure, I determined

the minimum number of each meat cut necessary to account for the specimens identified to each cut,

accounting for side and age, when possible (based on Lyman 1979, 1987). While it can be useful to

classify these cuts by age, the few specimens representing different aged animals within the

assemblages does not make this segregation possible.

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RANKING OF MEAT-CUTS

Most economic analyses of 19th century historic faunal assemblages is based on the

archetypal work of Schulz and Gust (1983), which provides a rank scale for cuts of beef based on

estimates of late-19th to early-20th century retail values. In theory, this ranking provides values that

analysts can use to interpret the economic status of the “depositing population” (Schulz and Gust

1983:12). While this approach has maintained longevity and apparent utility, some have argued that

results of analyses based this ranking often do not show socioeconomic influences in assemblages,

leading to an elaboration of this model, which has been rarely employed, involving the addition of

meat yield to address cost-efficiency (Huelsbeck 1989, 1991; Lyman 1979, 1987).

Different methods have been suggested to assess the cost-efficiency of different beef cuts

from 19th century sites. Lyman (1987) was one of the first researchers to propose the use of meat

yield per cut to use in addition to economic rankings. Using values of both historical price per pound

beef cuts and of consumable meat weight for each cut, Lyman (1987) calculated a measure of “cost-

efficiency” for beef cuts. This value was meant to provide a more thorough measurement of optimal

purchasing decisions by providing the cost per pound of edible meat for each cut. According to the

study, “both a high degree of cost-efficiency and optimal foraging are indicated by minimizing costs

while maximizing yields” (Lyman 1987:81). While Lyman’s was an attempt to increase the accuracy

of the analysis, the equation was miscalculated. Huelsbeck (1989) revisited Lyman’s measurement of

“cost-efficiency” and corrected the error, providing a more effective measure of cost-efficiency based

on price per pound and meat yield per cut of beef. What also remains important is that with the

correction, “Lyman’s suggested refinement of the interpretive model…is a welcome addition to the

suite of techniques available to faunal analysts” (Huelsbeck 1989:116). According to Huelsbeck’s

(1989) calculations, however, this new measure was statistically correlated to Schulz and Gust’s

economic ranks, suggesting that these initial ranks do in fact reflect cost-efficiency.

In this analysis, I used the Schulz and Gust (1983) beef rankings to determine if cost affected

consumer choice, as adapted by Azizi, et al. (1996). Azizi, et al. developed rankings for beef, pork and

mutton cuts based on historical records of retail values and interviews with butchers (after Pipes

1995, Ubaldi and Crossman 1987).

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CHAPTER 3

FIELDWORK

FIELDWORK took place in four stages between 2005 and 2012. The original proposal was to excavate roughly 500 square feet over a six month period. Two years later, at the conclusion of Stage

III, nearly 2,000 square feet of the site had been opened. Fieldwork resumed with Stage IV in 2011

with the excavation of 386 square feet. Including shovel test pits and the 1998 excavations, a total of

2,542 square feet has been excavated at the Mann-Simons Site. The following sections outline the

excavation strategies employed during each stage of fieldwork between 2005 and 2012.

EXCAVATION STAGES

Excavation occurred between July 2005 and June 2007 in three stages. The primary

objective of fieldwork was straightforward: excavate a representative sample of the entire area

continually occupied by the Mann-Simons family between 1825 and 1970 within accessible spaces

(i.e. the site boundaries defined by modern features, for example, the paved parking lot east of the

site). The goal was to establish how the material culture of the family varied in relation to changes in

both family structure and Columbia's social environment throughout the nineteenth and twentieth

centuries. In the following three sections, I discuss the specific objectives and scope of work for each

stage of excavation.

STAGE I: SHOVEL TEST SURVEY

Excavations undertaken by Clement, et al. (1999) in 1998 hinted at the potential of the site

but did not provide the data necessary to evaluate it fully. To remedy this problem, Stage I objectives

were broad in scope and designed to address basic questions about the occupation and integrity of the

site. The objectives of Stage I were: 1) archaeologically investigate those areas of the site that were to

be irreparably disturbed by HCF landscaping activities planned for late autumn 2005 and 2) define

the archaeological integrity of the entire green space between the Mann-Simons house and the

apartment building to the north.

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Between 13 and 23 July 2005, 31 shovel

test pits in the area between the Mann-Simons

house and the apartment building to the

north were excavated. Shovel tests were

distributed along a grid at 20-foot intervals

across the entire backyard area (Figure 3-1).

Each shovel test was excavated to a sufficient

depth to intersect undisturbed features and

subsoil. Since the shovel tests were used to

define the stratigraphy of the soil and identify

the presence of features and artifacts, they did

not intrude upon features or extend below

subsoil.

A total of 46 shovel tests were originally

proposed. However, upon examination of the

stratigraphy within 30 feet of the apartment

building, I determined that the soil was too

disturbed to provide useful data. As a result,

shovel tests were canceled in the remaining

areas surrounding the apartment building.

This is exactly the type of information shovel

tests are designed to provide. The shovel tests

produced a large sample of the stratigraphic

nature of the site and a sample of spatially

distinct artifacts and features from all periods

of occupation.

STAGE II: EXCAVATION UNITS

Following shovel testing, Stage II

excavations occurred in two phases. During

the first phase, which took place between 27

July and 30 October 2005, I originally

proposed to excavate ten 5 x 5 foot units

within the front and side yard areas to be

impacted by landscaping activities (Figure 3-2,

units 5-12). The placement of each unit was

randomly determined to provide a statistically

valid sample of these areas. The primary

purpose of these units was to identify evidence

of fences, structures, and other landscape

features related to the various occupations,

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Figure 3-1. Locations of shovel test pits.

3-3

Figure 3-2. Locations of excavation units.

such as the 1407 and 1401 Richland Street structures. This work plan was not completed for a

number of reasons. The most important factor was that the stratigraphy was more complex than

anticipated. Based on the results of the 1998 excavations, I expected unit depth from surface to

subsoil to occur between 10 and 18 inches below surface and be composed of two primary strata.

The units around the house, however, were approximately 24 inches below surface and composed of

four distinct strata. In addition, each unit contained far more features than expected. As a result, five

excavation units within the east side of the yard were completed and none within the west yard.

These units provided the first systematic view of resources at the site and allowed the formulation of

more sophisticated methodologies employed during Stage III.

The second phase of Stage II excavations took place from May to July 2006. Between 8 and

26 May, I directed 15 graduate and undergraduate students as part of the University of South

Carolina, Department of Anthropology’s Field School in Archaeology (ANTH 322). With the aid of

volunteers, I completed Stage II fieldwork on 28 July. The primary objective of phase 2, Stage II was

to excavate two sampling strata: the west side of the yard and the side yard area between the

structures at 1403 Richland and 1904 Marion Streets. Five 5 x 5 foot units and one 2.5 x 2.5 foot

unit were excavated, as well as two shovel test pits.

Since the landscaping activities within the west yard area were completed several months

prior to the start of phase 2, Stage II, areas open to excavation were limited to untouched spaces,

essentially a narrow strip approximately five-feet wide running north/south down the center of the

west yard. As a result, random sampling was abandoned in favor of judgmental placement of

excavation units. Excavation units were directed primarily by the 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map

of Columbia. A 5 x 5 foot excavation unit was opened to explore the possible structural remains of a

small-scale commercial building located directly on the northeast corner of Richland and Marion

Streets at 1401 Richland Street (Unit 12). Unit 11 initially started as a shovel test pit to explore the

southeast corner of the structure. Upon encountering in situ brick foundation remains, the 1 x 1 foot

STP was expanded into a 2.5 x 2.5 foot excavation unit. Since the STP had been excavated

according to natural strata, conversion to an excavation unit was straightforward, with no loss of

artifactual or contextual data. Additionally, four excavation units were placed within the rear-side

yard, generating a twenty-percent sample of the area (units 14-17). In addition to numerous intact

deposits, structural foundations, and a broad array of material items, these excavations also revealed

evidence of severe stratigraphic disturbance. It appears that during renovations of the 1403 Richland

Street house in 1974, a large semi-circular trench was dug around the rear of the house extending

nearly ten-feet from the structure. While this information helped formulate the research design for

Stage III excavations in terms of sampling, the result is a complete loss of archaeological integrity in

this part of the yard.

STAGE III: BLOCK EXCAVATIONS

Stage III excavations began 9 September 2006 and continued until 30 June 2007. During

this time, two field school classes contributed to excavation. The first was a Saturday-only class

during Fall semester, 2006. The second class was a more traditional field school, which took place

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May 2007. The stratified random sampling

strategy used during Stage II was abandoned

during stage III. Instead, block excavations

were employed. Two 20 x 20-foot blocks were

laid out, with additional units placed

judgmentally to explore proximate areas.

These blocks represent a 64-percent sample of

the common yard area behind the houses at

1403 Richland and 1904 Marion Streets

(Figures 3-3). A total of 1,000 square feet were

excavated during Stage III.

One of the inherent difficulties of urban

archaeology results from long-term, intensive

land use within small, bounded spaces. This

land use pattern results in a multitude of

intrusive architectural and non-architectural

features associated with each occupation era.

With randomly distributed excavation units,

like those of Stage II, the difficulty lays,

literally, in connecting the dots. Block

excavations were used in the common yard area

to reveal patterning not visible using the

methods employed in Stage II excavations, most notably, horizontal patterning related to structures

and day-to-day activities.

During Stage II, all strata were excavated, screened, and artifacts provenienced accordingly,

including the upper-most stratum (Level 1) representing post-1970 disturbance. Although spatially

out of context, artifacts from Level 1 were initially saved to facilitate the analysis of commodity flows

–an analysis that can be preformed adequately at an urban block scale. The need for this data from

Level 1, however, disappeared after discovery of a large, very well preserved trash deposit containing

over one-thousand artifacts associated with the lunch counter at 1401 Richland Street. Consequently,

recovery of Level 1 data, which was very time consuming, was abandoned during Stage III. Utilizing

the stratigraphic information generated from the 2005 shovel test survey, Level 1 soils were

mechanically removed and discarded using a backhoe to reveal undisturbed strata. The exposed

stratum (Level 2 or 3, depending on yard area) represents the post-Reconstruction/Jim Crow-era

occupations and is the primary data from the common yard area used in the study.

Feature identification was often problematic during Stage III excavation, particularly within

Block 2 in the far backyard area. This area was heavily disturbed by at least three post-1970

landscaping episodes–destruction of the buildings, construction of a parking lot to the east, and

renovation of the 1403 Richland Street house. These disturbed strata were composed of very dark,

artifact-rich soils, making feature identification during excavation difficult.

3-5

Figure 3-3. Photograph of Block 1.

STAGE IV: NORTHEAST CORNER

Stage IV excavations began 22 October

2011 and continued until 27 January 2012.

The goals of the Stage IV excavation were

threefold: (1) more fully define the nature of

operations at the lunch counter; (2) recover

surviving evidence of the first-generation house

(pre-1403 Richland Street); and (3) better

understand how the family used this yard area

over time. Designated Block 3, a total of 386

square feet were excavated within the far

southwest corner of the site, including the

removal of a six-foot section of sidewalk along

Richland Street (Figure 3-4). The southern

half of Block 3 (south of the brick drain) was

the area least disturbed by post-1970 activities

at the site and thus represents the most detailed

material record of mid-20th century activities

at the site. Block 3 also had the densest

population of planting-related features at the

site, the majority of which were associated with

Level 2 (early-to-mid 20th century).

SITE STRATIGRAPHY

Although site stratigraphy varied somewhat across the site, depending on the degree of

disturbance caused by post-1970 destruction, landscaping, and building activities in a given area,

excavations uncovered four distinct strata present across most of the site.

Level 1 was a loose black sandy loam that varied in thickness from 0.4 to 1.3 feet and showed

evidence of significant disturbance. Variation in depth is associated with the removal of various

structures on the site during the 1970s, as well as subsequent landscaping activities. No features were

associated with this level, but a tremendous number of artifacts were present as a result of mechanical

grading that sheared the tops off of various features. Artifacts were not recovered from this level.

Level 2 was a very dark grayish brown sandy silt, mottled with 5% strong brown sandy silt

and yellowish red sandy clay that varied in thickness from 0.2 to 0.8 feet. A number of features were

associated with this level, including early-to-mid twentieth century pipe trenches and trash deposits,

as well as large post molds (~10 inch diameter) related to construction activities that occurred on the

site circa 1912.

Level 3 was a dark yellowish brown sandy silt, mottled with 30% dark brown sandy silt and

20% strong brown sandy clay loam that varied in thickness from 0.09 to 0.20 feet. A number of

3-6

Figure 3-4. Stage IV, Block 3 excavations looking north.

features were associated with this level, including the foundation of the grocery store located at 1407

Richland Street, many post molds, and large trash deposits. Level 3 is related to construction

activities that occurred on the site between the 1870s and 1912, like the construction of the building

at 1407 Richland Street and the expansion of the main house at 1403 Richland Street.

Level 4 was subsoil, a strong brown compact sandy clay loam. Features associated with this

layer were small (mostly two-inch) post molds and large semi-circular features of unknown function.

Each of these levels corresponds to a distinct occupation era and correlates closely with

changes in head-of-household. Level 1 represents the landscaping and disturbance associated with

the post-1970 activities of the Columbia Housing Authority. Level 2, which also shows evidence of

disturbance, represents what is left of the circa 1912-1970 occupation of the site. Level 3 spans the

period between the 1870s and 1912. The lower-most stratum, Level 4, represents the pre-1870s

occupation of the site. Together, these strata represent not only four distinct family occupations, but

also four unique social eras: antebellum (Level 4), post-Reconstruction (Level 3), Jim Crow

segregation (Level 2), and contemporary heritage tourism (Level 1).

3-7

CHAPTER 4

FEATURE ASSOCIATIONS

THIS chapter presents a discussion of features/proveniences organized around unifying structures or themes. For example, under the 'Lunch Counter' header are all proveniences associated with that structure;

under the header 'Infrastructure' are all the artifacts and features associated with electricity, plumbing, gas,

etc. For a complete list of all features/proveniences documented at the site, please see Volume II. The 3x3

foot site map might also be useful for the following discussion.

THE LUNCH COUNTER

One of the most exciting discoveries at the site was the assemblage of features associated with the

lunch counter. From the documentary record, the counter is known to have been in operation from at least

1891 to 1909 and was located at 1401 Richland Street, directly on the northeast corner of Richland and

Marion Streets (Figure 4-1). In the city directories it was variously described as a 'grocery,' a 'restaurant,' a

'lunch room,' and a 'confectionery.' Owned and operated by John L. Simons, little else was known about

the counter until these discoveries.

The first exploration of the southwest corner of the site was in 2006 with Units 11 and 12. Unit 11

initially started as a shovel test pit (STP 104) to explore possible structural remains of the lunch counter.

Placement of the STP was directed by the Sanborn map of 1904, which suggested that the southeast corner

of the structure was 13-feet east of the western property line (inside of Marion Street sidewalk). Upon

encountering an in situ brick foundation pier (Feature 11E), the 1 x 1-foot STP was converted into a 2.5 x

2.5-foot unit and fully excavated. Since the STP had been excavated by natural strata, conversion to an

excavation unit was straightforward, with no loss of artifactual or contextual data.

At the surface of Level 4, a brick foundation pier (Feature 11E) was encountered and the STP

converted into an excavation unit. After conversion, cleaning of Level 4 just below the surface of the bricks

uncovered the outline of a builder's trench (Feature 11G). A second course of bricks associated with Feature

11E was discovered as Level 4 and Feature 11G were excavated (Figure 4-2). Becoming more clearly defined

with excavation, the shape of the builder's trench was a rough '+' shape running north/south and east/west

following the outline of the brick foundation, terminating at the surface of Level 5 (11J). The brick

foundation appeared to be composed of recycled bricks and brick bats with no evidence of mortar within

the joints. In situ bricks were left undisturbed after excavation; disturbed bricks were noted, removed, and

discarded in the field.

4-1

Using the 1904 Sanborn map as a guide, Unit

12 was placed directly over the indicated north wall,

17 feet north of the sidewalk. Instead of a north wall,

however, a large trash pit, a series of post holes/molds

unrelated to the counter, and a large pit feature

related to the early occupation of the site were

encountered. The only feature within Unit 12

associated with the lunch counter was a large,

incredibly well preserved trash pit at the surface of

Level 6 (Figures 4-3).

Since nothing in Unit 12 indicated the lunch

counter's north wall, as suggested by the 1904

Sanborn map, and the east-west dimension along the

front of the lunch counter was 13 feet, evidenced by

the brick foundation encountered in Unit 11, in 2007

a third unit, 2.5 x 2.5-feet, was placed over a

hypothesized northwest corner of the structure, 13

feet north of the Richland Street sidewalk, to test for

possible structural remains. Upon removal of Level 1,

a cinder block was encountered along the east wall of

the unit. This block was initially thought to be

associated with post-1970 activities but later

determined to be associated with the rear wall of the

counter. Directly west of the cinder block was a post

hole (13G) and associated post mold (13F),

representing the northwest corner of the lunch

counter. Post feature 13C, which intruded upon

posthole 13G might represent a replacement/support

post.

Stage IV excavation of Block 3 uncovered most

of the footprint of the lunch counter. Level 3 was a

thin stratum associated with the counter's destruction.

The extent of the level to the north was truncated by

post-1970 activities at roughly N444. To the south,

the stratum was intact, pinching out under the

Richland Street sidewalk in Unit 81. At the surface of

Level 4 was discovered a brick drain. Located within

the building along the rear (north) wall, the open

drain tied into Columbia's wastewater system, which

the City began to lay in 1902. A linear impression in

the cement where the brick drain tied into the

terracotta pipe marks the west wall of the counter.

Located along the outside of the rear wall was a row of

cinder blocks (Figures 4-4 & 5).

Lunch counters and other related, small-scale

backyard or corner commercial structures are rare in

the literature of historical archaeology. Searches and

4-2

Figure 4-1. The lunch counter on the northeast corner of

Richland and Marion streets, as depicted in 1904 on the

Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of Columbia. (Figure

courtesy of South Caroliniana Library)

Figure 4-2. Unit 11 at the top of Level 5 (11J), looking

southeast. The brick foundation was the southeast corner

of the lunch counter.

Figure 4-3. Excavation units associated with the lunch

counter prior to Block 3 excavations. In red is the

hypothesized location of the counter during 2006. The

semi-circle in Unit 12 is the lunch counter trash pit.

information requests on the histarch listserv only

brought to light two other lunch counter

(confectionery) excavations in North America. The

first is a 1940s-era lunch counter in Los Angeles,

California, excavated by South Central Coastal

Information Center, California State University—

Fullerton in 1999 as part of construction for the

Universal City Station Park and Ride facility

(Greenwood, et al. 2000). The second was excavated

in 1994 by Patrick Garrow of Garrow & Associates

(now TRC Garrow Associates) in Knoxville,

Tennessee, as part of the Knoxville Courthouse

Project. Given this lack of other lunch counter and

similar structures explored archaeologically, the

general dearth of (but growing) archaeologically-

known African American owned businesses, and the

importance of understanding these types of

enterprises within the context of a burgeoning

national consumer culture that went hand-in-hand

with regionally-specific, materially-grounded forms of

structural racism, the niche this excavation fills is

apparent.

We know the lunch counter was 14 x 14 feet.

The structure may have sat on brick piers, similar to

the house at 1904 Marion Street, or may have had a

brick foundation along the front and post-in-ground

construction along the sides and rear, in the same

style as the the grocery at 1407 Richland Street.

Evidence of a 10-inch post (13F) in Unit 13 along the

rear wall suggests post-in-ground construction. A six-

inch post (12J) in Unit 12, three feet north of the rear

wall, on one hand, might be evidence of an awning at

the rear of the building. The argument for an awning

is actually supported by a curious inconsistency in the

1904 Sanborn map. In all instances – except the rear

wall of the lunch counter – the 1904 Sanborn map

had a degree of error no greater than one foot, yet the

indicated rear wall on the map is four-feet north of

the actual wall. Since the maps are plan views, the

surveyor may have drawn the extent of the roof, four-

feet south of the structure's wall. On the other hand,

the six-inch post may have had a currently-unknown

function related to the operation of the lunch counter

but unrelated to structural support.

4-3

Figure 4-4. Block 3 excavations after Stage IV work. The

red line indicates the revised location of the lunch

counter. Note the brick drain and row of cinder blocks to

the north.

Figure 4-5. Photograph of the circa 1902-1909 brick

drain that was located within the lunch counter. The large

circle to the left was the trash pit associated with the

counter's burning and removal in 1909. The rear (north)

wall of the eatery was between the drain and the cinder

blocks.

We also know that 18 years after opening, the lunch counter closed in 1909. The large trash pit

discovered in Unit 12 provides an explanation for the disappearance of 1401 Richland Street. The trash pit

contained artifactual and structural remains of the counter. A thin lens of charcoal-laden black soil covered

the floor of the pit. Most of the bricks and brick bats recovered had a coating of soot on one face. There

were many instances of melted glass, as well as cracked but intact glass, indicating high heat followed by

rapid cooling (a demonstrative effect is archived by placing a glass marble in boiling water for several

minutes and then immersing the marble in cold water). Floor/wall tiles, as well as tableware ceramics, also

showed evidence of high heat. It appears that the lunch counter caught fire in 1909. Not enough to burn it

to the ground, but enough to require rebuilding and refurnishing. Following the fire, a large pit was dug

behind the structure, the un-salvageable or non-useful contents of the counter dumped in, the pit capped

with sandy clay (subsoil), and new topsoil laid down (Level 5).

PRE-1403 RICHLAND STREET HOUSE

The property known today as the Mann-Simons Site was purchased in 1843, but the first visual

depiction of structures on the property was in 1872 with the publication of the Bird's Eye View Map of

Columbia (Figure 4-6). Always thought to represent the current house standing at 1403 Richland Street, the

structure pictured on the northeast corner of Richland and Marion streets is now known to depict an earlier

structure, the house occupied by Ben DeLane, his wife Celia Mann, Celia's daughter, Agnes, and Ben and

Venus Brown's daughter, Mary.

Nine postholes/molds associated with the pre-1403 Richland Street house were discovered during

Stages II and IV excavations: Features 12W, 66F, 71T, 71W, 73L, 77W, 78D, 78G, and 81G (Figures 4-4

& 7). Posthole/mold feature 12W represents the northwest corner of the pre-1403 Richland Street house.

4-4

Figure 4-6. Bird's Eye View Map of Columbia, South Carolina, by C.N. Drie, 1872. (Courtesy of the Library of

Congress)

Posthole/mold feature 77W represents the southwest

corner of the building. Posthole/mold feature 81G –

discovered below the Richland Street sidewalk,

extending beyond the current property boundary – is

likely the remains of the southwest corner of the front

porch.

From these findings, we know the pre-1403

Richland Street house measured 15 feet north-south.

The east-west extent is not known, since the footprint

of the new house stands partially over the footprint of

the old house. Together, the archaeology and Bird's

Eye View Map of Columbia suggest the house of Ben

and Celia was a hall-and-parlor style building, with a

central hallway and a room to each side, similar, if not

identical, to the first incarnation of the house at 1904

Marion Street.

1904 MARION STREET

The house at 1904 Marion Street, directly be-

hind the house standing today at 1403 Richland

Street, differed radically in terms of style from its

larger counterpart (Figure 4-8). From documents we

know that the house was built in the 1870s. A variety

of different features were encountered in 12 units that

were associated with three incarnations of the build-

ing. The following is a discussion of the architecture-

related features. Associated infrastructure features are

found under the header “Infrastructure” later in this

chapter.

Known only through archaeology, the first incar-

nation of the house was a 15 x 32 foot hall-and-parlor

style building resting on un-mortored brick piers with

a small front porch (Figure 4-9). The southwest cor-

ner pier was located within Unit 14 (Feature 14N).

Uncovered one stratum above the brick pier the post-

hole/mold (Feature 14T) located directly east of the

pier and in-line with the southern wall of the building

was likely the remains of a secondary support post.

Post feature 14W may also be the remains of a sup-

port post. The southeast corner of the building was

found in Unit 15 (Feature 15F). This 'L'-shapped

pier was the first indication that the was first a long,

narrow building. A second pier along the east wall of

the building (Feature 18E) was uncovered five-feet

north in Unit 18. The third pier was Feature 56H, an

'L'-shapped pier at the northeast corner of the build-

4-5

Figure 4-7. South view of the northeast corner of Richland

and Marion streets. The footprint of the house that pre-

dated the current house at 1403 Richland Street is

outlined in yellow. The footprint of the lunch counter at

1401 Richland Street is outlined in red. Notice the brick

pier at the southeast corner of the lunch counter. The

lunch counter trash pit is the large circular pit at bottom

center.

Figure 4-9. Evolution of the house at 1904 Marion

Street. Pink is the first incarnation, followed by blue and

then yellow.

Figure 4-8. Late 1960s photograph of 1904 Marion

Street. The back porch of 1403 Richland Street is at the

right. (Courtesy of Columbia Housing Authority)

ing located three-feet south of the 1904/1906 Marion

Street property line.

The second incarnation of the building, repre-

senting a 150 square-foot addition to the rear of the

house, is detailed on the 1904, 1910 and 1919 San-

born Fire Insurance maps. Brick pier 31H, supporting

the back steps leading from what was the kitchen by

1969, was placed directly atop Feature 31C-Complex,

a trash pit with a TPQ date of 1892. Given that this

addition is depicted in the 1904 Sanborn map, we

know the first addition to the house was constructed

sometime between 1892 and 1904. Brick pier Feature

35F is associated with the northeast corner of the first

addition to (second incarnation of) the house. Two

post-related features may or may not be associated with the

house. Features 17K and 59C/D were the remains of posts

nearly in-line with the east wall of the house. The posts may

have been additional support for the house, or could represent

either remains of one or more fence lines or a structure that

pre-dated the addition to the house.

The third incarnation of the building came with the con-

struction of a second addition to the rear of the house during

the early 1920s, represented by four brick piers (Features 23F,

25E, 33F, 37C) and an addition to brick pier Feature 56H

(creating a 'Z'-shaped pier).

1407 RICHLAND STREET

The structure at 1407 Richland Street was built

sometime during the 1870s or early 1880s (Figure 4-10).

Because of the sampling strategy employed during Stage II

excavations and the placement of the parking lot during the

early 1970s, only one unit – Unit 10 – and one STP –

STP101 – contained features associated with the building

(Figure 4-11). Excavation uncovered the foundation line of

the west wall running north-south (Feature 10J), as well as

three posthole/mold features. Feature 10M was a

posthole/mold associated with the west well. Feature 10L was

possibly the remains of a post hole/mold that existed prior to

the 1407 Richland Street structure, or was associated with

1407 Richland Street but represents an earlier phase of

construction. Features 10G and 10K were a posthole and

mold, likely a replacement or addition, possibility associated

with the construction of the addition depicted on the 1910

Sanborn Fire Insurance map.

4-6

Figure 4-10. Late 1960s photograph of 1407 Richland

Street. (Courtesy of Columbia Housing Authority)

Figure 4-11. Planview drawing of 1407

Richland Street detailing the excavation units

relative to the building. STP101 is lower-left in

the illustration.

STP101 was placed along the front edge of the

building to test for foundation remains. Encountered

just below ground surface were a brick foundation,

likely a pier, and a six-inch terracotta wastewater pipe

running north-south to the street. The mortar on the

bricks were speckled with drops of red paint.

THE PRIVY

An unlined privy pit was encountered in Unit 39

(Figure 4-12), extending into the west wall of Block

2. Only the exposed portion of the pit was excavated,

measuring five feet from north to south (full extent)

and 4.4 feet from east to west (excavated extent), with

a depth below stratum 39B of 3.15 feet. On the

southeast corner was a 0.15 x 0.35 foot (2 x 4 inch)

posthole extending 0.95 feet below the surface of

stratum 39B. The profile of a second posthole,

possibly a replacement post, reinforced with a piece of

granite, was discovered 2.5 feet west of the corner

post (center-to-center) along the southern edge of the

pit, extending one-foot below stratum 39B. No

evidence of structural remains was found along the

eastern edge. Although speculative, there is some

suggestion of parallel posts along the northern edge,

evidenced by slight 0.35 feet (four inch) indentations

directly across from the posts along the southern edge.

The base of a pier (Feature 39F), composed of three

bricks, was discovered off the northeast corner of the

privy pit. Its association with the privy structure is

unknown but possible, given the lack of evidence for

any other structure in the vicinity.

The pit contained seven layers consisting of a

series of lenses and deposits of coal, architectural

debris, sandy silt, and sandy clay. The upper layers

were all heavily dominated by coal and byproducts of

burning coal, making it difficult to excavate each layer

separately. Artifacts from layers 39C, 39D-Upper, and 38E were bagged together as 39C—a mix of furnace

and/or stove waste and household debris. Layer 39D-Lower consisted almost entirely of coal and coal

byproducts, with very few artifacts, suggesting it was the product of someone cleaning out a coal-burning

furnace and/or stove. Layer 39J (Level 3) was composed almost entirely of architectural debris, primarily

brick bats, mortar, nails, and large pieces of ferrous and non-ferrous sheet metal, in a matrix of mottled

loamy sand, and certainly represents a deconstruction/demolition event, likely the removal of the privy

structure (Figure 4-13). Level 4 (39K) was a thin lens of very dark brown loamy sand roughly centered in

the privy pit extending to the north. A soil sample was taken from the center of the lens for later flotation.

Layer 39L (Level 5) was a sandy clay heavily mottled with sandy silt containing few artifacts. The bottom-

4-7

Figure 4-12. View of the privy upon excavation, looking

west. The southeast corner (posthole) is lower-left in the

photograph.

Figure 4-13. The privy at the surface of Level 3 (39J).

most layer (39M, Level 6) was an extremely thin lens (0.01 feet) of very dark brown loamy sand. As with

39K, a soil sample was taken for later flotation.

All six layers of privy fill provided information concerning the use and abandonment of the privy

(Figure 4-14). Starting from the bottom up, the TPQ date for Level 6 (39M) is circa 1870, based on two

wire-drawn nails (#39M-7). For Level 5 (39L), the TPQ is circa 1860, based on two bottles made in post-

bottom molds (#39L-9 and 39L-19). The TPQ date for Level 4 (39K) is 1903, based on an electrical

insulator cleat marked “E P Co”, short for Electrical

Porcelain Company (#39K-18). For Level 3 (30J),

the TPQ is 1915, based on a soda pop bottle base

embossed with “Chero Cola” (#39J-13).

From the archaeology, we have a general idea of

what the privy looked like (Figure 4-15). The privy

superstructure was wood frame construction, five-

feet north to south, with 2 x 4-inch or 4 x 4-inch

posts on 2.5-foot centers along the north and south

walls. East-west dimensions are not known,

although a multiple of 2.5-feet is likely. Although

speculative, it may have been a five-foot square

structure, with the entry on the east side, given the

lack of evidence for support posts along that wall.

The superstructure may have been supported

further by bricks/brick bats, either as piers or one or

more rows, suggested by the large number of brick

bats encountered in Level 3 (39J). The fragments of

sheet metal suggest a roof fully or partially

4-8

Figure 4-14. West profile drawing of the privy.

Figure 4-15. Planview drawing of the privy and

surrounding features.

composed of sheet metal. No other roofing materials

were encountered.

The privy substructure was an unlined pit above

the water table, possibly as deep as four feet, given the

post-1970s disturbance. Deposits appear to represent

three distinct events. The first is Level 6 (39M), the

bottom-most layer, the remains of night-soil, or use-

fill. Level 6 is a thin lens of night-soil along the

bottom of the privy after the final cleaning event.

The second event represented by the archaeology

relates to Levels 5, 4, and 3. Level 5 (39L) appeared

to be fill-material deposited at the end of the privy's

use-life, suggested by the presence of a possible second

layer of night-soil (Level 4, 39K) on top of Level 5, as

well as the layer's slopping southern profile. Level 3

(39J) represents the destruction of the superstructure

sometime after 1915. Numerous artifact cross-mends

were found between Levels 3, 4, and 5.

The final event, represented by layers C, 39D-

Lower (coal furnace waste), D-Upper, and E, are

contemporaneous deposits of furnace/stove and

household waste postdating the destruction of the

privy superstructure.

OTHER BACKYARD STRUCTURES

The 1919 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map details a

small, 10 x 13 foot structure in the backyard area

(Figure 4-16). While the structure itself is completely

within the 1904 Marion Street lot, the door, which is

directly on the property line, faces south, toward the

rear of the 1403 Richland Street house. The structure

does not appear on the 1910 Sanborn map,

suggesting it was built sometime between 1910 and 1919. Four posthole/mold features were encountered in

Unit 19. When the Sanborn map is placed over the excavation map, the posts are directly in-line with the

southeast corner and east wall of the structure. Unfortunately, artifacts from these features do not provide a

more refined date for the structure.

From the beginning of the project, it was assumed that the structure depicted in the 1919 Sanborn

map was the same structure pictured in a 1969 photograph of the backyard area (Figure 4-17). This

assumption proved incorrect. Using Paterek's technique of photographic superimposition discussed in

Chapter 2, and with the help of Andrea Palmiotto, I was able to superimpose the 1969 photograph over the

current backyard landscape. Using a total station, I recorded the positions of the southeast, southwest, and

northwest corners of the structure and plotted these on the excavation map. The structure in the 1969

photograph is a 12 x 12 foot structure in the center of the backyard, straddling Blocks 1 and 2. In Block 1,

the northwest corner lines-up directly with posthole/mold 34K/J and posthole 34F along the western edge.

4-9

Figure 4-16. Detail from the 1919 Sanborn Fire

Insurance Map of Columbia, noting the location of the

backyard structure (center). (Courtesy of South

Caroliniana Library)

Figure 4-17. Circa late 1960s photograph of the backyard

area between 1403 Richland Street (right), 1407-1/2

Richland Street (center), and 1904 Marion Street (right,

out of picture). The outbuilding depicted is the second

generation building.

Extrapolating the footprint of the

structure to form a rectangle, the

northeast corner lines-up with a

posthole/mold (Feature 47G) lined

with brickbats encountered in Block

2 (Figure 4-18). Construction for

this second generation backyard

structure occurred sometime after

1956, as the 1956 Sanborn map is

identical to the 1919 map.

Unfortunately, the function(s)

of the structures is unknown. The

second generation structure seen in

the photograph suggests it may have

been a shed or general-use

outbuilding. Although highly

speculative, the first generation

structure seen on the 1919 and 1956

Sanborn maps may have been a

poultry house. An oral history

interview with Bernice Robinson

Connors, who grew up and lived at

the Mann-Simons house from 1912

to 1970, remembers her mother,

Amanda Simons, raising chickens on

the property (Deas-Moore 1998:28).

INFRASTRUCTURE

A number of infrastructure-

related features and artifacts were

encountered/recovered. Although no

evidence of clean water lines were

encountered, features related to gas, sewerage, and electricity were encountered across the site, providing a

site-specific record of infrastructure development for the neighborhood, as well as providing a foundation

for an unusual perspective on community (see Crockett 2011).

ELECTRICITY

Four electrical grounding rods were discovered during excavation. Grounding rods are used to

provide an earth ground (zero potential, i.e. voltage) for electrical systems, thus reducing the risk of shock,

fire, etc. in the case of electrical shorts or lightning. Although dedicated grounding rods are still used, most

homes today use the incoming cold water pipe as a grounding point. This was not an option for the Mann-

Simons family, who lived in a neighborhood wired for electricity before being piped for water.

Each grounding rod was a 3/4-inch diameter iron rod driven into the ground. The flattened top-

end suggests a hammer was used to drive the rods. All four rods showed evidence of a copper wire

4-10

Figure 4-18. Planview illustration of the backyard outbuildings. The lower

building is the first generation depicted on the 1919 Sanborn map. The

upper building is the second generation depicted in the photograph of the

backyard (Figure 4-17).

connection via brazing (or other non-mechanical connection technique) several inches below top. The rod

in Unit 15 had an additional mechanical (i.e. clamp) connection for a second grounding point.

Unfortunately, grounding rods are difficult to date via their archaeological context. A rod driven through a

feature and a feature created around a rod look the same archaeologically, and the rods themselves extend

above and below all cultural strata.

Interestingly, three of the four rods (those in Units 14, 15, and 31) are associated with the house at

1904 Marion Street. The fourth rod (Unit 10) is associated with the grocery store at 1407 Richland Street.

Of the three associated with the 1904 Marion Street house, the rod in Unit 31 was discovered within the

Feature 31C complex (the large trash pit discussed earlier), east of the foundation pier, on the northeast

corner of the first addition to the house. A subsequent addition, which enclosed that portion of the outside

structure, would have forced a relocation of the grounding rod. The remaining two rods are both candidates

for the relocation, although their side-by-side placement, only 10 feet apart along the south wall of the

house, is puzzling. Although speculative, the presence of a galvanized clamp on the rod in Unit 15 suggests

it is of more recent origin than the rod in Unit 14, or at least most recently used, further suggesting that the

rod in Unit 14 is associated with the first wiring of the house, the rod in Unit 31 is associated with a second

wiring event, and the rod in Unit 15 is associated with the most recent change in house wiring. The reason

for needing to move the grounding point for the electrical system 10 feet to the east is unknown and

puzzling.

End-point artifacts related to electricity were recovered from three features. A fragment of

grounding wire (#31C-77) – a solid copper wire with a diameter of 0.103-inches – was recovered from the

uppermost layer of the Feature 31C-Complex trash pit discussed earlier. This wire is likely related to the

grounding rod discussed above. A two-wire electrical insulator cleat (#39K-18) was found in Level 4 of the

privy deposit, with a maker's mark “E P Co”, or Electrical Porcelain Company of East Liverpool, Ohio, in

operation between 1903 and 1911 (Tod 1977:79). All of the remaining electricity-related artifacts were

found in the lunch counter trash deposit. In the uppermost layer was a one-inch, 2-wire split knob electrical

insulator (#12P-13) and a pull-chain fragment (#12P-25) of the type used for electrical switches, such as for

lamps, fans, etc. The chain consisted of 16 linked balls of diameter 3/32-inch. In the lower layer was a 1/2-

inch diameter carbon rod (#12T-256) of the type used in arc lamps, a pressed tin, 2-wire molding connector

with a mounting hole for a screw (#12T-57), a fragment of a Brush-Swan light bulb receptacle (#12T-378),

and a 3/4-inch conduit bushing locknut (#12T-51). Two types of wire were also recovered from the lower

layer, both related to interior wiring. The first, represented by two fragments, was a rubber coated, braided,

single conductor solid core copper wire (#12T-190 and 12T-191), with a diameter of 1/16-inch. Single

braided, rubber insulated wire was introduced in 1889 (Tod 1977). The second was a fragment of single

conductor, solid core copper wire with potential residue of a rubber coating (#12T-192), of diameter 1/32-

inch.

GAS

Three units (8, 10, and 14) contained in situ piping for gas. Each pipe was 1-inch coated steel.

Piping in Unit 14 supplied gas to the house at 1904 Marion Street. Its location on the south side of the

house suggests that the either the furnace or water heater – or both – were located at that end of the house.

A pipe connected via a “T” coupling extending to the south might have supplied gas to the lunch counter.

Gas for the main house at 1403 Richland Street was supplied through the line uncovered in Unit 8.

Interestingly, the pipe was bent to form a 90-degree angle instead of using an elbow fitting. While the gas

lines in Units 8 and 14 run square to the site (and hence, the street system), the piping in Unit 10 runs at a

45-degree angle underneath the footprint of the grocery at 1407 Richland Street. Given that the trench for

the gas line (Feature 10D) intrudes upon the grocery's foundation trench (Feature 10J) and structural

4-11

posthole (Feature 10G), this line was most likely laid down sometime after the grocery's destruction in the

early 1970s. Extrapolating beyond the unit boundaries, the lines uncovered in Units 8 and 10 would

intersect at a 45-degree angle at roughly N458 E575, suggesting that the gas line in Unit 8 represents an

earlier piping event, likely the original line for the house at 1403 Richland Street. Unfortunately, dating the

gas lines is problematic, given the lack of diagnostic artifacts within the pipe trenches and the largely

unchanging methods of natural gas piping/coupling, etc.

SEWERAGE

Evidence of two generations of sewerage was uncovered at the site (Figure 4-19). The first

generation is represented by 6-inch diameter terracotta pipelines, one running northeast-southwest at a 45-

degree angle though Units 17 and 38, a second connecting the brick drain from the lunch counter to the

street, and a third in STP101 running north-south from Richland Street along the west wall of 1407

Richland Street. Unfortunately, it is unknown where the line running at a 45-degree angle may have

terminated. Everything south of Unit 17 up to the back of the 1403 Richland Street house was destroyed

during the 1974 renovations. Since there is no evidence of the pipeline in Block 2, the line running

northeast from Unit 38 likely turned north within the space between Blocks 1 and 2 or, less likely,

terminated within this space, directly underneath the footprint of the second generation backyard structure

discussed earlier and seen in the 1969 photograph of the backyard. The segment of pipe uncovered in Unit

17 had an applied concrete patch, presumably to mend a cracked or broken section. While the pipes

4-12

Figure 4-19. Cast iron sewerage pipes which ran into the house at 1904 Marion Street. The 2-1/2 inch pipe ran into the first

addition to the house (the kitchen); the 5 inch pipe ran into part of the second addition, a bathroom.

themselves offer no help in dating, and no usefully

diagnostic artifacts were present in the trenches, a

trash pit (Feature 17L) in Unit 17 intruded upon by

the trench suggests that the pipe was laid sometime

after the 1880s. A second terracotta line was

uncovered near the surface in STP 101, running

north from (perpendicular to) Richland Street along

the west side of the structure at 1407 Richland Street.

None of the exposed portions of terracotta pipe, nor

their extrapolated extents, suggest where, if at all, they

may have tied into any of the structures at the site.

The second generation of sewerage at the site

was represented by a 2-1/2 inch cast iron pipe

running east-west in Unit 59 and a 5-inch cast iron

pipe running northwest-southeast in Unit 36. Resting

in a hand-dug trench, a continuation of the trench

(F17) exposed by Clement, et al. in Unit N490 E545, the 5-inch pipeline is particularly interesting for three

reasons. First, the exposed portion of the trench in Unit 36 represents a termination point. Although

segments of the pipe had completely rusted away, still intact was an in situ brick bat that would have

supported a 90-degree elbow joint, giving us the exact location of where the line entered the house at 1904

Marion Street. This entry point is located underneath the second addition to the house, which is the likely

location of the bathroom. Assuming the construction of an indoor bathroom correlates with the closure of

the privy, this line would have been laid sometime after 1918 (the TPQ of the privy deposit), but not later

than the early 1920s. Second, the end portion of the pipe is a fitting with a threaded 1-inch opening (Figure

4-20). The method of sealing the joint between the pipe and fitting is consistent with plumbing techniques

of the early twentieth century: (1) the 3.5-inch long cast iron fitting was placed within the mouth of the

pipe; (2) a length of fibrous rope was pounded into the space between the fitting and interior of the pipe;

(3) molten lead was poured into the gap between pipe and fitting, thus sealing the joint. The third reason

this pipe is particularly interesting is its orientation to the terracotta pipeline. If both lines are extrapolated

beyond their excavated extents, they cross at a 90-degree angle at approximately N495 E544.5. Given that

they represent two generations of sewerage, their opposite orientations suggest a reorienting of tie-in points

to the main sewer line running under the streets, and thus a change in the city-wide sewerage system.

The 2-1/2 inch diameter cast iron drain pipe was uncovered in Unit 59. Although the pipe was

broken, the hand-dug trench extended into the west wall of Unit 59, underneath the first addition to the

house. Although speculative, the addition might have been the location of the kitchen. Unfortunately, the

trench contained no diagnostic artifacts that might serve to date the line. If both cast iron lines are

extrapolated beyond their excavated extents, the 2-1/2 inch line ties into the 5-inch line at a 45-degree angle

(the standard angle for drain lines) at approximately N498.5 E541.

PLANTING SPACES

Features related to plantings were evident across the site. In the front yard of 1403 Richland Street,

roughly six-feet from the front porch in Unit 5, during Stage I excavations was discovered a row of bricks

and brick bats delineating a plant bed (Feature 5C; Figure 4-21). During Stage IV excavations, uncovered at

the surface of Level 2 was the continuation of this brick feature (Figure 22). Level 2 represents the period

between 1909, when the lunch counter was removed, and 1970, when the house went from private to

4-13

Figure 4-20. Termination point of the 5-inch cast iron

sewerage pipe running into the house at 1904 Marion

Street.

public space. The linear space between the rows of

bricks was a walkway, heavily populated on each

side with various-sized plants.

Multiple planting spaces were uncovered in the

back yard. The difference between Blocks 1 and 2 is

striking: Block 1 contained no evidence for any

plantings while a third of Block 2 is plant related,

although judging by the 1969 photograph of the

backyard area, the unexcavated spaces directly south

of Block 1 contained some plantings by at least the

mid-twentieth century (which were subsequently

obscured by post-1970 demolition activities). The

only plant-related feature uncovered in the backyard

area not in Block 2 was in Unit 20—a single,

shallow, irregular depression (Feature 20C). The

feature was truncated by the unit's south and west

walls, with exposed dimensions of 2.95-feet east-

west, 1.1-feet north-south (maximum extent), a

depth of 0.45-feet below the surface of Stratum

20D (Level 3), had nearly vertical walls, was

composed of a loose, black sandy silt containing few

artifacts, less than 1% charcoal flecks, and

surrounded by small rootmolds within Level 3.

Level 3 in Unit 20 correlates with Level 2 (Stratum

B) in Blocks 1 and 2.

Block 2 planting spaces (along with Feature

20C) were quite different from those of the front

yard, at least in terms of layout (Figure 4-23).

Where the front yard was composed of linearly

delineated spaces, Block 2 findings suggest that the

backyard contained a collection of closely spaced, amorphous planting areas without delineation via bricks

or other materials. In addition to nearly all of the larger plant spaces intruding upon each other in Block 2,

they also intruded upon multiple features below, including several large trash deposits, making boundary

definition challenging and deriving use-dates nearly impossible, since gardening activities brought up

artifacts from underlying features as well as continuing to incorporate new artifacts throughout their use-life.

Nonetheless, two generations of planting spaces / backyard layouts were evident.

The first generation of plantings is represented by Features 45C, 48L/M, and 53C. They form a

single, contiguous garden space that was arbitrarily divided into four proveniences during excavation so as to

generate feature profiles and minimize the chance of mistakenly lumping together discrete features. Post-

excavation analysis confirmed they are all part of a single, very large feature that intruded upon multiple

underlying features and was itself intruded upon by multiple features. The garden space extended 14.5-feet

east-west (full extent) and 12.5-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2). Figure 4-24

depicts the floor of the feature, highlighting how individual depth-below-surface measurements were largely

meaningless in this space. Broadly though, the feature was shallower in the western portion, in the range of

0.3-feet, gradually deepening to the east (0.74-feet maximum) and south (1.27-feet maximum). The soil

matrix also changed along the same pattern. The western portion was composed of a brown loamy sand

mottled with dark grayish brown sandy silt, gradually transitioning to a dark grayish brown sandy silt

4-14

Figure 4-21. Front yard row of bricks delineating a plant

bed in Unit 5, looking east-southeast.

Figure 4-22. Bricks delineating a walkway between

planting spaces on the southwest corner of the site.

mottled with a brown loamy sand. Charcoal fleck inclusions varied from 1 to 5%. Artifact density increased

with depth, as did artifact size, with larger artifacts recovered from the base of the feature. Patterns of artifact

density and size are attributable to a complex of trash pits (Feature 48N) underlying the planting space.

Gardening activities would have disturbed the underlying trash deposits, thereby mixing those artifacts into

the lower portions of the garden's soil matrix. The intrusive Feature 49J-Complex, a large, circular trash

deposit, had very clearly defined boundaries and is it unlikely that this trash deposit contributed any artifacts

to those recovered from the garden space.

The second generation of plantings formed not a contiguous area, as did the first generation, but

rather multiple spaces in close proximity. Feature 54F, the largest of the second generation plant spaces

uncovered, located next to the building at 1407-1/2 Richland Street, measured 5.65-feet east-west

(truncated by the east wall of Block 2), 5.8-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2), and a

maximum depth of 1.3-feet. Composition was a very dark grayish brown sandy silt mottled with 30%

4-15

Figure 4-23. Backyard planting areas uncovered in Block 2. Green indicates first-generation plantings, pink for second

generation, and blue for possible second-generation. The blue line at the top is the property boundary. The privy is seen in the

upper left.

yellowish red sandy clay and contained multiple

small, thin lenses of brown loamy sand. Unlike

generation one plantings, Feature 54F did not intrude

upon any features below, resulting in an artifact

assemblage representative of the use-life of the

planting space.

One planting, Feature 54J, was a shallow

depression located within the boundaries of 54F and

measured 1.55-feet north-south, 1.05-feet east-west,

and 0.35-feet deep. Feature definition came from

differences in soil compactness (54J was much more

loose) and charcoal inclusions (54J contained 20%

charcoal flecks), otherwise soil composition was the

same as Feature 54F.

Feature 53G was a single planting intruding upon Feature 53C, a first generation planting space.

Circular, shallow and bowl-shaped, Feature 53G measured 1.3-feet in diameter and extended 0.2-feet below

surface. Composition was a very dark grayish brown sandy silt mottled with 5% yellowish red sandy clay

and less than 5% charcoal flecks.

Feature 48C intruded upon the south side of Feature 48L/M, a first generation planting, as well as

a large trash deposit (Feature 48N-Complex) underneath both features. Measuring 3.1-feet north-south,

3.1-feet east-west, and 1.3-feet deep, soil was composed of a very dark grayish brown sandy silt mottled with

10% black sandy loam and included 5% charcoal flecks.

Based on their spatial arrangement, several plantings are likely contemporaneous with those of the

second generation, although this is not definite. On the south side of the privy feature, near the southeast

corner, was a shallow, bowl-like depression (Feature 43D) composed of loose, black silty sand containing

1% charcoal flecks. Measuring 1.3-feet east-west, 1.95-feet north-south, and 0.35-feet deep, Feature 43D is

the only plant-related feature found in close proximity to the privy.

Features 48K and 52D were single plantings located west and south of Feature 48C. Feature 48K

was a shallow, oval-ish depression measuring 0.6-feet east-west, 0.8-feet north-south, and 0.27-feet below

surface, composed of a brown sandy silt mottled with 50% very dark grayish brown sandy silt, with 5%

charcoal fleck inclusions. Feature 52D represents either a single planting space or several plantings grouped

closely together. Measuring 2.1-feet north-south and 2.25-feet east-west, Feature 52D was intruded upon to

the north by Feature 52J, a posthole/mold with brickbat supports at its base. Soil composition was the same

as Feature 48K.

The northern-most planting space was Feature 41D, an irregularly shaped area measuring 5.85-feet

east-west and 4.7-feet north-south. Depth was 1.69-feet below surface to the east and 0.62-feet below

surface to the west. Soil composition was a dark gray clayey loam mottled with 5% dark brown silty sand

and 1% yellowish red sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks. Underneath Feature 41D was a small trash

deposit. Unfortunately, this trash deposit was not provenienced separately during excavation, resulting in an

artifact assemblage representing both deposition and planting activities.

FENCES

As previously discussed, the primary difficulty of interpreting the results of the 1998 excavations

was attributing patterns to people. The two 10 x 10 foot excavation units were in the 1906 Marion Street

4-16

Figure 2-48. Floor surface of the planting areas in Block

2.

lot (not occupied by the Mann-Simons family) and the two 5 x 5 foot units were in the 1904 Marion Street

lot. Although reasonably tight TPQ dates were produced for various features, and so could be correlated

with specific occupants of the lots, there was no way to determine which household actually contributed to

which deposit, and thus, no way to correlate artifact patterns with particular households. Findings in Units

21, 22, and 55 changed this by providing direct, date-able evidence of a fence line along the northern 1904

Marion Street property line (Figure 4-25). Evidence for the segregation of spaces allows for correlating

patterns with people.

Seven posts were encountered in the three units—five on the Mann-Simons (south) side and two

on 1906 Marion Street (north) side. Lauran Riser (2009) excavated these units as part of her MA thesis. She

had difficulty understanding stratigraphy, and so often lumped together discrete proveniences. Nonetheless,

feature definition at the surface of Stratum B was very clear and provides all the evidence we need for

understanding these segregated spaces.

All of the fence-related features were located on the Mann-Simons (south) side of the property line.

Features 22D and 22E were both in situ wooden posts. Feature 22D extended 1.41-feet below surface.

Feature 22E, which extended 1.12-feet below surface) looks to be a replacement post or a post added for

additional support. Feature 22C is the lumped-together postmold/hole for both posts and contained only

non-diagnostic artifacts. Feature 55H, 5.8-feet east of 22D (center-to-center), is a third in situ wooden fence

post, extending 1.8-feet below surface, within postmold/hole Feature 55G. A TPQ date of 1892 for Feature

55G came from a crown cap bottle closure. Located 2.2-feet east of post 55H, Feature 55D is the fourth in

situ wooden fence post, extending 0.89-feet below surface, sitting within postmold/hole 55C. A TPQ date

of circa 1890 for Feature 55C came from a cobalt blue medicine/pharmaceutical bottle fragment.

On the north side of the property line were two posts which might be associated with the fence,

but, given their distance from the fence line established by the posts south of the property line, other, non-

fence related functions related to activities within the 1906 Marion Street lot are more probable. Feature 55J

is a postmold/hole that was visible on the surface of Stratum B, but was not excavated separately from

Feature 55I, so no further information is available (note that provenience designation 'I' is a deviation from

established methodology for the site). Feature 55F was a wooden post extending 0.4-feet below surface and

located within posthole 55E. A TPQ date of 1874 for Feature 55E came from a brass shoe grommet.

Further evidence for a fence comes indirectly from non-post related features on both sides of the

property line. Features 21C, 21D, and 21F were all small trash deposits placed close to, but never extending

over, the property line, suggesting a barrier (like a fence), or minimally, an awareness of distinct spaces that

4-17

Figure 4-25. Features in Block 2 associated with fences along the northern property line (outlined in blue) between

the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street lots.

guided the use of these spaces. A small

surface stain was also visible along the fence

line in the eastern portion of Unit 21. TPQ

dates for the trash deposits correlates well

with the fence postmold/hole dates. A

fragment of a double-side seam sanitary tin

can gives Feature 21C a date of 1904.

Features 21D and 21F have dates of 1909,

based on fragments of Bakelite plastic.

BURIALS

Two cats, two dogs, an intact

chicken and an unidentifiable animal were

recovered from the site—four burials and

one possible burial. Three burials were

located in close proximity to each other

within one of the backyard planting spaces

next to the building at 1407-1/2 Richland

Street—in essence, it was a backyard pet

cemetery (Figure 4-26). Discovered

approximately three feet from the west wall

of the building was a single grave (Feature

54M) containing the fully articulated

skeletons of a small dog and a cat laying on

their left sides with heads facing west-

southwest (Figure 4-27). The feature

measured 0.7-feet east-west, 0.65-feet north-

south. Unfortunately, the skeletons offer no

clues regarding causes of death or why the

two animals were buried together—

seemingly they died, or were at least buried, at the same time.

A second burial was located directly between the first burial and the 1407-1/2 Richland Street

building (Feature 54K). Unfortunately, a trench had been dug for electrical conduit running to a street lamp

for the parking lot, resulting in the loss of the animal's head and upper body. No artifacts were found within

this feature either, and hence, no date can be assigned for the burial. Although, given the close proximity of

the two burials (assuming the soil conditions are similar), the more advanced state of decomposition of this

animal suggests that it is an earlier burial than the first. Decomposition (along with its missing head) also

made it difficult to determine what kind of animal it was. Preliminary inspection suggests that it was a small

dog (Wallman, pers. comm.). Dimensions of the grave were 0.7-feet north-south and 0.85-feet east-west

(truncated by the trench).

There may have been a third pet burial in the backyard, but the bones were so decomposed that not

only was identification of the animal highly problematic, but so, too, the recovery of bones. This feature

(54L), measuring 0.85-feet north-south by 0.8-feet east-west, was located directly north of the second

burial, also along the side of the building. But unlike either of the two previous burials, this feature

contained a modest number of artifacts—by all accounts, the artifacts appear to be small fragments of

household trash, including bottle fragments. The top few centimeters of the feature also contained fish

4-18

Figure 4-26. Features associated with pet burials within the

backyard.

Figure 4-27. Skeleton of a small dog buried in a backyard garden

space (Feature 54M).

bones and scales. All of which argue against the

idea that this was a pet burial. An argument for pet

burial comes from its spatial location: in the plant

space, along the side of a building, directly next to

and in line with two known burials.

The fourth burial was discovered in the

west side-yard area just north of the former

location of the lunch counter (Feature 61C). In an

area almost completely devoid of artifacts was a

chicken (Figure 4-28). Resting in a grave

measuring 1.45 feet east-west by 1.50 feet north-

south, the fully articulated chicken was laying on

its right side, head to the east, with its left wing

over its body. Based on the burial's stratigraphic

position (the layer in which it was discovered), the

chicken was buried sometime during the early to

mid-20th century.

4-19

Figure 4-28. A pet chicken burial uncovered in Block 3, along

the west side of 1403 Richland Street.

some of the artifacts in that level are not associated

directly with the lunch counter, only artifacts from

the Lower level are presented here. A total of

3,721 artifacts (representing 1,034 MNI) and

1,084 grams (983 fragments) of faunal material

were recovered from the Lower level. The

following discussion is organized by functional

type and provides information as needed in

interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other

archaeological phenomena, as well as highlighting

artifacts of special note found in the lunch counter

deposit. Table 5-1 presents the same data

summarized in terms of Object Names and

minimum counts.

PERSONAL ITEMS

Including subcategories, a total of 168

artifacts were recovered from the Lower level

belonging to the Personal group, representing 133

individual items. Items not belonging to a

subcategory were quite varied. Two fragments of

graphite pencil lead were found—one square, one

cylindrical. The mold lines of the cylindrical lead

were visible, giving it a TPQ date of 1876. Also

related to writing was a brass, ink bottle screw-cap

closure. The cast iron, right-handed, 7-inch

straight scissors could alternately be placed in the

Personal-Sewing category. The riveted, brass clasp

of a woman's handbag was found (#12T-241),

along with a carved bone spine tip from an

umbrella. Fragments from a white, molded

graniteware water pitcher or ewer were also

recovered, as well as a one pound cast iron balance

weight for a scale (#12T-52).

Four tobacco-related artifacts were recovered,

including two pipe fragments. The first was a

brown, slip-glazed Pamplin-style (elbow) pipe

with molded rib decoration (#12T-206). The

second was a molded, buff-paste earthenware pipe,

also slip decorated, of unknown type (#12T-342).

A rectangular tobacco tin with a flip-top lid (not

present) was found, as well as an intact, unopened,

lacquered-green snuff tin (#12T-128), measuring

1-11/16-inches in diameter and 11/16-inches tall.

5-2

Figure 5-1. Planview of Unit 12 at the surface of Level 6 (12K).

Figure 5-2. Southeast view of Unit 12.

Figure 5-3. East profile of Unit 12.

5-3

Table 5-1.

Summary of Artifacts from Feature 12T, Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI Object Name MNI

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 3 Container, Bottle, Food 3

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber 10 Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles 4

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber 1 Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whiskey 5

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .40 Caliber 2 Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical 6

Ammunition, Shot, Lead 1 Container, Bottle, Shoe Polish 1

Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 12 Gauge 1 Container, Bottle, Soda Pop / Water 4

Architectural, Brick n/a Container, Bottle, Wine 1

Architectural, Cement / Concrete 1 Container, Can 7

Architectural, Glass, Window 6 Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid, Press Fit 3

Architectural, Mortar n/a Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip 1

Architectural, Sheet Metal, Corrugated Iron 1 Container, Can, Cosmetic 1

Architectural, Tile, Floor / Wall 7 Container, Can, Food, Cylindrical 13

Architectural, Tile, Roofing 2 Container, Can, Key 1

Clothing, Bluing Agent 1 Container, Can, Square / Rectangular 5

Clothing, Buckle, Belt 1 Container, Can, Tobacco 1

Clothing, Buckle, Suspender 2 Container, Can, Tobacco, Snuff 1

Clothing, Button 1 Container, Jar, Lid, Preserving 2

Clothing, Button, 2-Hole 12 Container, Jar, Preserving 4

Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 15 Electrical, Wire 1

Clothing, Button, 5-Hole 1 Electrical, Wire Connector, Molding 1

Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank 5 Electrical, Wire, Single Conductor 1

Clothing, Button, Staff-Type 1 Fauna, Bone n/a

Clothing, Clip, Cuff-Holder 1 Fauna, Egg Shell n/a

Clothing, Grommet 4 Food Preparation, Baking Dish 1

Clothing, Hat Pin 1 Food Preparation, Cooking Pot, Lid 2

Clothing, Rivet 1 Hardware, Bolt 1

Clothing, Safety Pin 5 Hardware, Bolt, Counter-Sunk Carriage 2

Clothing, Shoe Horn 1 Hardware, Bolt, Saw 1

Clothing, Shoe, Grommet 14 Hardware, Bracket, Angle 1

Clothing, Shoe, Sole 1 Hardware, Chain, Lap-Link 1

Clothing, Snap 1 Hardware, Collar 2

Clothing, Straight Pin 2 Hardware, Cotter Pin 1

Communication, Pencil, Graphite 2 Hardware, Handle, Door Pull 1

Communication, Telephone, Receiver Hook 1 Hardware, Handle, Door Ring 1

Container, Bottle 7 Hardware, Handle, Drawer 1

Container, Bottle, Beverage 1 Hardware, Handle, Drawer Pull 1

Container, Bottle, Bitters 1 Hardware, Hinge, Blind Hinge Hook 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 50 Hardware, Hinge, Butt, Shutter 2

Container, Bottle, Closure, Lighting Stopper 1 Hardware, Hinge, Rolled Plate Hinge 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper 1 Hardware, Hook, Box Latch 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Screw Cap 4 Hardware, Hook, Coat-and-Hat 2

Container, Bottle, Condiment 1 Hardware, Latch, Barn Door 1

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Iced Tea Tumbler 1 Hardware, Lock, Bolt 1

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Jelly/Mustard Tumbler 1 Hardware, Lock, Key, Lever Tumbler 1

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Mustard 2 Hardware, Lock, Rim Lock 2

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Spice / Extract 4 Hardware, Lumber 1

Container, Bottle, Cosmetic 1 Hardware, Nail 129

Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Perfume/Cologne 1 Hardware, Nail, Braid 4

Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Skin Lightener 1 Hardware, Nail, Common 308

Artifact #12T-188 is a most intriguing bottle. The cylindrical bottle measures 1.75-inches diameter

and 3-7/8-inches tall. It was cup-bottom molded with a bead finish. Secured with a cork closure attached to

a sponge applicator by a length of stiff, twisted wire, 1/3 of the white powder contents are still in the bottle.

Given the sponge applicator, the contents were likely originally liquid. I preformed an informal solubility

test with a small sample. The results suggested that the powder is alcohol soluble but not water soluble,

further suggesting that the contents may have been a glue or adhesive, although the most likely suggestion is

that it was a bottle of white shoe polish.

Most remarkable, fragments of newspaper were recovered (#12T-258). Several small, evenly spaced

holes along the edges of some fragments, like those produced by staples, suggest that the paper may have

been used either as packaging/wrapping or was hung on the wall of the lunch counter. Although the paper is

charred, soil stained, and highly fragmented, a few words can still be deciphered.

CLOTHING

Clothing-related items were many: 69 artifacts representing 66 individual items. The most

surprising artifact among the clothing assemblage was a small fragment of bluing agent (#12T-255), of the

type that would have been purchased as a pressed powder cake. Given its nearly 100 years below ground, it

is amazing the powder had not completely dissolved. An 8-inch brass hat pin was also found. Unfortunately,

whatever decoration was once attached is gone and did not mate with any of the recovered artifacts. The hat

5-4

Table 5-1 (continued).

Summary of Artifacts from Feature 12T, Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI Object Name MNI

Hardware, Nail, Finishing 77 Tableware, Bowl, Salt / Sugar 1

Hardware, Nail, Roofing 2 Tableware, Cup 3

Hardware, Nail, Spike 15 Tableware, Cup, Tea 2

Hardware, Nut 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass 2

Hardware, Ring 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Goblet 1

Hardware, Scissors 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Stemware 1

Hardware, Screw, Eye-Screw 2 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Tumbler 4

Hardware, Staple 4 Tableware, Flatware 1

Hardware, Strap 5 Tableware, Hollowware 5

Hardware, Washer 1 Tableware, Plate 9

Hardware, Window, Shutter Dog 1 Tableware, Plate, Serving 1

Hardware, Wire, Bailing 3 Tableware, Saucer 4

Household Accessory, Candle Stick Holder 1 Tableware, Unidentified 1

Household Accessory, Flowerpot 1 Tableware, Utensil, Fork, 3-Prong 1

Household Accessory, Lettering 1 Tableware, Utensil, Knife 4

Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod 1 Tableware, Utensil, Spoon 4

Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 6 Tobacco, Pipe 1

Lighting, Socket, Light Bulb 1 Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style 1

Machinery, Gasket 1 Tool, Scale, Balance Weight 1

Paper, Newspaper 1 Toy, Coin Bank 1

Personal, Bead 11 Toy, Figurine 1

Personal, Handbag 1 Toy, Tea Set 1

Personal, Jewelry, Bracelet 1 Unidentified, Glass n/a

Personal, Jewelry, Pendent/Earring 1 Unidentified, Metal n/a

Personal, Jewelry, Wire 1 Unidentified, Metal, Disc 4

Personal, Pin-Back 1 Unidentified, Sheet Metal n/a

Personal, Umbrella 1 Utilitarian, Hollowware 1

Personal, Water Pitcher / Ewer 1 Utilitarian, Jar / Bottle 1

Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, End Cap 1 Utilitarian, Vessel 1

Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer 1

Tableware, Bowl 1 Total 1,034

pin could equally well be classified under the header 'Personal-

Ornamentation.' Also found were a stamped, iron shoe horn and the

leather heel of a shoe. The shoe heel was pegged with brass, cylindrical-

shank nails.

The remaining clothing-related items were fasteners. An

undecorated, rectangular cast-brass belt buckle was recovered, along with

two unmarked iron suspender buckles. A stamped brass cuff-holder clip

(#12T-225), engraved with a scroll design, patented in 1889, is a match

for the same item illustrated in the 1894 Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co.

catalog (Figure 5-4). One unmarked brass clothing rivet was found, along

with a steel snap with a pressed or stamped rosette design on the face.

Eighteen brass shoe grommets were found, most likely related to the shoe

heel presented earlier. Fourteen of the grommets were attached to ten

fragments of shoe leather.

Thirty-seven buttons were in the trash pit, the majority being

sew-through type buttons. Of the 14 shell buttons, 10 were 2-hole and 4

were 4-hole types. All but one was smooth and undecorated. The one

decorated shell button was painted black (#12T-309). Six buttons were

made of bone. Four of these were 4-hole, one was a 5-hole button, and

one fragmented button was indeterminate. Only one of the dry-pressed

ceramic (prosser) buttons was of the 2-hole variety, the remaining six

being 4-hole types. Four porcelain (non-prosser) buttons had loop-shanks;

each was white and dome-shaped. Only one hard rubber button was

found: a 27/32-inch diameter 2-hole type with a molded starburst pattern

on the face, manufactured by the Novelty Rubber Company between 1855 and 1870. The face of a 2-piece

brass button was undecorated. A 1-piece cast brass button of the 4-hole variety had a geometric pattern

composed of ropes on its face. A 2-piece, brass, staff-type button was decorated with the South Carolina

State Seal on its face (#12T-325). The staff-type button was manufactured by Horstmann of Philadelphia

between 1893 and 1935. The remaining two identical buttons were particularly intriguing (#12T-375 &

376). Of the 2-piece, loop-shank variety, with brass faces and iron backings, these two buttons depict an

Oriental scene with French origins (Figure 5-5).

SEWING

The dome head from an iron straight pin, a brass straight pin bent in the shape of an 'L', and five

safety pins made up the Personal-Sewing subcategory. Made of zinc, four of the safety pins were an early

style introduced in 1857. The fifth was a brass plated safety pin with a spring-guard head – the common

type manufactured today – a design patented in 1889 (#12T-252).

FIREARMS

Eighteen artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Firearms group, representing 18

individual items, composed of five different calibers of ammunition and a single example of 5/16-inch lead

shot. All metallic cartridge dates and information are based on the work of Kathleen A. Clardy (2008).

Headstamp identification is from White and Munhall, 1963. Three .22 caliber rimfire cartridge cases were

recovered, two of brass, one of copper. The copper case was a BB Cap with an unidentified headstamp—a

5-5

Figure 5-4. Advertisement for the "Wizard" brass cuff-holder clip (#12T-225) recovered from the lunch counter deposit (Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. 1894:65).

cartridge introduced in 1857 for the Smith and

Wesson revolver, considered the first American

metallic cartridge (#12T-231). The two brass cases are

particularly interesting, as only the heads were

recovered. Cartridge #12T-63 was manufactured by

Union Metallic Cartridge Company between 1871

and 1902. Cartridge #12T-232 was unmarked. The

bodies of the cartridges were cut-off (Figure 5-6).

Similarly modified cartridges were recovered across

the site, suggesting that someone was interested in

obtaining short lengths of small-diameter copper

tubing, possibly for use as a tubular bead. The

jewelry-making hypothesis is supported by artifacts

from other provenances of the same time period,

including a length of thin-gauge copper wire wound

around a fragment of pink coral, discussed in a

subsequent section.

Ten .32 caliber cartridge cases were recovered.

One brass rimfire cartridge case had the body cut off

(#12T-213), in the same manner as the above

mentioned .22 caliber cartridges. Including this

modified case, three were rimfire, seven were

centerfire. The centerfire cartridges used Bar Anvil

primers, a re-loadable primer type introduced in

1880. Three of the .32 caliber centerfire cartridges

were manufactured by the Savage Arms Company and one by the Peters Cartridge Company. The others

were either unmarked or the headstamps were unreadable.

A single .38 caliber brass centerfire cartridge case was recovered (#12T-229). This caliber was

introduced in 1864. No head stamp was present.

Also recovered were two .40 caliber cartridge cases. Neither had head stamps. The first case (#12T-

233), made of copper, was rimfire, the second (#12T-228), made of brass, was centerfire. Both are

represented by heads only, as the bodies had been removed.

An unfired 12 gauge shotgun shell (#12T-60), marked “New Cub”, manufactured by the Union

Metallic Cartridge Company between 1867 and 1902, was recovered. This was the only shotgun-related

artifact recovered from the site.

The last firearms-related artifact was a 5/16-inch diameter lead shot. This was a bit puzzling at first,

since it is too large to be shotgun shot, and the use of an early rifle firing such shot seemed unlikely. Not

until I spent time in the library at Winterthur Estate in Delaware, browsing through trade catalogs related to

clothing, did I realize that such shot was most likely used as dress or men's jacket weights. Lead shot would

have been sewn into the hem of a garment to weigh it down.

5-6

Figure 5-5. Identical brass buttons with an Oriental scene of French origins recovered from the lunch counter deposit.

Figure 5-6. Two modified .22 caliber cartridge cases. The bodies of the cartridges were cut-off and the heads thrown away..

HYGIENE

A minimum of 11 bottles and one tin

belonged to the Personal-Hygiene subgroup. Six

of the bottles were general medicinal or

pharmaceutical. Forms included two panel bottles,

one Millville Round, one Philadelphia Oval, and

two Golden Gate Oval bottles. The base of a

cylindrical milk-glass bottle of diameter 2.5-inches

likely held a cosmetic product, while the small

ball-top peg stopper matches those used on

perfume and cologne bottles. A small, 1-inch tall,

German cologne-style bottle was embossed with

“HOYT'S / 10 ¢ / COLOGNE”, manufactured

by E.W. Hoyt, of Lowell, Massachusetts, starting

in 1877. One bottle was represented by two

fragments of cobalt-blue glass (#12T-178). Its

form and contents are unknown.

The last Personal-Hygiene bottle

(#12T-257) is one of the most intriguing, rare,

and surprising discoveries from the entire site—a

bottle of “White Life” brand skin lightener (Figure

5-7). Only because of the extraordinary

preservation conditions of the deposit do we know

of the bottle's contents. Much of the paper label,

likely secured with fish-glue, was still intact. Had

the label not survived, all we would know is that it

was a colorless glass, French Square-style bottle, 1-

1/8-inch square, 3-1/2-inches high, cup-bottom

molded with a patent finish.

A small, intact tin, measuring 2-3/8-

inches in diameter and 1-inch tall, may have held

soap or a powdered cosmetic (#12T-139).

ORNAMENTAL

Seventeen artifacts belonging to the

Personal-Ornamental subgroup were recovered, representing 15 individual objects. The majority of

ornamental items (11) were glass beads. Four of the beads were round, two white and one light blue, one

was a black hexagonal bead, and six were small seed beads—three white, two blue, and one black. Also

recovered was what appears to be a handmade, terra-cotta pendent or earring—a sphere of diameter 9/16-

inch with a broken iron pin/shank (#12T-246). Two articulated links of a stamped copper Art Deco-style

bracelet were also found in the deposit (#12T-377). A type or style name for the bracelet is unknown at this

time. The last ornamental item was a 1-1/4-inch diameter pin-back made of iron with a brass pin (#12T-

54). Unfortunately, the face of the pin-back was too corroded to determine what it once was, or even to

determine if it was lithographed or celluloid decorated.

5-7

Figure 5-7. A bottle of "White Life" brand skin lightener recovered from the lunch counter deposit (#12T-257).

Three lengths of 26-gauge copper wire, wound

into rough, two-inch loops were likely related to

jewelry making. The hypothesis for jewelry

making is based on a recovered piece of pink coral

secured with a length of the same wire.

Unfortunately, the coral piece was found within a

disturbed context, so no direct temporal

correlation is possible. But, 1) given the type of

wire, 2) the association of the pink coral/wire

piece with the site, and 3) the harvesting of small

brass and copper tubes from used ammunition,

jewelry making is probable.

TOYS

Three toys were recovered: the upper

body and head of a painted, overglaze 'Frozen Charlotte' type porcelain figurine (#12T-340); a 7/8-inch tall

cast pewter ewer from a child's tea set (#12T-196); and a cast iron coin bank (#12T-164). Manufactured by

the A.C Williams Company of Ravenna, Ohio, between 1893 and 1937, the coin bank was finely cast in

the form of a bank building, with the word “BANK” over the door and traces of gold paint within so of the

recesses (Figure 5-8). According to the company webpage, these coin banks were common items in five-and-

dime stores across the nation. A.C. Williams had a reputation for producing finely-cast toys, but with the

Great Depression and subsequent slump in toy sales, they shifted their focus and began producing cast gears

and other precision mechanical parts. They are still in business today.

KITCHEN ITEMS

A total of 1,491 artifacts recovered from the Lower level belonged to the Kitchen group,

representing 165 distinct objects. Not surprisingly, kitchen-related items made up the majority of items

recovered from the lunch counter deposit. Table 5-2 summarizes the Kitchen group ceramic data in terms of

decorative style/technique, while the following discussion focuses on object form/function.

TABLEWARE

A minimum of 44 objects fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. Nine utensils were

recovered: a 3-prong, undecorated, iron table fork (#12T-62); four undecorated iron table spoons (#12T-

67, 68, 69, 79); and at least four table knives. Three of the knives had wood handles over iron cores, the

fourth had an undecorated bone handle (#12T-243). Only one of the knives was complete: a medium table

knife with a 5-1/4-inch long iron blade and a 3-3/4-inch long wood handle with white-metal ends (#12T-

259).

Thirteen drinking vessels of glass and ceramic were recovered. The assemblage included three

cups/mugs, two of which were undecorated whiteware and the other undecorated graniteware. Two

whiteware tea cups were also found, one undecorated, and one minimally decorated with a single 'liquid

gold' band around the rim. Two indeterminate drinking glasses of pressed leaded glass were also found. One

glass had a Bull's Eye & Flute design (#12T-292), the other a plain Flute design (#12T-289). They may

have been goblets. Also made of leaded glass was a stemware glass, represented by its foot and stem (#12T-

5-8

Figure 5-8. Cast iron coin bank manufactured by the A.C. Williams Co., recovered from the lunch counter deposit (#12T-164).

291). The pressed glass goblet had a

Hobnail design (#12T-266). Given

that these objects represent materials

from the lunch counter, the one

identified and two potential goblets

may have been used as ice-cream

dishes or something similar. The

remaining four drinking vessels were

glass tumblers. One tumbler was

undecorated (#12T-275), two were

impressed with a Prism design

(#12T-281, 282), and the last was

decorated with an impressed

Bohemian design (#12T-276).

Only two bowls were recovered:

a 10-inch diameter, blue,

annular/banded, slip-trail decorated

whiteware serving or small mixing

bowl (#12T-336), and a plain,

octagonal, refined porcelain, footed

salt or sugar bowl (#12T-353).

Unlike bowls, there were a

considerable number of plates in the

deposit. A minimum of four saucers

were represented. Two had a

diameter of 6-inches. Both of these were of high-fired whiteware decorated with a single band of 'liquid

gold' around the rim (#12T-11, 352). A third saucer had a diameter of 4-inches, was whiteware, and

decorated with a transfer-printed lavender floral design (#12T-335). The fourth saucer, also whiteware, with

a foot-ring diameter of 3-inches, was one of the only examples of decalcomania decoration. Underglaze, this

polychrome pattern was also floral.

One serving plate was recovered—an undecorated whiteware plate with a foot ring diameter of 7-

inches (#12T-30).

Nine table plates were recovered—six 10-inch diameter plates, one 8-inch plate, and two plates of

indeterminate size. The two indeterminate plates were both undecorated refined porcelain. The 8-inch plate

was plain with a scalloped rim (#12T-5). This plate, as evidenced by the maker's mark, was produced by the

Cook Pottery Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, between 1900 and 1910 (DeBolt 1998:23). One 10-inch

plate was undecorated refined porcelain (#12T-357). The remaining five 10-inch plates were whiteware.

Two were undecorated (#12T-364, 373), one was blue transfer-printed in the Willow pattern (#12T-337),

one was minimally decorated with a single band of 'liquid gold' around the rim (#12T-369), and the last

was blue feather-edge decorated (#12T-334). Two additional plate fragments had maker's marks, although

it is unknown to which rim fragments they belong. The first mark (#12T-8) belonged to the Edwin Bennett

Pottery Company, of Baltimore, Maryland, and was produced between 1897 and 1904 (DeBolt 1988:16).

The second mark (#12T-6) belonged to the CC Thompson Pottery Company, of East Liverpool, Ohio, and

had a production date beginning in 1905 (DeBolt 1988:70).

Six tableware fragments could only be identified at the flatware/hollowware level. A small,

undecorated, whiteware rim fragment of a flatware table item that did not match any other tableware was

5-9

Table 5-2.

Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from

Feature 12T, Sorted by Decorative Style/Technique

Decorative Style/Technique MNI

Porcelain

Refined

Molded 1

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Decalcomania, Underglaze 1

Gilded, Liquid Gold 2

Sponge / Spatter 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 3

Stoneware

Graniteware

Molded 2

Alkaline Glazed 1

Salt Glazed 1

Earthenware

Whiteware

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 8

Flow Transfer Printed 1

Gilded, Liquid Gold 3

Molded 2

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 3

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 1

Edge Decorated 1

Yellowware

Plain / Colorless Glaze 1

Total 35

identified (#12T-372). The fragment was too small to determine rim diameter. Of the five hollowware

fragments, one was green transfer-printed whiteware of indeterminate pattern (#12T-333), one was painted,

underglaze whiteware, in a floral pattern, of what I'm calling the North Carolina Flower pattern (#12T-

338), one was plain scalloped-edge whiteware (#12T-365), one was blue flow transfer-printed whiteware

(#12T-332), and the last was pink sponge/spatter painted refined porcelain (#12T-345). An additional piece

of hollowware (#12T-2), marked “Priscilla”, was made by the Glasgow Pottery, of Trenton, New Jersey,

between 1895 and 1905 (DeBolt 1988:34).

An unidentified tableware fragment (#12T-7) was also produced by the Glasgow Pottery, this piece

between 1901 and 1905 (Lehner 1988:172). The fragment was too small to determine if it was a flat or

hollowware object.

UTILITARIAN

A minimum of 121 items fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. Unlike deposits associated

with domestic activities, utilitarian ceramic vessels were very few. But, unlike its domestic counterparts, the

lunch counter deposit contained metal utilitarian vessels. This makes sense. If you drop a ceramic vessel, it

breaks. If you drop a metal vessel, it remains intact. The market shift to metal vessels is a type of negative

evidence in archaeology. Only because of the unique conditions that created the lunch counter deposit do

we have metal vessels.

One body fragment of gray, salt-glazed stoneware, two fragments of green, alkaline-glazed

stoneware with a rim diameter of 4-inches, and six fragments from a hollow, yellowware vessel made up the

complete utilitarian ceramic assemblage. Metal utilitarian vessels included 9 x 9 x 2-inch baking dish with

riveted handles (#12T-296), which could also have been used as a drip-pan. Also recovered were two pot

lids, one for a six-inch pot (#12T-297), and the other for an eight-inch pot (#12T-160). The pots

themselves were not recovered, although they may have been in the portion of the trash pit not excavated.

A minimum of 16 commercial food bottles were recovered—five condiment bottles, four spice

bottles, four pickle bottles, and three generic food bottles. Given that many bottles would have had paper

labels, likely the number is greater. The condiment bottles included two barrel-shaped mustard bottles, one

embossed with “Chars. Gulden, New York” (#12T-268), first produced in 1874. Gulden is still making

mustard today. A jelly or mustard tumbler (#12T-279) and an iced tea tumbler (#12T-278) were also

recovered. 'Iced tea' refers to the industry name for the bottle style, not its contents. It was a general-use

condiment bottle. The last was a press-and-blow machine made bottle with a 1-inch tall cap-seat finish

(#12T-27). This, too, was a general-use condiment bottle.

The four spice or extract bottles were all cup-bottom molded panel bottles with patent finishes.

Had they not been embossed with a company name, they each would have been classified as likely patent

medicine bottles—a good cautionary tale. Each of the spice/extract bottles was produced by McCormick &

Company, of Baltimore, Maryland, the large spice company still in business today. Based on the style of the

maker's mark, they were made sometime after 1896. Unfortunately, contents are unknown.

Four pickle bottles were recovered, three made with a press-and-blow machine and one with an

automatic bottle machine. All had cap-seat finishes. The three press-and-blow bottles were cylindrical, 3-

3/16-inch tall, with a diameter of 1-5/8-inches. The fourth was a clear-green, wide-mouth, hexagonal bottle,

6-inches tall and 2-5/8-inches wide (#12T-18). The base of the hexagonal bottle was embossed with

“Cannington, Shaw, & Co.” This English company produced bottled pickles, relishes, olives, and other

related foods. The style of the mark places its production date between 1897 and 1913 (although, of course,

5-10

the feature places the upper production limit at 1909 and the use of an automatic bottle machine places the

lower limit at 1905).

The remaining three commercial food bottles were unmarked, general use bottles, so their contents

are unknown. Of the two cylindrical bottles, one was wide-mouthed (#12T-280), the other, narrow-

mouthed (#12T-270). The narrow-mouthed bottle likely would have had a tin lid or cap. It was also

partially melted. The third was a base fragment of a 2-1/4-inch wide, 11-sided bottle (#12T-288).

Four preserving jars were discovered, as well as two jar closures. All of the jars were aqua-green. The

first jar was machine made (#12T-168), although whether the machine was semi-automatic or fully-

automatic is impossible to determine for wide-mouth bottles (machine made narrow-mouth bottles were

only produced on fully-automatic machines. The second jar was highly fragmented, so little was determined

about it other than some of its fragments could not be parts of other jars. The third and fourth jars, on the

other hand, were in better condition (#12T-17 & -167). Both were embossed “Ball Mason” in a script used

between 1895 and 1910 (Toulouse 1969). Each had a ground lip and used a zinc cap that sealed on the

shoulder of the bottle. On one bottle (#12T-17), the zinc lid with milk-glass liner was still screwed onto the

bottle. Unfortunately, the bottom of the bottle was broken, so there was no chance to determine what the

bottle may once have contained. Two additional intact zinc lids with milk-glass liners were recovered,

although these were not attached to jars. Both were shoulder-seal types and would have fit the recovered

jars. The liner of one lid (#12T-36) was embossed with “BOYD'S GENUINE PORCELAIN LINED”, a

mark that places its TPQ at 1869 (Toulouse 1969).

Fifty-six bottle closures were found in the pit, not including the in situ cork stopper found in the shoe polish bottle discussed earlier. One was a 11/16-inch diameter press-fit lid made of zinc (#12T-251).

Its type-name is unknown. An embossed lighting stopper was also found, although so far I have been unable

to make out what was written (#12T-66). The mushroom-style glass peg stopper is of the type that came

with bottles of club sauce (#12T-223). The peg stopper was partially melted. Fifty crown caps were

recovered; the one with a hole in the center likely caused by a bottle opener. Two, 1-inch diameter, 7/8-inch

tall, iron screw-cap closures with continuous threads were found (#12T-129). The type of bottle they would

have been associated with is unknown. The type of bottle the last closure would have been associated with is

also unknown. It, too, was a screw-cap, 1 inch diameter, 3-7/8 inches tall, and made of lead (#12T-187).

Six alcohol bottles were in the deposit—five liquor and one wine. Three of the liquor bottles were

unmarked with straight brandy finishes. One was a Philadelphia oval with evidence of heat damage (#12T-

3). One bottle was a round cornered blake, embossed with “J.W. Kelley & Co.”, a mark used between 1903

and 1915 (#12T-31). J.W. Kelley was a Tennessee whiskey producer who sold much of their whiskey

through the mail. The last liquor bottle was a South Carolina Dispensary Jo-Jo flask produced between

1891 and 1907 (#12T-272). The single wine bottle is represented by body fragments of dark olive green

('black') glass (#12T-179).

A minimum of four soda pop and water bottles were recovered, including three locally produced

bottles, embossed with “C.C. HABENIGHT / COLUMBIA / S.C.” (#12T-277, -294, -295). The fourth

was an aqua-blue, 2-1/2-inch diameter, 6-1/4-inch tall cup bottom molded bottle with a blob-top finish,

embossed with “WATERS & SHARP / DOVER / N.J.” (#12T-264). To date, no information concerning

this company has been located.

A French Square-style bottle of Cunningham & Co. root beer (bitters), produced between 1879

and 1909, was also recovered. It may well have been used as a mixer.

The remaining seven bottles were too fragmented to determine form, but each represents a unique

characteristic not associated with any previously defined bottles, mostly the color of glass, and so are

counted as additional containers; none were marked. The colorless, salamander-oval bottle suggests alcohol

5-11

contents (#12T-284), but this bottle

shape was occasionally used for other

liquids. The original shape was

indeterminate for the remaining six

bottles.

Remarkably few metal food

containers were recovered—510

fragments, representing 20 MNI.

Metal food can closures were of a

single type: wind-strip. Wind-strips

were perfected in 1895 by Edwin

Norton as a method for opening the

tapered canned meat tin patented by

Libby and Wilson of Chicago in

1875—the same tin still in use today (Rock 2000). Along with the three wind-strip fragments was an intact

can key, with part of a wind-strip still rolled around the bottom of the key (#12T-1).

Five square/rectangular cans were recovered. None were complete enough to determine size or

possible contents. As such, it is possible they represent non-food containers.

The majority of fragments were parts of cylindrical cans. MNI numbers were determined by end

pieces only. After measuring the diameter of each end-piece fragment, they were grouped together by size.

The circumference of each fragment per diameter group was then measured, and a minimum number count

determined based on the number of complete end pieces that would result if they were joined,

understanding that two end pieces are needed for each can counted. The assemblage represents a minimum

of 13 individual cans in seven different sizes. Table 5-3 summarizes the cylindrical can data. Since the

canning industry in North America became highly standardized after its start around 1820, knowing the size

of a can often tell you what the can once contained (IMACS 1992). These correlations are also presented in

Table 5-3.

ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS

A total of 1,463 artifacts (667 MNI) related to architecture were recovered from the Lower level,

most representing nails (906 artifacts, 641 MNI) and window glass (419 artifacts, 6 MNI). The most

common method in archaeology for reporting window glass thickness is in millimeters or, less commonly, in

hundredths of an inch. Although such measurements aid in determining statistical variance, they have

absolutely no cultural relevancy. Window glass in the United States was produced, marketed, and sold in

increments of sixty-fourths of an inch, and it is in such increments people wrote about, discussed, and

bought window glass. Six thicknesses of colorless glass were recovered: 28 at 1/32; 142 at 3/64; 190 at 1/16;

30 at 5/64; 25 at 3/32; and 4 at 1/8. It should be noted that some fragments of colorless flat glass might

represent non-window glass, like picture frame glass.

Nails were the most abundant architecture-related items recovered from the deposit. The nail

assemblage consisted of 4 braids (flooring nails), 77 finishing nails, 15 spikes, 2 non-galvanized roofing

nails, and a range of common nails. Using the heads of nails to determine MNI counts, 164 machine-cut

(with a TPQ of 1805) and 144 wire common nails (with a TPQ of circa 1870) were found, along with 129

cut nails and 126 wire nails of unknown type.

5-12

Table 5-3.

Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 12T

Diameter MNI Type

2 1/8-inches 4

2 11/16-inches 3

2 7/8-inches 1

3-inches 1 Tomato or pineapple juice

3 5/8-inches 1

3 3/16-inches 1

3 3/4-inches 1 Likely coffee can

Total 12

Other Architecture-related artifacts included a a

fragment of concrete with drops of yellow paint

(#12T-78). What makes the concrete unusual, besides

telling us that yellow paint was used to paint the

interior or exterior of the structure, was it had an

impressed maker's mark—“AND... / … UMB ...”.

Unfortunately, at this time, no information is

available about this mark. Also found were 10

fragments of lumber painted green (#12T-64).

INTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously

associated with the interior of a structure were

represented by five fragments of plaster-coated

mortar, 101 fragments of floor or wall tile (#12T-72),

and fragments of smooth-cut slate (Figure 5-9). All of

the plaster surfaces were painted—three were matte

red, two were matte yellow. The floor/wall tile

fragments represent a minimum of six tiles. They were earthenware tiles, measuring 3x1-1/2x3/8-inches,

with an opaque green glaze mottled with brown splotches. Today, examples of these tiles are sold on eBay as

Art Deco tiles. They were manufactured by the Trent Tile Company of Trent, New Jersey, sometime

between 1882 and 1914 (although the context of the lunch counter deposit places the upper limit at 1909).

The slate fragments were sampled, suggesting how at least a portion of the lunch counter floor, or counter,

was composed.

EXTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were varied,

including bricks and brick bats coated in soot on one surface (one sample brick saved), corrugated sheet

iron, likely used as roofing material, 9 fragments of terneplate (tin plate) roofing material, and 8 fragments

of slate, which could have been roofing material, but more likely, paving material. Three different window

shutter-related artifacts were recovered. Three fragments from two 1-3/4-inch butt hinges tell us how the

windows or counter opening were fastened. The 5-inch blind hinge hook tells us how a window, or more

likely, the counter opening was secured. The 4-1/2-inch wide, 'S'-shaped shutter dog with a 5-inch spike

tells us how at least one window shutter was secured. Interestingly, the shutter dog shows evidence of repair.

At some point, the spike broke and was welded together at an off-set.

DOMESTIC ITEMS

A total of 355 Domestic group artifacts was recovered from the Lower level, representing a

minimum of 21 objects. A minimum of six lamp chimneys were in the deposit, two of which were hand-

pressed, one with a beaded edge, the other a scallop edge. One was machine-pressed with a beaded edge.

The remaining three all had flat/smooth rims, one made of soda-glass, one of milk-glass, and the last of

leaded-glass.

5-13

Figure 5-9. Decorative artifacts from the lunch counter deposit. Moving clockwise from the upper left: green floor/wall tile; yellow-painted plaster/mortar; red-painted plaster/mortar; and drops of yellow paint on concrete.

Domestic items classified as hardware were

varied. An iron angle bracket, with fragments of wood

still attached, likely supported a shelf, cupboard, or

similar accessory. Two drawer handles were found,

one a fragment from an undecorated plate with

handle attachment (#12T-44), the other a Gothic

Revival-style cast brass pull (#12T-240). Two 3 x 2-

inch coat-and-hat hooks, with gimlet-pointed screw

attachments, were in the lunch counter, along with

two eye-screws with gimlet points that may have been

used to hang something. What object the 2-inch cast iron door ring (think, trap-door ring handle) belonged

to is unknown, although a cupboard is a good possibility. The outside door handle (assuming the door

opened outward), 17-1/2-inches long, was decorative cast iron (#12T-218). The door swung on 3-hole,

rolled plate hinges, of the type commonly used today (#12T-216). A 3 x 8-inch barn door-type latch was

recovered (#12T-124), which may been used to secure the door with a padlock.

Four lock-related artifacts were recovered. The first was a cast iron lock bolt (#12T-39). The lock

bolt is the part of a lock that engages the door frame and draws in when the handle or locking mechanism is

turned, allowing the door to open. The second was a key to a level tumbler lock (#12T-10). The key had a

hollow-shank, 1-1/4-inch long, and likely mated with a padlock. The third was an intact rim lock, 3-3/4 x

3-1/2-inches (#12T-75). This lock matches exactly the rim locks found in the main Mann-Simons house

today. Given its orientation, we know the lock was mounted on the left side of the door, with the hinges on

the right. The fourth was the back-plate of a second cast iron rim lock (#12T-73).

A fluted, leaded-glass candle stick holder was found, along with an unglazed earthenware flowerpot

and a steel, chrome-plated, 13/16-inch tall letter 'S' (#12T-226). The letter 'S' had a flat back surface with

two binding posts, and is of the type used for lettering on mailboxes, etc., today. Given that John L. Simons

ran the lunch counter, it seems safe to assume the 'S' stands for 'Simon.' The last domestic item was a

mystery (#12T-127). Made of galvanized iron, it at first appeared to be a bracket for an oar. But it more

closely matches the 1902 Manhattan Electrical Supply Company catalog illustration of a receiver hook for a

telephone or speaking tube.

ELECTRICAL ITEMS

Ten artifacts associated with electricity were recovered from the Lower level, representing six

individual objects. Two different types of electrical wiring were recovered. The first (#12T-190 & 191) was

represented by five fragments of rubber coated, single braid, solid core interior wiring, as illustrated in an

early twentieth century Lanthan Company trade catalog, a type introduced industry-wide in 1889 (Figure

5-10). Amazingly, the outer jacket of braiding was still intact in many places. The second (#12T-192) was

represented by a single fragment of solid core wiring of a different diameter that was also likely rubber

coated. Also recovered was a pressed tin, 2-wire, 7/16-inch connector with a mounting hole (#12T-57) and

two fragments of 1/2-inch diameter carbon rod of the type used in arc lamps. The last electricity-related

artifact recovered (#12T-378) was a fragment of a Brush-Swan arc lamp base, a design patented by Charles

Francis Brush in 1886.

5-14

Figure 5-10. Illustration of electrical wire recovered from the lunch counter deposit (E.B. Latham Co. 19xx:211).

OTHER ITEMS

Also recovered from the Lower

level were a number of artifacts that

do not fit neatly into any of the

above functional categories. Most

of these artifacts are hardware

related. Not included here are

artifacts classified as

'Unidentified'—mostly bits of

metal that have no discernible

form. Two plumbing-related

artifacts were found, one a

fragment of red-paste earthenware

sewer pipe, common across

Columbia, the other a cast iron

end-cap pipe fitting (#12T-260).

Both are discussed in more depth

under the heading “Infrastructure.”

Recovered fasteners included

five widths of iron strapping, like

the kind used on barrels, containers, and packaging. Widths were 7/16-inch, 5/8-inch, 3/4-inch, 9/16-inch,

and 1/4-inch. Riveted to the 9/16-inch wide strap were a series of brass eyelets. What the strap may have

secured is unknown. Other fasteners were a bolt fragment of indeterminate type, two cast iron counter-sunk

carriage bolts, one 1/4-inch and the other 5/16-inch, the head of a brass bolt from a wood saw, a 3/4-inch

hex nut, a 3/4-inch long brass cotter pin, a small brass box latch hook of the kind found on jewelry boxes,

four staples (2 at 1-inch, 1 at 3/4-inch, 1 at 3/16-inch), a 3-1/4-inch diameter cast iron lap-link for mending

chains, and three diameters of bailing wire: 1/8-inch, 5/32-inch, and 3/32-inch. All were twisted-pair wires.

Some of the fragments had loop-ends connected together, forming a flexible joint.

Other recovered items were a brass washer (O.D.=5/16-inch, I.D.=1/8-inch), a 11/16-inch

diameter brass ring made from 1/16-inch diameter wire, a 3/8-inch brass collar and a 5/32-inch chrome

plated iron collar, two 7/8-inch zinc discs with tabs on opposite sides of each disc, similar to electrical box

punch-outs, two 1-1/16-inch iron discs without tabs, melted lead, and lastly, fragments of a flat, translucent,

flexible gasket. The gasket material is unknown, but is likely either a rubber compound or a celluloid-

derived plastic. In either case, its preservation is remarkable. What its original shape was is unknown.

Seven metal cans also fall under the 'Other Items' heading. Five of these cans were small tins,

measuring between 1-3/4-inches and 2-1/8-inches in diameter and were 1/2-inches to 1-inch tall. All had

friction-ring groove lids. They may have once held a powder, possibility soap or cosmetic. A 13-inch

diameter press-fit removable lid, like those used on paint cans, was also recovered. A rectangular press-fit

removable lid was also recovered, although it was too fragmented to determine its original size. The last can

was a nearly complete 6-inch diameter hole-in-cap type that had a series of holes punched in the bottom—

possibly for use as a watering can (#12T-217).

FAUNA

[The following discussion of faunal remains is extracted verbatim from Faunal Report for Mann-Simons by Diane Wallman (2010).]

5-15

Table 5-4.

Taxa Representation, Feature 12T

Taxon/Class NISP %NISP Weight (g) %Weight

FOOD BONES

Mammal

15 1.53 258.7 23.86

49 5 339.4 31.3

7 0.71 30.7 2.83

Aves

175 17.8 162.3 14.97

1 0.1 9.2 0.84

Unidentified Aves 399 40.6 106.4 9.8

Pisces 10 1.02 1.9 0.18

Mollusk 11 1.02 3.4 0.31

NON-ECONOMIC SPECIES

6 0.62 1.2 0.12

3 0.31 4.4 0.41

SIZE GRADED FRAGMENTS

Rat/Squirrel sized (Class II) 1 0.1 1.1 0.1

Cat/Dog sized (Class III/ IV) 11 1.11 1.7 0.16

Sheep/Pig sized (Class V) 202 20.55 121.9 1.7

Cow sized (Class VI) 7 0.71 18.6 0.72

TOTAL 983 1084

Cow; Bos

Pig; Sus scrofa

Ovis aries/Capra hircus

Chicken; Gallus gallus

Turkey; Meleagris gallopavo

Rattus sp.

Felis catus

The excavation of Feature 12T

yielded 983 bone fragments

(1084g), 250 (26%) of which

were identified to at least the

level of Family (Table 5-4). The

low percentage of identifiable

specimens is likely due to the

highly fragmented nature of the

avian remains, as only 176 of

the 399 analyzed bones were

identifiable to species. Bird

remains dominate the

assemblage, comprising

approximately 60% of the total

NISP of this assemblage.

Chicken is the most common

avian species represented in the

sample, with a NISP of 175,

and calculated MNI of 11.

Analyses identified a single

turkey element in the

assemblage. Fish and

unidentifiable shell were also

recovered in this feature, but in

relatively small amounts, which

may be an effect of recovery

methods. Commensal animals

identified in the assemblage

include cat and rat.

Pig dominates the domestic

mammal food bone remains

from this feature, comprising

approximately 70% of the

NISP and 53% of the recorded

bone weight for domestic

mammals. Although many

mammalian remains were only

identified to size class, it is

important to note that pig and

sheep/goat-sized fragments (medium mammals) are the most common size-graded fragments in this feature.

Meat cut analysis reveals that the medium and large mammal remains from this feature represent a

variety of cuts, without any direct correlation to cost (Tables 5-5, 6, 7). Short loin and chuck cuts are the

most frequent beef cuts in this feature, with rib, and sirloin also common. Pork is the most common meat

found in this feature, and a variety of cuts were consumed at the site. Ham and shank hams are the most

frequent pork cuts within the assemblage. This trend is not surprising, as these cuts were likely cured or

pickled, and when not fresh, were very cost-effective. The sheep/goat remains identified indicate that these

5-16

Table 5-5.

Beef Cuts, Feature 12T

Cut %MNMC

1 Short Loin 3 27.27

2 Rib/Sirloin 2 18.18

3 Round 0 0

4 Rump/Chuck 3 27.27

5 Brisket/Plate 0 0

6 Foreshank/Hindshank/Arm 2 18.18

7 Neck/Head 0 0

8 Foot 1 9.09

Rank a MNMC b

a After Azizi et al. 1996

b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

Table 5-7.

Sheep/Goat Cuts, Feature 12T

Cut %MNMC

1 Loin 0 0

2 Rack 3 42.87

3 Shank End 2 28.57

4 Chuck/Butt End 2 28.57

5 Neck 0 0

6 Shank/Foot/Head 0 0

Rank a MNMC b

a After Azizi et al. 1996

b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

Table 5-6.

Pork Cuts, Feature 12T

Cut %MNMC

1 Ham 5 20

2 Loin/Rib End 6 24

3 Boston Butt 3 12

4 Picnic/Shank Ham 5 20

5 Spareribs/Side/Hock 2 8

6 4 18

Rank a MNMC b

Head/Jowl /Foot

a After Azizi et al. 1996

b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

cuts were likely purchased and not raised on site, based on the lack of feet and head remains, with middle-

range priced cuts preferred for consumption.

FEATURE 39J-COMPLEX (PRIVY)

A total of 2,423 artifacts (representing 431 MNI), 369 grams (151 fragments) of faunal and 1.3

grams of floral material were recovered from Levels 3 through six of the privy pit (see Chapter 4 for feature

illustrations). A total of 1,661 artifacts were recovered from Level 3 (39J); 592 artifacts from Level 4 (39K);

164 artifacts from Level 5 (39L); and 14 artifacts from Level 6 (39M). The following discussion, organized

by functional type, provides information only as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or

other archaeological phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note found in the privy. Table 5-

8 presents the same data summarized in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.

PERSONAL ITEMS

Including subcategories, a total of 62 artifacts were recovered from the privy belonging to the

Personal group, representing 36 individual items. Items not belonging to a subcategory were two fragments

of back-plated mirror (#39K-37), two fragments from a 7/32-inch diameter slate pencil (#39L-27 & 39J-

78), a fragment of round molded graphite pencil lead (#39J-79), eleven pieces from the backplate of a steel

pocket watch (#39J-83), and two tobacco pipe fragments. The first pipe was an undecorated bowl fragment

of kaolin clay (#39K-20), the second was a rim fragment from an opaque green glazed pipe with a molded

rib design (#39K-19). A type name for this second pipe is unknown.

CLOTHING

Clothing-related objects were all fasteners, including an undecorated iron rivet (#39K-60), three

brass grommets, likely from a shoe, what appears to be part of a brass cuff-link (#39L-33), a brass hook from

a hump-style hook-and-eye fastener, an iron suspender buckle, a brass suspender buckle marked “RUBBER

BUTTON” (#39J-84), a brass suspender clip marked “SECURITY” (#39J-85), and 16 buttons. Seven

buttons were 4-hole dry-pressed porcelain (prosser), two were 4-hole bone buttons, one was a 4-hole brass

button marked “Double-Ring / Edge” (#39J-87), three were 2-hole shell buttons, one was an unidentified

brass button (#39K-63), two were 2-piece, loop-shank copper buttons, and one was a 2-piece fabric covered

iron button (#39J-88). Unfortunately, nearly all the fabric is gone and the color is indeterminate.

FIREARMS

A single, seemingly unfired, .22 caliber bullet was the only firearms-related object recovered (#39L-

28). A cartridge case to go with it was not found.

HYGIENE

Three Hygiene items were found. The first was an intact but unmarked bottle of perfume/cologne

in an octagonal, post-bottom molded bottle with a bead finish, 2-7/8-inches tall and a base-width of 1-7/16-

inches (#39L-19). The second was a rectangular milk-glass cosmetic jar, likely a Vaseline or cold-cream

5-17

container (#39J-45). The third was a fragment from a cobalt blue vessel. Although the fragment was too

small to determine the form of the vessel, it was likely cosmetic related.

ORNAMENTAL

Two Personal-Ornamental objects were recovered: a small, black, hexagonal glass bead (#39K-11)

and two lengths of 26-gauge copper wire (#39L-34 & 39J-75), interpreted as being related to jewelry

making (see previous discussion).

5-18

Table 5-8.

Summary of Artifacts from the 39J-Complex (Privy), Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI Object Name MNI

Ammunition, Bullet, .22 Caliber 1 Furniture, Tack 1

Architectural, Concrete/Cement 1 Hardware, Bar Stock 1

Architectural, Door Stop 1 Hardware, Collar 1

Architectural, Glass, Window 10 Hardware, Nail, Common 239

Architectural, Sheet Metal 1 Hardware, Nail, Escutcheon Pin 1

Architectural, Tile, Roofing 1 Hardware, Nail, Unidentified 22

Architectural, Tile, Roofing, Tin 1 Hardware, Nut 1

Clothing, Buckle, Suspender 2 Hardware, Screw, Wood 5

Clothing, Button 1 Hardware, Staple 3

Clothing, Button, 2-Hole 3 Hardware, Stock, Bar 1

Clothing, Button, 2-Piece 3 Hardware, Strap 6

Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 10 Hardware, Tool, Shaft Clamp 1

Clothing, Fastener, Clip, Suspender 1 Hardware, Washer 1

Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye 1 Hardware, Wire, Bailing 2

Clothing, Rivet 1 Household Accessory, Flowerpot 2

Clothing, Shoe, Grommet 3 Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 1

Clothing, Straight Pin 1 Lighting, Lamp, Shade 2

Communication, Pencil, Lead, Round 1 Lighting, Lamp, Shade / Chimney 1

Communication, Pencil, Slate 1 Personal, Bead 1

Container, Bottle 7 Personal, Jewelry, Wire 2

Container, Bottle, Beverage 6 Personal, Mirror 1

Container, Bottle, Bitters 1 Personal, Watch, Pocket Watch 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 13 Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper 1 Soil Sample n/a

Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Perfume/Cologne 1 Tableware, Bowl 2

Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whiskey 6 Tableware, Cup 2

Container, Bottle, Soda Pop 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass 3

Container, Bottle, Wine 1 Tableware, Flatware 2

Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (non-screw) 2 Tableware, Hollowware 4

Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip 1 Tableware, Plate 9

Container, Can, Cylindrical 3 Tableware, Saucer 2

Container, Can, Square/Rectangular 2 Tableware, Unidentified 4

Container, Jar 1 Tableware, Utensil, Spoon 1

Container, Jar, Cosmetic 1 Tobacco, Pipe 2

Container, Jar, Preserving 1 Toy, Marble 2

Electrical, Insulator, Cleat 1 Unidentified, Ceramic n/a

Fauna n/a Unidentified, Glass n/a

Fauna, Egg Shell n/a Unidentified, Metal n/a

Fauna, Shell n/a Architectural, Wood, Lumber 1

Flora, Nut, Pecan n/a Utilitarian, Hollowware 4

Furniture, Spring 2

Furniture, Stove 1 Total 431

SEWING

The only sewing-related artifact recovered was a brass straight pin, 1-1/16-inches in length, with a

dome head (#39J-74).

TOYS

Two buff-colored, 9/16-inch diameter unglazed earthenware marbles were the only toy-related

objects recovered (#39K-3). The marbles appears to have been hand-rolled.

KITCHEN ITEMS

A total of 1,321 artifacts recovered from the privy belonged to the Kitchen group, representing 71

distinct objects. Table 5-9 summarizes the Kitchen group ceramic data in terms of decorative

style/technique.

TABLEWARE

A total of 91 artifacts, representing 28 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. The

low number of tableware artifacts, but a relatively high minimum number of items, suggests that the privy,

at least during its use as a trash deposit, functioned not as a primary refuse deposit, but as a convenient place

to dispose of small, miscellaneous trash items, for example, yard sweepings. This is supported by the

contrasting pattern presented by low curation items, like bottles (discussed in the next section), of which

there were a high number of artifacts relative to the minimum number of vessels (suggesting that bottles and

like items were deposited as unbroken objects).

Identifiable tablewares included two blue, transfer printed whiteware bowls with floral patterns, an

annular/banded, slip-decorated green mocha-patterned cup, a graniteware cup decorated with a single,

'liquid gold' band along the rim, and fragments from three drinking glasses. Two of the drinking glasses

were pressed, leaded-glass, one with a fish scale pattern (#39L-17), the other with a geometric diamond

pattern (#39J-18). The third drinking glass was decorated with thin, frosted bands along its circumference

(#39J-29).

At least two undecorated whiteware saucers were recovered, both with 3-inch diameter footrings. A

rim fragment with a diameter of 4-inches may or may not be part of one of these identified saucers. Also

found were fragments from nine plates. Seven of the plates were whiteware, and included two undecorated

8-inch plates, two undecorated 7-inch plates, a blue transfer printed 7-inch plate with a scalloped edge, an

undecorated 10-inch plate, and a plate of unknown diameter with a red painted, underglaze band along the

rim. The remaining two were 6-inch undecorated graniteware plates.

Additionally, two undecorated flatware items were recovered, one of whiteware, the other of refined

porcelain. Four hollowware items were recovered, three of which were undecorated. Two of the undecorated

hollowware items were whiteware, the third was pressed glass. The fourth hollowware was acid etched glass

with annular bands, and likely is a fragment from a drinking vessel.

Four additional tablewares were recovered, but the fragments were too small to determine if they

were flatware or hollowware. Each had a surface decoration not found on any other tableware items from

5-19

the deposit. The first had an opaque,

black glaze, the second a pink

transfer printing, the third, a brown

transfer printing of a floral design,

and the fourth, underglaze

decalcomania in a pink floral

pattern.

The last tableware item was an

iron spoon, 5-3/4-inches long, with a

bowl diameter of 1-1/4-inches

(#39J-11). Unfortunately, the spoon

was too corroded to determine a

pattern type.

UTILITARIAN

A total of 1,230 artifacts,

representing 43 objects, fell within

the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup.

The high number of artifacts, but

relatively low minimum number of

items, is the product of highly-

fragmented glass bottles. Food-can

objects included fragments from

three cylindrical cans, two rectangular cans, a single fragment of a wind-strip, and two non-screw removable

lids. The first was a 2-inch diameter pry-top lid (a paint can style lid) and the second, a cylindrical copper

lid of unknown diameter with iron can side fragments still attached. None of the cylindrical cans were

complete enough to determine diameter.

The only non-bottle glass item was a preserving jar with a rubber-sealed, spring-clip finish (#39J-

90). This design was patented in 1904 by William H. Honiss (Pat. #826,104) and an improvement in 1907

by Alfred C. McCloskey (Pat. #907,166).

Utilitarian items of ceramic included three small alkaline glazed stoneware fragments representing

three different hollowware vessels and two highly burnished, unglazed earthenware fragments decorated

with a single black painted line along the rim (#39L-32 & 39J-86). These last two pieces appear to be from

a hollowware vessel consistent with those produced by the Catawba for market sale.

Bottle closures were of two types: thirteen crown-caps and an intact, amber-colored glass Caswell-

style peg stopper (#39J-28).

The remaining Kitchen-Utilitarian objects were all bottles. Bottles identified only by color included

a dark olive ('black' glass) wine bottle, a brown bottle of unknown form, a bright green (“7-UP” green)

bottle, and a manganese-clarified ('solarized' or 'amethyst') bottle, also of unknown form. The remaining

bottles were all either intact or identified by number of bases. The only identified soda pop bottle was a light

green bottle embossed “Chero Cola” in angled block text (#39J-13), a style used by the company, according

to various internet collector sites, between 1915 and 1923.

Four intact liquor/whiskey bottles were recovered. All were machine made of colorless glass with

brandy finishes. Three were Jo-Jo flasks (two 1/2-pints, one full pint), the fourth was a quart bottle

5-20

Figure 5-11. Possible door stop associated with the privy.

Table 5-9.

Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from

Feature 39J-Complex (Privy), Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique

Decorative Style/Technique MNI

Porcelain

Refined

Molded 1

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Decalcomania, Underglaze 1

Gilded, Liquid Gold 2

Sponge / Spatter 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 3

Stoneware

Graniteware

Molded 2

Alkaline Glazed 1

Salt Glazed 1

Earthenware

Whiteware

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 8

Flow Transfer Printed 1

Gilded, Liquid Gold 3

Molded 2

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 3

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 1

Edge Decorated 1

Yellowware

Plain / Colorless Glaze 1

Total 35

embossed “Hayner Whiskey” (#39J-38), a company

based in Troy, Ohio, that went out of business, as

most did, in 1918. Two additional Handy-style bases

(the base style used on Jo-Jo flasks) were recovered,

along with seven brandy finishes. Assuming two of

the finishes belong to the bases, it leaves five finishes

without bases, suggesting a minimum of seven

bottles. With the four intact bottles, there were

potentially a minimum of 11 liquor/whiskey bottles

recovered from the privy.

The remaining bottles were all general beverage

bottles, including the base of an aqua-blue cylindrical

bottle with a post-bottom mold, the base of a

colorless bottle produced with a bottom-hinged mold,

and the base of a colorless panel bottle.

ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS

A total of 779 artifacts (256 MNI) related to architecture were recovered from the privy, most being

sheet metal (134 artifacts, 1 MNI), nails (525 artifacts, 239 MNI), and window glass (86 artifacts, 10

MNI). The iron sheet metal fragments all belonged to a single, highly corroded sheet with rolled, locking

edges (#39K-73). Both wire and cut nails were recovered. None were specialty nails, although corrosion

made identification difficult. Six thicknesses of green-tinted window glass were recovered: 1 at 3/64; 9 at

1/16; 3 at 5/64; 2 at 3/32; and 1 at 1/8. Five thicknesses of colorless window glass were also recovered: 15 at

1/16; 31 at 5/64; 22 at 3/32; 1 at 1/8; and 1 at 7/32. Note that some fragments of colorless flat glass might

represent non-window glass, like picture frame glass.

Two related architecture items were particularly interesting (Figure 5-11). The first was an under-

fired (soft) brick bat, in the center of which a 1-3/4 x 1/2-inch slot had been carved (#39J-2). The slot was

rounded and well-worn. The second was a 13-inch length of 1-1/4 x 1/4-inch iron bar stock (#39J-93).

Together, they may have functioned as a door-stop for the privy. The bar, attached to the door, would have

slotted down into the rectangular slot in the brick at the base of the door. Although a bolt-latch on the door

would have been a simpler solution for keeping the door closed while occupied, someone did take the time

to carve the brick. Given the brick's clear association with privy debris, and the lack of any other clear

function for the brick (or even a reason for carving a brick such), the hypothesis of a door stop is reasonable.

INTERIOR

No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were

recovered. This is not surprising, given that it was a privy.

EXTERIOR

Four architecture-related items unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were

recovered: 22 fragments of crimped tin (terneplate) roofing material (MNI=1), a 1/2-inch thick fragment of

trowel-spread cement (#39J-6), seven fragments of slate (MNI=1), and one fragment of unpainted sawed

5-21

Figure 5-11. Possible door stop associated with the privy.

lumber (#39K-4). Although the slate may have been roofing material, more likely it was used as paving

material or some similar function.

DOMESTIC ITEMS

A total of 37 Domestic group artifacts was recovered from the privy, representing 13 objects. A

brass furniture tack (#39K-64) and a 1/2-inch brass escutcheon pin (#39K-66) were recovered. Fragments

from two flowerpots were recovered: one a terracotta flowerpot (#39K-15), the other a stoneware flowerpot

with an Albany slip (#39J-8). Two furniture springs were found, both cylindrical, with a diameter of 1-1/4-

inches and a length of 1-1/2-inches. One spring had a wood screw attached to an end. Body fragments from

a frosted-glass lamp chimney were recovered (#39K-40), along with a fragment from a clear-glass shade or

chimney (glass thickness suggests chimney), and a fragment from a frosted-glass lamp shade (#39K-14). The

frosted lamp shade is particularly interesting, as it is of the same type – if not the same object – found in

other provenances. Two domestic artifacts are mysteries: a fragment of parian ceramic (#39J-51) and a glass

ring (#39J-77). Parian is a type of high-fired whiteware/porcelain almost exclusively used with decorative

objects, like figurines. Unfortunately, the fragment recovered was too small to determine what it might once

of been a part. The black glass ring, with an outer diameter of 5/8-inch and an inner diameter of 1/8-inch,

was likely a part of an Art Deco decorative element, possibly a lamp.

The last Domestic group artifact was an intact stove leg (#39J-117). After cleaning with electrolysis,

the cast iron artifact was identified as a stove leg with a floral pattern. The leg matches that of the Acme

Royal Coal Cook, a stove that could burn coal or wood. It was advertised in the 1902 Sears, Roebuck, &

Co. catalog on page 820. The least expensive model sold for $10.83.

ELECTRICAL ITEMS

One artifact associated with electricity was recovered from the privy—a dry-pressed ceramic, 2-wire

insulator cleat (#39K-18). The cleat was marked “E P Co”, short for Electrical Porcelain Company, of East

Liverpool, Ohio. It was manufactured sometime between 1903 and 1911 (Tod 1977:79). Founded in 1903,

the Electrical Porcelain Company was absorbed by the General Porcelain Company in 1911.

OTHER ITEMS

Also recovered from the privy were a number of artifacts that do not fit neatly into any of the above

functional categories. Most of these artifacts are hardware related. Not included here are artifact fragments

classified as 'Unidentified.' A fragment from a milk-glass vessel was recovered (#39K-38), although the

fragment was too small to determine if the vessel was a cosmetic jar, tableware, or other item. An iron split

shaft-clamp was recovered (#39J-95), although what it may have been used for is unknown.

Also recovered was a large, square 3/4-inch iron nut, measuring 1-1/4 x 1-1/4 x 1-5/8-inches

(#39K-59), a 3/16-inch iron washer (outer diameter of 3/4-inch), a 1-inch copper collar (#39J-96), three

staples (3/8-inch and 1-1/4-inch), and five wood screws—a flat head, gimlet point, 3/16-inch brass screw,

5/8-inch long, and four flat head, gimlet point screws 1-1/4-inch long.

Iron bar stock fragments were 3/4-inch wide and 5/64-inch thick (#39K-68). Fragments of iron

strapping, like the kind used on barrels, packaging, and the like, were of six widths: 1-inch, 9/16-inch, 7/16-

inch, 5/16-inch, 3/16-inch, and 1/32-inch. The 1-inch strapping was riveted. The 1/32-inch strapping may

have been part of a wind-strip from a food can. There were 109 fragments of 1/16-inch and 1/32-inch

5-22

bailing wire, some in twisted

pairs, and some with loop-ends.

Lastly, a fragment of 6-

inch red-paste earthenware

sewer pipe was recovered (39L-

1). Ceramic sewer pipe was

standard in Columbia and

elsewhere prior to widespread

use of cast iron. Note that the

sewer pipe was recovered from

the second-to-lowest level of the

privy.

FAUNA

[The following discussion of faunal remains is extracted verbatim from Faunal Report for Mann-Simons by Diane Wallman (2010).]

The privy contained

151 bone fragments (369g), of

which only 7% were

identifiable to the species level

due to high fragmentation of

the remains (Table 5-10).

Cattle and chicken were the only identified species within this deposit, and cattle remains were the most

common, comprising 75% of the bone weight from this assemblage. Pig and sheep/goat sized fragments

dominate the size-graded specimens, which suggests that these species were likely represented in the

assemblage, but unidentifiable due to fragmentation.

The beef cuts identified in this feature were mainly individual, thin ‘steak’ cuts, although the

foreshank cut was likely a large ‘roast’-type cut (Table 5-11). Round steaks were the most common cut

within this deposit, although cuts from all sections but the foot of the animal were deposited in this feature.

FEATURE 31C-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)

A large trash deposit was discovered in Unit 31 (Figure 5-12), extending into units 27, 32, and 35,

measuring 5.75 feet east to west and 6.5 feet north to south, with a maximum depth of 2.4 feet below the

surface of stratum 31B. It was intruded upon by three features: a modern trench associated with a sprinkler

system (F2) running east-west across Block 1, a postmold and posthole (32D/E) straddling the northeast

edge, and a foundation pier (32H) associated with the house at 1904 Marion Street. The sprinkler trench

and postmold/hole were excavated completely prior to excavation of the trash pit. The pit was bisected

along a north-south axis flush with the eastern edge of the foundation pier. Due to time constraints, only

the east half of the trash pit was excavated. Plastic sheeting was secured to the pit's west face prior to

backfilling to maintain integrity of the unexcavated portion.

5-23

Table 5-10.

Taxa Representation, 39J-Complex (Privy)

Taxon/Class NISP %NISP Weight (g) %Weight

FOOD BONES

Mammal

156 9.93 277.8 75.28

Aves

12 7.94 7.4 2.01

Pisces 1 0.66 0.3 0.08

SIZE GRADED FRAGMENTS

Cat/Dog sized (Class III/ IV) 2 1.32 0.4 0.11

Sheep/Pig sized (Class V) 76 50.33 42.9 11.63

Cow sized (Class VI) 20 13.25 30.1 8.16

Unidentifiable mammal 25 16.56 10.1 2.77

TOTAL 151 369

Cow; Bos

Chicken; Gallus gallus

Table 5-11.

Beef Cuts, 39J-Complex (Privy)

Cut %MNMC

1 Short Loin 1 7.14

2 Rib/Sirloin 3 21.33

3 Round 4 28.57

4 Rump/Chuck 2 14.49

5 Brisket/Plate 1 7.14

6 Foreshank/Hindshank/Arm 2 14.49

7 Neck/Head 1 7.14

8 Foot

Rank a MNMC b

a After Azizi et al. 1996

b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

The trash pit contained seven layers consisting of

a series of lenses and deposits of sandy silt, builder's

sand, architectural debris and sandy silt, all of

differing colors and textures making for very clear

layer transitions (Figures 5-13, 14). The deposit as a

whole is designated as the 31C-Complex, while

individual layers are referenced by their unique

provenience designations. Level 1 (31C), the top-

most layer, was a very dark brown sandy silt with 5%

mortar and 5% charcoal inclusions and a depth of

0.35 feet. Level 2 (31D) was a thin lens of loose

yellowish brown builder's sand, 0.15 feet thick on the

north and <0.05 feet on the south side. Architectural

debris dominated Level 3 (31E), a very compact dark

grayish brown sandy silt 0.5 feet thick on the north,

thinning to 0.15 feet on the south side. Level 4 (31F)

was a thin (0.1 feet), compact dark grayish brown

sandy silt mottled with 40% subsoil, a very compact

yellowish red sandy clay. Level 5 (31J) was a second

thin lens of loose yellowish brown builder's sand, 0.15

feet thick on the north side, thinning to <0.05 feet on

the south side. Level 6 (31K) was a dark brown sandy

silt with no mottling and a maximum thickness of

0.75 feet. The bottom-most layer, Level 7 (31L), was a very loose sandy loam varying in thickness from 0.3

to 0.8 feet and contained the highest concentration of architectural and household debris. The high

concentration of charcoal (20%) along with artifacts showing evidence of high heat/burning suggests that

Level 7 represents a trash burning event. No other layers showed evidence of burning.

Starting from the bottom-up, the TPQ date for Level 7 (31L) is 1882 (based on artifact #31L-30, a

beer bottle marked “ROBERT PORTNER, ALEXANDRIA, VA – TIVOLI”). Level 6 (31K) dates to circa

1890 (based on artifact #31K-30, an octagonal cobalt blue cosmetic bottle). Level 5 (31J) dates to circa

1870 (based on artifact #31J-42, a wire-drawn nail). Level 4 (31F) dates to 1874 (based on artifact #31F-14,

a pressed brass shoe grommet). Level 3 (31E) dates to 1888 (based on artifact #31E-1, a whiteware plate

marked “MD POTTERY CO”). Level 2 (31D) dates to circa 1870 (based on artifact #31D-17, a 3-part,

dip body molded pharmaceutical bottle). The upper-most layer, Level 1 (31C), dates to 1892 (based on

artifact #31C-73, a crown-cap bottle closure).

All seven layers of the trash pit contained artifacts with closely-spaced TPQ dates, indicating a

creation date sometime between 1892 and 1904. The earlier date is based on the TPQ date from Level 1.

Although the possibility always exists that the topmost layer of any feature might contain intrusive materials,

thereby artificially causing the date of the feature to appear more recent than it really is, a date of 1892 is

consistent with lower levels, particularly Level 3 (1888) and Level 6 (circa 1890). The later date of 1904 is

derived from the presence of an intrusive foundation pier associated with an addition to the house at 1904

Marion Street. Although an exact construction date for the addition is not known, the 1904 Sanborn map

shows the footprint of the house in-line with the intrusive pier, suggesting that at least that portion of the

house was constructed by 1904, and subsequently, the trash pit prior.

A total of 3,722 artifacts (representing 607 MNI) and 779.8 grams (361 fragments) of faunal

material were recovered from the seven levels. In summary, a total of 506 artifacts were recovered from Level

1 (31C); 163 artifacts from Level 2 (31D); 623 artifacts from Level 3 (31E); 59 artifacts from Level 4 (31F);

5-24

Figure 5-12. Planview drawing of the Feature 31C-Complex. Note the intrusive brick pier from the first addition to the house at 1904 Marion Street.

160 artifacts from

Level 5 (31J); 1,405

artifacts from Level 6

(31K); and 807

artifacts from Level 7

(31L). No floral

material was recovered

from any of the levels.

The following

discussion, organized

by functional type,

provides information

only as needed in

interpreting patterns,

sequences of events, or

other archaeological phenomena, as

well as highlighting artifacts of

special note found in the deposit.

Table 5-12 presents the same data

summarized in terms of Object

Names and minimum counts.

PERSONAL ITEMS

Including subcategories, a total

of 142 artifacts were recovered

belonging to the Personal group,

representing 73 individual items.

Items not belonging to a subcategory

were a pair of cast iron scissors, two

fragments of back-plated mirror

glass, a brass spine catch from an

umbrella, a 1.25-inch diameter lens

ring from a pocket watch, two

pocket knives (one with two blades, the other with three), a brass pencil holder, fragments of 3/16-inch

diameter graphite pencil lead, the base of a stamped end, machine soldered square tobacco can, and

fragments of bowls from two tobacco pipes. One of the pipes was an orange, ribbed Pamplin-style pipe; the

other, an undecorated kaolin clay pipe. Lastly, an undecorated whiteware water pitcher or ewer, represented

by a rim fragment with a diameter of five-inches (#31K-83), was recovered.

CLOTHING

Sixty-six artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Clothing group, representing 27 MNI.

The most abundant clothing-related artifact was buttons. Nineteen individual buttons were recovered, made

of brass (2), shell (3), bone (3), glass (1), and dry-pressed porcelain (prosser) (10). None had makers’ or back

marks; all were plain.

5-25

Figure 5-13. West profile of Feature 31C-Complex.

Figure 5-14. West profile of Feature 31C-Complex. Note the electrical grounding rod in the excavated portion and the intrusive brick pier on the surface of the unexcavated portion.

Table 5-12.

Summary of Artifacts from the Feature 31C-Complex, Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI Object Name MNI

Ammunition, Bullet, .22 Caliber 1 Hardware, Nut 1

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 6 Hardware, Ring 1

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber 2 Hardware, Scissors 1

Ammunition, Shot, Lead 3 Hardware, Stock, Bar 2

Architectural, Glass, Window 7 Hardware, Strap 4

Architectural, Plaster 1 Hardware, Tack 1

Architectural, Tile, Roofing 1 Hardware, Unidentified 1

Clothing, Buckle, Suspender 1 Hardware, Washer 1

Clothing, Button 1 Household Accessory, Fireplace Tool Stand 1

Clothing, Button, 2-Hole 2 Household Accessory, Flowerpot 2

Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 15 Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 4

Clothing, Button, Shank Molded 1 Lighting, Lamp, Globe 1

Clothing, Cuff Link 1 Lighting, Lamp, Shade 1

Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye 2 Personal, Bead 4

Clothing, Shoe, Grommet 1 Personal, Jewelry, Unidentified 1

Clothing, Shoe, Sole 2 Personal, Mirror 1

Clothing, Snap 1 Personal, Pocket Knife, 2-Blades 1

Clothing, Straight Pin 1 Personal, Pocket Knife, 3-Blades 1

Communication, Holder, Pencil 1 Personal, Umbrella 1

Communication, Pencil, Graphite 1 Personal, Unidentified 1

Container, Bottle 9 Personal, Watch, Pocket 1

Container, Bottle, Beer 2 Personal, Water Pitcher / Ewer 1

Container, Bottle, Beverage 2 Tableware, Bowl 6

Container, Bottle, Bitters 1 Tableware, Bowl, Footed-Salt 1

Container, Bottle, Closure 1 Tableware, Bowl, Salt / Sugar 2

Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 1 Tableware, Bowl, Serving 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Lighting Stopper 1 Tableware, Cup 4

Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper 1 Tableware, Cup, Tea 5

Container, Bottle, Condiment 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass 1

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Mustard 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Goblet 1

Container, Bottle, Cosmetic 2 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Stemware 2

Container, Bottle, Food 1 Tableware, Drinking Glass, Tumbler 4

Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles/Olives 1 Tableware, Flatware 4

Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical 10 Tableware, Hollowware 14

Container, Bottle, Wine 2 Tableware, Plate 11

Container, Bucket, Lead/Solder Pot 1 Tableware, Plate, Lunch 1

Container, Can, Cylindrical 14 Tableware, Saucer 12

Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (non-screw) 2 Tableware, Unidentified 8

Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (press-fit) 1 Tableware, Utensil 1

Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip 1 Tableware, Utensil, Knife 2

Container, Can, Square / Rectangular 4 Tobacco, Pipe 1

Container, Can, Tobacco 1 Tobacco, Pipe, Elbow 1

Container, Jar, Lid 1 Toy, Doll, China Head 1

Container, Jar, Preserving 2 Toy, Marble 1

Electrical, Wire 1 Toy, Tea Set 2

Fauna n/a Unidentified, Ceramic 3

Fauna, Clam Shell n/a Unidentified, Glass 2

Fauna, Oyster Shell n/a Unidentified, Metal 3

Furniture, Caster 1 Unidentified, Metal, Plate 1

Furniture, Spring 1 Unidentified, Object 1

Furniture, Tack 4 Unidentified, Wood 1

Hardware, Bolt 4 Utilitarian, Bowl 1

Hardware, Bolt, Eye 1 Utilitarian, Hollowware 2

Hardware, Hook, Eye Hook & Staple 1 Utilitarian, Jar / Crock 4

Hardware, Nail, Common 334 Utilitarian, Vessel 1

Hardware, Nail, Finishing 7

Hardware, Nail, Spike 1 Total 607

5-26

Also recovered was a brass suspender buckle marked “*CH. GUYOT*” on the back (the '*' represent small

stars on the original). No information has been found yet for this manufacturer. The dumb-bell shaped cuff

link was of cast white metal. One hook and two eyes from two brass hump-style hook-and-eye fasteners

were found, as well as a 1/8-inch brass shoe grommet and a plain, 1/2-inch diameter pressed iron snap.

Portions of two shoes or boots were also recovered from the deposit. The fragments were all too small to

determine size or style. Both were constructed using bass nails, one with round shanks, the other, square.

Interestingly, the heads of the square nails were painted red.

FIREARMS

Twelve artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Firearms group, representing two

different calibers of ammunition, a potential piece of jewelry-making byproduct, and two clothing-related

items. All metallic cartridge dates are based on the work of Kathleen A. Clardy (2008). A single, unfired .22

caliber bullet was found. The bullet showed no marks indicating how it was removed from the cartridge

case. Eight fired cartridge cases were recovered. Of the six .22 caliber rim-fire cartridges, two were short and

four were long; four had head stamps with identifiable makers' marks. The two .22 caliber shorts were

copper cartridges, measuring 0.247-inches in length, manufactured by Union Metallic Cartridge Company

(UMC) between 1867 and 1902. One of the .22 caliber long rifle cartridges was also manufactured by

UMC, between 1871 and 1902. It, too, was copper. Of the two long rifle cartridges without head stamps,

one was copper, the other brass. Both have a TPQ of 1871, the introduction date of the .22 caliber long

rifle cartridge. The remaining .22 caliber long rifle cartridge was brass, also manufactured by UMC between

1871 and 1902.

The remaining two cartridges were rim-fire .32 caliber. The first, made of brass, was manufactured

by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company (“H”) sometime after 1867. The second, made of copper, was

without a head stamp. It postdates 1860, the introduction date of the .32 caliber cartridge. Only the head

was recovered from this last cartridge (#31C-74). As with the two .22 caliber cartridge cases recovered from

the Lower level of the lunch counter trash pit, the body of the cartridge was cut-off, possibly to obtain short

lengths of tubing for use as beads (see previous discussion).

Lastly, three lead shot balls were recovered. Two are 3/8-inch diameter, the other, 5/32-inch.

HYGIENE

The 30 artifacts in the Personal-Hygiene group represent 12 different cosmetic and

medicinal/pharmaceutical glass containers. Two cosmetic containers were recovered. The first was an aqua-

blue panel bottle with a prescription finish of “HILL'S // HAIR DYE // No. 1” (#31E-31). The second was

the base of a cobalt blue polygonal bottle. All 10 of the medicinal/pharmaceutical bottles had either patent

or prescription finishes. Six were panel bottles, two were cylindrical, one was a French square, and one was a

vial. The vial was embossed with “B. L. // FAHNESTOCK'S // VERMIFUGE” (#31L-2). Of the

cylindrical bottles, one still had its cork closure intact (#31D-17), although no suggestion of contents

remained, and the other embossed with “... ECLIPSE M ...”. Two of the panel bottles were embossed, one

with “... HE / E ...” (#31K-56) and the other with “... HOFE ...” (#31J-10 and 11). The French square was

a bottle of “Dr. J. Hostetter's Stomach Bitters” (#31C-31), in production between 1870 and 1886.

5-27

ORNAMENTAL

The Personal-Ornamental group contained four

beads and an unidentified piece of jewelry made of

brass. The first bead was a yellow glass sphere,

diameter 3/16-inch. The second is a clear glass,

press-molded, hexagonal bead, 3/16-inch wide

and 3/16-inch long. The third was a fragment

from a doughnut-shaped blue porcelain bead. The

fourth was a black glass, 5/15-inch diameter bead

with a molded geometric design. The piece of

copper jewelry or household accessory object

(#31K-29) is still a mystery (Figure 5-15).

Composed of copper sheeting with press-molded

design, it may have been part of a necklace.

Alternately, it may represent a fragment of an Art

Deco-style household object.

SEWING

Only one artifact belonging to the Personal-Sewing group was recovered—a one-inch brass straight

pin with a dome head.

TOYS

Five fragments of toys representing four distinct objects were recovered. Two fragments of a child's

porcelain tea-set were found, one a cup with a rim diameter of 7/16-inch and the other a fragment of a

hollowware vessel, likely a tea pot. Both tea-set fragments were overglaze painted. The head and leg of a

china-head doll were also recovered. Both were overglaze-painted porcelain. The head measured 13/16-inch

head-to-chin, had blue eyes, brown wavy molded hair, rose-colored cheeks, and red lips. The leg had a

brown molded shoe with a heel. China-head dolls with heels on their shoes were introduced at the time of

the American Civil War (Coleman, et al. 1965). Prior to circa 1865, dolls had flat-soled shoes. The last toy,

a 7/16-inch diameter blue glass marble, showed evidence of burning or high heat.

KITCHEN ITEMS

By far, the greatest number of artifacts recovered from the trash pit belonged to the Kitchen group

—a total of 2,450 artifacts (nearly 66% of all artifacts recovered from the deposit), representing 136 distinct

objects. Table 5-13 summarizes the Kitchen group data in terms of decorative style/technique, while the

following discussion focuses on object form/function.

TABLEWARE

A total of 298 artifacts, representing 94 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. Three

utensils were recovered. The first was a table knife with a wood handle, iron core, and a white-metal end

piece (#31L-56). The blade was missing. The second was a cast pewter fragment of either a fork or spoon

(#31E-22). The third was a base fragment of an iron core belonging to a table knife (#31E-24). This knife

5-28

Figure 5-15. Mystery copper jewelery or household accessory fragment.

likely had a wood handle

covering. Nearly 45% of the

glass and ceramic artifacts in the

Tableware group (133 artifacts)

were too fragmented to

determine vessel form, even at a

hollowware-flatware level.

Nonetheless, some forms were

identifiable.

The majority of

identifiable ceramic tablewares

were plain or minimally-

decorated whiteware objects.

Although there was a multitude

of different decorative styles

represented in the tableware

assemblage, these tended to be

small fragments, and for the

most part, isolated examples.

This pattern is partially

explained by the characteristics

of the ceramics themselves. The

plain and minimally-decorated

wares tended to be heavier with

thick(er) bodies, whereas the

highly decorated wares had

much thinner bodies. Dropped

from the same height, a thick-

walled ceramic will tend to

break into larger pieces than its

thin-walled counterpart. A

larger piece is easier to identify.

But this only explains part of the

pattern. There were far more

plain and minimally-decorated

fragments than those that were

highly decorated, suggesting the

obvious: more plain tablewares were thrown away than decorated tablewares.

The amount of tableware in the trash deposit was surprising. There were six table bowls,

one serving bowl, two salt or sugar bowls, and a footed glass salt bowl. Four cups, five tea cups, one drinking

glass, one goblet, two stemware glasses, and four tumblers make up the drinking vessels. There were 11

plates, one lunch plate, and 12 saucers. In addition, there were four pieces of flatware and 14 pieces of

hollowware that could not be further identified. Eight pieces of tableware were identified as unique by their

decorative style but could not be categorized as either flat or hollowware. Thirty-nine of the above 51

identified forms were ceramic. Of these 39, 25 (64%) were plain or minimally-decorated wares. Of the 26

ceramics identified as flatware, hollowware, or unidentified, only two (7.6%) were plain.

5-29

Table 5-13.

Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from the

31C-Complex, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique

Decorative Style/Technique MNI

Porcelain

Chinese Export

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 1

Refined

Molded 2

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 1

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 3

Stoneware

Graniteware

Plain / Colorless Glaze 1

Molded 1

Albany Slip / Bristol Glaze 1

Alkaline Glazed 7

Salt Glazed (American Stoneware) 1

Earthenware

Whiteware

Annular / Banded, Slipped 1

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Cable Design 1

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Mocha 1

Color Glaze, Opaque 3

Plain / Colorless Glaze 24

Flow Transfer Printed 2

Gilded, Liquid Gold 1

Molded 3

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 13

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 4

Sponge / Spatter 2

Pearlware

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 1

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Cable Design 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 2

Yellowware

Plain / Colorless Glaze 1

Annular / Banded, Slipped 1

Redware

Color Glaze, Opaque 1

Total 82

UTILITARIAN

A total of 2,152 artifacts, representing 57 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. The

large number of artifacts in this group was largely the product of highly fragmented glass bottles. Utilitarian

ceramic vessels (MNI=8) were primarily stoneware, although single fragments of lead-glazed yellowware

(clear glaze) and redware (yellow exterior, brown interior glaze) were recovered. Both of these earthenware

vessels were hollowware. Also recovered were three alkaline glazed stoneware jars/crocks, a refined brown-

paste salt glazed stoneware jar/crock, an alkaline glazed mixing bowl, two alkaline glazed hollowware vessels,

and one unidentified alkaline glazed vessel.

Only four commercial food bottles were in the trash pit—a barrel-shaped mustard bottle, a square

pickle or olive jar, a Gothic-style condiment bottle with fluted corners, and the rim of a jar that may have

once held a condiment or relish.

Two preserving jars were found, as well as a 2-3/16-inch diameter pressed glass lid that would have

had a wax seal (#31E-37). The two jars were both Mason-style, but fragments that might suggest the actual

manufacturer were not recovered. The first jar was represented by an aqua-green base fragment with a

diameter of 3-1/8 inch (#31C-44). The second was represented by an aqua-blue finish fragment with

external threads (#31D-12), a style introduced in 1858 (Toulouse 1969).

Four bottle closures were found in the pit, not including the in situ cork stopper found in the medicinal/pharmaceutical bottle discussed earlier. One was a crown cap, one a lightening stopper, one a

pressed glass peg stopper, likely from a sauce bottle, and lastly, a lead bottle seal (#31J-47). The lead seal was

smashed, so it was difficult to determine its original size and shape. Alternately, it may be a piece of lead

sheeting used for an unknown purpose.

Four alcohol bottles were in the deposit. Two of these were beer bottles, one an Albany-type slip

glazed stoneware bottle and the other an olive colored bottle embossed with “ROBERT PORTNER,

ALEXANDRIA, VA – TIVOLI” (#31L-30). According to various collector websites, Robert Portner

distributed beer in this style of bottle from his brewery outside of Washington, D.C. starting in 1882 and

ending in 1916 with Prohibition. Interestingly, the bottle appears to have been used as a striking device,

evidenced by the small flakes taken off one side of the base. Two dark olive ('black' glass) wine or

champaign bottles were also recovered.

A minimum of 11 other bottles were recovered, including an intact, locally produced soda,

embossed “C.C. HABENIGHT / COLUMBIA / S.C. // RETURN / THIS / BOTTLE” (#31K-15). A

blob-top, lightening-stopper finish that matched the Habenight bottle was also found. The remaining nine

bottles were too fragmented to determine form, but each represents a unique characteristic not associated

with any previously defined bottles, mostly the color of glass, and so are counted as additional containers.

Over a third of all recovered artifacts from the trash pit were fragments of metal containers—1,676

fragments, representing 23 MNI. Given the large number of fragments recovered, 23 MNI was a very

conservative count. Metal can closures were of three types: wind-strip (1), removable, non-screw lids (3),

and removable, press-fit lid (1). What the removable, non-screw lids were associated with is unknown. Two

of them were 5/8-inch high with a diameter of 1-3/4-inches. The third was 1/2 inch high with a diameter of

2 inches. Can fragments neither matched nor mated with the lids. They may have been snuff cans, or

possibility cosmetic tins. The press-fit lid was a paint-can style lid with a diameter of 10-inches.

Four square/rectangular cans were recovered. Two of these were sardine cans, one was a meat tin,

and the other was too fragmented to identify. The meat tin (#31D-47) was a tapered can, hand soldered

with rounded corners, with a base of 2 x 2-3/4-inches. The unidentified tin could have been either a meat or

tobacco tin.

5-30

The majority of fragments were

parts of cylindrical cans. MNI

numbers were determined by end

pieces only. After measuring the

diameter of each end-piece fragment,

they were grouped together by size.

The circumference of each fragment

per diameter group was then

measured, and a minimum number

count determined based on the

number of complete end pieces that

would result if they were joined,

understanding that two end pieces

are needed for each can counted.

The assemblage represents a

minimum of 23 individual cans in nine different sizes. Table 5-14 summarizes the cylindrical can data.

Interestingly, two can fragments still show evidence of their original lithograph-printed decoration. The first

fragment shows red ink (#31E-100), and the other, traces of red, gold, and silver (#31E-101).

Unfortunately, the fragments were too small to determine the type of can they were a part of once.

ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS

A total of 951 artifacts (358 MNI) related to architecture were recovered, the second most

abundant artifact group in the assemblage, most representing nails (723 artifacts, 352 MNI) and window

glass (112 artifacts, 13 MNI). Both clear green and colorless window glass was found in multiple

thicknesses. Seven thicknesses of clear green glass were recovered: 2 at 1/32; 19 at 4/64; 9 at 3/32; 2 at 7/64;

6 at 1/8; 6 at 9/64; and 4 at 7/32. Six thicknesses of colorless glass were recovered: 11 at 1/32; 8 at 3/64; 25

at 1/16; 11 at 5/64; 8 at 3/32; and 1 at 1/8. It should be noted that some fragments of colorless flat glass

might represent non-window glass, like picture frame glass. Interestingly, one fragment of 1/8-inch clear

green glass (#31D-9) may have been intentionally shaped. One edge of the shard is chipped, in the manner

of a scraper, with a series of smaller chips along the leading edge that may have resulted from use.

The nail assemblage consisted of a fragment of a round-head spike, seven machine-cut finishing

nails with ovaloid heads, and a range of common nails. Measuring from the top of the nail head to the

shank point, four of the finishing nails had a length of 5/8-inch, one was 7/8-inch, and two were 15/16-

inch. A total of 333 machine-cut (with a TPQ of 1805) and 18 wire common nails (with a TPQ of circa

1870) were found. Fifty-five cut nails were complete, representing 16 different sizes. One cut nail was

particularly intriguing (#31L-97). It consisted of a flared side running down the center from the base of the

head to just below the half-way point on the shank. It is unknown if this is a manufacturing mistake, which

seems unlikely given its uniform nature, or an actual type of nail. No discussion of such nail type is known

to me. Only three wire nails were complete, all with a length of 1-1/4-inches.

An eye-hook and associated staple with wood fragments still attached to the staple was recovered

(#31K-33). The hook is of the type used to secure a door, gate, cupboard, or something similar.

5-31

Table 5-14.

Cylindrical Can Data from the Feature 31C-Complex

Diameter MNI Type

1 1/2-inches 1

1 3/4-inches 1

1 7/8-inches 1

2 1/8-inches 2

2 11/16-inches 1

3-inches 2 Tomato or pineapple juice

3 1/16-inches 2 Fruit; tomato or pineapple juice

3 7/16-inches 2

4 1/16-inches 2 Fruit

Total 14

INTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were

represented by 74 fragments of plaster. All of the fragments had matte red paint on the front side and

evidence of wood-lattice impressions on the reverse. In some cases, wood fibers were still attached to the

plaster.

EXTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were

represented by 27 fragments of slate. Unfortunately, the fragments did not have clear edges and were too

small to determine if they represent roofing tile, walkway paving, or some other function.

DOMESTIC ITEMS

A total of 71 Domestic Group artifacts were recovered, representing a minimum of 15 objects. Four

brass furniture tacks with 3/8-inch dome heads were recovered, three with square shanks, one with a

cylindrical shank. All were brazed. Other furniture related artifacts consisted of a spring of the type used in

upholstered chairs or couches and a cast iron caster with a 9/16-inch diameter wheel. The base of a cast iron

fireplace tool stand with scalloped edges was also recovered. The remains of two unglazed earthenware

flowerpots were found, one orange and one buff colored. Both were represented by body fragments, so

diameter is unknown. At least four lamp chimneys were recovered, two with hand-pressed scalloped rims

and two with smooth rims. Two other lighting-related objects were recovered. One was a frosted glass lamp

globe and the other was a 12-inch diameter milk-glass lamp shade with a smooth rim.

ELECTRICAL ITEMS

The sole electricity-related artifact was a single length of un-insulated (0.103-inch diameter) copper

wire with a 1-1/4-inch long tapered end (#31C-77). The wire was most likely a fragment of grounding wire

associated with the electrical grounding rod that intruded upon the feature, discussed in more detail under

the primary header 'Infrastructure.'

OTHER ITEMS

Also recovered were a number of artifacts that did not fit neatly into any of the above functional

categories. Most of these artifacts are hardware related and all are metal. Not included here are artifact

fragments classified as 'Unidentified.' Five iron bolts, including an eye-bolt, were recovered. Unfortunately,

they were all too correlated to determine thread count or pitch. Associated with the bolts was an iron nut.

What the small brass washer (O.D.=1/4-inch; I.D.=1/16-inch) may have been a part of is unknown. Two

fragments of one-inch wide iron bars were also recovered one 1/4-inch thick, the other 1/16-inch thick. The

function of the slightly conical iron ring, with a diameter of 6-inches at one end and 5-1/2-inches at the

other, was a mystery. Recovered were four widths of iron strapping, like the kind used on barrels,

containers, and packaging. Widths were 3/8-inch, 1/2-inch, 3/4-inch, and 11/16-inch. Several fragments of

the 3/4-inch strap were fastened with rivets. Most intriguing were rim fragments from a 15-inch diameter

bucket (#31L-62 and 65). What makes them interesting is a coating of melted lead along the interior of the

bucket and lead drippings along the top of the rim and down the outside surface. Most likely this bucket is

the remains of a lead pot, probably used for sealant, potentially on the roof along flashing. Since this feature

5-32

pre-dates running water at

the house, a plumbing-

related function is unlikely.

FAUNA

[The following discussion of faunal remains is extracted verbatim from Faunal Report for Mann-Simons by Diane Wallman (2010).]

Feature 31C-Complex

yielded 361 bone fragments

(779.8g), comprised mostly

of domestic mammal

remains (Table 5-15). Cow

was the most common species

within this feature, and likely

contributed the most to

household consumption (45%

of bone weight). This feature

contained relatively few avian

remains, with a minimum

number of one chicken

identified within the

assemblage, and only 18 total

avian specimens.

Cattle remains are the most

common domestic mammal

remains within this deposit,

comprising almost 50% of the

frequency and 70% of the

identified medium and large

mammal species. In terms of

relative abundance, pork cuts

are also common within this

assemblage, while relatively few

sheep/goat remains were

identified in this feature.

This deposit contained

a diverse range of beef cuts,

with all standard retail butchery

cuts represented in the assemblage (Table 5-16), and no apparent correlation to cost. Sirloin and round cuts

dominate the assemblage, which are represented largely by ‘steak cuts’ in the feature, that is, thinner,

individual cuts of meat indicated by thin bone segments with sawed ends.

5-33

Table 5-15.

Taxa Representation, Feature 31C-Complex

Taxon/Class NISP %NISP Weight (g) %Weight

FOOD BONES

Mammal

30 8.31 352.4 45.19

27 7.48 87.8 11.26

5 1.39 35.8 4.59

Aves

3 0.83 1.2 0.15

Unidentified Aves 15 4.16 9.2 1.18

Pisces 2 0.55 1.1 0.14

Mollusk 1 0.28 1 0.13

SIZE GRADED FRAGMENTS

Sheep/Pig sized (Class V) 153 42.38 87.4 11.21

Cow sized (Class VI) 125 34.63 203.9 26.15

TOTAL 361 779.8

Cow; Bos

Pig; Sus scrofa

Ovis aries/Capra hircus

Chicken;Gallus gallus

Table 5-16.

Beef Cuts, Feature 31C-Complex

Cut %MNMC

1 Short Loin 2 8.33

2 Rib/Sirloin 6 25

3 Round 4 16.67

4 Rump/Chuck 3 12.5

5 Brisket/Plate 3 12.5

6 Foreshank/Hindshank/Arm 4 16.67

7 Neck/Head 2 8.33

8 Foot 2 8.33

Rank a MNMC b

a After Azizi et al. 1996

b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

Table 5-17.

Pork Cuts, Feature 31C-Complex

Cut

1 Ham 1 8.33

2 Loin/Rib End 1 8.33

3 Boston Butt 3 25

4 Picnic/Shank Ham 2 16.67

5 Spareribs/Side/Hock 0 0

6 5 41.67

Rank a MNMC b %MNMC

Head/Jowl /Foot

a After Azizi et al. 1996

b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

The pork bones from

this feature are dominated by

Boston butt cuts, which were a

moderately priced portion of

the animal (Table 5-17).

Interestingly, cuts from the foot

and head of the pig, which were

likely cured, are common in

this deposit. Pig feet were a very

marketable cut in the 19th

century in both urban and rural

deposits (Cheek and

Friedlander 1990; Henry 1987a: 23). While for cattle and sheep/goat, animal heads are often not considered

“marketable” cuts (Bowen 1998: 141; Henry 1987a: 23; Rothschild and Balkwell 1993), pig’s head is an

ingredient in common 19th-century dishes, such as scrapple and head-cheese (Devoe 1867: 96).

Few sheep/goat remains were recovered from

this feature (Table 5-18). Surprisingly, however,

the sheep/goat remains that were identified

represent the foot and head of a single animal. The

presence of these elements may suggest on-site

slaughtering and/or butchery of a sheep/goat.

FEATURE 34C-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)

A small trash pit was discovered in the

southeast quadrant of Block 1 (Features 34C/D/E;

Figure 5-16), 6.75 feet (center point) east of the

rear wall of the house at 1904 Marion Street. It was

one of only three features discovered in this portion

of the yard not related to architecture, posts, or

infrastructure (the other two being a charcoal stain

and the Feature 31C-Complex trash pit). Roughly

circular, the pit measured 2.3 feet north-south and

2.5 feet east-west with a depth of 1.62 feet below

stratum 34B. The pit had been cleanly bisected by

a modern trench associated with a sprinkler system

(F3) cut with a ditch-wench. Running north-south

across the entire block with a width of 0.45 feet

and a depth of 1.1 feet, the trench was fully

excavated prior to excavating the pit.

The trash pit contained three deposits

consisting of a shallow outer ring (Feature 34E)

and two inner fill layers (Figure 5-17). The outer

ring was a compact shallow depression of silty sand

varying in width from 0.25 feet maximum to 0.05

feet minimum, and varying in depth from 0.15 feet

5-34

Figure 5-16. Planview illustration of Feature 34C-Complex uncovered in Block 1.

Table 5-18.

Sheep/Goat Cuts, Feature 31C-Complex

Cut %MNMC

1 Loin 0 0

2 Rack 0 0

3 Shank End 0 0

4 Chuck/Butt End 1 33.33

5 Neck 0 0

6 Shank/Foot/Head 2 66.66

Rank a MNMC b

a After Azizi et al. 1996

b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

along the western edge to 0.02 feet along the

eastern edge. Both inner fill layers were composed

of very loose soils and excavated with a spoon. The

upper layer (34C) was a mottled very dark brown

sandy silt containing 20% charcoal inclusions

transitioning into a dark yellowish brown silt. The

lower layer (34D) was a very dark gray sand with

few charcoal inclusions. Since the pit had been

bisected by the sprinkler trench, it was excavated

along this bisection line. The east half was

removed first, but because of the high artifact

concentration it was not until the west profile was

exposed that two distinct layers were noticeable.

Artifacts from both inner fill layers were bagged

together; those from the outer ring (34E) were

kept separate from the inner fill.

The TPQ for the deposit is 1909, based on two comb fragments made of Bakelite plastic (#34C-78

and 34C-79). Although Bakelite was in common use into the early 1970s (Meikle 1995), two South

Carolina Dispensary bottles (#34C-21 and 34C-22) suggest that the deposit was created a short time after

the introduction of Bakelite. The South Carolina Dispensary operated from 1892 to 1907 (Huggins 1997).

Assuming the occupants of the site did not curate the two bottles of Dispensary whiskey for more than a few

years, the deposit seems to have been created sometime between 1909 and early 1910.

A total of 3,595 artifacts (representing 493 MNI) were recovered from the pit, including 658 fish

scales, 403 egg shell fragments, and three oyster shells. A faunal analysis has not yet been undertaken for this

feature. No floral material was recovered. The following discussion, organized by functional type, provides

information only as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other archaeological

phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note found in the deposit. Table 5-19 presents the

same data summarized in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.

PERSONAL ITEMS

Including subcategories, a total of 113 artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal group,

representing 67 individual items. Items not belonging to a subcategory included stem fragments from a

kaolin / ball clay tobacco pipe, bone spine fragments from an umbrella with copper joints, a mirror, two

Bakelite combs, and five items related to communication: two slate pencils, a ruled writing slate, a round

graphite pencil lead, and a copper eraser holder.

CLOTHING

Thirty-four artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Clothing group, representing 33

MNI. Two pieces of lead shot were recovered, with diameters of 1/4- and 3/16-inch. Lead shot was

commonly used as dress or jacket weights. Two fragments of a leather shoe sole were recovered. The sole

was pegged with square-shank brass nails. Likely associated with the same shoe, 22 brass grommets, with an

outer diameter of 1/4-inch and inner diameter of 1/8-inch, were also found. The remaining eight clothing

items were buttons: a loop-shank button with a brass backing and a faceted dome milk-glass front; a prosser

collar button; four white prosser 4-hole sew-through disc buttons of diameters 7/16-inch (2), 3/8-inch, and

5-35

Figure 5-17. West profile of Feature 34C-Complex.

11/16-inch; and two 2-hole sew-through disc buttons, one prosser and one ferrous-alloy, both of 1/2-inch

diameter.

FIREARMS

Nine artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Firearms group, representing four

individual objects. Two calibers of ammunition were found, represented by a fired .38 caliber centerfire

cartridge case, a fired .32 caliber rimfire cartridge case, and an unfired .32 caliber bullet. Neither of the

cartridges had headstamps. Six artifacts represent a highly-fragmented rifle of unknown type/make.

5-36

Table 5-19.

Summary of Artifacts from Feature 34C-Complex, Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI Object Name MNI

Ammunition, Bullet, .32 Caliber 1 Hardware, Wire 1

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber 1 Hardware, Wire, Bailing 1

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber 1 Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod 3

Ammunition, Shot 2 Lighting, Lamp, Burner, Kerosene 1

Architectural, Mortar 1 Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 2

Architectural, Plaster 1 Lighting, Lamp, Font 1

Architectural, Tile 1 Personal, Badge/Medal 1

Clothing, Button, 2-Hole 1 Personal, Comb 2

Clothing, Button, 2-Piece 1 Personal, Jewelry 1

Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 4 Personal, Jewelry, Bead 1

Clothing, Button, Collar 1 Personal, Jewelry, Earing/Pendent 1

Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank 1 Personal, Jewelry, Wire 1

Clothing, Grommet 22 Personal, Mirror 1

Clothing, Shoe, Sole 1 Personal, Umbrella 1

Clothing, Straight Pin 1 Personal, Water Basin 1

Communication, Eraser, Holder 1 Shell, Egg n/a

Communication, Pencil, Graphite 1 Shell, Oyster 3

Communication, Pencil, Slate 2 Shell, Snail 8

Communication, Writing Slate 1 Tableware, Bowl 1

Container, Bottle 5 Tableware, Cup 1

Container, Bottle, Condiment 1 Tableware, Cup, Tea 2

Container, Bottle, Liquor/Whiskey 2 Tableware, Hollowware 5

Container, Bottle, Medicinal/Pharmaceutical 4 Tableware, Plate 3

Container, Bottle, Wine 1 Tableware, Saucer 5

Container, Can 11 Tableware, UID 4

Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid, Screw 1 Tobacco, Pipe 1

Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip 1 Toy, Doll 1

Container, Can, Square/Rectangular 3 Toy, Doll, China Head 1

Container, Closure, Peg Stopper 1 Toy, Marble 6

Container, Personal, Vaseline 1 Toy, Vehicle, Wheel 1

Electrical, Wire 1 UID, Ceramic 1

Firearm, Rifle 1 UID, Glass 2

Fish, Scales n/a UID, Metal 6

Hardware, Bolt, Carriage Bolt 1 UID, Metal, Rod 2

Hardware, Door Knob 1 UID, Slate 1

Hardware, Hook 1 UID, Tubing 1

Hardware, Hose, Spring Hose 1 UID, Wood 1

Hardware, Nail, Common 326 Utilitarian, Container 1

Hardware, Ring 1 Utilitarian, UID 1

Hardware, Screen 1

Hardware, Screw, Wood 4 Total 494

Hardware, Strap 3

HYGIENE

The 22 artifacts in the Personal-Hygiene group belong to five individual items: a small bottle of

Vaseline produced by the Chesebrough Manufacturing Company (#34C-23); a bottle of “SCOTT'S

EMULSION // COD LIVER OIL // WITH LIME & SODA” (#34C-30); a bottle of Dr. J. Hostetters

Stomach Bitters (#34C-24); and a bottle of patent medicine produced by the John C. West Co. of Chicago,

IL (#34C-29).

ORNAMENTAL

Ten artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Ornamental group, representing five

individual objects. Ornamental objects included six fragments from a stamped copper suspension for a one-

inch ribbon, a fragment of a copper pin that may have been from a broach, a black multi-faceted glass bead

of 5/16-inch diameter, a small molded parian earring or pendent in the form of what appears to be a baby's

face, and a coiled length of 1/32-inch diameter copper jewelry wire.

SEWING

Only one artifact was recovered belonging to the Personal-Sewing group—a one-inch stainless-steel

straight pin with a flat head.

TOYS

Eleven artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Toys group, representing a minimum of

nine objects. Most of these were marbles. Three marbles were of kaolin/ball clay (one with a green opaque

glaze), two were hand-molded

buff-colored earthenware, and

one was white porcelain. Two

“china-head” dolls were found,

including an unglazed porcelain

arm and fragments from the

head of a second doll. The head

fragments were pink painted

overglaze porcelain. The last toy

was a cast iron spoke-and-hub

wheel of 1-3/4-inch diameter.

The wheel could be from a train,

wagon, tractor, or similar toy

vehicle.

KITCHEN ITEMS

A total of 1,236

artifacts were recovered

belonging to the Kitchen group,

representing 49 individual items.

Table 5-20 summarizes the

5-37

Table 5-20.

Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from

Feature 34C-Complex, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique

Decorative Style/Technique MNI

Porcelain

Refined

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Gilded, Liquid Gold 2

Plain / Colorless Glaze 2

Stoneware

Graniteware

Molded 1

Alkaline Glazed 1

Earthenware

Whiteware

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 2

Plain / Colorless Glaze 6

Flow Transfer Printed 2

Gilded, Liquid Gold 1

Edge Decorated 1

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 4

Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 1

Yellowware

Plain / Colorless Glaze

Total 24

Kitchen group ceramic data in terms

of decorative style/technique, while

the following discussion focuses on

object form/function.

TABLEWARE

A total of 81 artifacts,

representing 22 objects, fell within

the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup.

Four pieces of tableware were

identified as unique by their

decorative style but could not be

categorized as either flat or hollowware. Three of these were whiteware (two transferprinted, one underglaze

painted) and one was refined porcelain with a “liquid gold” band. Five whiteware vessels were identified as

hollowware. One of these was an annular / banded slipware, one a blue flown transferprint, and three were

undecorated. One whiteware cup and two tea cups (one whiteware, one graniteware) were recovered, along

with three plates (two of whiteware, one porcelain), five saucers (one graniteware, three of whiteware, and

one porcelain), a whiteware bowl, and an 18-inch diameter whiteware water basin.

UTILITARIAN

A total of 1,155 artifacts, representing 27 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. The

vast majority of these were tin can fragments. Unidentifiable can fragments were 895, or just under 78% of

all Kitchen-Utilitarian artifacts. Identifiable cans included three square/rectangular cans of indeterminate

size and 11 cylindrical cans. Can data is summarized in Table 5-21. Can closures were two: fragments of a

wind-strip and a screw-lid of indeterminate size. Ceramic items included an alkaline-glazed stoneware

container and a fragment of a yellowware vessel. A minimum of eight bottles were recovered: one Plain-style

condiment bottle; two South Carolina Dispensary whiskey bottles; a dark-olive wine bottle; a Blake-style

bottle; a Philadelphia Oval bottle; and two bottles of indeterminate form. The last Utilitarian item was a peg

stopper by Nestle, embossed with “EXTR. / BOUILLON / MAGGI”.

ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS

A total of 762 artifacts (329 MNI) related to architecture were recovered, most representing nails

(707 artifacts, 326 MNI). Both cut and wire nails were in the deposit, represented evenly by 107 cut nails,

108 wire nails, and 111 nails of indeterminate type.

INTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were

represented by 10 fragments of mortar and 34 fragments of plaster. The interior surfaces of the mortar

fragments were painted a red or dark pink, and the plaster was tinted pink.

5-38

Table 5-21.

Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 34C-Complex

Diameter MNI Type

1 3/4-inches 1

2 1/8-inches 1

2 11/16-inches 2

3-inches 1 Tomato or pineapple juice

3 1/16-inches 1 Fruit or tomato/pineapple juice

4 1/16-inches 2 Fruits

6 3/16-inches 1 Fruits or vegetables

10-inches 1

Total 10

EXTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were

represented by 11 fragments of slate tile. It is unknown if the tile was roofing or paving.

DOMESTIC ITEMS

A total of 43 Domestic Group artifacts were recovered, representing a minimum of 6 objects. The

Domestic assemblage included a fragment of a decorative Parian object, a porcelain door handle overglaze

painted in a red cross-hatch pattern, fragments from two lamp chimneys, an Eagle-style burner from a

kerosene lamp manufactured by the Plume & Atwood Co., and the upper half of an unmarked cast iron

bell-shaped lamp font.

ELECTRICAL ITEMS

Ten artifacts represented the four electrical objects recovered: two fragments of 7/64-inch diameter

non-insulated solid-core copper wire and eight fragments (3 MNI) of 1/2-inch carbon rods for an arc-lamp.

The carbon rods were painted green. The manufacturer of green-painted rods is unknown.

OTHER ITEMS

Also recovered were a number of

artifacts that did not fit neatly into any of the

above functional categories. Most of these artifacts

were hardware-related. Not included here are

artifact fragments classified as 'Unidentified.'

Fasteners included a 1/2-inch carriage bolt, four

gimlet-pointed wood screws, three widths of

ferrous-alloy packaging straps, and two diameters

of bailing wire. Other items included 105

fragments of 1/16-inch iron mesh screen, a 10-

inch hand-made iron hook, a one-inch cast iron

ring, and a spring hose of gray rubber wrapped in

an iron spring.

FEATURE 49J-COMPLEX (TRASH PIT)

A large trash pit was discovered in the

southeast quadrant of Block 2, eight feet (from

center point) west of the 1407-1/2 Richland Street

structure (Figures 5-18 & 19). Like the majority

of features encountered in the southeast quadrant

of Block 2, the Feature 49J-Complex was overlaid

by planting/garden areas. Nearly a perfect circle,

the diameter of the pit at the surface was 4.1-feet,

at the base a diameter of 3.65-feet, and a

maximum depth of 0.75-feet below the garden

5-39

Figure 5-18. Planview illustration of Feature 49J-Complex uncovered in Block 1.

Figure 5-19. Planview photograph of the 49J-Complex.

features 45C, 50H, and 53C. It was intruded upon by two features, both wooden posts lacking postholes

(Features 49T and 49U). What these posts were once a part of is unknown. The trash pit was bisected along

the east-west axis to generate a profile of the stratigraphy. While excavating the north-half, a second trash pit

feature, designated as 48N, was discovered below the 49J-Complex. Soil differentiation between the 49J-

Complex and the 48N feature was clear, with no mixing of associated artifacts.

The trash pit contained four layers consisting of a series of mixed deposits of differing colors and

textures (Figure 5-20). Artifact cross-mends were found throughout the deposit, suggesting a single or rapid

deposition event. The deposit as a whole is designated as the 49J-Complex, while individual layers are

referenced by their unique provenience designations. Artifacts from all layers were cataloged under the

provenance 49J.

The top-most layer, 49J, was a black (10YR 2/1) loose silty sand, mottled with 10% charcoal flecks,

10% brick fragments, and less than 5% mortar. Level 2 was a very 1% brick fragments, and <1% mortar

and plaster fragments. Level 3 was a dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy clay, mottled with 10% brown (7.5YR

4/4) sandy loam, 1% yellowish red (5YR 4/6), and 5% charcoal flecks. Level 4, a thin interface between

Level 3 and subsoil, was a very dark brown (7.5YR 2.5/3) sandy clay mottled with 15% yellowish red (5YR

4/6) sandy clay (subsoil) with 1% charcoal flecks.

The TPQ for the deposit is 1909, based on a pair of Bakelite plastic pistol grips (49J-310). The

deposit also contained a significant number of locally produced beer, liquor and soda pop bottles, the

majority of which were manufactured during the first decade of the twentieth century (Jester and Teal

1976). Companies represented include Best Beverage Co. (1905-1908), J.C. Seegers (1890-1901), F.W.

Seegers (1899-1908), L.L. Bultman (1904-1908), Charles Narey (1893-1904), W.H. Griffin (1900-1906),

C.C. Habenicht (1879-1898), and the S.C. Dispensary (1892-1907). The bottle dates in tandem with

Bakelite suggest that the deposit was created sometime between 1909 and 1910.

A total of 6,661 artifacts (representing 821 MNI) and a fragmented peanut shell were recovered

from the pit. No faunal material was found in the pit. The following discussion, organized by functional

type, provides information only as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other

archaeological phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note found in the deposit. Table 5-22

presents the same data summarized in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.

5-40

Figure 5-20. South profile illustration of Feature 49J-Complex.

5-41

Table 5-22.

Summary of Artifacts from Feature 49J-Complex, Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI Object Name MNI

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 3 Container, Bottle, Soda Pop 2

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber 16 Container, Bottle, Soda Pop / Water 3

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber 5 Container, Bottle, Wine/Champaign 1

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .44 Caliber 2 Container, Can 16

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .44-40 Caliber 4 Container, Can, Hole-In-Top 2

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45-70 Caliber 4 Container, Can, Lid, Non-Screw 1

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .577 Caliber 1 Container, Can, Square / Rectangular 1

Animal, Tack, Horseshoe 1 Container, Jar, Closure, Lid Liner 1

Architectural, Glass, Window 3 Container, Jar, Preserving 5

Architectural, Mortar 1 Container, Personal, Cosmetic / Hygiene 1

Architectural, Plaster 3 Electrical, Bulb, Incandescent 1

Architectural, Tile 1 Electrical, Insulator, Tube 3

Architectural, Tile, Roofing 2 Electrical, Receptacle, Lamp, Wall 1

Clothing, Buckle 3 Firearm, Revolver, .22 Caliber 1

Clothing, Buckle, Suspender 3 Flora, Nut, Peanut 1

Clothing, Button 2 Hardware, Bolt, Carriage 2

Clothing, Button, 1-Hole 2 Hardware, Bolt, UID 1

Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 21 Hardware, Bracket, Triangular 1

Clothing, Button, Collar 4 Hardware, Bracket, UID 1

Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank 1 Hardware, Chain, Jack Chain 2

Clothing, Clip 1 Hardware, Fastener, UID 2

Clothing, Cloth 1 Hardware, File, Finishing 1

Clothing, Fastener, UID 1 Hardware, Handle, Drawer Pull 1

Clothing, Grommet 36 Hardware, Hinge, “T” 1

Clothing, Rivet 2 Hardware, Hinge, Butt 1

Clothing, Safety Pin 2 Hardware, Hook 4

Clothing, Shoe 1 Hardware, Hook, Coat / Hat 1

Clothing, Shoe, Hook 2 Hardware, Nail 8

Clothing, Snap 2 Hardware, Nail, Common 289

Clothing, Straight Pin 3 Hardware, Nail, Finishing 3

Communication, Pencil, Graphite 2 Hardware, Nail, Roofing 11

Communication, Pencil, Slate 2 Hardware, Nail, Spike 9

Container, Bottle 20 Hardware, Ring 5

Container, Bottle, Beer 15 Hardware, Screw, Wood 3

Container, Bottle, Beverage 9 Hardware, Spring 3

Container, Bottle, Bitters 1 Hardware, Staple 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 20 Hardware, Strap 5

Container, Bottle, Closure, Lightening Stopper 1 Hardware, Strap, Barrel 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper 2 Hardware, UID 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Screw Cap 1 Hardware, Wire 1

Container, Bottle, Closure, Thumb Screw 1 Hardware, Wire, Bailing 1

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Ketchup 2 Household Accessory, Flowerpot 2

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Spice / Extract 5 Household Accessory, Furniture, Escutcheon 2

Container, Bottle, Cosmetic 1 Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod 3

Container, Bottle, Food 3 Lighting, Lamp, Burner 2

Container, Bottle, Food, Olive 2 Lighting, Lamp, Chain, Pull 1

Container, Bottle, Ink 1 Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 13

Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whiskey 23 Lighting, Lamp, Gas Key 1

Container, Bottle, Medicinal/Pharmaceutical 20 Lighting, Lamp, Shade 1

PERSONAL ITEMS

Including subcategories, a total of 289 artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal group,

representing 186 individual items—the largest collection of Personal items from any feature at the site.

Items not belonging to a subcategory were included: a celluloid hair clip in a tortoise-shell design; the brass

clasp from a chatelaine-type lady's handbag; a three-inch, one blade iron pocket knife; and two undecorated

whiteware water basins, 10- and 12-inch in diameter.

Nine artifacts representing five individual objects were related to communication, including a

conical aqua-blue ink bottle, two 3/16-inch diameter slate pencils, a 3/32-inch diameter graphite lead

fragment, and a copper pencil holder. The pencil holder, incised with vertical ribs, contained a pencil stub

fitted with a white eraser held in place with a copper band.

Related to tobacco, 31 artifacts were recovered belonging to a minimum of eight objects. The

Rockingham ware spittoon, with a yellowware paste measuring 7-inches in diameter and 3-1/2-inches tall,

was decorated with the molded profile of a female figure. The kaolin / ball clay stem fragment with a 5/64-

inch bore was undecorated. Six Pamplin-style pipes were recovered. The four unglazed pipes all had a buff

paste, three of which were mold decorated, one with vertical ribs, one with raised diamonds, and one

unidentified pattern. The other two Pamplin pipes had a brown glaze, one molded with a vertical rib design.

Clothing

Related to clothing were 95 artifacts, representing 82 individual objects. The cotton cloth found

was rolled in a loose ball and was very fragile. The weave type is unidentified. Six buckles were recovered:

one ferrous-alloy rectangular buckle measured 1-1/2 x 7/8-inch, a second measured 1 x 15/16-inch; of the

three brass suspender buckles, two were undecorated, one was silver plated. The small, spring-loaded

5-42

Table 5-22 (continued).

Summary of Artifacts from Feature 49J-Complex, Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI Object Name MNI

Lighting, Switch Plate, Button / Twist 1 Tableware, Plate 9

Personal, Bead 2 Tableware, Saucer 10

Personal, Bead, Seed 2 Tableware, Tureen, Lid 1

Personal, Chamber Pot 1 Tableware, UID 4

Personal, Comb, Hair Clip 1 Tableware, Utensil, Knife, Table 1

Personal, Fob, Slider 1 Tobacco, Pipe 1

Personal, Handbag, Chatelaine 1 Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style 6

Personal, Jewelry, Broach 1 Tobacco, Spittoon 1

Personal, Jewelry, Gemstone 1 Toy, Doll 2

Personal, Jewelry, Wire 1 Toy, Doll, China-Head 2

Personal, Pin Back 2 Toy, Doll, Figurine 1

Personal, Pocket Knife, 1-Blade 1 Toy, Marble 5

Personal, Toothbrush 2 Toy, Tea Set, Jug 1

Personal, Water Basin 2 UID 1

Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer 1 UID, Ceramic 2

Tableware, Bowl 2 UID, Glass 7

Tableware, Bowl, Candy 1 UID, Metal 6

Tableware, Bowl, Footed-Salt 1 UID, Paper 1

Tableware, Bowl, Serving 1 UID, Rubber 1

Tableware, Cup 8 UID, Synthetic 1

Tableware, Cup, Tea 2 UID, Wood 1

Tableware, Drinking Glass 3 Utilitarian, Bowl 2

Tableware, Drinking Glass, Cup 2 Utilitarian, Hollowware 9

Tableware, Flatware 4

Tableware, Hollowware 15 Total 822

copper, zinc-plated clip was of the type used to

hold up stockings. The small, copper fastener of

unknown typename was of the type used to secure

a brassiere, etc. (#49J-411). Also found were two

brass rivets, one embossed with “PATENTED

APR 21 '96 & SEP 11 '96”, and two snaps, one

brass and one iron.

The leather shoe fragments had square brass nails

with brass grommets attached. Thirty-five loose

brass grommets were also recovered, of diameters

3/16, 7/32, and 1/4-inches, and a single iron

grommet of diameter 1/4-inch. The last shoe-

related item was a brass shoelace hook.

The remaining 30 objects were all buttons. The

copper loop-shank button was dome-shaped and

embossed with a lion in a shield on the face with a backstamp of “HORSTMANN PHILADELPHIA”

(1893-1935). Four collar buttons were found, three prosser and a brass, gold-plated button embossed with

“THE CROWN...” on the face of the link. Two buttons were composites with missing shanks, one of shell

and brass, the other cloth-covered iron. The others were all sew-through buttons: two one-hole shell

buttons, one 4-hole bone button, and 20 4-hole prosser buttons of various sizes.

FIREARMS

Thirty-six artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Firearms group, representing 36

individual items. The 35 cartridge cases represent six different calibers of ammunition. Three were .22

caliber rimfire cartridges, one made by the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. (UMC). Fourteen were .32 caliber

centerfire cartridges, 12 of which were extra-short cartridges produced by Smith & Wesson. Two were .32

caliber rimfire cartridges, one produced by UMC, both of which had the head cut from the cartridge tube.

Four cartridges were .38 caliber centerfire, two of Smith & Wesson, and two of Colt Long—all four were

made by UMC. The unfired .38 caliber rimfire cartridge had the head cut from the cartridge tube. Four .44

caliber cartridges were recovered: a rimfire cartridge with the head removed, produced by the US Cartridge

Co.; a centerfire cartridge produced by the Frankford Armory in May 1904; and two .44-40 centerfire

cartridges produced by UMC. The four .45-70 caliber centerfire cartridges were each produced by a

different manufacturer: Winchester Repeating Arms Co., US Cartridge Co., Frankford Armory, and one

unmarked. The remaining cartridge was an unmarked centerfire .577 caliber cartridge.

One of the most unusual artifacts recovered from the site was an intact .22 caliber “pocket”

revolver, measuring 5-1/4-inch in length, with checkered Bakelite grips (Figure 5-21). The manufacturer is

unknown, as the pistol had no markings, but is of an inexpensive type widely produced during the late

nineteenth and early twentieth century. Even more unusual than finding an intact firearm was that the

revolver was apparently thrown away cocked and loaded. Two of the six cartridges, manufactured by UMC,

had been fired. The Bakelite grips place the earliest date of manufacture as 1909. Given that the 49J-

Complex trash pit was created circa 1909, the pistol was still relatively new when thrown away.

5-43

Figure 5-21. Cocked and loaded .22 caliber pistol recovered from the 49J-Complex trash pit.

HYGIENE

The 55 artifacts in the Personal-Hygiene group

represent 24 different cosmetic, hygiene, and

medicinal/pharmaceutical items. Recovered were a 9-

inch diameter undecorated whiteware chamber pot, a

hand-drilled bone toothbrush, and a 1/2-inch tall milk-

glass container embossed “... KER ...”. The remaining

Hygiene items were bottles. Three of the bottles were

from local druggists: a Golden Gate Oval bottle

embossed “L.C. LIPSCOMB / COLUMBIA / S.C” (in

business between 1901 and 1924); a French Square

bottle embossed “W.C. FISHER / DRUGGIST /

COLUMBIA / S.C.” (in business between 1871 and

1908); and a panel bottle embossed “RICHLAND

DRUG CO / COLUMBIA SC” (in business between

1899 and 1938). Two bottles were embossed

“CHATTANOOGA MEDICINE CO. // WINE OF

CARDUI” (a compound meant to help with menstrual

cramps). A cobalt blue bottle embossed with

“BROMO-SELTZER” was also found.

Unmarked bottles, or bottles with marks too fragmented to identify, included: a colorless round

pomade bottle; a Salamander Oval bottle with prescription finish; two Blake bottles, one with a prescription

finish, the other with a collard ring finish; seven panel bottles, four with prescription finishes, three with

patent finishes; and two bottles represented by finishes only, a prescription finish and a packer finish.

ORNAMENTAL

Seventeen artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Ornamental group, representing 10

individual objects. Beads included two white milk-glass spheres of 3/16-inch diameter and two colorless

seed beads. An ornate cast brass slider for a 3/4-inch wide ribbon was found, as well as a small brass broach,

a diamond-cut black glass gemstone, and a length of copper 1/32-inch diameter jewelry wire. Two pinbacks

were also found. The first, 7/8-inch in diameter, had an iron back and celluloid face. Unfortunately,

whatever was printed on the face was gone. The face of the second pinback, 1-1/4-inch in diameter, was in

better shape (Figure 5-22). On the face was printed “American Federation of Labor” around the

Federation's logo.

SEWING

Five artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Sewing group, representing five objects: two

copper 1-1/4-inch straight pins, one copper 1-3/4-inch straight pin, and two Duplex-style brass safety pins.

TOYS

Fifteen artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Toys group, representing 10 individual

objects. Four of the five marbles were of kaolin / ball clay, three unglazed and one with a brown mineral

slip. The other marble was glass with a polychrome “cat's-eye” inner swirl. Fragments from four different

5-44

Figure 5-22. A 1-1/4 inch diameter "American Federation of Labor" celluloid pinback recovered from the 49J-Complex trash pit.

dolls were also recovered,

two of which were “china-

head” dolls, and two of

indeterminate type, each

represented by a hand

fragment. The remaining

toy was an unusual porcelain

“moonshine” style jug with

a brown mineral slip,

measuring 13/16-inch high

and 1/2-inch in diameter.

KITCHEN ITEMS

Including

subcategories, a total of

4,245 artifacts were

recovered belonging to the

Kitchen group, representing

194 individual items. In

terms of the total number of

artifacts recovered, Kitchen

items made up nearly 64%

of the assemblage, but in

terms of MNI, the

assemblage only represents

24% of the total. The large

number of can and bottle

fragments account for the

difference. Table 5-23

summarizes the Kitchen

group ceramic data in terms

of decorative

style/technique.

TABLEWARE

A total of 456 artifacts, representing 63 objects, fell within the Kitchen-Tableware subgroup.

Tablewares accounted for 11% of the Kitchen artifacts and 32% in terms of MNI. Only one Tableware

item was a material other than glass or ceramic: a fragment of a ferrous-alloy table knife. Over 57% of the

glass and ceramic artifacts in the Tableware group (259 artifacts) were too fragmented to determine vessel

form, even at a hollowware-flatware level. Nonetheless, some forms were identifiable.

There were two table bowls (one glass, one whiteware), one graniteware serving bowl, a porcelain

soup tureen lid, and a footed whiteware salt bowl. Seven whiteware cups, one stoneware cup, two ceramic

tea cups, two glass cups, and three drinking glasses made up the drinking vessel assemblage. There were four

whiteware plates, five refined porcelain plates, and 10 whiteware saucers. In addition, there were three pieces

of flatware and 15 pieces of hollowware that could not be further identified. Four pieces of tableware were

5-45

Table 5-24.

Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 49J-Complex

Diameter MNI Type

1 3/4-inches 3

2 1/8-inches 2

2 7/16-inches 1

2 11/16-inches 3

3-inches 3 Tomato or pineapple juice

3 7/16-inches 1

4 4/16-inches 1 Fruits

4 1/4-inches 1

UID 2 Paint-style can

Total 17

Table 5-23.

Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from

Feature 49J-Complex, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique

Decorative Style/Technique MNI

Porcelain

Refined

Molded 1

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Painted, Overglaze, Polychrome 1

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 4

Stoneware

Graniteware 3

Albany Slip / Bristol Glaze 1

Alkaline Glazed 4

Mineral Slipped 1

Salt Glazed 2

Earthenware

Catawba

Burnished 1

Whiteware

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 2

Plain / Colorless Glaze 10

Flow Transfer Printed 2

Gilded, Liquid Gold 2

Molded 5

Mineral Slipped 2

Opaque Glaze 1

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 8

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 2

Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome 3

Sponge / Spattered 1

Edge Decorated 1

UID 1

Redware

Opaque Glaze 1

Yellowware

Molded 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 1

Total 63

identified as unique by their

decorative style but could not

be categorized as either flat or

hollowware.

UTILITARIAN

A total of 3,789

artifacts, representing 131

objects, fell within the Kitchen-

Utilitarian subgroup.

Utilitarian items made up 89%

of the Kitchen assemblage in

terms of artifacts and 68% in

terms of MNI. The assemblage contained 12 food-related bottles: five spice/extract bottles embossed

“McCORMICK & CO.”; two ketchup bottles; two olive jars; and three wide-mouth general purpose food

bottles. Seven other bottles could not be identified beyond the “Container, Bottle” level. There were five

preserving jars, two of which were embossed with “MASON'S / PATENT / NOV 30TH / 1858”, and a

milk-glass lid-liner embossed with “... LAIN ...”. There were two utilitarian bowls, the first a thick-walled,

10-inch diameter yellowware vessel with a white glaze on the interior and a molded diamond pattern on the

unglazed exterior, and the second a 10-inch diameter whiteware bowl with a green mineral slip on the

exterior and a white glaze on the interior. Nine ceramic items were classified as hollowwares: a yellowware

vessel with a colorless glaze; a white, salt-glazed stoneware vessel; four stoneware vessels with alkaline glazes;

a stoneware with an Albany slip; and a highly burnished rim fragment from a Catawba-produced vessel. The

can assemblage, summarized in Table 5-28, included a least one square or rectangular can and 14 cylindrical

cans.

Five different types of bottle closures were recovered, including 20 crown caps, a lightening stopper

with the rubber seal still attached, two club sauce style peg stoppers, an internally-threaded screw cap, and a

thumb screw closure embossed with “PAT / APRIL 23 / 1901”.

The number of beverage bottles, particularly alcohol bottles, in the trash deposit was staggering

when compared with all other discovered at the site regardless of time period or household composition—a

total of 53 bottles. Nine bottles could not be identified beyond the “Container, Bottle, Beverage” level.

There were two soda pop bottles, one embossed “F.W. SEEGERS / BOTTLER / COLUMBIA SC” (1899-

1908) and one embossed “BEST BEVERAGE CO”, of Columbia, SC (1905-1908). There were three soda

pop or water bottles, one un-embossed, one embossed “... SPRINGS / … R...”, and the last embossed “C.C.

HABENICHT / COLUMBIA S.C.” (1879-1898). One wine or champagne bottle was found—a dark olive

“black” glass bottle.

There were 15 beer bottles in the deposit. Four of the glass bottles were unmarked, one was a

stoneware ginger beer bottle, and the remaining 11 glass bottles were embossed with the content marks.

One bottle was embossed “J.C. SEEGERS / COLUMBIA / S.C. / REGISTERED” (1890-1901), four

bottles were embossed “L.L. BULTMAN / COLUMBIA / SC” (1904-1908), one was embossed

“CHARLES NAREY / COLUMBIA SC” (1893-1904), and four embossed “W.H. GRIFFIN /

BOTTLER / COLUMBIA SC” (1900-1906).

There were 23 liquor / whiskey bottles in the deposit, including three SC Dispensary bottles (1892-

1907), two embossed with “MEYER, PITTS & CO”, whiskey manufacturers in Baltimore, MD, and one

embossed “... ER & CO. / DISTILLERS / LOUISVILLE, KY.” (manufacturer unknown). The 17

5-46

Table 5-24.

Cylindrical Can Data from Feature 49J-Complex

Diameter Type

1 3/4-inches 3

2 1/8-inches 2

2 7/16-inches 1

2 11/16-inches 3

3-inches 3 Tomato or pineapple juice

3 7/16-inches 1

4 4/16-inches 1 Fruits

4 1/4-inches 1

UID 2 Paint-style can

Total 17

MNI

remaining bottles were unmarked other than

mold marks.

ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS

A total of 1,486 artifacts (332 MNI)

related to architecture were recovered, the

majority of which were nails (1,339 artifacts,

320 MNI). Both cut and wire common nails

were recovered: 132 cut nails and 157 wire

nails. Also recovered were three wire finishing

nails, five wire spikes, four cut spikes, eight

nails of indeterminate type, and 11 roofing

nails. Six of the roofing nails were copper and

five were non-galvanized ferrous-alloy. Twenty

fragments of window glass were recovered,

representing three thicknesses: 7/64, 5/64, and

1/16-inch. Two hinges were also recovered: a

cast iron butt hinge and a ferrous-alloy “T”

hinge.

INTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambigu-

ously associated with the interior of a structure

were represented by 54 fragments of plaster

and one fragment of mortar. The interior surface of the mortar was painted red, while 52 of the plaster frag-

ments were tinted pink. One plaster fragment was tinted green. The remaining plaster fragment was non-

tinted white.

EXTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were

represented by four fragments of slate tile (either roofing or paving), 43 fragments of copper sheet roofing

material (several fragments had copper nails still attached), and 22 fragments of tin sheet roofing material.

DOMESTIC ITEMS

A total of 193 Domestic Group artifacts were recovered, representing a minimum of 26 objects.

Lighting-related objects included two eagle-style burners from two kerosene lamps, one of which was

embossed “MADE IN AMERICA” on the knob, 13 lamp chimneys, a milk-glass lamp shade, a brass lamp

chain pull, and a cast iron gas key from a gaselier. Two earthenware flowerpots were recovered: one an

unglazed terracotta pot and one with a thick mineral slip. Other objects included an undecorated two-inch

diameter industrial porcelain handle-pull, a cast iron coat / hat hook, a cast iron escutcheon, a copper

escutcheon, a painted overglaze porcelain candy-style dish, and three-inch tall porcelain figurine of a girl in a

dress with hands folded in prayer (Figure 5-23).

5-47

Figure 5-23. Figurine recovered from Feature 49J-Complex (#49J-297).

ELECTRICAL ITEMS

Eighteen artifacts, representing a minimum of

nine objects, falling under the header Electrical were

recovered. No other feature contained as many

objects related to electricity. Three tub insulators were

found, two of which were unglazed dry-pressed and

one of industrial porcelain with a colorless glaze. Used

for arc-lamps, three carbon rods were recovered, two

of 1/2-inch diameter and one of 7/16-inch diameter.

An incised copper switch-plate for a push or twist

button was found, along with an industrial porcelain

wall lamp receptacle produced by the General Electric

Co. Most surprisingly, from a preservation

perspective, was the base of a Thomas-Houston

incandescent light bulb with much of the filament

still intact (Figure 5-24).

OTHER ITEMS

Also recovered were a number of artifacts that did not fit neatly into any of the above functional

categories. Not included here are artifact fragments classified as 'Unidentified.' The majority of Other Items

were hardware-related, including two cast iron carriage bolts with square nuts attached, a cast iron bolt of

unknown type, a 2-inch triangular iron bracket, fragments from two jack chains (one iron, one brass), three

cast iron rings (1-1/8, 1-3/8, and 2-1/4-inch outer diameter), a fragment of a triangular finishing or

jeweler's file, two gimlet-pointed wood screws, three 1-1/2-inch iron wire springs, multiple widths of iron

strapping material, a 8-5/8-inch cast iron barrel ring, and many fragments of bailing wire.

Non-hardware items included fragments of terracotta sewer pipe, a Southern Pattern horseshoe, 13

bottles that could not be assigned a functional category nor defined more specifically than “Container,

Bottle”, a 1/2-inch diameter paper disc, a fragment of gray rubber with a possible fabric impression, and

fragments of a mica-based insulating film.

UNIT 11, LEVEL 4

A total of 1,048 artifacts (representing 269 MNI) and 133 fragments of faunal material were

recovered from Unit 11, Level 4. The following discussion is organized by functional type and provides

information as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other archaeological phenomena, as

well as highlighting artifacts of special note. Table 5-25 presents the same data summarized in terms of

Object Names and minimum counts.

PERSONAL ITEMS

Including subcategories, a total of 39 artifacts were recovered from Level 4 belonging to the

Personal group, representing 28 individual items. Objects not belonging to a subcategory were stem

fragments from two kaolin / ball clay tobacco pipes (one plain, one molded with “... MEIS … // … ES ...”,

an unidentifiable mark), two small fragments of petrified wood, mirror fragments, and a harmonica marked

“SUPERIOR / BRASS REEDS / 1878” made by M. Hohner.

5-48

Figure 5-24. Base of a Thomas-Houston incandescent light bulb (#49J-344) recovered from Feature 49J-Complex.

CLOTHING

Clothing-related items consisted of nine artifacts

representing nine individual items: two brass

grommets, a 2-piece dome copper button, a 4-hole

disc bone button, a 4-hole disc shell button, three 4-

hole disc prosser buttons, and a highly-decorated

gold-plated copper women's separable collar button.

SEWING

A one-inch copper straight pin with a dome

head made up the Personal-Sewing subcategory.

FIREARMS

Five artifacts were recovered belonging to the

Personal-Firearms group, representing five individual

items and three different calibers of ammunition:

two .22 caliber rimfire long cartridge cases (one

produced by Union Metallic Cartridge Co., the other

by Peter's Cartridge Co.), a .41 caliber rimfire

cartridge case produced by Union Metallic Cartridge

Co., and two unmarked .44 caliber centerfire

cartridge cases.

HYGIENE

The Personal-Hygiene subgroup was represented

by a 1/2-ounce medicinal / pharmaceutical bottle and

an undecorated whiteware chamber pot with a rim

diameter of 11-inches.

ORNAMENTAL

No artifacts belonging to the Personal-

Ornamental subgroup were recovered.

TOYS

A minimum of six toys were recovered: three

unglazed terracotta marbles, two china-head style

dolls (one parian, one overglaze-painted refined

porcelain), and a small unpainted cast lead carousel

horse (Figure 5-25), likely belonging to a music box.

5-49

Table 5-25.

Summary of Artifacts from Stratum 11D, Level 4

Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 2

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .41 Caliber 1

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .44 Caliber 2

Architectural, Glass, Window 2

Architectural, Tile 1

Clothing, Button, 2-Piece 1

Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 5

Clothing, Button, Collar, Separable 1

Clothing, Grommet 2

Clothing, Straight Pin 1

Container, Bottle 8

Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap 1

Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical 1

Container, Bottle, Wine 1

Faunal, UID n/a

Furniture, Tack 4

Hardware, Nail 115

Hardware, Nail, Common 52

Hardware, Nail, Finishing 4

Hardware, Nail, Spike 1

Hardware, Screw, Wood 1

Household Accessory, Flower Pot 1

Household Accessory, UID 1

Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 2

Personal, Chamber Pot 1

Personal, Curio, Petrified Wood 2

Personal, Mirror 1

Personal, Music, Harmonica 1

Stone, Cobble 1

Tableware, Bowl 2

Tableware, Bowl, Sugar 1

Tableware, Cup 9

Tableware, Cup, Tea 1

Tableware, Drinking Glass, Cup 1

Tableware, Flatware 2

Tableware, Hollowware 4

Tableware, Plate 9

Tableware, UID 3

Tobacco, Pipe 2

Toy, Doll 0

Toy, Doll, China Head 2

Toy, Figurine 1

Toy, Marble 3

UID, Glass 1

UID, Metal 3

Utilitarian, Hollowware 9

Utilitarian, Jug 1

Total 270

The horse had a hole through the center for the

carousel pole.

KITCHEN ITEMS

A total of 239 artifacts recovered from Level 4

belonged to the Kitchen group, representing 45

distinct objects. Table 5-26 summarizes the Kitchen

group ceramic data in terms of decorative

style/technique, while the following discussion focuses

on object form/function.

TABLEWARE

A minimum of 31 objects fell within the

Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. Eleven drinking vessels

of glass and ceramic were recovered. The assemblage included nine cups/mugs: one of undecorated

graniteware, one a pearlware cup with a molded band around the rim, and seven whiteware cups with

various decorative techniques. Two of the whiteware cups were annular / banded slip-trailed with cat's eye

designs, two were annular / banded slip-trailed line designs, one was undecorated, one had a black opaque

glaze, one was underglaze painted in a red unidentified geometric design, and the last was underglaze

transferprinted in a red floral design. Not related to this last cup was a transferprinted underglaze whiteware

tea cup also with a red floral design. The last drinking vessel was an octagonal pressed, leaded-glass cup.

Three whiteware bowls were recovered. Of the two table bowls, one was blue spatter-ware and the

other underglaze painted in a “streaky” design accentuating the brush strokes. The third was a sugar bowl

with lavender underglaze transferprinting in a floral design.

Nine plates were recovered, seven of whiteware, one yellowware, and one of soft porcelain. The

porcelain plate was decorated with a red flower painted overglaze. The fragment was too small to measure

the diameter. The yellowware plate had a colorless glaze and measured 7-inches in diameter. Of the

whiteware plates, two were 10-inch, two were 8-inch, and three were of indeterminate size. Three of these

plates were undecorated, one was green edgeware, and three were underglaze transferprinted, one in a brown

floral design and two in geometric designs (one green, one brown).

Six tableware fragments could only be identified at the flatware/hollowware level. The two flatware

items were both underglaze transferprinted whitewares. Of the four hollowware items, one was pressed glass,

one was a polychrome overglaze painted refined porcelain in a floral design, one was underglaze painted in

the “NC Flowers” pattern, and the last a blue underglaze transferprinted floral whiteware.

Three additional tablewares were recovered, but the fragments were too small to determine if they

were flatware or hollowware. Each had a surface decoration not found on any other tableware items from

the deposit. The first, a whiteware, had a polychrome underglaze painted floral design, the second, also a

whiteware, was identified as Rockingham ware, and the third was a fragment of Chinese export porcelain.

UTILITARIAN

A minimum of 14 items fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. Bottles included a cylindrical

olive-colored bottle, a dark olive (“black glass”) wine bottle, and a crown cap bottle closure. The buff-paste

5-50

Figure 5-25. Cast lead carousel horse (#11D-94), likely part of a music box, recovered from stratum 11D (Level 4).

coarse earthenware jug was slip

decorated in reddish-orange, green,

and white colors with possible mica

inclusions in the glaze. The

remaining nine items were classified

as hollowware. Four of the

hollowwares were of alkaline-glazed

stoneware. The other five

hollowwares were earthenware, one

turned with a brown mineral slip,

two with opaque glazes (one green,

one light green), and two were

unglazed with green and yellowish-

green slips.

ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS

A total of 368 artifacts (175

MNI) related to architecture were

recovered from Level 4, most

representing nails (360 artifacts, 172

MNI). Both cut and wire nails were

recovered. Of the common nails,

115 were wire and 52 were cut. Four

cut finishing nails were found, along

with a cut spike. Two thicknesses of

window glass were recovered: one

fragment of 1/8-inch glass, and two fragments of 1/16-inch glass.

INTERIOR

No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the interior of a structure were

recovered.

EXTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure consisted of

five fragments of slate tile. The tile could be either roofing or paving.

DOMESTIC ITEMS

A total of 34 Domestic group artifacts were recovered from Level 4, representing a minimum of

eight objects. Two lamp chimneys were found, both with scalloped rims. Also found was a brass furniture

tack with a square shank, an unglazed terracotta flowerpot, and an unidentified fragment from a parian

decorative object.

5-51

Table 5-26.

Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from

Stratum 11D, Level 4, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique

Decorative Style/Technique

Porcelain

Refined

Painted, Overglaze, Polychrome 1

Soft

Painted, Overglaze, Polychrome 1

Chinese Export

Colorless Glaze 2

Stoneware

1

Alkaline Glazed 5

Earthenware

Pearlware

Molded 1

Whiteware

1

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed 2

Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed – Cat's Eye 2

Plain / Colorless Glaze 4

Slipped, Glazed 1

Slipped, Unglazed 2

Mineral Slip 1

7

Spatter Ware 1

4

Edge Decorated 1

Opaque Glaze 1

UID 1

Plain / Colorless Glaze 1

Total 40

MNI

Graniteware

Rockingham Ware

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome

Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome

Yellowware

ELECTRICAL ITEMS

No artifacts associated with electricity were recovered.

OTHER ITEMS

Also recovered from Level 4 were a number of artifacts that do not fit neatly into any of the above

functional categories. Not included here are artifacts classified as 'Unidentified'—mostly bits of metal that

have no discernible form. Seven glass bottles fall under the “Other Items” heading. All were too highly

fragmented to allow further identification. Only one hardware-related item was found—a fragment of a 1/8-

inch diameter wood screw. The last item was a quartz cobble, split cleanly in half. The cobble is not

necessarily culturally significant, but does represent the only quartz cobble encountered at the site.

UNIT 11, LEVEL 5

A total of 206 artifacts (representing 66 MNI), two unidentified seeds, and 47 fragments of faunal

material were recovered from the level. The following discussion is organized by functional type and

provides information as needed in interpreting patterns, sequences of events, or other archaeological

phenomena, as well as highlighting artifacts of special note. Table 5-27 presents the same data summarized

in terms of Object Names and minimum counts.

PERSONAL ITEMS

Including subcategories, a total of 16 artifacts were recovered from Level 5 belonging to the

Personal group, representing 13 individual items. Items not belonging to a subcategory included a molded

Pamplin-style tobacco pipe with a red opaque glaze, two pencil holders, and an 1863 penny. One of the

pencil holders was of copper, containing a round wood pencil with an eraser on the end. The other holder

was a split copper tube in a rib-molded rubber sleeve containing a round wood pencil. As mentioned

previously, the penny was found directly underneath the brick foundation on the southeast corner of the

lunch counter.

CLOTHING

Three clothing-related items were found: an iron 4-hole disc button, a 1-1/2-inch diameter cast

lead dress weight, and a brass grommet.

SEWING

No artifacts were recovered belonging to the Personal-Sewing subcategory.

FIREARMS

Three .22 caliber rimfire cartridge cases constituted the Personal-Firearms group. One cartridge case

had an unreadable mark, one was produced by the Union Metallic Cartridge Co., and the last had a bird

mark belonging to the Braun and Bloem Co. of Düsseldorf, Germany.

5-52

HYGIENE

No artifacts were recovered belonging to the

Personal-Hygiene subgroup.

ORNAMENTAL

No artifacts were recovered belonging to the

Personal-Ornamental subgroup.

TOYS

Three toys were recovered: an unglazed kaolin /

ball clay marble, a fragment from a painted parian

china-head style doll, and a hollow rubber “bouncy”

ball. The 2-1/8-inch diameter ball was composite-

molded to represent a red-and-white number 11

billiard ball (Figure 5-26).

KITCHEN ITEMS

A total of 39 artifacts recovered from Level 5

belonged to the Kitchen group, representing 11

distinct objects. Table 5-4 summarizes the Kitchen

group ceramic data in terms of decorative

style/technique, while the following discussion focuses

on object form/function.

TABLEWARE

A minimum of six objects fell within the

Kitchen-Tableware subgroup. The assemblage

included two cups. One cup was refined porcelain decorated with an overglaze painted blue band around

the base. The other cup was redware with an exterior brown glaze, an interior white glaze, and a molded

band of stippled dots around the rim. The single bowl was undecorated whiteware with a rim diameter of 7-

inches. The two hollowware vessels were whiteware, one decorated with a flown blue design and the other

with an egg-blue opaque glaze on the exterior. The last items could not be classified as either hollowware or

flatware—a fragment of blue underglaze transferprinted pearlware.

UTILITARIAN

A minimum of five items fell within the Kitchen-Utilitarian subgroup. All were highly fragmented.

The utilitarian assemblage contained two cylindrical bottles, a plain oval bottle, a dark olive (“black glass”)

wine bottle, and fragments from a square/rectangular can.

5-53

Table 5-27.

Summary of Artifacts from Stratum 11J, Level 5

Sorted by Object Name and MNI

Object Name MNI

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber 3

Architecture, Glass, Window 3

Architecture, Plaster 1

Clothing, Button, 4-Hole 1

Clothing, Dress Weight 1

Clothing, Grommet 1

Communication, Pencil, Holder 2

Container, Bottle 5

Container, Bottle, Wine 1

Container, Can, Closure, Lid, Non-Screw 1

Container, Can, Square / Rectangular 1

Faunal, Shell, Oyster 1

Faunal, UID n/a

Flora, Seed, UID 2

Hardware, Nail 17

Hardware, Nail, Braid 2

Hardware, Nail, Common 4

Hardware, Nail, Tack 1

Hardware, Strap 3

Hardware, Washer 1

Lighting, Lamp, Chimney 1

Personal, Coin, Penny 1

Tableware, Bowl 1

Tableware, Cup 2

Tableware, Hollowware 2

Tableware, UID 1

Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style 1

Toy, Ball, Bouncy, Hollow 1

Toy, Doll, China Head 1

Toy, Marble 1

UID, Composite 1

UID, Metal 1

UID, Stone 1

Total 66

ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS

A total of 50 artifacts (27 MNI) related to

architecture were recovered from Level 5. Three

thicknesses of window glass were found: 5/64-inch

(one fragment), 1/16-inch (two fragments), and 1/32-

inch (six fragments). All nails were machine cut and

included 21 common and two braid nails.

INTERIOR

Architecture-related artifacts unambiguously

associated with the interior of structures were

represented by a single fragment of white plaster.

EXTERIOR

No architecture-related artifacts unambiguously associated with the exterior of a structure were

recovered.

DOMESTIC ITEMS

The only Domestic group artifacts were 22 fragments of a lamp chimney.

ELECTRICAL ITEMS

As expected for such an early stratum, no artifacts associated with electricity were recovered.

OTHER ITEMS

Also recovered from the Lower level were a number of artifacts that do not fit neatly into any of the

above functional categories. Not included here are artifacts classified as 'Unidentified'—mostly bits of metal

that have no discernible form. Two bottles were found of unidentifiable form/function, as well as fragments

from a press-fit can lid, a 1/2-inch long wire tack (non-furniture), three widths of iron packaging strap

material, and a 1/16-inch thick

round iron washer with an OD of 1-

3/4-inch and an ID of 5/8-inch.

5-54

Figure 5-26. Composite-molded, hollow rubber "bouncy" ball (#11J-33) recovered from stratum 11J (Level 5).

Table 5-28.

Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from

Stratum 11J, Level 5, Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique

Decorative Style/Technique MNI

Porcelain

Refined

Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome 1

Earthenware

Whiteware

Opaque Glaze 2

Plain / Colorless Glaze 1

Flow Transfer Printed 1

Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome 2

Total 7

***

Presented in Volume II is the full artifact catalog record. Together with the information presented

in Volume I and the supplemental information on CD (additional maps, drawings and a digital copy of the

artifact catalog), all data needed for generating new interpretations is made available.

5-55

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APPENDIX A

A-1

Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n

5C N427 E540 Brick Row Landscaping n/a 0 0

6U N430 E575 Circular Pit Trash Pit 1870 6U-23 339 91

6W N430 E575 Rectangular Pit Post Hole 1870 6W-9 29 10

8E N450 E570 Charcoal Concentration Trash Pit 1905 8E-32 577 56

8F N450 E570 Pipe Trench Trench 1892 8F-22 83 49

8H N450 E570 Post Mold Post Mold 1870 8H-17 83 33

8K N450 E570 Post Mold Post Mold n/a n/a 0 0

8L N450 E570 Mottled Depression Post Hole 1870 8L-21 78 37

8N N450 E570 Large Semi-Circle UID

8P N450 E570 Small Post Mold Post Mold

9B N465 E565 Linear Trench Trench Post-1970

9G N465 E565 Post Mold Post Mold 1872 9G-9 72 22

9J-Complex N465 E565 Circular Pit Trash Pit 1892 9J-68 1009 283

9P N465 E565 Irregular Shallow Pit Trash Pit 1872 9P-1 227 51

9S N465 E565 Rounded Depression UID 1870 9S-1 28 20

9T N465 E565 Circular Depression Trash Pit 1870 9T-13 156 17

10D N445 E580 Pipe Trench Trench Post-1970 n/a

10G N445 E580 Clay Concentration Post Hole n/a 0 0

10H N445 E580 Charcoal Smear UID n/a 0 0

10J N445 E580 Foundation Trench Trench n/a 0 0

10K N445 E580 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 1 1

10L N445 E580 Circular Stain UID n/a 0 0

10M N445 E580 Small Circular Stain Post Mold n/a 0 0

11D N428.5 E512.4 Level 4 Stratum 1892 11D-66 1048 269

11E N428.5 E512.4 Brick Foundation Foundation n/a 0 0

11F N428.5 E512.4 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

11G N428.5 E512.4 Builder's Trench Trench n/a NDA 2 2

11H N428.5 E512.4 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

11J N428.5 E512.4 Level 5 Stratum 1880 11J-45 206 66

11K N428.5 E512.4 Small Trench Trench c. 1870s 11K-2 8 2

12J N445 E502 Post Mold Post Mold 1842 12J-4 8 8

12L N445 E502 Post Mold Post Mold 1903 12L-13 33 15

12M N445 E502 Post Mold Planting n/a 0 0

12P-Complex N445 E502 Debris Pit, Upper Trash Pit 1901 12P-83 425 78

12T-Complex N445 E502 Debris Pit, Lower Trash Pit 1908 12T-339 3748 1062

12W N445 E502 Square Post Hole Post Hole 1805 12W-6 35 6

12X N445 E502 Square Depression Post Hole n/a 0 0

12Y N445 E502 Circular Stain UID 1820 12Y-2 23 5

13C N442.66 E500.35Post Hole Post Hole n/a 0 0

13D N442.66 E500.35Wooden Post Post n/a 1 1

13E N442.66 E500.35Irregular Depression UID

MNI

NDA

A-2

Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI

13F N442.66 E500.35South Post Mold Post Mold n/a 1 1

13G N442.66 E500.35South Post Hole Post Hole

14G N485 E510 Circular Pit UID 1891 14G-7 20 13

14J N485 E510 Level 4, Black Lens Stain 1820 14J-10 20 15

14N N485 E510 Foundation Rubble Foundation n/a 10 1

14P N485 E510 Pipe Trench Trench 1899 14P-12 49 26

14S N485 E510 Builder's Trench Trench n/a 0 0

14T N485 E510 Post Hole Post Hole 1820 14T-2 25 9

14W N485 E510 Post Hole Post Hole 1820 14W-1 2 2

15F N485 E520 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0

15L N485 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

15M N485 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

15N N485 E520 Dark Stain UID n/a 0 0

15R N485 E520 Foundation Trench Trench

15U N485 E520 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

17H N490 E535 Corner Stain Trench

17K N490 E535 Post Mold Post Hole

17L N490 E535 Small Trench Trench 1870 17L-55 404 106

17N N490 E535 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

17P N490 E535 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

17R N490 E535 Square Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

17S N490 E535 Corner Mold Post Hole n/a 0 0

18E N490 E520 Brick Foundation Foundation n/a 0 0

18H N490 E520 Square Post Mold Post Hole

18J N490 E520 Square Post Mold Post Hole

18L N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

18M N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

18N N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

18P N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

18S N490 E520 Square Post Mold Post Hole

18W N490 E520 Square Stain Post Hole

18X N490 E520 Irregular Stain UID

18Y N490 E520 Small Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

19C N485 E560 Coal Pit Trash Pit 1897 19C-1 41 17

19E N485 E560 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

19F N485 E560 Post Hole Post Hole 1870 19F-3 73 28

19H N485 E560 Irregular Clay Stain UID 1892 19H-28 173 66

19J N485 E560 Circular Stain UID 1907 19J-15 78 22

19L N485 E560 Post Hole Post Hole 1870 19L-10 19 15

19M N485 E560 Small Post Hole Post Mold n/a 0 0

19N N485 E560 Post Hole Post Hole 1880 19N-9 40 13

NDA

A-3

Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI

19R N485 E510 Post Hole Post Hole n/a 0 0

19T N485 E560 Rectangular Stain Stain 1820 19T-7 18 11

20C N480 E575 Irregular Depression UID 1870 20C-28 237 74

20E N480 E575 Debris Pit Trash Pit 1907 20E-20 98 32

20G N480 E575 Circular Depression UID 1870 20G-4 47 7

20H N480 E575 Square Post Mold Post Mold 1847 20H-1 2 2

21C N520 E575 Trash Deposit Trash Pit

21D N520 E575 Trash Deposit Trash Pit

21E N520 E575 Post Hole Post Hole

21F N520 E575 Trash Deposit Trash Pit

21H N520 E575 Linear Stain Stain

22C N520 E565 Post Hole Post Hole

22D N520 E565 Post Post n/a 1 1

22E N520 E565 Post Post n/a 1 1

22F N520 E565 Small Circular Depression Trash Pit 1820 22F-1 30 8

22G N520 E656 Trash Deposit Trash Pit

23E N515 E530 Foundation Pier Trench Trench

23F N515 E530 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0

23G N515 E530 Post Mold Post Mold

23H N515 E530 Post Mold Post Mold

24D N515 E535 Post Mold Post Mold

24E N515 E535 Post Mold Post Mold

25C N515 E540 Irregular Depression UID

25D N515 E540 Irregular Depression UID

25E N515 E540 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0

26C N515 E545 Circular Depression Post Hole

26D N515 E545 Circular Depression UID

26E N515 E545 Oval Depression UID

27C N510 E530 Post Mold Post Mold

29C N510 E540 Post Mold Post Mold

29D N510 E540 Post Hole Post Hole n/a 0 0

29E N510 E540 Charcoal Stain Stain 1870 29E-25 160 44

30C N510 E545 Circular Depression UID

31C N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 1 Trash Pit 1892 31C-73 506 99

31D N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 2 Trash Pit 1870 31D-17 181 65

31E N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 3 Trash Pit 1888 31E-1 672 171

31F N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 4 Trash Pit 1874 31F-14 59 20

31H N505 E530 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0

31J N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 5 Trash Pit 1885 31J-42 224 68

31K N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 6 Trash Pit c.1890 31K-30 1532 205

31L N505 E530 Circular Depression, E 1/2, Level 7 Trash Pit 1882 31L-30 807 168

A-4

Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI

32D N505 E530 Post Mold Post Mold n/a 0 0

32E N505 E530 Post Hole Post Hole n/a 0 0

33D N505 E540 Post Mold Post Mold

33E N505 E540 Post Hole Post Hole

33F N505 E540 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0

33G N505 E540 Linear Stain Stain

34C-ComplexN505 E545 Smudge Pit, Inner Trash Pit 1907 34C-78 3595 494

34E N505 E545 Smudge Pit, Outer Trash Pit

34F N505 E545 Rectangular Stain Post Hole

34G N505 E545 Circular Depression UID

34H N505 E545 Post Mold UID

34J N505 E545 Post Mold Post Mold

34K N505 E545 Post Hole Post Hole

34L N505 E545 Square Post Mold Post Mold

34M N505 E545 Post Mold Post Mold

34N N505 E545 Post Mold, Small Post Mold

35E N500 E530 Foundation Depression Trench

35F N500 E530 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0

36C N500 E535 Pipe Trench, Large Trench 1907 36C-35 270 59

36D N500 E535 Post Mold Post Mold

36E N500 E535 Post Hole Post Hole n/a 2 2

36F N500 E535 Post Mold Post Mold

36G N500 E535 Post Mold Post Mold

36H N500 E535 Circular Depression UID

36J N500 E535 Post Hole Post Hole

37C N500 E540 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0

37D N500 E540 Circular Depression UID

37E N500 E540 Post Mold Post Mold

37F N500 E540 Post Mold Post Mold

37H N500 E540 Linear Stain Stain

38C N500 E545 Pipe Trench, Terracotta Trench

38D N500 E545 Circular Depression Post Hole

38E N500 E545 Post Mold Post Mold

39C N515 E560 Circular Depression Privy

39D N515 E560 Square Depression Privy

39E N515 E560 Small Circular Depression Privy

39F N515 E560 Brick Foundation Foundation n/a 0 0

39G N515 E560 Post Mold Post Mold 1870 39G-8 22 13

39H N515 E560 Post Mold Post Mold 1820 39H-7 72 27

39J N515 E560 Privy, Level 3 Privy 1915 39J-13 1661 238

39K N515 E560 Privy, Level 4 Privy 1918 39K-18 595 124

NDA

A-5

Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI

39L N515 E560 Privy, Level 5 Privy 1860 39L-9 207 49

39M N515 E560 Privy, Level 6 Privy 1885 39M-7 14 7

40C N515 E565 Square Post Hole Post Hole

41C N515 E570 Post Mold Post Mold

41D N515 E570 Plant Bed Plant Bed

41E N515 E570 Small Post Hole Post Hole n/a 1 1

41F N515 E570 Square Post Mold Post Hole 1830 41F-6 17 10

42C N515 E575 Post Mold Post Hole

42D N515 E575 Irregular Depression UID

42D N510 E560 Post Hole UID

43E N510 E560 Post Mold Post Mold 1870 43E-8 10 9

43F N510 E560 Square Post Mold Post Hole 1870 43F-7 24 9

43G N510 E560 Circular Stain Post Hole

43H N510 E560 Dark Stain Post Hole

43J N510 E560 Post Mold Post Mold 1820 43J-2 8 4

44C N510 E565 Post Mold Post Mold

44E N510 E565 Irregular Stain Post Hole

45C N510 E570 Irregular Depression Plant Bed

47E N505 E560 Post Hole Post Hole

47G N505 E560 Square Depression Post Hole

47H N505 E560 Irregular Stain Post Hole

47K N505 E560 Small Post Hole Post Mold

48C N505 E565 Irregular Depression Plant Bed

48D N505 E565 Square Post, Wood Post n/a 1 1

48E N505 E565 Post Hole Post Hole

48F N505 E565 Post Post n/a 1 1

48G N505 E565 Post Hole Post Hole

48H N505 E565 Post Mold Post Hole

48J N505 E565 Square Post Hole Post Hole

48K N505 E565 Circular Depression Plant Bed

48L/M N505 E565 Irregular Depression Plant Bed

48N N505 E565 Trash Deposit Trash Pit 1892 48N-11 1153 243

49J-Complex N505 E570 Trash Pit Trash Pit 1905 49J-176 6661 821

50G N505 E575 Square Post Mold Post Mold

51C N500 E560 Trash Deposit Trash Pit 1872 51C-58 782 68

51D N500 E560 Post Hole Post Hole

51K N500 E560 Circular Depression Post Hole 1881 51K-1 11 9

52C N500 E565 Irregular Depression Post Hole

52D N500 E565 Mottled Depression Plant Bed

52F N500 E565 Dark Stain UID

52H N500 E565 Circular Stain Post Mold

NDA

A-6

Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI

52J N500 E565 Irregular Depression Post Hole

53C N500 E570 Level 3 Plant Bed

53F N500 E570 Post Mold Post Hole

53G N500 E570 Circular Stain UID

53H N500 E570 Post Mold Post Mold

54E N500 E575 Post Mold UID

54F N500 E575 Plant Bed Plant Bed

54J N500 E575 Irregular Stain Plant Bed

54K N500 E575 Square Depression Pet Burial

54L N500 E575 Square Depression UID

54M N500 E575 Burial Pet Burial

55C N520 E570 Post Hole Post Hole

55D N520 E570 Post Post n/a 1 1

55E N520 E570 Square Post Hole Post Hole 1872 55E-34 311 62

55F N520 E570 Post Post n/a 1 1

55G N520 E570 Post Hole Post Hole

55H N520 E570 Post Post n/a 1 1

55I N520 E570 Trash Deposit Trash Pit

55J N520 E570 Post Post n/a 1 1

55K N520 E570 Trash Deposit Trash Pit

55L N520 E570 Post Mold Post Mold

56C N515 E520 Circular Depression Post Hole

56F N515 E520 Circular Depression Post Hole

56G N515 E520 Foundation Pier Trench Foundation

56H N515 E520 Foundation Pier Foundation n/a 0 0

58C N515 E525 Circular Depression Post Mold

58G N515 E525 Circular Depression Post Mold

59C N495 E535 Square Post Mold Post Mold

59D N495 E535 Post Hole Post Hole

59E N495 E535 Irregular Depression Post Hole

59F N495 E535 Circular Depression Post Hole

59H N495 E535 Pipe Trench, Small Trench

61C N455 E504 Rectangular Stain Burial n/a 1 1

63C N450 E504 Post Mold Post Mold

63D N450 E504 Post Hole Post Hole

63E N450 E504 Oval Pit Pit

64D N450 E507 Small Post Mold UID

65C N445 E498 Post Mold Post Hole

65D N445 E498 Post Hole Post Hole

65E N445 E498 Post Hole Post Hole

65H N445 E498 Linear Trench Trench

NDA

NDA

NDA

A-7

Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI

65J N445 E498 Post Hole Post Hole

65K N445 E498 Post Mold Post Mold

66C N445 E507 Trash Pit, E ½, Upper Trash Pit

66D N445 E507 Trash Pit, E ½, Lower Trash Pit

66F N445 E507 Post Hole Post Hole

67C N440 E498 Post Mold Post Mold

67D N440 E498 Pipe Trench Trench

68C N440 E502 Brick Drain Drain n/a

68D N440 E502 Cinder Blocks Foundation n/a

68E N440 E502 Circular Stain UID

69C N440 E507 Post Mold Post Mold

70C N435 E498 Post Hole Post Hole

70D N435 E498 Post Mold Post Mold

70E N435 E498 Planting Planting

70F N435 E498 Planting Planting

70G N435 E498 Planting Planting

70H N435 E498 Planting Planting

70J N435 E498 Planting Planting

70K N435 E498 Planting Planting

70L N435 E498 Planting Planting

71C N435 E502 Planting Planting

71D N435 E502 Planting Planting

71E N435 E502 Planting Planting

71F N435 E502 Planting Planting

71G N435 E502 Planting Planting

71H N435 E502 Planting Planting

71J N435 E502 Planting Planting

71N N435 E502 Post Mold Post Mold

71P N435 E502 Irregular Depression Planting

71Q N435 E502 Circular Depression UID

71T N435 E502 Post Hole Post Hole

71W N435 E502 Post Hole Post Hole

72C N430 E498 Planting Planting

72D N430 E498 Planting Planting

72E N430 E498 Planting Planting

72F N430 E498 Planting Planting

73C N430 E502 Planting Planting

73D N430 E502 Planting Planting

73E N430 E502 Planting Planting

73F N430 E502 Planting Planting

73J N430 E502 Post Hole Post Hole

A-8

Feature Unit Short Title Type TPQ (from) n MNI

73L N430 E502 Square Depression Post Hole

74C N430 E508 Planting Planting

74D N430 E508 Planting Planting

74E N430 E508 Planting Planting

74F N430 E508 Planting Planting

74G N430 E508 Planting Planting

74H N430 E508 Planting Planting

74J N430 E508 Planting Planting

74K N430 E508 Planting Planting

74L N430 E508 Planting Planting

74P N430 E508 Trash Pit Trash Pit

74T N430 E508 Small Depression UID

74U N430 E508 Post Hole Post Hole

75C N430 E512 Circular Depression UID

75H N430 E512 Trash Pit Trash Pit

76C N426 E498 Planting Planting

76D N426 E498 Post Mold Post Mold

76E N426 E498 Post Hole Post Hole

76F N426 E498 Post Mold UID

76G N426 E498 Rectangular Depression UID

76H N426 E498 Rectangular Depression UID

77C N426 E502 Planting Planting

77D N426 E502 Post Hole Post Mold

77E N426 E502 Planting Planting

77F N426 E502 Planting Planting

77G N426 E502 Planting Planting

77H N426 E502 Post Hole Post Hole

77J N426 E502 Post Mold Post Mold

77K N426 E502 Post Hole Post Hole

77W N426 E502 Post Hole Post Hole

77X N426 E502 Irregular Depression Planting

78G N426 E508 Post Hole Post Hole

78H N426 E508 Post Hole Post Hole

78J N426 E508 Post Hole Post Hole

79K N426 E512 Post Hole Post Hole

80C N435 E507 Planting Planting

81G N421 E502 Post Hole Post Hole

F1 Block 2 Sprinkler Trench – East Half Trench Post-1970

F2 Block 1 Sprinkler Trench – West Half Trench Post-1970

F3 Block 1 Sprinkler Trench – Supply Line Trench Post-1970

Total Features: 327 Total Artifacts Processed: 29172 5750

APPENDIX B

THE following is a full list of fields and values used for cataloging artifacts from the Mann-Simons site. Details are found in Chapter 2.

CLASS PART (cont') COLOR (cont')

Bone Links Ivory

Ceramic Lip Lavender

Composite Neck Medium Sapphire Blue

Glass Profile Mottled

Metal Rim Mulberry

Mineral Seam Multiple

Organic Shank Olive

Shell Shell Olive ('Black')

Soil Sole Olive, Dark

Stone Spine Catch Olive, Light

Synthetic Spine Tip Orange

Wood Spring Guard Pink

Tooth Polychrome

PART Top Red

Back Plate Reddish-Brown

Base COLOR Reddish-Orange

Bat Amber Silver

Blade Amethyst Translucent White

Body Aqua (Blue) Turquoise

Bowl Aqua (Green) White

Bracket Black Yellow

Cap Blue Yellow / Cream

Clasp Blue, Dark Yellow/Brown

Complete Blue, Light

Core Brown FUNCTIONAL CAT.

Cup Brown, Dark Architectural

End Buff Architectural-Exterior

Ewer Clear Green Architectural-Interior

Face Cobalt Blue Domestic

Finish Colorless Electrical

Footring Copper Kitchen

Fragment Cream Kitchen-Tableware

Handle Gold Kitchen-Utilitarian

Head Gray Personal

Heel Green Personal-Clothing

Kick-Up Green, 'Black' Personal-Firearms

Lead Green, Dark Personal-Hygiene

Leg Green, Light Personal-Ornamental

Lens Ring Green, Lime Personal-Sewing

Lid Grey Personal-Toy

B-1

MATERIAL DEC. ELEMENT DEC. DESIGN (cont')

Bone 12-Sided Animal

Brass Bank Annular

Brick Bohemian Architectural

Carbon Circle(s) Ball

Cast Iron Diamond Band

Cement/Concrete Diamond(s) Bar & Anvil Primer

Composite Dot(s) Barrel

Copper English Hobnail Barrel Design

Cupric Alloy Excelsior Pattern BB Cap

Earthenware Eyelets beaded Edge

Ferrous Alloy Feather Berdan Primer

Glass Female Buckshot

Glass, Cobalt Flower(s) Bull's Eye & Fluted

Glass, Frosted Flower(s) Cable

Glass, Leaded Hatch Marks Circular

Glass, Manganese Hole Circular Head

Glass, Milk Interior Concave

Glass, Soda Leaves Cone

Glass, Solarized Letter(s) Conical

Glass, Uranium Line(s) Conical

Graphite line(s) (trailed) Continuous Threads

Lead Loop Cork Lined

Leather Loop(s) Cylindrical

Marble 'L'-Shape Dendridic

Mortar NC Flowers Diamond Point

Nut number(s) Disc

Organic Person Dish Shape

Paper Plant(s) Dome

Pewter Prism and Flute Dome Head

Plaster Rib(s) Dome Head / Square Shank

Porcelain Ribs Dome Shape

Rubber Rope Doughnut-Shaped

Rubber, Gutta-Percha SC Dispensary Dumb Bell Shape

Rubber, Hard SC State Seal Elixir / Handy

Shell Sheep Feather Edge

Slate Slot Figure(s)

Soil Solid Fish Scale

Steel Thumb Print Flat Head

Stoneware Tick Marks Flat Rim

Synthetic Tree(s) Floral

Terneplate Weaving Fluted

Terra Cotta Willow Fluted Diamond

Tin Fluted Oblong

Unidentified Material DEC. DESIGN French Square

Unidentified Metal 1 lb Friction-Ring Groove

Wood 2-Wire Frozen Charlotte

Zinc 3-Hole Geometric

B-2

DEC. DESIGN (cont') DEC. DESIGN (cont') MAN. TECH. (cont')

German Cologne Style Smooth Back Cast, Two-Piece

Glass Liner Smooth Edge Centerfired

Golden Gate Oval Smooth Rim Champagne Finish

Gothic Revival Sphere Chinese Export Porcelain

Grape Square Coarse

Hex Square Ended Codd Stopper Finish

Hexagonal Starburst Collared Ring Finish

Hump Style Stippling Combination

Insignia Straight Continuous Threads

Interior Studded Crimped

Interior Sunburst Crown Cap Finish

Jo-Jo Flask Table, Medium Cup-Bottom Mold

Locking Tapered End Cup-Seat Mold

Long Twisted Cut

L-Shaped Head Two-Wire Die Cut

Millville Round Dip Body Mold

Mushroom MAN. TECH. Double Ring Finish

Neck-and-Eye 1-Piece Button Drilled

Octagonal 2-Piece Button Exterior (glazed)

Octagonal (Irregular) 3-Part Blow Mold Extruded

Opened

3-Part Blow Mold w/Dip Body

Mold Finishing Tool

Oriental 3-Part Press Mold Fired Lip

Ovaloid Head Agateware Flared Ring Finish

Panel Albany Type Slip Glazed Flat Glass

Panel, 2x2 Alkaline Glazed Folded

Panel, Square Applied Lip Folded Lip Finish

Philadelphia Oval Automatic Machine, Bottle Forged

Plain Back Plated Gimlet Point

Polygon Bead Finish Graniteware

Pressed-Powder Cake Beaded Finish Gray Paste Stoneware

Prism Blob-Top Finish Grooved Ring Finish

Rectangular

Blob-Top, Lightning Stopper

Finish Ground

Rectangular/Square Blow Over Finish Ground Lip

Ribbed Blown in the Mold Ground Lip, Shoulder Seal

Rosette Bottom-Hinged Mold (2-Piece) Ground-Off Pontil

Round Brandy Finish Hand Made

Round Base, Square Shoulder Brandy Finish, Straight Hand Pressed

Round Cornered Blake Brazed Hand Soldered

Round Head Bristol Glazed Hand Wrought

Rounded Corners Brown Paste Stoneware Hotel Ware Porcelain

Rounded Head Buff Paste Earthenware Hutchinson Stopper Finish

'S' Buff Paste Stoneware Industrial Porcelain

Salamander Oval Burned Infolded Lip

Sauce Style By-Product Insulated

Scalloped Edge Cap-Seat Finish Interior (glazed)

Scroll Carved Iron Oxide Glazed

Seed Cast Ironstone

S-Form Cast, One-Piece Kaolin / Ball

B-3

MAN. TECH. (cont') MAN. TECH. (cont') MAN. TECH. (cont')

Key-Wind Sawn Yellowware

Knurled Screw Band Yellowware, Utilitarian

Laid-On Ring Sew-Through

Lightning Stopper Finish Shank Molded 1 Piece OBJECT NAMES

Lipping Tool Sheared Ring Finish Ammunition, Bullet, .22 Caliber

Long Sheared Top Ammunition, Bullet, .32 Caliber

Machine Cut Short Ammunition, Bullet, .45 Caliber

Machine Made Shoulder Seal Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .22 Caliber

Machine Pressed Side Seam, Double, Lap Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .25 Caliber

Machine Soldered Side Seam, Single, Lap Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .32 Caliber

Melted Silvered (mirror) Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .38 Caliber

Mineral Finish Slip Glazed Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .40 Caliber

Mixed Small Mouth Ext. Thread Finish Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45 Caliber

Molded Snap Case Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45-70 Caliber

Molding Technique Unknown Soldered Ammunition, Cartridge Case, Unidentified

Neck Lugs Solid Ammunition, Shot, Lead

Neck Wire Solid Core Ammunition, Shot, Steel

Other Glazed Spot Crown Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 10 Gauge

Packer Finish Stacked Ring Finish Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 12 Gauge

Parian Stamped Ammunition, Shotgun Shell, 14 Gauge

Patent Finish Stamped End Architectural, Door Stop

Pearlware Stranded Architectural, Brick

Pegged (nail) Stranded Core Architectural, Cement / Concrete

Pegged (wood) Super-Short Architectural, Glass, Block

Plated Threaded Finish Architectural, Glass, Window

Pontil Rod Threaded Finish (external) Architectural, Mortar

Post-Bottom Mold Threaded Finish (internal) Architectural, Plaster

Prescription Lip Finish Three-Piece Mold Architectural, Post

Press-and-Blow Machine Torpedo Base Architectural, Sheet Metal

Press Cap Finish Turn Mold Architectural, Sheet Metal, Corrugated Iron

Pressed Two-Piece Mold Architectural, Tile, Floor / Wall

Pressed Powder Unglazed Architectural, Tile, Flooring

Pressed, Hand Unidentified (UID) Architectural, Tile, Roofing

Pressed, Machine UID Ceramic Architectural, Tile, Roofing, Asphalt

Prosser UID Color Paste Earthenware Architectural, Tile, Roofing, Tin

Punched UID Finish Architectural, Tile, Siding, Asbestos

Quarried UID Manufacturing Technique Architectural, Tile, Siding, Asphalt

Red Paste Earthenware UID Stoneware By-Product, Clinker / Slag

Red Paste Stoneware UID White Paste Earthenware Clothing, Blueing Agent

Refined Porcelain Uninsulated Clothing, Buckle

Reinforced Extract Finish Unmodified Natural Material Clothing, Buckle, Belt

Rimfire White Saltglazed Clothing, Buckle, Suspender

Ring Finish Whiteware Clothing, Buckle, Suspender

Riveted Wide Mouth Ext. Thread Finish Clothing, Button

Rockingham / Bennington Wide Mouth, Applied Lip Clothing, Button, 2-Hole

Rolled Wide Prescription Finish Clothing, Button, 2-Piece

Rolled Rim Wide Prescription Finish Clothing, Button, 4-Hole

Salt Glazed Wire Clothing, Button, 5-Hole

B-4

OBJECT NAMES (cont') OBJECT NAMES (cont')

Ammunition, Cartridge Case, .45-70 Caliber Container, Bottle, Condiment, Mustard

Clothing, Button, Collar Container, Bottle, Condiment, Spice / Extract

Clothing, Button, Collar Snap Container, Bottle, Cosmetic

Clothing, Button, Drilled-Eye Shank Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Perfume/Cologne

Clothing, Button, Loop-Shank Container, Bottle, Cosmetic, Skin Lightener

Clothing, Button, Military Container, Bottle, Food

Clothing, Button, Shank Molded Container, Bottle, Food, Olives

Clothing, Button, Staff-Type Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles

Clothing, Clip Container, Bottle, Food, Pickles/Olives

Clothing, Clip, Cuff-Holder Container, Bottle, Household Cleaner

Clothing, Cuff Link Container, Bottle, Ink

Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye Container, Bottle, Liquor / Whisky

Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye, Eye Container, Bottle, Medicinal / Pharmaceutical

Clothing, Fastener, Hook-and-Eye, Hook Container, Bottle, Milk

Clothing, Grommet Container, Bottle, Other

Clothing, Hat Pin Container, Bottle, Soda Pop / Water

Clothing, Rivet Container, Bottle, Wine

Clothing, Safety Pin Container, Bucket

Clothing, Shoe Container, Bucket, Lead/Solder Pot

Clothing, Shoe Horn Container, Can

Clothing, Shoe, Grommet Container, Can Tobacco, Snuff

Clothing, Shoe, Sole Container, Can, Closure

Clothing, Snap Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid (non-screw)

Clothing, Straight Pin Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lid, Screw

Clothing, Zipper Container, Can, Closure, Removable Lip Lid

Communication, Holder, Pencil Container, Can, Closure, Wind-Strip

Communication, Pen, Ball-Point Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap

Communication, Pen, Fountain Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap, Hand-Soldered

Communication, Pencil, Graphite Container, Can, Hole-in-Cap, Machine-Soldered

Communication, Pencil, Slate Container, Can, Hole-in-Top

Communication, Telephone, Receiver Hook Container, Can, Key

Container, Bottle Container, Can, Key-Wind

Container, Bottle, Alcohol Container, Can, Rolled Seam

Container, Bottle, Beer Container, Can, Sanitary

Container, Bottle, Beverage Container, Can, Side-Seam, Double

Container, Bottle, Bitters Container, Can, Side-Seam, Single, Lap

Container, Bottle, Closure Container, Can, Side-Seam, Single, Soldered

Container, Bottle, Closure, Cork Container, Can, Square / Rectangular

Container, Bottle, Closure, Crown Cap Container, Can, Tapered

Container, Bottle, Closure, Lead Seal Container, Can, Tobacco

Container, Bottle, Closure, Lighting Stopper Container, Can, Tobacco, Snuff

Container, Bottle, Closure, Peg Stopper Container, Jar

Container, Bottle, Closure, Press-Fit Cap Container, Jar, Lid

Container, Bottle, Closure, Screw Cap Container, Jar, Lid Liner

Container, Bottle, Condiment Container, Jar, Lid, Preserving

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Iced Tea Tumbler Container, Jar, Preserving

Container, Bottle, Condiment, Jelly/Mustard Tumbler Container, Personal

B-5

OBJECT NAMES (cont') OBJECT NAMES (cont')

Container, Personal, Cosmetic / Hygiene Hardware, Hinge

Container, Vial Hardware, Hinge, Blind Hinge Hook

Electrical, Battery, Carbon Rod Hardware, Hinge, Butt

Electrical, Connector Hardware, Hinge, Butt, Shutter

Electrical, Insulator, Cleat Hardware, Hinge, Rolled Plate Hinge

Electrical, Insulator, Split Knob Hardware, Hinge, Strap

Electrical, Wire Hardware, Hook

Electrical, Wire Connector, Molding Hardware, Hook, Box Latch

Electrical, Wire, Double Conductor Hardware, Hook, Box Latch

Electrical, Wire, Quadruple Conductor Hardware, Hook, Coat-and-Hat

Electrical, Wire, Single Conductor Hardware, Hook, Cup Hook

Electrical, Wire, Triple Conductor Hardware, Hook, Eye Hook & Staple

Fauna Hardware, Hook, Plain

Fauna, Clam Shell Hardware, Hook, Screw Hook

Fauna, Egg Shell Hardware, Latch, Barn Door

Fauna, Oyster Shell Hardware, Lock, Bolt

Fauna, Shell Hardware, Lock, Case Lock

Flora Hardware, Lock, Key

Flora, Nut, Pecan Hardware, Lock, Key, Case Lock

Food Preparation, Baking Dish Hardware, Lock, Key, Lever Tumbler

Food Preparation, Cooking Pot Hardware, Lock, Key, Pin Tumbler

Food Preparation, Cooking Pot, Lid Hardware, Lock, Key, Rim Lock

Furniture Hardware, Lock, Key, Wafer Tumbler

Furniture, Caster Hardware, Lock, Lever Tumbler

Furniture, Spring Hardware, Lock, Padlock

Furniture, Tack Hardware, Lock, Pin Tumbler

Hardware, Bar Hardware, Lock, Rim Lock

Hardware, Barbed Wire Hardware, Lock, Unidentified

Hardware, Barrel Strap Hardware, Lock, Wafer Tumbler

Hardware, Bolt Hardware, Nail, Braid

Hardware, Bolt, Carriage Hardware, Nail, Common

Hardware, Bolt, Counter-Sunk Carriage Hardware, Nail, Escutcheon Pin

Hardware, Bolt, Eye Hardware, Nail, Finishing

Hardware, Bolt, Saw Hardware, Nail, Roofing

Hardware, Bracket Hardware, Nail, Spike

Hardware, Bracket, Angle Hardware, Nail, Unidentified

Hardware, Chain Hardware, Nut

Hardware, Chain, Lap-Link Hardware, Pull Chain

Hardware, Chain, Link Hardware, Ring

Hardware, Collar Hardware, Rod

Hardware, Cotter Pin Hardware, Scissors

Hardware, Door Knob Hardware, Screw, Eye-Screw

Hardware, Eye Hardware, Screw, Metal

Hardware, Handle, Door Pull Hardware, Screw, Wood

Hardware, Handle, Door Ring Hardware, Spike

Hardware, Handle, Drawer Hardware, Spring

Hardware, Handle, Drawer Pull Hardware, Staple

B-6

OBJECT NAMES (cont') OBJECT NAMES (cont')

Hardware, Staple, Fence Personal, Pin-Back

Hardware, Stock, Bar Personal, Pocket Knife

Hardware, Strap Personal, Pocket Knife, 2-Blades

Hardware, Tack Personal, Pocket Knife, 3-Blades

Hardware, Tube Personal, Scissors

Hardware, Unidentified Personal, Umbrella

Hardware, Washer Personal, Unidentified

Hardware, Window, Shutter Dog Personal, Watch, Pocket

Hardware, Wire Personal, Water Pitcher / Ewer

Hardware, Wire, Bailing Plumbing, Pipe

Harness Hardware, Horseshoe Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting

Household Accessory, Candle Stick Holder Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, End Cap

Household Accessory, Figurine Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, Gas

Household Accessory, Fireplace Tool Stand Plumbing, Pipe, Fitting, Gas Stove

Household Accessory, Flowerpot Plumbing, Pipe, Sewer

Household Accessory, Lettering Religious Item

Household Accessory, Unidentified Soil Sample

Lighting, Arc, Carbon Rod Tableware, Bowl

Lighting, Bulb Tableware, Bowl, Footed-Salt

Lighting, Bulb, Incandescent Tableware, Bowl, Salt / Sugar

Lighting, Lamp Tableware, Bowl, Serving

Lighting, Lamp, Chimney Tableware, Bowl, Tea-Waster

Lighting, Lamp, Globe Tableware, Cup

Lighting, Lamp, Shade Tableware, Cup, Tea

Lighting, Unidentified Tableware, Drinking Glass

Machinery, Gasket Tableware, Drinking Glass, Goblet

Machinery, Unidentified Tableware, Drinking Glass, Stemware

Mineral, Coal Tableware, Drinking Glass, Tumbler

Mineral, Unidentified Tableware, Flatware

Paper Tableware, Fork

Paper, Newspaper Tableware, Fork, 2-Prong

Personal, Bead Tableware, Fork, 3-Prong

Personal, Bead, Round Tableware, Fork, Serving

Personal, Bead, Seed Tableware, Hollowware

Personal, Bead, Tube Tableware, Knife

Personal, Coin Tableware, Pitcher

Personal, Comb Tableware, Plate

Personal, Handbag Tableware, Plate, Lunch

Personal, Handbag, Clasp Tableware, Plate, Serving

Personal, Jewelry, Broach Tableware, Saucer

Personal, Jewelry, Earring Tableware, Spoon

Personal, Jewelry, Necklace Tableware, Spoon, Serving

Personal, Jewelry, Pendent Tableware, Unidentified

Personal, Jewelry, Pendent/Earring Tableware, Utensil

Personal, Jewelry, Unidentified Tableware, Vessel

Personal, Jewelry, Wire Tobacco, Ashtray

Personal, Mirror Tobacco, Pipe

Tobacco, Pipe, Pamplin-Style

B-7

OBJECT NAMES (cont')

Tool, Pliers

Tool, Scale, Balance Weight

Tool, Screwdriver

Toy, Ball

Toy, Coin Bank

Toy, Doll

Toy, Doll, China Head

Toy, Figurine

Toy, Marble

Toy, Tea Set

Toy, Unidentified

Unidentified, Architectural

Unidentified, Ceramic

Unidentified, Flat Glass

Unidentified, Glass

Unidentified, Metal

Unidentified, Metal, Disc

Unidentified, Metal, Plate

Unidentified, Object

Unidentified, Sheet Metal

Unidentified, Slate

Unidentified, Vessel

Unidentified, Wood

Utilitarian, Bottle / Jug

Utilitarian, Bowl

Utilitarian, Crock

Utilitarian, Hollowware

Utilitarian, Jar

Utilitarian, Jar / Bottle

Utilitarian, Jar / Crock

Utilitarian, Vessel

B-8

APPENDIX C

CONTRIBUTORS TO FIELD AND

LABORATORY WORK

THE following is a list of individuals who worked in the field and/or laboratory between 2005 and 2012 as

part of the Mann-Simons Archaeology Project. I have

made every effort to keep track of everybody's names

over the past seven years, but there is still a chance

that I missed somebody. If you contributed to the

project but do not find your name listed here—I

apologize greatly. Without the time, effort and skills

of all of these individuals, this project would not have

been possible. Thank you all.

PAID WORK

Joseph M. Crockett

Heléna L. Ferguson

Kelsey B. Hanrahan

Benjamin P. Johnson

Joseph Johnson

Lauran L. Riser

LONG-TERM VOLUNTEERS

Kathrine Arnold

Adam Butler

Jay Cox

Kathleen Clardy

James Stewart

SHORT-TERM VOLUNTEERS

Edward Carr

Chris Judge

Michael Whiteley

Kelli Haynes

Andrew Forrester

Jill Daw

Kristen Hudgins

Don Rosick

Megan Monts

Aaron Burnette

Emily Dale

Meagan Morris

VOLUNTEERS FROM ANTHROPOLOGY

101, USC—COLUMBIA

2006

Stephen Williams

Austin Paterek

Kaci Henderson

James Bond

Megan Monts

Kayla Harward

Erica Raheja

Joe Magni

Patrick Browett

Lisa Randle

Alan Sanders

Elizabeth Tevepaugh

Katie McWilliams

LaQuisha Chester

Kim Lange

Karin Salmon

2007

Lauren Crosby

Riley Woods

Laura Ybarra

Dan Wiley

Zekharyah Wardlaw

Peter Voso

Trevor Valenti

Kathleen Shank

Stephanie Nelson

Abby Lavelle

Eric Jones

Jay Hutchison

Kim Haire

Ryan Dennis

Rob Corney

Phil Butts

Nicola Brown

Danielle Anderson

Drew Allen

2008

Ryan Wade

Brenda Martin

C-1

Mitch Anderson

Brian Harley

E. Stone Miller

Kyle Christensen

Michael Becker

Kate Smithers

Lauren Haynes

Tim Akeson

Mary Jane Morris

Dave Hutton

Jocié Migana

Katherine Kuszmaul

Jake Goss

Anne Thomas

Tracy Paul

Matthew Kibbey

Joseph Johnson

Sarah Skinner

Steven Ratugon

Lauren Dickerson

Maxwell Clayton

Rick Nichols

Meghan Fields

Anne Bonavente

Zac Fry

Brian Boomhower

John Mazzochi

John Gottshalk

2009

Michael Wolverton

Conor Frickel

Adam Stewart

Erick Shaw

Cody Sento

Chris Schlaff

Jordan Reynolds

Rozalynne Pate

Keith Minor

Brandon McAbee

Renee Mathews

Jonathan Jones

Ryan Gadow

Heather Dupre

Elise Burnham-Fay

Ben Bell

Yasmine Elraheb

Alison Connington

Michael Cryer

Ryan Quinn

Erica Huff

FIELD SCHOOL – MAY 2006

Heléna L. Ferguson

Meg Gaillard

Sean Hall

Dwight Jones

Don Rosick

Karin Salmon

James Stewart

Kelsey Hanrahan

Shannon Kicza

Alita Huff Mikiten

Denise Dunovant

Ben Johnson

Jackie Pitts

Kimberly Cavanagh (Teaching Assistant)

FIELD SCHOOL – FALL 2006

Aileen Ahearn

Adam Butler

Heléna L. Ferguson

Tamara Looney

Erika Heimbrook-Shofner

Austin Paterek

Julia Frozza-Silva

Jean Schwab

Megan Monts

Robin Villereal

Blake Monson

Charles Brooks

Michal Wigal (Teaching Assistant)

FIELD SCHOOL – MAY 2007

Zachary Buffington

Kathleen Clardy

Stephanie Jones

Margaret McWhorter

Lisa Randle

Casey Rigby

Sarah Swanson

Heléna L. Ferguson (Teaching Assistant)

C-2

APPENDIX D

D-1

East Yard Area

Units 5 – 10

Provenience: 5A

Unit: N427 E540

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.73 101.21

NE 101.65 101.31

NW 101.65 101.28

SW 101.75 101.19

C 101.71 101.19

Date Excavated: 15 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 disturbance. Not screened.

Provenience: 5B

Unit: N427 E540

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 5C at top of 5B

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 101.21 n/a

NE 101.31 n/a

NW 101.28 n/a

SW 101.19 n/a

C 101.19 n/a

Date Excavated: 30 October 2005

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Grayish Brown

(10YR4/2) sandy silt and 20% Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam.

JC, JMC

JC

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt with 40% white mortar and

30% Strong Brown (7.5YR5/8) mortar.

JC

D-2

Notes:

Provenience: 5C

N427 E540

Short Title: Brick Row

Type: Feature

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 5C at top of 5B

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 101.01 n/a

Date Excavated: 30 October 2005

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 6A

Unit: N430 E575

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 101.29 100.79

NE 101.20 100.80

NW 101.28 100.67

SW 101.41 100.01

C 101.27 100.67

Date Excavated: 15 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 6B

Unit: N430 E575

Excavation halted at top of 5B due to time constraints. No artifacts

recovered.

Unit

:

JC

Feature 5C was a row of bricks/large brick bats delineating plant space

(north) and front yard space (south). Note that these bricks are part of post-

1909 (post-lunch counter) landscaping uncovered in Block 3. The bricks

were left in situ.

Brown (10YR4/3) very loose sandy loam, mottled with <5% Very Dark

Brown (7.5YR2.5/3) sandy clay.

JC/JMC

JC

D-3

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.79 100.61

NE 100.80 100.48

NW 100.67 100.53

SW 101.01 100.80

C 100.67 100.58

Date Excavated: 16 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 6C

Unit: N430 E575

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.61 100.27

NE 100.48 100.33

NW 100.53 100.25

SW 100.80 100.46

C 100.58 100.43

Date Excavated: 18 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 6E

Unit: N430 E575

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Dark Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Strong Brown

(7.5YR4/6) sandy clay loam, <1% charcoal flecks.

JC/JMC

JC

Red (2.5YR4/6) very compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/4) sandy loam, 5% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam.

JC/JMC

JC

D-4

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.27 100.24

NE 100.33 100.23

NW 100.25 100.23

SW 100.46 100.35

C 100.43 100.22

Date Excavated: 19 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 6F

Unit: N430 E575

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.24 99.66

NE 100.23 99.36

NW 100.23 99.58

SW 100.35 99.66

C 100.22 99.62

Date Excavated: 8 October 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 6T

Unit: N430 E575

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

In SW quadrant: Dark Reddish Brown (5YR3/3) compact sandy clay. Other

quadrants: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) compact sandy silt loam,

mottled with 30% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy loam, with 30% decayed

mortar and <1% brick.

JC

JC

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Reddish Brown

(5YR3/3) compact sandy clay and 1% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC

D-5

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 6U

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.66 99.16

NE 99.36 99.19

NW 99.58 99.27

SW 99.66 99.24

C 99.62 99.28

Date Excavated: 13 October 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 6T was the upper-most intact stratum. No artifacts recovered.

Provenience: 6U

Unit: N430 E575

Short Title: Circular Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 6U at top of 6T

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:6U-23

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.49 98.97

Date Excavated: 13 October 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 6V

Unit: N430 E575

Short Title: Level 7

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.

Feature Association: 6W

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.16 n/a

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Brown

(10YR3/3) sandy silt and 20% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay loam.

JC

JC

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose sandy silt, mottled with <1% Strong

Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay and 5% charcoal.

JC

JC

6U was a circular trash pit feature (diameter = 2.2 feet). Large concentration

of tin cans (many intact).

D-6

NE 99.19 n/a

NW 99.27 n/a

SW 99.24 n/a

C 99.28 n/a

Date Excavated: 16 October 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 6V was sterile subsoil.

Provenience: 6W

Unit: N430 E575

Short Title: Rectangular Pit

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 6W at top of 6V

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:6W-9

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.25 98.63

Date Excavated: 16 October 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 8A

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.50 n/a

NE 100.34 n/a

NW 100.50 n/a

SW 100.66 n/a

JC

JC

50% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam and 50% Dark

Brown (10YR3/3) loose sandy silt.

JC

JC

6W was a rectangular feature at the surface of 6V (Level 7) measuring 2.7

feet east-west and 1.9 feet north-south (maximum extent). Upon excavation,

6W appeared to be two post holes, one apparently a replacement post, each

truncated by the south wall of the unit. Both post holes were square, the

eastern post (original) measuring 2 feet east-west, the western post measuring

1.6 feet east-west. No evidence of post/post mold. Post holes not

provenienced separately.

D-7

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 2 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. No closing elevations. Not screened.

Provenience: 8B

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE n/a 100.16

NE n/a 100.08

NW n/a 100.16

SW n/a 100.24

C n/a 100.16

Date Excavated: 2 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 8C

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy loam.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.16 99.45

NE 100.08 99.34

NW 100.16 99.37

SW 100.24 99.41

C 100.16 99.38

Date Excavated: 3 August 2005

JC

JC

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 15% Red

(2.5YR4/6) sandy clay (east half) and 10% Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt (west

side).

JMC, MW

JMC

Post-1970 fill. Evidence of erosion. Opening elevations not available. Not

screened.

D-8

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 8D

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 8E, 8F, 8H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.45 99.13

NE 99.34 99.15

NW 99.37 n/a

SW 99.41 99.19

C 99.38 99.16

Date Excavated: 11 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 8D was the upper-most undisturbed stratum. No artifacts recovered.

Provenience: 8E

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Charcoal Concentration

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy silt with 50% charcoal inclusions.

Feature Association: 8E at top of 8D; intruded upon by Feature 8F.

TPQ Date: 1905 Based Upon:8E-32

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.37 98.63

Date Excavated: 11 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

JMC

JC

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with <5% Strong

Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt and Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with

5% charcoal flecks.

JC, JMC

JC

JC

JC

8E was a small trash pit feature in the front-side side yard area intruded upon

by Feature 8F, a gas line trench running into the house at 1403 Richland

Street. The dimensions of 8E changed dramatically upon excavation (see

maps).

D-9

Provenience: 8F

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Pipe Trench

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 8F at top of 8D; intrudes upon Feature 8E.

TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:8F-22

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.39 99.30

Date Excavated: 11 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 8H

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 8H at top of 8D

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:8H-17

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.30 97.98

Date Excavated: 12 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 8J

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6)

sandy clay loam, <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) Sandy Clay, and <5%

charcoal flecks.

JMC, JC

JC

8F was a hand-dug trench feature for a gas line running along center of

trench into east side of 1403 Richland Street. Note that 8F intruded upon a

trash pit feature 8E, which had a TPQ date of 1905, suggesting that the gas

line associated with 8F post-dates 1905.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam, mottled with <50%

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with <5% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC

8H appeared as a mottled clay smear at the top of 8D. After removing <0.1-

feet of 8D, 8H became clearly defined as a circular post mold, 10-inch

diameter, with vertical walls indicative of a post-hole digger.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Dark Brown

(10YR3/3) sandy silt and 20% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay loam.

D-10

Feature Association: 8K, 8L

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.13 98.99

NE 99.15 98.96

NW n/a n/a

SW 99.19 98.99

C 99.16 99.07

Date Excavated: 12 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 8K

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 8K at top of 8J; associated with 8L (post hole)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.17 97.57

Date Excavated: 12 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 8L

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Mottled Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 8L at top of 8J; associated with 8K (post mold)

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:8L-21

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.17 97.57

JC

JC

8J was a transition stratum between 8D and 8M (subsoil). No artifacts

recovered.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.

JC

JC

8K was the post mold for post hole feature 8L. Diameter of the post mold

was ~10-inches and appeared to have been hand-dug. No artifacts.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 30%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.

D-11

Date Excavated: 12 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 8M

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Level 6 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: 8N, 8P

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.99 n/a

NE 98.96 n/a

NW n/a n/a

SW 98.99 n/a

C 99.07 n/a

Date Excavated: 13 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 8N

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Large Semi-Circle

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 8N at top of 8M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.95 n/a

Date Excavated: 13 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

JC

JC

8L was the post hole associated with the post mold 8K, measuring 0.9 feet

east-west, truncated by the south wall of the unit.

JC

JC

8M was sterile subsoil. Unit 8 was lined with black plastic at the surface of

8M as time constraints prevented excavation of Features 8N and 8P. No

artifacts recovered.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and <5% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2)

sandy silt.

JC

JC

D-12

Notes:

Provenience: 8P

Unit: N450 E570

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 8P at top of 8M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.97 n/a

Date Excavated: 13 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 9A

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy loam.

Feature Association: 9B

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.31 99.79

NE 100.37 99.82

NW 100.53 99.68

SW 100.54 99.91

C n/a 99.88

Date Excavated: 27 July 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 9B

8N was a large, oval-shaped feature at the surface of 8M (Level 6) of

unknown function. Few to no artifacts were observed at the surface of the

feature. Due to time constraints, 8N was not excavated. Unit 8 was lined

with black plastic at the top of 8M.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.

JC

JC

8P was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.25 feet or 3 inches). Due to time

constraints, 8P was not excavated. Unit 8 was lined with black plastic at the

top of 8M.

JC

JC

D-13

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Linear Trench

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition: Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% builder's debris.

Feature Association: 9B at top of 9A

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.33 98.83

Date Excavated: 2 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 9G

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 9G at top of 9H

TPQ Date: 1872 Based Upon:9G-9

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.79 98.48

Date Excavated: 2 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 9G was a circular post mold with a diameter of 0.85 feet.

Provenience: 9H

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 9G, 9J/K, 9L, 9P

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.79 99.06

JC

JC

9B was a builder's trench associated with the construction of the post-1970

walkway wall. 9B extended below subsoil (9U), but was not excavated to

bottom. Not screened.

JMC

JMC

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Strong

Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with 5% charcoal and <1% mortar.

D-14

NE 99.82 99.12

NW 99.68 98.95

SW 99.91 99.04

C 99.88 99.01

Date Excavated: 2 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 9H was the upper-most undisturbed stratum. No artifacts recovered.

Provenience: 9J

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Circular Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 9J at top of 9H; associated with 9L

TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:9J-68

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.69 99.09

Date Excavated: 3 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 9L

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Circular Pit, Lower

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 9J/K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.09 98.13

Date Excavated: 4 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

JC

JC

Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy loam, mottled with <1% Strong Brown

(7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam, with many small (<1”) sized roots.

JC

JMC

9J was a near-circular trash pit feature with a diameter of 2.0 feet. 9J (east ½)

and 9K (west ½) represented the bisection of feature during excavation. The

two halves were combined into Feature 9J in the lab. The trash pit was

composed of two levels: the upper-most level is 9J; the lower-most level was

designated 9L.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loose sandy silt, mottled with <5% Strong Brown

(7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam, with <5% charcoal flecks.

JC

JMC

D-15

Notes:

Provenience: 9P

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Irregular Shallow Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) very loose sandy silt with <5% charcoal flecks.

Feature Association: 9P at top of 9H

TPQ Date: 1872 Based Upon:9P-1

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.12 98.37

Date Excavated: 6 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 9R

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 9S, 9T

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.06 98.69

NE 99.12 98.89

NW 98.95 98.92

SW 99.04 98.88

C 99.01 98.81

Date Excavated: 9 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 9R was an intact stratum above subsoil. No artifacts recovered.

Provenience: 9S

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Rounded Depression

9L was the lower-most level of a two-level trash pit. Feature 9J was the

upper-most level.

JC

JMC

9P was a shallow, circular trash pit with a diameter of 1.92 feet. 9B intruded

upon 9P to the north, obscuring the profile of 9P in the north wall of the

unit.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) compact sandy silt, mottled with 50%

Dark Brown (10YR3/3), with 1% charcoal flecks.

JC/JMC

JC/JMC

D-16

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 9S at top of 9R

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:9S-1

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.06 98.67

Date Excavated: 9 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 9S was a squarish post mold/hole, measuring 0.85 feet square.

Provenience: 9T

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 9T at top of 9R

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:9T-13

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.01 98.18

Date Excavated: 9 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 9U

Unit: N465 E565

Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.69 n/a

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Strong

Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt and 5% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt,

with <5% charcoal flecks and mortar.

JC

JMC

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Strong

Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt and 5% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt,

with <5% charcoal flecks and mortar.

JC

JC/JMC

9T was a circular post hole with a diameter of 1.2 feet. No evidence of a

post/post mold. Several large brick bats were found within the post hole fill,

possibly used to add support for the post.

D-17

NE 98.89 n/a

NW 98.92 n/a

SW 98.88 n/a

C 98.81 n/a

Date Excavated: 9 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 9U was sterile subsoil; not excavated.

Provenience: 10A

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loose sandy silt.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.77 99.43

NE 100.42 99.14

NW 100.37 99.34

SW 100.67 99.59

C 100.52 99.20

Date Excavated: 10 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10B

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Level 2, Outside Structure

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, moderately compact.

Feature Association: 10D, 10E, 10G, 10H, 10J, 10K, 10L, 10M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

NW 99.34 99.09

SW 99.59 99.28

Date Excavated: 16 August 2005

Excavated By:

JC/JMC

JC/JMC

JC

JC

Post-1970 fill. Deeper top-layer than all other units, much higher number of

gravel, mortar, brick fragments, etc. Not screened.

JC/JMC

D-18

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10C

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Level 2, Inside Structure

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) moderately compact sandy silt.

Feature Association: 10J, 10L, 10M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.43 98.78

NE 99.14 98.92

Date Excavated: 16 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10D

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Pipe Trench

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10Y2/2) loose sandy silt loam.

Feature Association: 10D at top of 10B; intrudes upon Feature 10J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.21 98.37

Date Excavated: 17 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10G

JC/JMC

10B was the upper-most intact stratum. 10B was what would have been the

west (outside) side of 1407 Richland Street. Same stratigraphic level as 10C,

but provenienced separately so as to identify possible soil matrix differences.

No artifacts recovered.

JC/JMC

JC/JMC

10C was the upper-most intact stratum. 10C was what would have been the

inside of 1407 Richland Street. Same level as 10B, but provenienced

separately so as to identify possible soil matrix differences. No artifacts

recovered.

JC/JMC

JC/JMC

10D was a post-1970 gas pipe trench (with intact pipe) cross-cutting Unit 10

and multiple features within the unit. The trench was cut with a ditch witch,

resulting in clean separation of artifactual and contextual materials. Not

screened.

D-19

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Clay Concentration

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 10G at top of 10B; associated with 10J and 10K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.26 96.75

Date Excavated: 17 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10H

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Charcoal Smear

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with 50% charcoal.

Feature Association: 10H at top of 10B; intruded upon by 10G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.29 99.14

Date Excavated: 17 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10J

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Foundation Trench

Type: Foundation

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) compact sandy clay loam, mottled with 30% Very

Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.

JC

JC/JMC

10G was an oval post hole with a rectangular post mold (Feature 10K) on

the west side of 1407 Richland Street, directly on the western boundary line

of the foundation trench/stain (Feature 10J). At the time of excavation, this

post hole/mold was thought to be replacement (or additional) post added to

the west wall of the structure. Alternatively, the post may be associated with

the expansion of the structure between 1904 and 1910 (see 1910 Sanborn

Fire Insurance map). The post hole measured 1.6 feet east-west and 1.18 feet

north-south. The post mold (Feature 10K) measured 0.93 feet east-west and

1.12 feet north-south.

JC/JMC

JMC

10H was a very shallow charcoal smear at the surface of 10B (Level 2). No

profile drawing. Pre-dates Feature 10G.

D-20

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 10J at top of 10B/10C; intruded upon by 10G, 10K, 10L, 10M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.20 99.10

Date Excavated: 17 August 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10K

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) very loose sandy silt loam.

Feature Association: 10K at top of 10B/10C; intrudes upon 10G (post hole)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.10 96.57

Date Excavated: 17 September 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10L

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Circular Stain

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt with 5% charcoal flecks.

Feature Association: 10L under 10J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Black

(10YR2/1) and <5% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy clay.

JC/JMC

JMC

10J was a very shallow foundation stain/trench associated with the west wall

of 1407 Richland Street. The western edge of feature was very clearly

defined; the eastern edge was poorly defined, blending into stratum 10C.

The western edge of the feature likely represented the actual wall of the

structure. An electrical grounding rod with uninsulated copper wire adhering

intruded upon the feature.

JC

JC

10K was a post mold associated with post hole 10G, that measured 0.93 feet

east-west and 1.12 feet north-south. A one-foot length of post was recovered

within the mold (wood type unknown). At the time of excavation, this post

hole/mold was thought to be replacement (or additional) post added to the

west wall of the structure. Alternatively, the post may be associated with the

expansion of the structure between 1904 and 1910.

D-21

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.40 98.89

Date Excavated: 17 September 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10M

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Small Circular Stain

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt with 5% charcoal flecks.

Feature Association: 10M under 10J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.22 98.31

Date Excavated: 17 September 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 10N

Unit: N445 E580

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

JC

JC

10L was a circular feature, 1.1 feet in diameter, discovered directly

underneath Feature 10J (foundation trench/stain), centered east/west.

Function is unknown, but was possibly the remains of a post hole/mold that

existed prior to the 1407 Richland Street structure, or was associated with

1407 Richland Street but represents an earlier phase of construction. No

wood fragments were evidenced.

JC

JC

Feature 10M was first identified at the top of stratum 10B as a small circular

stain, diameter 0.45 feet (roughly 5.5 inches), intruding upon Feature 10J

(foundation trench/stain). Upon excavation of 10J, 10M expanded into a

rectangle 0.95 east-west and 0.75 feet north-south. Likely the rectangle was a

post hole and the originally-identified circle within the rectangle was a post

mold. Given that the post hole was underneath 10J and the post mold above,

the post existed prior to the creation of the foundation trench/stain (10J) but

continued to exist after 10J came into being.

D-22

SE 98.78 n/a

NE 98.92 n/a

NW 99.09 n/a

SW 99.28 n/a

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 1 October 2005

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 10N was sterile subsoil.

JC

JC

D-23

D-24

Near Backyard Area

Units 14 – 20

Provenience: 14A

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.09 99.88

NE 99.93 99.83

NW 99.89 99.79

SW 100.08 99.91

C 100.01 99.87

Date Excavated: 9 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 14E

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.88 99.86

NE 99.83 99.74

NW 99.79 99.74

SW 99.91 99.83

C 99.87 99.74

Date Excavated: 10 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with 20% Dark Reddish

Brown (5YR3/3) sandy clay loam.

AHM, DCR, CJC

AHM

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Dark Reddish

Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy loam.

AHM, DCR, CJC

AHM

D-25

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 14G

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Circular Pit

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 14G at top of 14H

TPQ Date: 1891 Based Upon:14G-7

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.59 n/a

Date Excavated: 12 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 14H

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Reddish Brown (5YR3/4) sandy clay loam.

Feature Association: 14G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.86 99.65

NE 99.74 99.45

NW 99.74 99.56

SW 99.83 99.52

C 99.74 99.46

Date Excavated: 12 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 14J

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Level 4, Black Lens

Type: Stratum

Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Brown (7.5YR5/4)

and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.

DCR, CJC

AHM

14G appeared as a loose sandy combination of soils in a rough oval shape

with irregular edges. Possible planting-related, post-1970.

AHM, DCR, CJC

CJC

D-26

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 14J at top of 14H (Level 3)

TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:14J-10

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

E 99.51 99.32

W 99.47 99.47

Date Excavated: 17 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 14K

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Level 5, Arbitrary

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.65 n/a

NE 99.51 n/a

NW 99.56 n/a

SW 99.52 n/a

C 99.46 n/a

Date Excavated: 17 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 14L

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Brown

(7.5YR4/3) sandy loam.

AHM, DCR, CJC

CJC

14J was a very thin lens in the northwest quadrant of Unit 14. Unknown if

its deposition relates to pre- or post-1970 activities.

Dark Reddish Brown (2.5YR3/4) clay loam with varying amounts of sand

and 10% brick fragments.

CJC, DCR, AHM

AHM, DCR

14K was formerly part or all of 14H (Level 3). The layer was re-provenienced

as 14K when it was noticed that the north half of the unit had a very thin

layer of 14H which overlay a dark brown layer (14L), whereas the south half

remained consistent with 14H soil matrix. 14K was post-1970 fill also seen

in units 15, 16, and 17. Excavation halted in the 14K section of the unit.

Not screened.

D-27

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 14N

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.47 98.80

NE 99.45 98.71

NW 99.56 98.75

SW 99.41 98.73

C 99.48 98.66

Date Excavated: 17 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 14N

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Foundation Rubble

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 14N at top of 14L; bottom of 14N resting on 14R

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.20 n/a

NE 99.03 n/a

NW 99.04 n/a

SW 99.29 n/a

Date Excavated: 23 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 14P

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Pipe Trench

Strong Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 20% Dark Reddish

Brown (5YR3/4) sandy clay loam.

AHM, DCR, CJC

AHM

14L was the top-most intact layer. The top of Feature 14N (Foundation

Rubble) was at the top of 14L. Electrical grounding rod and capped gas line

were first encountered within this layer. Note, in the field there was an

additional stratum (14M, Level 7), but determined to be the same layer as

14L, and so was included with 14L. Not screened.

AHM, DCR, CJC

AHM

14N was the remains of the southwest corner foundation pier for the

structure at 1904 Marion Street. Elevations taken at the top of bricks.

Heavily disturbed, likely from compression stress associated with post-1970

heavy equipment activities.

D-28

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 14P at top of 14R

TPQ Date: 1899 Based Upon:14P-12

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.66 96.52

Date Excavated: 30 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 14R

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Level 8

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 14P, 14S, 14T, 14W

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.80 97.22

NE 98.71 97.14

NW 98.75 97.20

SW 98.73 97.19

C 98.66 97.06

Date Excavated: 30 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 5% Grayish Brown (10YR5/2)

loose sand.

JC

JC

14P was a heavily mottled, irregular feature associated with the laying of a 1-

inch diameter gas pipe for the 1904 Marion Street structure. Pipe (copper)

and feature runs parallel with the south wall of 1904 Marion Street. Pipe

likely ties into main gas line under Marion Street. The pipe “T”s 1.4-feet

from the west wall of the unit. The “T” runs directly south at a down slope

into the disturbed area surrounding the back of the main house (14K). The

copper line continues east, into a brass union, then into a cast iron “T”,

which is capped on the east end, the”T” runs directly north, turns 90-degrees

vertical, and is capped. The vertical segment would have run just on the

outside edge of the south wall of 1904 Marion Street. The trench with the

copper line is original, with what appears to be a later pit/hole dug to

facilitate the repair or addition of the cast iron segment.

JC

JC

D-29

Notes:

Provenience: 14S

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Builder's Trench

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition: Light Yellowish Brown (10YR6/4) loose sand

Feature Association: 14S at top of 14R (Level 8)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

E 98.73 98.67

W 98.75 98.60

C 98.71 98.57

Date Excavated: 30 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 14T

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loose sandy silt.

Feature Association: 14T at top of 14R (Level 8)

TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:14T-2

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.66 96.36

Date Excavated: 19 August 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

No difference detected between the inside and outside of 1904 Marion Street

structure within 14R. Presence of Features 14N, 14T, 14W were the only

indications of spatial segregation/differentiation. The base of Feature 14N

(brick pier) was resting on the surface of 14R. No artifacts recovered.

HLF

HLF

14S was a trench filled with builder's sand running parallel to the south wall

of 1904 Marion Street, along the inside of the structure's foundation (wall)

line. No artifacts within feature.

JC

JC

D-30

Notes:

Provenience: 14W

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loose sandy silt.

Feature Association: 14W at top of 14R (Level 8); associated with post hole 14T

TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:14W-1

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.66 96.61

Date Excavated: 19 August 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 14X

Unit: N485 E510

Short Title: Level 9

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 97.22 n/a

NE 97.14 n/a

NW 97.20 n/a

SW 97.19 n/a

C 97.06 n/a

Date Excavated: 19 August 2006

14T was associated with 14R (Level 8), but did not become fully defined

until subsoil (14X, Level 9), at which time it was fully excavated. Feature 14P

(pipe trench) intruded upon Feature 14T on the south side. Post hole is

nearly square with a square post mold in the center (post mold measured 0.3

feet east-west and 0.25 feet north-south). The post mold showed no

indication until reaching the bottom of the post hole, at which time the

square shape of the mold was visible as part of the floor. The post hole/mold

is directly in-line with the brick foundation piers (14N & 15F), and hence

the south wall of 1904 Marion Street. Unsure if the post is related to the

1904 Marion structure, given that it rested on brick piers, was related to an

earlier structure on the same site. 14T was in-line with post feature 14W.

JC

JC

14W was a rectangular post hole truncated by the east wall of the unit.

North-south dimension was roughly 1.3 feet. 14W was in-line with post

feature 14T.

D-31

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 14X was sterile subsoil. No associated features.

Provenience: 15A

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.90 99.67

NE 99.78 99.65

NW 99.83 99.74

SW 99.88 99.75

C 99.89 99.70

Date Excavated: 9 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 15B

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.67 99.34

NE 99.65 99.38

NW 99.74 99.28

SW 99.75 99.47

C 99.70 99.49

Date Excavated: 10 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

JC

JC

Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay.

BPJ, SPK

SPK

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 40% Dark

Reddish Brown (5YR3/4) silty clay loam.

BPJ, SPK

BPJ, SPK

D-32

Provenience: 15C

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 15F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.34 n/a

NE 99.38 98.88

NW 99.74 99.01

SW 99.47 n/a

C 99.49 98.99

Date Excavated: 16 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 15D

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Level 4, Arbitrary

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.34 99.05

SW 99.47 99.13

C 99.49 99.03

Date Excavated: 16 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) silty loam, with <2% mortar, <2% brick,

and <1% charcoal flecks

BPJ, SPK

BPJ, SPK

Southeast closing elevation unavailable due to location of Feature 15F. 15C

(Level 3) was the north half of the unit. Soil matrix differences were

uncovered upon excavation of 15B (Level 2). Not screened.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Dark

Reddish Brown (5YR3/3) sandy clay loam

BPJ, SPK

BPJ, SPK

15D was the south half of the unit, provenienced separately from 15C (Level

3) due to soil matrix differences uncovered upon excavation of 15B (Level 2).

15D represents post-1970 activities related to units 14, 16, and 17. Not

screened.

D-33

Provenience: 15F

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Foundation

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 15F at top of 15C (Level 3)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.98 n/a

NE 99.03 n/a

NW 99.06 n/a

SW 99.14 n/a

Date Excavated: 22 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 15J

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 15L, 15M, 15N, 15P, 15R

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.95 98.74

NE 98.83 98.57

NW 98.71 98.62

SW 99.98 98.78

C 98.89 98.52

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

BPJ, SPK

SPK

15F was a brick foundation pier associated with the structure at 1904 Marion

Street. When the house was originally built, this pier would have been the

southeast corner. Bricks were not disturbed as was the case with Feature

14N. Mortar intact. Several bricks had impressed finger prints. One brick

had a 1/2-inch drill hole. Brick foundation left undisturbed. Black plastic

was put down over its upper surface before back-filling the unit.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loamy sand, with less than 5% charcoal

flecks

JC

JC

D-34

Notes:

Provenience: 15L

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand.

Feature Association: 15 L at top of 15J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.93 97.59

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 15M

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand.

Feature Association: 15M at top of 15J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.92 97.76

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 15N

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Dark Stain

Type: UID

15J appeared to be remnants of the yard surface associated with an earlier

occupation of the site (pre-1870s; pre-1904 Marion Street construction).

The base of Feature 15F (brick foundation pier) rests directly on the surface

of 15J. No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC

15L appeared as a near-circle on the surface of 15J with a diameter of 0.2 feet

(~2.5 inches), but upon excavation, 15L became more oval shaped (long axis

= east-west). Possible post mold, but unclear. No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC

15M appeared as a near-circle on the surface of 15J with a diameter of 0.15

feet (~2 inches), but upon excavation, 15M became more oval shaped (long

axis = east-west). Possible post mold, but unclear. No artifacts recovered.

D-35

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 15N at top of 15J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.90 97.70

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 15R

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Foundation Trench

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 15R at top of 15J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

W 98.78 98.39

C 98.78 98.37

E 98.78 98.29

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 15T

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loamy sand, mottled with 1% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loamy sand.

JC/HLF

JC

15N, upon excavation, had a very irregular shape (~ 0.55 feet east-west, 0.40

feet north-south). Given its location directly outside the foundation line of

the 1904 Marion Street structure, 15N might be related to an early planting.

No artifacts recovered.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/4), with <5% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC

15R was a uniform trench running east-west below the level of the

foundation pier (Feature 15F) with an average width of 0.85 feet. 15R might

be a builder's trench associated with the construction of a structure at that

location that pre-dated the construction of 1904 Marion Street (pre 1870s),

although it can not be ruled out that the trench was not associated with the

1904 Marion structure, despite the two very different types of building

techniques. 15R ran slightly to the north in a westerly direction. As such, it

seems likely that 15R was part of 14S (builder's trench).

D-36

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 15U

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.74 n/a

NE 98.57 n/a

NW 98.62 n/a

SW 98.78 n/a

C 98.52 n/a

Date Excavated: 5 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 15U

Unit: N485 E520

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 15U at top of 15T (Level 6)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.61 97.98

Date Excavated: 5 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 16 (all)

Unit: N480 E530

Short Title: n/a

Type: n/a

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: n/a

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with <5% Brown

(10YR4/3) loamy sand.

JC

HLF

15U was sterile subsoil. Multiple root molds throughout. Single post mold

feature (15U) associated with stratum.

JC

HLF

15U was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.3 feet or ~ 3.5 inches) that was

in-line with the south wall of 1904 Marion Street, but associated with a level

below the base of the foundation piers. Post not visible at higher levels.

Associated with an earlier structure? No artifacts recovered.

D-37

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.98 n/a

NE 99.68 n/a

NW 99.91 n/a

SW 99.95 n/a

C 99.85 n/a

Date Excavated: 9 – 22 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17A

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) loam.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.49 n/a

NE 99.49 n/a

NW 99.49 n/a

SW 99.57 n/a

C 99.49 n/a

Date Excavated: 9 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Closing elevations not available. Not screened.

Provenience: 17B

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

JAS, KBH, KMS

JAS, KBH, KMS

Unit 16 was excavated to a depth of 96.09 (center point, 3.76 feet below

surface). The entire unit was disturbed as a result of post-1970 activities.

Drawing on excavations in units 14, 15 and 17, it appears that during work

on the house at 1403 Richland Street, workers excavated completely to

subsoil 10-feet out from the rear of the house (brick walkway) across the full

width of the house. As a result, all archaeological data from this area was

destroyed.

DLD, MCG, JMP

DLD, MCG, JMP

D-38

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE n/a 99.16

NE n/a 98.93

NW n/a 98.90

SW n/a 99.34

C n/a 98.92

Date Excavated: 9 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Opening elevations not available. Not screened.

Provenience: 17C

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.16 98.89

NE 98.93 98.84

NW 98.90 98.79

SW 99.34 98.96

C 98.92 98.83

Date Excavated: 12 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 17D

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Level 4 (Red Clay Lens)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.16 99.17

DLD, MCG, JMP

DLD, MCG, JMP

Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 2% charcoal flecks.

DLD, MCG, JMP

DLD, MCG, JMP

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.

D-39

NE 99.26 99.22

NW 99.50 99.32

SW 99.34 99.28

C 99.34 99.21

Date Excavated: 12 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17E

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) loamy sand

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.17 99.23

NE 99.22 99.17

NW 99.32 99.21

SW 99.28 99.25

C 99.21 99.15

Date Excavated: 16 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17G

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR4/3) sandy loam.

Feature Association: 17H, 17K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

DLD, MCG, JMP

MCG

Removal of 17C (Level 3) uncovered a red clay (subsoil) layer in the south

half of the unit, while the north half continued down with no change in soil

matrix. This red clay lens was provenienced as 17D. Post-excavation analysis

of the unit and site showed this to be post-1970 disturbance associated with

the removal of soils around the back of the house at 1403 Richland Street.

See 'Notes' for Unit 16. Not screened.

DLD, MCG, JMP

DLD, MCG, JMP

17E was encountered directly underneath 17D (Level 4), while 17C to the

north continued down unchanged. Post-excavation analysis showed that

strata 17A, 17B, 17C, 17D, and 17E were all associated with post-1970

activities. Not screened.

D-40

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.89 98.42

NE 98.84 98.39

NW 98.79 98.40

SW 98.96 98.42

C 98.83 98.26

Date Excavated: 22 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 17G was the upper-most intact stratum. No artifacts recovered.

Provenience: 17H

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Corner Stain

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam.

Feature Association: 17H at top of 17G (Level 6); intrudes upon 17L

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.71 97.96

Date Excavated: 22 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17K

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand.

Feature Association: 17K at top of 17G (Level 6)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.76 97.51

Date Excavated: 23 May 2006

DLD, MCG, JMP

MCG

DLD

MCG, DLD

17H was part of a trench feature for a 5-inch diameter ceramic waste water

pipe. The trench ran through the southeast corner of the unit at a 45-degree

angle (northeast-to-southwest). The section of the pipe trench excavated

exposed the original trench, in situ ceramic pipe, and a portion of hand-dug

trench associated with a pipe repair (a concrete patch). The pipe and

associated trench intruded upon the top south portion of a trash pit feature

(17L).

D-41

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17L

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Small Trench

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose sandy loam.

Feature Association: 17L at top of 17G (Level 6); intruded upon by Feature 17H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.78 97.11

Date Excavated: 25 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17M

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Level 7

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 17N, 17P, 17R

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.42 98.00

NE 98.39 98.01

NW 98.40 98.01

SW 98.42 98.02

MCG

MCG

17K was a square post hole feature truncated by the west wall of the unit that

measured 0.85 feet north-south. At the surface of 17G, 17K appeared as an

irregular shape. Upon excavation, 17K gradually narrowed to the south,

defining itself as a square post hole with associated circular post mold (post

mold diameter = 0.45 feet). Artifacts from the hole and mold were not kept

separate in the field. Mold/hole bisected by west wall of unit. Post-excavation

analysis shows that this post was most likely associated with the east wall of

the first addition to the house at 1904 Marion Street.

DLD, JC

DLD, JC

17L was a semi-circular trash deposit, roughly 4 feet north-south, truncated

by the east wall of the unit. The deposit had a very high concentration of

large (~ ½ to 1 inch) charcoal fragments and large artifacts. The top of 17L

had been disturbed by the digging of a pipe trench (Feature 17K) associated

with a ceramic waste water pipe.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) loamy sand, mottled with 30% Dark Grayish

Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and <5% Dark Reddish Brown (5YR3/2) sandy

clay.

D-42

C 98.26 98.00

Date Excavated: 1 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 17M (Level 7) was a sterile stratum. No artifacts recovered.

Provenience: 17N

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 17N at top of 17M (Level 7)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.16 98.09

Date Excavated: 1 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17P

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 17P at top of 17M (Level 7)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.16 98.09

Date Excavated: 1 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17R

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Square Post Mold

JC

JC

JC

JC

17N was a small diameter (0.25 feet / 3 inches). Shallow, bowl-shaped base.

Likely a post mold associated with landscaping activities pre-dating the

formation of Level 6 (17G). No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC

17P was a small diameter (0.25 feet / 3 inches). Shallow, bowl-shaped base.

Likely a post mold associated with landscaping activities pre-dating the

formation of Level 6 (17G). No artifacts recovered.

D-43

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 17R at top of 17M (Level 7)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.21 97.33

Date Excavated: 3 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17S

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Corner Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 17S at top of 17G (Level 6)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.76 97.78

Date Excavated: 3 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 17T

Unit: N490 E535

Short Title: Level 8

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

JC

JC

17R appeared on the surface of 17M (Level 7) as an irregular, defuse area.

Upon excavation, 17R became a clearly-defined 5-1/2 inch square post mold.

The base of 17R contained a thin lens of compact grayish clay covering ~

50% of the bottom surface. No artifacts, other than a post fragment and

some charcoal flecks/fragments were encountered. No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC

17S was a small section of a circular post hole (diameter = 0.7 feet)

encountered to the unit north and designated 59D. 17S was not visible on

the surface of either 17G (Level 6) or 17M (Level 7). Stratigraphic

association and elevations obtained through post hole profile on the north

wall of the unit. As with Feature 17K, 17S is most likely associated with the

east wall of the first addition to the house at 1904 Marion Street. No artifacts

recovered.

D-44

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.00 n/a

NE 98.01 n/a

NW 98.01 n/a

SW 98.02 n/a

C 98.00 n/a

Date Excavated: 3 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 17T was sterile subsoil.

Provenience: 18A

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) sandy silt loam.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.80 n/a

NE 99.65 n/a

NW 99.72 n/a

SW 99.84 n/a

C 99.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 11 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Closing elevations not available. Not screened.

Provenience: 18B

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE n/a n/a

NE n/a n/a

JC

JC

JC, BPJ

JC

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt loam.

D-45

NW n/a n/a

SW n/a n/a

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 12 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Elevations not taken. Not screened.

Provenience: 18C

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE n/a 99.08

NE n/a 98.82

NW n/a 98.94

SW n/a 99.23

C n/a 99.05

Date Excavated: 12 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Opening elevations not available. Not screened.

Provenience: 18D

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 18E

TPQ Date: Based Upon:

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.08 98.71

NE 98.82 98.69

NW 98.94 98.70

SW 99.23 98.69

C 99.05 98.71

JC

JC

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with <5% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks and <1% paver stones.

JC

JC

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks, <1% mortar,

and <1% brick fragments

D-46

Date Excavated: 14 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 18D was the top-most intact stratum. No artifacts recovered.

Provenience: 18E

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Brick Foundation

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 18E at top of 18D (Level 4)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.81 n/a

Date Excavated: 14 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 18F

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 18H, 18J, 18L, 18M, 18N, 18P, 18S

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.71 98.61

NE 98.69 98.59

NW 98.70 98.56

SW 98.69 98.63

C 98.71 98.63

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

JC

JC

JC

JC

Feature 18E was a brick foundation pier directly in-line (5-feet north, center-

to-center) of Feature 15F, the southeast corner of 1904 Marion Street as

originally built. 18E would have helped support the east wall of the structure.

Mortar between bricks. Foundation was left in place after excavation.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) loamy sand, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Brown (10YR5/4) sandy loam and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with <5% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC, HLF

D-47

Notes:

Provenience: 18H

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 18H at top of 18F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.74 98.60

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 18J

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 18J at top of 18F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.68 98.10

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

18F was most likely the original ground surface underneath the 1904 Marion

Street structure. Level correlates with surface of Blocks 1 & 2. No artifacts

recovered.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with <5% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC, HLF

18H was a square post mold (or hole, with the mold beyond the west wall of

the unit). Given its location underneath the structure 1904 Marion Street,

the post related to either an earlier structure on site (or fence, etc.) or was

part of the construction activities for 1904 Marion.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC, HLF

18J was a initially though to be a square post mold. Upon excavation, 18J

was determined to be a post hole, with a rectangular post mold visible as a

shallow indentation on the floor surface. Post hole measured roughly 9-

inches square; post mold measured 5 x 7 inches). As with Feature 18H, given

its location underneath the structure 1904 Marion Street, the post relates to

either an earlier structure on site (or fence, etc.) or was part of the

construction activities for 1904 Marion.

D-48

Provenience: 18L

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Grayish Brown (10YR5/2) sandy silt

Feature Association: 18L at top of 18F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.70 98.65

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 18M

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt

Feature Association: 18M at top of 18F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.62 98.57

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 18N

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt

Feature Association: 18N at top of 18F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

JC

JC, HLF

18L was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.1 feet (~1.5 inches), containing a

high concentration of white/gray ash. Very shallow. Directly in-line with

post molds 18M, 18N and 18P, running north-west at an approximately 45-

degree angle. No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC, HLF

18M was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.1 feet (~1.5 inches), containing a

high concentration of white/gray ash. Very shallow. Directly in-line with

post molds 18L, 18N and 18P, running north-west at an approximately 45-

degree angle. No artifacts recovered.

D-49

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.72 98.67

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 18P

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt

Feature Association: 18P at top of 18F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.77 98.72

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 18S

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with <1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 18S at top of 18F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.67 98.57

Date Excavated: 26 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

JC

JC, HLF

18N was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.1 feet (~1.5 inches), containing a

high concentration of white/gray ash. Very shallow. Directly in-line with

post molds 18L, 18M and 18P, running north-west at an approximately 45-

degree angle. No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC, HLF

18P was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.1 feet (~1.5 inches), containing a

high concentration of white/gray ash. Very shallow. Directly in-line with

post molds 18L, 18M and 18N, running north-west at an approximately 45-

degree angle. No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC, HLF

18S was a very shallow square depression, most likely a post hole. No

indication of post mold.

D-50

Provenience: 18T

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: 18X, 18W, 18Y

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.61 n/a

NE 98.59 n/a

NW 98.56 n/a

SW 98.63 n/a

C 98.63 n/a

Date Excavated: 7 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Sterile Subsoil.

Provenience: 18W

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Square Stain

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR3/4) loamy sand.

Feature Association: 18W at top of 18T (Level 6)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.64 97.31

Date Excavated: 7 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 18X

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Irregular Stain

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR3/4) loamy sand.

Feature Association: 18X at top of 18T (Level 6)

JC

HLF

JC

HLF

18W appeared as a squarish stain at the surface of 18T (Level 6). Upon

excavation, post hole function was clear. An associated circular post mold was

not visible until the base of 18W was reached.

D-51

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.61 98.28

Date Excavated: 7 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 18Y

Unit: N490 E520

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand.

Feature Association: 18Y at top of 18T (Level 6)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.64 98.60

Date Excavated: 7 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19A

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.62 98.92

NE 99.32 98.75

NW 99.47 98.86

SW 99.60 98.79

C n/a 98.81

Date Excavated: 9 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By: TEL

HLF, JC

HLF

18X was an irregularly-shaped shallow feature with irregular wall surfaces.

Unknown function.

JC

HLF

18Y was a very shallow post mold, diameter = 0.13 feet (1.5 inches). No

artifacts recovered.

TEL, JCS, ABB

D-52

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 19B

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 19C, 19E, 19F, 19H, 19J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.92 98.56

NE 98.75 98.47

NW 98.86 98.61

SW 98.79 98.61

C 98.81 98.53

Date Excavated: 28 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19C

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Coal Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 19C at top of 19B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: 1897 Based Upon:19C-1

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.84 98.25

Date Excavated: 28 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By: TEL

Notes:

Very Dark Grayish Brown ((10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Strong

Brown (7.5YR5/6) sandy clay, 15% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6) sandy clay,

with 5% charcoal and <5% brick

TEL, JCS, ABB

ABB

Unit 19 was intruded upon by STP 45. All back-fill from STP was removed

after the surface of 19B was cleaned and all features identified. 19B

contained several features, but does not appear to be associated with the

upper-most intact stratum of Block 2 (19B was a higher level). Not screened.

TEL, ABB

19C contained very little soil, comprised of nearly 98% coal and coal

byproducts. Small amounts of charcoal encountered throughout. All faunal

material was recovered from the bottom of the feature, suggesting that (single

meal?) remains were dumped prior to the apparent emptying of a coal-

burning stove or furnace.

D-53

Provenience: 19E

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 19E at top of 19B (Level 2); associated with 19F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.84 97.38

Date Excavated: 28 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By: TEL

Notes:

Provenience: 19F

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 19F at top of 19B (Level 2); associated with 19E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.84 97.35

Date Excavated: 28 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19H

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Irregular Clay Stain

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

TEL, ABB

Feature 19E was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.45 feet / ~ 5.5 inches)

associated with square post hole Feature 19F. Post mold and hole are directly

in-line with the east wall of the small backyard structure depicted on the

1919 Sanborn Fire Insurance map. No artifacts recovered.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 15%

Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy clay.

TEL, ABB, JC

TEL, JC

Feature 19F was a square post hole measuring 0.75 feet east-west (truncated

by the south wall of the unit), associated with circular post mold 19E. Post

mold and hole were directly in-line with the east wall of the small backyard

structure depicted on the 1919 Sanborn Fire Insurance map.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 30%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.

D-54

Feature Association: 19H at top of 19B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:19H-28

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.83 97.57

Date Excavated: 28 November 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19J

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Circular Stain

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 19J at top of 19B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.73 98.08

Date Excavated: 28 November 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19K

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 19L, 19M, 19N, 19R

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.56 98.31

NE 98.47 98.14

NW 98.61 98.17

JC

JC

19H was a pit feature with nearly straight (plumb) sides. Feature was profiled

in the east wall of the unit, while the portion of the feature was destroyed by

STP 45. Function of feature unknown – related to a backyard structure?

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with 10% charcoal and 2% mortar.

JC

JC

19J was an oval, bowl-shaped depression measuring 1.05 feet east-west and

0.80 feet north-south. Most likely the feature was a small trash pit, given the

faunal material recovered and presence of coal by-products and some

charcoal.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Very Dark

Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy

clay.

D-55

SW 98.61 98.26

C 98.53 98.25

Date Excavated: 4 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19L

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt

Feature Association: 19L at top of 19K (Level 3)

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:19L-10

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.54 98.11

Date Excavated: 4 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19M

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Small Post Hole

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 19M at top of 19K (Level 3)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.53 98.39

Date Excavated: 4 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

JC

JC

19K most closely matches the exposed surface of Block 2 in terms of soil

matrix. Not screened.

JC

JC

19L was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.85 feet) with circular mold

(diameter = 0.3 feet). The post mold was not visible until the base of the post

hole had been reached. Post mold and hole are directly in-line with the east

wall of the small backyard structure depicted on the 1919 Sanborn Fire

Insurance map.

JC

JC

19M was a small, circular post mold (diameter = 0.15 feet / 2 inches) with

vertical walls. No artifacts recovered.

D-56

Provenience: 19N

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 19N is at top of 19K (Level 3); associated with 19S (Level 4)

TPQ Date: 1880 Based Upon:19N-9

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.49 97.42

Date Excavated: 4 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19R

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 19R at top of 19K (Level 3)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.57 98.49

Date Excavated: 4 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 19S

Unit: N485 E560

JC

JC

19N became very wide approximately 0.3-feet below surface. Halted

excavation until the 19K (Level 3) was removed, since it was possible that

19N was actually intruding upon a larger feature associated with Level 4

(19S). Upon removal of 19K and full of excavation of 19N, the feature

appeared to have been both post hole and mold. Interestingly, the mold was

associated with 19K (Level 3), while the hole was associated with 19S (Level

4) – suggesting that the post hole and mold were created at the same time,

but subsequent landscaping activities obscured the post hole.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC

19R was a shallow, bowl-like depression, suggesting the feature had be

impacted by later landscaping activities. Post was directly in-line with the

east wall of the small backyard structure depicted on the 1919 Sanborn Fire

Insurance map – feature may be related to an early (or earlier) incarnation of

the structure. No artifacts recovered.

D-57

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: 19T

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.31 n/a

NE 98.14 n/a

NW 98.17 n/a

SW 98.26 n/a

C 98.25 n/a

Date Excavated: 5 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Subsoil.

Provenience: 19T

Unit: N485 E560

Short Title: Rectangular Stain

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 19T at top of 19S (Level 4)

TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:19T-7

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.17 97.71

Date Excavated: 5 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 20A

Unit: N480 E575

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

JC

JC

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.

JC

JC

19T appeared on the surface of 19S (Level 4) as a curvilinear (likely oval)

surface stain. Upon excavation, 19T revealed a bowl-shaped depression

containing few artifacts, all very small fragments. Feature function is

unknown, but note that the shape, level, and soil matrix match closely with

Features 8N and 12Y.

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.

D-58

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.88 99.26

NE 99.63 99.05

NW 99.59 99.15

SW 99.96 99.15

C n/a 99.16

Date Excavated: 9 September 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 20B

Unit: N480 E575

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.26 98.96

NE 99.05 98.94

NW 99.15 98.17

SW 99.15 98.72

C 99.16 98.96

Date Excavated: 16 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 20D

Unit: N480 E575

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

TEL, JCS, AP, HLF, BAM, MEM

JCS, MEM, JC

Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

compact sandy clay, with 1% brick fragments and 1% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

D-59

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.96 98.52

NE 98.94 98.39

NW 98.17 98.43

SW 98.72 98.41

C 98.96 98.45

Date Excavated: 28 October 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 20E

Unit: N480 E575

Short Title: Debris Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 20E at top of 20F (Level 4)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.38 97.15

Date Excavated: 6 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 20E contained a large amount of mortar fragments

Provenience: 20F

Unit: N480 E575

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 20E, 20G, 20H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.52 98.05

NE 98.39 98.14

NW 98.43 98.19

SW 98.41 97.99

C 98.45 98.18

MFW, JFR

MFW

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) very loose sandy silt, with 30% mortar/plaster

fragments

JC

JC

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Very Dark

Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy

clay.

D-60

Date Excavated: 7 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 20G

Unit: N480 E575

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 20G at top of 20F (Level 4)

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:20G-4

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.52 98.04

Date Excavated: 8 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 20H

Unit: N480 E575

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 20H at top of 20F (Level 4)

TPQ Date: 1847 Based Upon:20H-1

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.43 98.03

Date Excavated: 8 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

JC

JC, HLF

20F had a high concentration of very compact sandy silt in the north ½ of

the unit. At time of excavation, thought that this might indicate a possible

east-west walkway in the rear of the yard near the back of the 1403 Richland

Street house, or more simply, evidence of spatial differences in the yard

areas/activities. No artifacts recovered.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/6) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC, HLF

20G was a circular bowl-shaped depression containing relatively few artifacts.

No evidence of a post mold, and likely not a post hole. Feature function is

unknown.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/6) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC, HLF

20H was a square post mold measuring roughly 4 x 6 inches, likely the

dimensions of a structural post.

D-61

Provenience: 20J

Unit: N480 E575

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.05 n/a

NE 98.14 n/a

NW 98.19 n/a

SW 97.99 n/a

C 98.18 n/a

Date Excavated: 8 December 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Subsoil.

JC

JC

D-62

D-63

Block 1

Units 23 – 38, 56 – 60

Provenience: F2

Unit: Block 1

Short Title: Sprinkler Trench – West Half

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

E 98.52 97.54

W 98.73 98.05

C 98.67 97.53

Date Excavated: 7 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: F3

Unit: Block 1

Short Title: Sprinkler Trench – Supply Line

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

S 98.52 97.79

N 98.12 97.27

C 98.53 97.73

Date Excavated: 7 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) loamy sand, mottled with 40% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

JC, HLF

HLF

Modern sprinkler trench for rear yard, dug with ditch-witch, owned by

Columbia Housing Authority. Fully excavated prior to excavations of

features within Block 1. Not Screened.

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2), mottled with 40% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay

JC, HLF

HLF

Modern sprinkler trench for rear yard, dug with ditch-witch, owned by

Columbia Housing Authority. Fully excavated prior to excavations of

features within Block 1. Not Screened.

D-64

Provenience: 23B

Unit: N515 E530

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 23E, 23F, 23G, 23H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.62 n/a

NE 98.49 n/a

NW 98.49 n/a

SW 98.59 n/a

C 98.46 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By:

Notes: 23B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated

Provenience: 23E

Unit: N515 E530

Short Title: Foundation Pier Trench

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) compact coal dust

Feature Association: 23E at top of 23B (Level 2); associated with 23F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.46 98.36

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 23F

Unit: N515 E530

Short Title: Foundation Pier

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 23F at top of 23B (Level 2); associated with Feature 23E

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 30% Black (10YR2/1)

compact sandy silt, with 1% mortar, <1% brick, and <1% charcoal.

KBH, JC

JC, KBH

23E was possibly related to post-1970 activities that left a thin lens of coal

dust surrounding the brick foundation pier (23F). Not Excavated.

D-65

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.50 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 23G

Unit: N515 E530

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam

Feature Association: 23G at top of 23B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.50 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 23H

Unit: N515 E530

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with 1% brick

Feature Association: 23H at top of 23B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.48 98.43

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

JC

JC

23F was a brick foundation pier associated with the north wall of the second

addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. It was one of three brick

piers for this wall, with roughly 7-foot centers. No closing elevations as the

brick pier was left in place at the close of excavations.

JC

23G was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.4 feet (~ 5 inches), off the

southwest corner of brick foundation pier 23F. Feature was not excavated

due to time constraints.

CJC

JC

D-66

Notes:

Provenience: 24B

Unit: N515 E535

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 24D, 24E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.57 n/a

NE 98.48 n/a

NW 98.49 n/a

SW 98.62 n/a

C 98.53 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 24B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 24D

Unit: N515 E535

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty loam/coal dust

Feature Association: 24D at top of 24B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.49 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 24E

Unit: N515 E535

Short Title: Post Mold

23H was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.35 feet (~ 4 inches). Not

Excavated.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% black

(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with <5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar/brick fragments.

JC, KBH

JC

24D was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.20 feet (~2.5 inches). Not

excavated due to time constraints.

D-67

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty loam/coal dust

Feature Association: 24E at top of 24B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.50 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 25B

Unit: N515 E540

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 25C, 25D, 25E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.38 n/a

NE 98.32 n/a

NW 98.48 n/a

SW 98.57 n/a

C 98.56 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 25C

Unit: N515 E540

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand/coal dust, with 5% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 25C at top of 25B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

JC

24E was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.30 feet (~3.5 inches). Not

excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% black

(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with <5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar/brick fragments.

JC, KBH

25B was the upper-most intact stratum. Concentration of compact coal dust

in the southwest quadrant and northern boundary of unit. Not excavated.

D-68

Opening: Closing:

C 98.37 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 25D

Unit: N515 E540

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand/coal dust, with 5% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 25D at top of 25B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.35 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 25E

Unit: N515 E540

Short Title: Foundation Pier

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 25E at top of 25B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.65 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

JC, KBH

25C appeared at surface as an possible small pit feature with irregular edges.

High concentration of coal dust. High concentration of fish bones/scales on

surface. Not excavated due to time constraints. Can not rule out possibility

of post-1970 association.

JC, KBH

25D (as with Feature 25C) appeared at surface as an possible small pit

feature with irregular edges. High concentration of coal dust. High

concentration of fish bones/scales on surface. Not excavated due to time

constraints. Can not rule out possibility of post-1970 association.

JC, KBH

25E was a brick foundation pier associated with the northeast corner of the

second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. Surrounding soil

matrix was not excavated.

D-69

Provenience: 26B

Unit: N515 E545

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 26C, 26D, 26E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.27 n/a

NE 98.11 n/a

NW 98.32 n/a

SW 98.38 n/a

C 98.19 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 26B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 26C

Unit: N515 E545

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 26C at top of 26B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.29 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 26D

Unit: N515 E545

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: UID

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with

<5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar

JC, KBH

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.

JC, KBH

26C appeared to be a circular post hole (or mold), diameter = 0.25 feet (~ 3

inches). Not excavated.

D-70

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 26D at top of 26B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.32 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 26E

Unit: N515 E545

Short Title: Oval Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam.

Feature Association: 26E at top of 26B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.19 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 27B

Unit: N510 E530

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 27C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.75 n/a

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks.

JC, KBH

26D was a semi-circular feature, measuring 1.0 feet east-west and 0.85 feet

north-south, that may have been either a post hole/mold, although given

that the vast majority of post holes and molds were clearly defined at surface

across the site, this was not conclusive. Not excavated.

JC, KBH

26E was a small oval-shaped feature measuring 0.75 feet east-west and 0.35

feet north-south. Function is unknown, but likely non-culturally significant.

Not excavated due to time constraints.

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with charcoal-stained

Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam, with 1% brick fragments, <1% mortar, and

<1% charcoal flecks

D-71

NE 98.62 n/a

NW 98.59 n/a

SW 98.78 n/a

C 98.66 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 27C

Unit: N510 E530

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 27C at the top of 27B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.71 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 28B

Unit: N510 E535

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.63 n/a

NE 98.57 n/a

NW 98.62 n/a

SW 98.75 n/a

JC, HLF, KBH

27B was the upper-most intact stratum. Evidence of only one feature in unit.

Not excavated.

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with 40% charcoal-

stained Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam transitioning through the middle and

east ½ of the feature, and 1% Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sand

HLF

27C was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.80 feet, bisected by the west wall

of the unit. Not Excavated.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% black

(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with <5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar/brick fragments.

D-72

C 98.64 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 29B

Unit: N510 E540

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 29C, 29D, 29E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.49 n/a

NE 98.38 n/a

NW 98.57 n/a

SW 98.63 n/a

C 98.62 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 29B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 29C

Unit: N510 E540

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.55 97.12

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: LR

Recorded By: LR

JC, KBH

28B was the upper-most intact stratum. No features identified at surface.

Not excavated.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% black

(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust and <5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with <5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar/brick fragments.

JC, KBH

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with >50% crushed granite and granite paver stones.

29C at top of 29B (Level 2); associated with post hole Feature 29D; intrudes

upon Feature 29E

D-73

Notes:

Provenience: 29D

Unit: N510 E540

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.55 97.12

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: LR

Recorded By: LR

Notes:

Provenience: 29E

Unit: N510 E540

Short Title: Charcoal Stain

Type: Stain

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam

Feature Association: 29E at top of 29B (Level 2); intruded upon by Features 29C and 29D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.60 98.39

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: LR

Recorded By: LR

Notes:

Provenience: 30B

29C was a circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.25 feet) located with

circular post hole Feature 29D. Both 29C and 29D intruded upon Feature

29E. Presence of granite suggests possible post-1970 formation, but unable

to determine.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <50% granite paver stones.

29D at top of 29B (Level 2); associated with post mold Feature 29C;

intruded upon Feature 29E

29D was a circular post hole feature (diameter = 0.60 feet) associated with

circular post mold Feature 29C. Both 29C and 29D intruded upon Feature

29E. Presence of granite suggests possible post-1970 formation, but unable

to determine. No artifacts recovered.

29E was a thin, oval-shaped charcoal lens/stain, the only one of its kind

uncovered at the site. Function is unknown, but most likely represents the

remains of a fire, possibly for either cooking or laundry. Given the surface

nature of such stains, it is possible that other such features were scrapped-

away/destroyed through post-1970 activities.

D-74

Unit: N510 E545

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 30C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.50 n/a

NE 98.27 n/a

NW 98.38 n/a

SW 98.49 n/a

C 98.31 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 30B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 30C

Unit: N510 E545

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 30C at the top of 30B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.50 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 31B

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with

<5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar

JC, KBH

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 10%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal flecks

JC

30C was a circular feature, diameter = 1.65 feet. Given its size, location (in-

line on a north-south axis with Feature 34C-Complex to the south) and

similarity to other features, 34C was likely a small trash deposit. Not

excavated due to time constraints.

D-75

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a (see 'Notes')

Feature Association: 31C-Complex (31C, 31D, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31K, 31L), 31G, 31H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.67 n/a

NE 98.75 n/a

NW 98.78 n/a

SW 98.80 n/a

C 98.63 n/a

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience:

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 1

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: See 'Notes' section

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:31C-73

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.67 96.65

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

JC

31B was the upper-most intact stratum. No Stratigraphic Definition, as

Feature 31C-Complex completely covered the entire unit. Not excavated.

31C-

Complex

31C-Complex at top of 31B (Level 2); associated with 31C,31D, 31E, 31F,

31J, 31K, 31L; intruded upon by Feature 31H

JC, KBH

JC, KBH

D-76

Notes:

Provenience: 31C

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 1

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 31C at top of 31B (Level 2); associated with 31D, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31K, 31L

TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:31C-73

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.67 98.27

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: See Feature 31C-Complex entry.

Provenience: 31D

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 2

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) very loose sand

Feature Association: 31C, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31K, 31L

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:31D-17

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.27 98.12

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

31C-Complex was a large trash pit feature composed of seven distinct strata:

31C,31D, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31K, and 31L. The deposit as a whole was

designated as the 31C-Complex, while individual layers are referenced by

their unique provenience designations. The feature extended into units 27,

32, and 35. It measured 5.75 feet east to west and 6.5 feet north to south,

with a maximum depth of 2.4 feet below the surface of stratum 31B. It was

intruded upon by three features: a modern trench associated with a sprinkler

system (F2) running east-west across Block 1, a post mold and post hole

(32D/E) straddling the northeast edge, and a foundation pier (32H)

associated with the house at 1904 Marion Street. The sprinkler trench and

post mold/hole were excavated completely prior to excavation of the trash

pit. The pit was bisected along a north-south axis flush with the eastern edge

of the foundation pier. Due to time constraints, only the east half of the

trash pit was excavated. Plastic sheeting was secured to the pit's west face

prior to back-filling to maintain integrity of the unexcavated portion.

Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, with 5% mortar and <5% charcoal flecks

JC

JC

JC

JC

D-77

Notes:

Provenience: 31E

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 3

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 31C,31D, 31F, 31J, 31K, 31L

TPQ Date: 1888 Based Upon:31E-1

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.12 98.02

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 31F

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 4

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 31C,31D, 31E, 31J, 31K, 31L

TPQ Date: 1874 Based Upon:31F-14

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.02 97.61

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 31G

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, with 5% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 31G at top of 31B (Level 2)

See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31D was completely composed of a very

loose builder's sand with artifacts throughout.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with 10% brick fragments,

5% mortar, and <5% charcoal fragments/flecks

JC

JC

See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31E was a very compact soil matrix,

relatively homogeneous in color/texture/inclusions. Few artifacts.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) compact sandy silt, mottled with 40%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks

JC

JC

See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31F was a thin, compact mottled soil

matrix. Minus the Yellowish Red mottling, 31F was the same as 31E.

D-78

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.656 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 31H

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Foundation Pier

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 31H at top of 31B (Level 2); intrudes upon Feature 31C-Complex

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.65 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 31J

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 5

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) very loose sand

Feature Association: 31C,31D, 31E, 31F, 31K, 31L

TPQ Date: 1885 Based Upon:31J-42

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.61 97.34

Date Excavated: 28 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31J was a lens of very loose builder's sand.

Provenience: 31K

JC, KBH

31G was a circular post mold, diameter = 0.25 feet. Not excavated due to

time constraints.

JC, KBH

31H was a brick foundation pier disturbed by post-1970 activities. The pier

was located nearly horizontally within the Feature 31C-Complex and was the

northeast corner of the first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.

JC, HLF

JC

D-79

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 6

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 31C,31D, 31E, 31F, 31J, 31L

TPQ Date: c. 1890 Based Upon:31K-30

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.34 97.03

Date Excavated: 28 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: See Feature 31C-Complex entry.

Provenience: 31L

Unit: N505 E530

Short Title: Circular Depression, East ½, Level 7

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: 1882 Based Upon:31L-30

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.03 96.65

Date Excavated: 30 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 32B

Unit: N505 E535

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar

JC, HLF

JC

Black (10YR2/1) very loose sandy loam, with 20% charcoal and charcoal

flecks

JC, KBH

JC, KBH

See Feature 31C-Complex entry. 31L was the lowest-most level of the trash

pit (31C-Complex). 31L was representative of a burning activity, evidenced

by the high levels of charcoal and artifacts with burn/melt indicators. As with

previous levels, there was a high concentration of builder's/architectural

debris, but unlike previous levels, there was also a high concentration of

household debris. 31L may represent an initial dumping of household debris,

although the function of the pit was still most likely related to a building

event, possibly related to the 1904 Marion Street structure.

D-80

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 32D, 32E, 31C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.67 n/a

NE 98.66 n/a

NW 98.76 n/a

SW 98.72 n/a

C 98.72 n/a

Date Excavated: 23 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 32D

Unit: N505 E535

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.77 97.68

Date Excavated: 23 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 32E

Unit: N505 E535

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Black

(10YR2/1) sandy silt and <1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with

<5% charcoal flecks.

JC, KBH

32B was the upper-most intact stratum. The Black soil identified in the

'Stratigraphic Definition' appeared as a diffused linear stain running north-

south near the western edge of the foundation pier (Feature 33F). Possibly

related to post-1970 activities. Stratum not excavated.

32D at top of 32B (Level 2); within Feature 32E (Post Hole); intrudes upon

Feature 31C-Complex

JC

JC

32D was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.30 feet) within circular post hole

Feature 32E, intruding upon trash pit feature 31C-Complex. No artifacts

were recovered from the post mold (nor the post hole). Soil matrix unlike

any other post mold/hole discovered within Blocks 1 and 2. Possibly related

to post-1970s activities, but more likely it was related to the period between

1919 (Sanborn map) and the construction of the second addition to the

structure at 1904 Marion Street. Did not appear to be related to Feature

31C-Complex.

D-81

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.77 97.68

Date Excavated: 23 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 33B

Unit: N505 E540

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 33D, 33E, 33F, 33G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.51 n/a

NE 98.49 n/a

NW 98.63 n/a

SW 98.68 n/a

C 98.63 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 33B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 33D

Unit: N505 E540

Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6) compact sandy silt, mottled with 10% Brown

(10YR4/3) sandy silt

32E at top of 32B (Level 2); associated with Feature 32D (Post Mold);

intrudes upon Feature 31C-Complex

JC

JC

32E was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.60 feet) associated with post mold

feature 31D and intruding upon Feature 31C-Complex. No artifacts were

recovered from the post mold (nor the post hole). Soil matrix unlike any

other post mold/hole discovered within Blocks 1 and 2. Possibly related to

post-1970s activities, but more likely it was related to the period between

1919 (Sanborn map) and the construction of the second addition to the

structure at 1904 Marion Street. Did not appear to be related to Feature

31C-Complex.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, 30% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy

silt, with <1% charcoal flecks.

JC, KBH

D-82

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam

Feature Association: 33D at top of 33B (Level 2); within Post Hole 33E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.86 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 33E

Unit: N505 E540

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 33E at top of 33B (Level 2); associated with Post Mold 33D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.48 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 33F

Unit: N505 E540

Short Title: Foundation Pier

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 33F at top of 33B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.68 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

JC, KBH

33D was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.20 feet) within circular post hole

33E. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, mottled with 40% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay

JC, KBH

33E was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.55 feet) associated with post mold

33D. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-83

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 33G

Unit: N505 E540

Short Title: Linear Stain

Type: Stain

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 33G at top of 33B (Level 2); associated with Feature 37H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

N 98.49 n/a

S 98.51 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 34B

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34C, 34D, 34E, 34F, 34G, 34H, 34J, 34K, 34L, 34M, 34N

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.48 n/a

NE 98.50 n/a

NW 98.49 n/a

SW 98.51 n/a

C 98.49 n/a

JC

33F was an in situ brick foundation pier associated with the east wall of the

second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. Pier left intact at the

end of excavations.

Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, mottled with 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3)

sandy silt and 10% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silt

JC

33G was a heavily mottled, very compact linear stain running parallel with

the east wall of the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.

33G is a continuation of the same linear stain designated Feature 37H to the

south. Both 33G and 37H appear to be remnants of a drip-line from the

roof of 1904 Marion Street. Alternately, the features might represent a walk-

way/path, although given their proximity to the wall, a drip-line is more

plausible. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with

<5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar

D-84

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience:

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Smudge Pit, Inner

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34C at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with Feature 34E

TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:34C-78 & 79

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.53 96.91

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 34C

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Smudge Pit, Inner, Level 1

Type: Trash Pit

JC, KBH

34B was the upper-most intact stratum. High concentration of features

compared to other units within Block 1. Not excavated.

34C-

Complex

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silt, with 20% charcoal

KBH

KBH

34C-Complex was a small, circular trash pit composed of Features 34C,

34D, and 34E, located 6.75 feet east of the east wall of the second addition

to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. The feature measured 2.3 feet north-

south and 2.5 feet east-west. The pit had been cleanly bisected by a modern

trench associated with a sprinkler system (Feature F3) cut with a ditch-

wench. Running north-south across the entire block with a width of 0.45

feet and a depth of 1.1 feet, the trench was fully excavated prior to excavating

the pit. The trash pit contained three deposits consisting of a shallow outer

ring (Feature 34E) and two inner fill layers (Features 34C & 34D). The

outer ring was a compact shallow depression varying in width from 0.25 feet

maximum to 0.05 feet minimum, and varying in depth from 0.15 feet along

the western edge to 0.02 feet along the eastern edge. Since the pit had been

bisected by the sprinkler trench, it was excavated along this bisection line.

The east half was removed first, but because of the high artifact

concentration it was not until the west profile was exposed that two distinct

layers were noticeable (34C, upper level; 34D, lower level). Artifacts from

both inner fill layers were bagged together; those from the outer ring (34E)

were kept separate from the inner fill. Stratigraphic Definitions for 34C,

34D and 34E, as well as elevations, are found in their own entries.

D-85

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34C at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with Features 34D, 34E, F3

TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:34C-78 & 79

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.53 97.55

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: See 'Notes' section of 34C-Complex.

Provenience: 34D

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Smudge Pit, Inner, Level 2

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Gray (7.5YR3/1) silty sand

Feature Association: 34D below 34C; associated with Feature F3

TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:34C-78 & 79

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.55 96.91

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: See 'Notes' section of 34C-Complex.

Provenience: 34E

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Smudge Pit, Outer

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) compact silty sand, with 10% charcoal

Feature Association: 34E at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with Feature F3

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.53 98.22

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: See 'Notes' section of 34C-Complex.

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silt, with 20% charcoal

KBH

KBH

KBH

KBH

KBH

KBH

D-86

Provenience: 34F

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Rectangular Stain

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34F at top of 34B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.59 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 34G

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, with 5% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 34G at top of 34B (Level 2); intruded upon by Features 34K & 34L

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.62 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 34H

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34H at top of 34B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

JC, KBH

34F was a rectangular feature measuring 0.80 feet north-south, truncated by

the east wall of the block. Likely a post hole. Not excavated due to time

constraints.

JC, KBH

34G was a circular feature with a diameter of 0.80'. Possibly a post hole, but

unknown. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks

D-87

Opening: Closing:

C 98.67 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 34J

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, with 50% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 34J at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with post hole feature 34K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.55 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 34K

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34K at top of 34B (Level 2); associated with post mold feature 34J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.57 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

JC, KBH

34G was a circular feature with a diameter of . Possibly a post hole, but

unknown. Not excavated due to time constraints.

JC, KBH

34J was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.35 feet) within a square post hole

(Feature 34K), representing the northwest corner of a wooden outbuilding

depicted in a 1969 photograph of the common backyard area of the site.

Association with this outbuilding was determined using the technique of

photographic superimposition. The northeast corner of the structure was

represented by Feature 47G. The outbuilding measured 12-feet square. 34J

was not excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) and 20% Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, with 5% charcoal

flecks

JC, KBH

D-88

Notes:

Provenience: 34L

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34L at top of 34B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.49 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 34M

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34M at top of 34B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.49 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 34N

Unit: N505 E545

Short Title: Post Mold, Small

Type: Post Mold

34K was a square post hole measuring 0.75 feet east-west and 0.80 feet

north-south, associated with circular post mold feature 34J. See 'Notes' entry

for Feature 34J. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR3/4) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks

JC, KBH

34L was a square feature measuring 0.30 feet east-west and 0.35 feet north-

south. May or may not be related to post-1970 activities. Not excavated due

to time constraints.

Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR3/4) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks

JC, KBH

34M was a small circular feature, diameter = 0.35 feet. May or may not be

related to post-1970 activities. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-89

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 34N at top of 34B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.49 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 35B

Unit: N500 E530

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 35E, 35F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.77 n/a

NE 98.67 n/a

NW 98.80 n/a

SW 98.88 n/a

C 98.76 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 35B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not Excavated.

Provenience: 35E

Unit: N500 E530

Short Title: Foundation Depression

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with 20% mortar

Feature Association: 35E at top of 35B (Level 2); associated with Feature 35F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

Dark Gray (10YR4/1) silty loam, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR3/4) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks

JC, KBH

34M was a small circular feature, diameter = 0.20 feet. May or may not be

related to post-1970 activities. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 15% Strong Brown

(7.5YR4/6) sandy clay south of Features 35E & 35F and 10% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

JC, KBH, HLF

D-90

C 98.71 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 35F

Unit: N500 E530

Short Title: Foundation Pier

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 35F at top of 35B (Level 2); associated with Feature 35E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.82 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 36B

Unit: N500 E535

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 36C, 36D, 36E, 36F, 36G, 36H, 36J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

98.68 Closing:

SE 98.72 n/a

NE 98.68 n/a

NW 98.67 n/a

SW 98.77 n/a

C 98.72 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

HLF

35E was a dark stain/depression encompassing brick foundation pier Feature

35F. The feature may relate to construction activities (setting of the pier) or

differential impact on yard surfaces over time (e.g. sweeping). Not excavated

due to time constraints.

HLF

35F was an in situ brick foundation pier associated with the east wall of the

first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. Foundation left in place

at the end of excavation.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Black

(10YR2/1) sandy silt and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <5%

charcoal flecks

D-91

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 36C

Unit: N500 E535

Short Title: Pipe Trench, Large

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 36C at top of 36B (Level 2); intrudes upon Feature 36J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.73 98.35

Date Excavated: 23 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 36D

Unit: N500 E535

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam

Feature Association: 36D at top of 36B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.67 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

JC, KBH

36B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated due to time

constraints.

Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam transitioning to Very Dark Brown

(7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam from north to south, mottled throughout with

15% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6), with 5% charcoal flecks

HLF, JC

HLF, JC

36C was a hand-dug trench feature associated with an in situ 5-inch cast iron

waste-water pipe running into the southeast corner of the second addition to

the structure at 1904 Marion Street at a 45-degree angle (northwest to

southeast) to the structure. Feature was bisected along a north-south plane at

midpoint to generate a profile. The pipe rested directly on the floor of the

feature. A brick bat was discovered upon excavation resting on the floor of

the trench directly beneath a cap fitting for the pipe, likely used for support

of a 90-degree elbow fitting that had largely rusted away. A 1969 Columbia

Housing Authority floor-plan drawing of 1904 Marion Streets depicts that

part of the house as a bathroom. Trench feature intruded upon a small,

circular post mold, Feature 36J.

JC, KBH

D-92

Notes:

Provenience: 36E

Unit: N500 E535

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam

Feature Association: 36E at top of 36B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No diagnostic artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.78 98.68

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 36E was a circular post hole or mold, diameter = 0.40 feet. Very shallow.

Provenience: 36F

Unit: N500 E535

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam

Feature Association: 36F at top of 36B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.71 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 36G

Unit: N500 E535

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 36G at top of 36B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

36D was a small, circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.20 feet). Not

excavated due to time constraints.

HLF

HLF

JC, KBH

36F was a circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.40 feet). Not excavated

due to time constraints.

Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, mottled with 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3)

sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks and 1% mortar

D-93

Opening: Closing:

C 98.67 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 36H

Unit: N500 E535

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam, with 15% mortar

Feature Association: 36H at top of 36B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:39H-7

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.70 98.04

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 36J

Unit: N500 E535

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam

Feature Association: 36J at base of Feature 36C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.35 98.30

Date Excavated: 26 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

JC, KBH

36G was a circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.40 feet). Not excavated

due to time constraints.

HLF

HLF

36H was a circular feature at surface (diameter = 1.15 feet) and a bowl-

shaped profile with irregular walls. Brick foundation feature 37C slightly

intruded upon the feature, suggesting the feature pre-dates the construction

of the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.

HLF

HLF

36J was a small circular post mold (diameter = 0.35 feet) discovered at the

base of the pipe trench feature 36C. The feature was extremely shallow. No

artifacts recovered.

D-94

Provenience: 37B

Unit: N500 E540

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 37C, 37D, 37E, 37F, 37H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.62 n/a

NE 98.51 n/a

NW 98.68 n/a

SW 98.72 n/a

C 98.71 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 37B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 37C

Unit: N500 E540

Short Title: Foundation Pier

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 37C at top of 37B (Level 2); intrudes upon Feature 36H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 37D

Unit: N500 E540

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: UID

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, 30% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy

silt, with <1% charcoal flecks.

JC, KBH

JC

37C was an in situ brick foundation pier representing the southeast corner of

the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street. Feature intruded

slightly upon Feature 36H.

D-95

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 37D at top of 37B (Level 2); intrudes upon Feature 37H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 37E

Unit: N500 E540

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 37E at top of 37B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.56 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 37F

Unit: N500 E540

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 37F at top of 37B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.49 n/a

Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt, with <5% charcoal flecks

JC, KBH

37D was a circular feature (diameter = 1.00 feet) located on the outer edge of

the east wall of the second addition to the 1904 Marion Street structure.

Feature might be related to post-1970 activities, as it intrudes upon Feature

37H, a linear stain thought to be the remains of a drip-line from the roof of

1904 Marion Street. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with <5%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal flecks

JC, KBH

37E was a circular feature (diameter = 0.40 feet), likely a post mold. Not

excavated due to time constraints.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 40%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

D-96

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 37H

Unit: N500 E540

Short Title: Linear Stain

Type: Stain

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 37H at top of 37B (Level 2); associated with Feature 33G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

N 98.72 n/a

S 98.70 n/a

C 98.74 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 38B

Unit: N500 E545

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 38C, 38D, 38E, 38F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.54 n/a

NE 98.48 n/a

NW 98.51 n/a

SW 98.62 n/a

JC, KBH

37F was a circular feature (diameter = 0.50 feet), likely a post mold. Not

excavated due to time constraints.

JC

37H was a heavily mottled, very compact linear stain running parallel with

the east wall of the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.

37H is a continuation of the same linear stain designated Feature 33G to the

north. Both 37H and 33G appear to be remnants of a drip-line from the

roof of 1904 Marion Street. Alternately, the features might represent a walk-

way/path, although given their proximity to the wall, a drip-line is more

plausible. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with

<5% charcoal flecks and <1% mortar

D-97

C 98.61 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 38B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 38C

Unit: N500 E545

Short Title: Pipe Trench, Terracotta

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 38C at top of 38B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.78 98.24

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 38D

Unit: N500 E545

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 38D at top of 38B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.56 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

JC, KBH

Very Dark Brown ( 10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark Reddish

Brown (5YR3/4) loamy sand and <5% charcoal flecks

KBH

KBH

38C was hand-dug trench feature containing an in situ 6-inch terracotta

waste-water pipe. The pipe appears to have been repaired at some point with

a mortar compound at the exposed joint. The pipe line ran at at a 45-degree

angle relative to the site/structures, northeast-southwest. This trench/pipe is a

continuation of the same trench/pipe exposed in Unit 17 (designated Feature

17H).

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 5%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

JC, KBH

38D was a circular stain (diameter = 0.80 feet) bisected by the south wall of

the unit. Possible post hole. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-98

Provenience: 38E

Unit: N500 E545

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Grayish Brown (7.5YR4/2) silty sand, with 5% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 38E at top of 38B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.61 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 38F

Unit: N500 E545

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, with 50% charcoal

Feature Association: 38F at top of 38B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.66 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 56B

Unit: N515 E520

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 56C, 56F, 56G, 56H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.69 n/a

JC, KBH

38E was a circular feature (diameter = 0.40 feet) that was most likely a post

mold. Not excavated due to time constraints.

JC, KBH

38E was a circular feature (diameter = 0.30 feet) that was most likely a post

mold. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Black

(10YR2/1) sandy silt, with 1% brick and 1% charcoal

D-99

NE 98.58 n/a

NW 98.66 n/a

SW 98.75 n/a

C 98.67 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 56B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 56C

Unit: N515 E520

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with 1% brick and 1% charcoal

Feature Association: 56C at top of 56B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.66 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 56F

Unit: N515 E520

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 56F at top of 56B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 56G

JC, KBH, Andrea P.

JC, KBH, Andrea P.

56C was circular feature (diameter ~ 1.5 feet) bisected by the west wall of the

unit. Possible post hole. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with 1% brick, 1%

charcoal and >1% mortar

JC

56F was a nearly circular feature (diameter ~ 0.85 feet) bisected by the south

wall of the unit. Possible post hole. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-100

Unit: N515 E520

Short Title: Foundation Pier Trench

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with 1% brick and 1% charcoal

Feature Association: 56G at top of 56B (Level 2); associated with Feature 56H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.58 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 56H

Unit: N515 E520

Short Title: Foundation Pier

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 56H at top of 56B (Level 2); associated with Feature 56G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.63 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 57B

Unit: N520 E520

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

JC

56G was a dark stain/depression encompassing brick foundation pier Feature

56H. The feature may relate to construction activities (setting of the pier) or

differential impact on yard surfaces over time (e.g. sweeping). Not excavated

due to time constraints.

JC

56H was an in situ brick foundation pier associated with the northeast corner

of the original incarnation of the structure at 1904 Marion Street. The pier

was added onto to accommodate the second addition to the structure.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Black

(10YR2/1) sandy silt/coal dust, with 1% brick and 1% charcoal flecks

D-101

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.58 n/a

NE 98.47 n/a

NW 98.58 n/a

SW 98.66 n/a

C 98.50 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 57B was the upper-most intact stratum. No features found. Not excavated.

Provenience: 58B

Unit: N515 E525

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 58C, 58G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.59 n/a

NE 98.49 n/a

NW 98.58 n/a

SW 98.69 n/a

C 98.60 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 58B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 58C

Unit: N515 E525

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with <1% brick fragments

Feature Association: 58C at top of 58B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.58 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

JC, KBH

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 50% Black

(7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam in north half of unit, with <1% brick fragments

JC, KBH

D-102

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 58G

Unit: N515 E525

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam, with brick bat covering 75% of surface

Feature Association: 58G at top of 58B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.60 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 59B

Unit: N495 E535

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 59C, 59D, 59E, 59F, 59H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.48 n/a

NE 98.72 n/a

NW 98.77 n/a

SW 98.71 n/a

C 98.68 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 59B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

HLF

58C was a circular feature (diameter = 0.45 feet) thought to be a post mold

but can not rule out association with post-1970 activities. Not excavated due

to time constraints.

HLF, JC

58G was a circular feature (diameter = 0.60 feet) located directly in-line with

the north wall of the second addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street.

Thought to be a post mold, but can not rule out association with post-1970

activities. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy loam, mottled with 1% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks, 1% mortar, and <1%

brick fragments

HLF

D-103

Provenience: 59C

Unit: N495 E535

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy loam, with <1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 59C at top of 59B (Level 2); associated with post hole 59D/17S

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.71 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 59D

Unit: N495 E535

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.71 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 59E

Unit: N495 E535

JC

59C was a square post mold, measuring 0.35 feet east-west and 0.20 feet

north-south, associated with post hole Feature 59D (first discovered in Unit

17 and designated 17S). Post was directly in-line with the east wall of the

first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street, along with post features

17K, 59E, and 59F. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% charcoal stained

Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam, with 1% brick fragments

59D at top of 59B (Level 2); associated with post mold feature 59C and post

hole 17S

JC

59D was a squarish post hole feature measuring 0.75 feet east-west

(truncated by the south wall of the unit), associated with post mold feature

59C. Post hole was first discovered in Unit 17 and designated 17S. Features

17S and 59D are parts of the same feature. Post was directly in-line with the

east wall of the first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street, along

with post features 17K, 59E, and 59F. Not excavated due to time

constraints.

D-104

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 59E at top of 59B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 59F

Unit: N495 E535

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 59F at top of 59B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 59H

Unit: N495 E535

Short Title: Pipe Trench, Small

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 589H at top of 59B (Level 2); associated with 36C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

HLF, JC

59E was a squarish post hole feature measuring 0.55 feet north-south

(truncated by the west wall of the unit), directly in-line with the east wall of

the first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street, along with post

features 17K, 59C/D, and 59F. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks

HLF, JC

59F was a circular post hole feature (diameter = 0.35 feet), directly in-line

with the east wall of the first addition to the structure at 1904 Marion Street,

along with post features 17K, 59C/D, and 59E. Not excavated due to time

constraints.

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with 15% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, 10% Black (7.5YR2.5/1) sandy loam, and 5%

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy loam, with 1% brick fragments

D-105

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.68 98.38

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 60B

Unit: N505 E525

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.80 n/a

NE 98.78 n/a

NW 98.78 n/a

SW 98.88 n/a

C 98.79 n/a

Date Excavated: 27 June 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

HLF

HLF

59H was a hand-dug trench feature associated with an in situ 2-1/2 inch cast

iron water pipe running into the east wall of the first addition to the

structure at 1904 Marion Street at a 90-degree angle to the wall. The feature

was bisected along a north-south plane at midpoint to generate a profile. The

pipe rested directly on the floor of the feature. A 1969 Columbia Housing

Authority floor-plan drawing of 1904 Marion Street depicts that part of the

house as a kitchen. This trench feature tied into trench feature 36C (5-inch

waste-water line).

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with <5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, <5% Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt, with <1% brick

fragments and 1% charcoal flecks

JC, KBH

60B was the upper-most intact stratum. No features uncovered. Not

excavated.

D-106

D-107

Block 2

Units 21, 22, 39 – 55

Provenience: F1

Unit: N500 E560

Short Title: Sprinkler Trench, East ½

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) loamy sand

Feature Association: F1 at top of Level 1

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

E 98.12 98.12

W 98.36 97.40

C 98.32 97.66

Date Excavated: 23 February 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 21B

Unit: N520 E575

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 21C, 21D, 21E, 21F, 21G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 97.85 n/a

NE 97.75 n/a

NW 97.81 n/a

SW 97.93 n/a

C 97.67 n/a

Date Excavated: n/a

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By:

JC, HLF

HLF

Modern sprinkler trench for rear yard, dug with ditch-witch, owned by

Columbia Housing Authority. Fully excavated prior to excavations of

features within Block 2.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

L. Riser (modified by JC)

D-108

Notes:

Provenience: 21C

Unit: N520 E575

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 21C at top of 21B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.66 97.24

Date Excavated: 15 May 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 21D

Unit: N520 E575

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 21D at top of 21B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.89 96.77

Date Excavated: 16 May 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 21E

Unit: N520 E575

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

21B was the upper-most intact stratum. Stratigraphic definition, etc. not

recorded by L. Riser. Values taken from Unit 41. Unit straddled the property

line between 1904 and 1906 Marion Street. Not Screened.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 15% charcoal flecks and 10%

brick fragments

21C was an oblong shaped trash pit measuring 1.1 feet from the east wall of

the unit and 2.0 feet from the north wall. Feature was north of the property

line within the 1906 Marion Street lot.

21D was an irregularly shaped trash pit feature measuring 2.85 feet east-west

and 2.25 feet north-south. L. Riser did not record stratigraphic definition.

Feature was south of the property line within the 1904 Marion Street lot.

North edge of feature abutted the property line.

D-109

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 2 brick bats and 10% charcoal

Feature Association: 21E at top of 21B

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.94 97.53

Date Excavated: 18 May 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 21F

Unit: N520 E575

Short Title: Circular Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 21F at top of 21B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.89 97.49

Date Excavated: 23 May 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 21H

Unit: N520 E575

Short Title: Linear Stain

Type: Stain

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 21H at top of 21B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

21E was a square post hole feature containing a square post feature. The post

hole measured 0.75 feet east-west and 0.90 feet north-south; the square post

mold measured 0.65 feet east-west and 0.70 feet north-south. L. Riser did

not provenience the hole and mold separately. 21E was south of the property

line. Given the feature's proximity to other post features closer to the

property line, 21E was not likely associated with a boundary fence between

lots.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loamy sand, with 20% charcoal flecks

and 10% brick fragments

21F was an oval shaped trash pit feature measuring 1.85 feet north-south and

1.5 feet east-west. The feature was located north of the property line within

the 1906 Marion Street lot. South end of the feature abutted the property

line.

D-110

E n/a

W n/a

Date Excavated: 25 May 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 22B

Unit: N520 E565

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 22C, 22D, 22E, 22F, 22G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE n/a

NE n/a

NW n/a

SW n/a

C n/a

Date Excavated: n/a

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 22C

Unit: N520 E565

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 22C at top of 22B (Level 2); associated with post features 22D and 22E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

JC

21H was a dark linear stain running east-west within the east half of the unit.

Measuring approximately 2 feet east-west and 0.8 feet north-south, the

feature straddled the property line and likely represents either the base of a

fence line or differential yard space use as a result of a fence (e.g. sweeping).

L. Riser did not record stratigraphic definition nor excavated the stain. Dark

Yellowish Brown based on photographs.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

22B was the upper-most intact stratum. Stratigraphic definition, etc. not

recorded by L. Riser. Values taken from Unit 41. Unit straddled the property

line between 1904 and 1906 Marion Street. Not screened.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 15% brick & mortar and 10%

charcoal flecks

D-111

E n/a 97.01

W n/a 96.69

C 98.06 96.88

Date Excavated: 13 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 22D

Unit: N520 E565

Short Title: Post

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 22D at top of 22B (Level 2); associated with post hole 22C and post 22E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.05 96.64

Date Excavated: 13 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 22E

Unit: N520 E565

Short Title: Post

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 22E at top of 22B (Level 2); associated with post hole 22C and post 22D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.09 96.97

Date Excavated: 13 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

22C was an irregularly shaped post hole with one wooden post visible at the

surface (Feature 22D). Upon excavation, a second post was discovered

(Feature 22E). The feature contained an assortment of granite, brick and

mortar fragments, possibly used as addition support for the post(s). Post hole

(and molds) were just south of the property line and likely represent post(s)

associated with a fence along the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street property line.

22D was an in situ circular wooden post (diameter ~ 0.20 feet) within post

hole feature 22C. Wood type unknown; removed intact. 22D might be a

replacement post for 22E, or vise versa. See 'Notes' section for 22C.

D-112

Notes:

Provenience: 22F

Unit: N520 E565

Short Title: Small Circular Depression

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 22F at top of 22B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 97.59 97.38

Date Excavated: 14 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 22G

Unit: N520 E565

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 22G at top of 22B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.05 97.02

Date Excavated: 15 June 2005

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 39B

Unit: N515 E560

22E was an in situ circular wooden post (diameter ~ 0.10 feet) within post

hole feature 22C. Wood type unknown; post fell apart upon excavation. 22E

might be a replacement post for 22D, or vise versa. See 'Notes' section for

22C.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) loamy sand, with 10% charcoal and 2%

brick fragments

22F was a very small circular trash pit feature (diameter = 0.90 feet) bisected

by the north wall of the unit. 22F was located north of the property line,

within the 1906 Marion Street lot.

Pale Brown (10YR6/3) loamy sand, with 25% charcoal and 10%

brick/mortar

22G was a squarish trash pit feature in the northwest corner of the unit,

measuring 2.60 feet from the west wall of the unit and 2.00 feet from the

north wall. The feature was located north of the property line, within the

1906 Marion Street lot. High concentration of charcoal.

D-113

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 39C, 39D, 39E, 39F, 39G, 39H, 39J, 39K, 39L, 39M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 98.28 n/a

NE 98.11 n/a

NW 98.09 n/a

SW 98.33 n/a

C 98.13 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 39B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 39C

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Privy

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, with 20% charcoal

Feature Association: 39C at top of 39B (Level 2); intrudes upon 39D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.14 96.08

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

JC, KBH, CJC

JC, KBH

D-114

Notes:

Provenience: 39D

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Square Depression

Type: Privy

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, with 40% charcoal and 1% brick fragments

Feature Association: 39D at top of 39B (Level 2); intruded upon by 39C and 39E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.23

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 39D merged into 39C. See 'Notes' section for Feature 39C.

Provenience: 39E

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Small Circular Depression

Type: Privy

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, with 20% charcoal

Feature Association: 39E at top of 39B (Level 2); intrudes upon 39D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.24

39C was an upper deposit associated with the privy. The following notes are

for Features 39C, 39D, and 39E. Excavation of 39E was initiated first, as it

appeared that both 39E and 39C intruded upon 39D. Upon excavation, it

appeared that the boundary of 39E expanded beyond what was evident of

the surface. Excavation was halted in 39E at 0.4 feet below surface. It was

decided to take 39D down 0.2 feet to determine the boundary between 39D

and 39E. Excavating 39D required excavating 39C, which was taken down

to a depth of 0.7 feet below surface, which revealed a distinct boundary/edge

to the north with straight walls in-line with the northern edge of 39D. After

further excavation of 39C, 39D and 39E, determined that all three features

were associated as different depositional events within the same feature

(privy). Complete removal of 39C, 39D, 39E uncovered a layer composed

entirely of coal and coal by-products. This coal layer was initially screened

and included within 39D. However, after initial screening, the coal layer was

discarded without screening. Artifacts from 39D and 39E were merged with

those from 39C. The coal layer was later designated 39D-Lower. Unable to

rule out possibility that 39C, 39D and 39E were not impacted by post-1970

activities. For that reason, artifactual discussions of the privy do not include

artifacts from 39C, 39D or 39E. Artifacts were a mix of furnace and/or

stove waste and household debris.

JC, JLR

JC, JLR

D-115

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 39E merged into 39C. See 'Notes' section for Feature 39C.

Provenience: 39F

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Brick Foundation

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 39F at top of 39B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.96 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 39G

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 39G at top of 39B (Level 2); associated with post mold 39M

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:39G-8

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.08 97.28

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 39H

JC, JLR

JC

JC

39F was the remains of a brick foundation pier composed of three bricks

(two parallel bricks running north-south with a third brick on the north end

running east-west), located off the northeast corner of the privy. Its

association with the privy is unknown but possible, given the lack of

evidence for other structures in the vicinity Not excavated; bricks left in place

at close of excavation.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 20% charcoal flecks

LBR

LBR

39G was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.70 feet) located east of the privy

feature with in situ post. A railroad spike was within the fill. Associated with

post mold feature 39M.

D-116

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:39H-7

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.12 97.70

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 39J

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Privy, Level 3

Type: Privy

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 39J underneath 39D-Lower

TPQ Date: 1915 Based Upon:39J-13

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 96.98 95.94

NE 96.47 95.81

NW 96.79 95.75

SW 96.66 95.95

C 96.08 95.91

Date Excavated: 23 May 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 39K

Unit: N515 E560

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar and 1% brick fragments

SBS

SBS

39H was a circular post hole (diameter = 1.1 feet) with a bowl-shaped base.

A brick was discovered against the northeast wall of the hole, likely to add

support for the post. Small fragments of wood found within center of the

feature. No evidence of a post mold.

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam on east half of feature; Very

Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt on west half.

KBH, CJC

KBH

39J was a layer within the privy fill composed almost entirely of

architectural debris, primarily brick bats, mortar, nails, and large pieces of ferrous and non-ferrous sheet metal, in a matrix of mottled loamy sand, certainly representing a deconstruction/demolition event, likely the removal of the privy super structure.

D-117

Short Title: Privy, Level 4

Type: Privy

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (2.5Y2.5/1) loamy sand

Feature Association: 39K below 39J

TPQ Date: 1918 Based Upon:39K-18

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 95.94 95.70

NE 95.81 95.60

NW 95.75 95.58

SW 95.95 95.79

C 95.91 95.62

Date Excavated: 25 May 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 39L

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Privy, Level 5

Type: Privy

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 39L below 39K

TPQ Date: 1860 Based Upon:39L-9 & 19

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 95.70 95.48

NE 95.60 95.46

NW 95.58 95.50

SW 95.79 95.41

C 95.62 95.37

Date Excavated: 29 May 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 39L was a thin privy deposit containing few artifacts.

Provenience: 39M

Unit: N515 E560

Short Title: Privy, Level 6

KBH

KBH

39K was a thin lens roughly centered in the privy pit extending to the

north. A soil sample was taken from the center of the lens for later flotation.

Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay, 20% Dark Gray (2.5Y4/1) sandy silt, and 5% Very Dark Brown (

2.5Y2.5/1) sandy silt

KBH, CJC

CJC

D-118

Type: Privy

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 39M below 39L

TPQ Date: 1885 Based Upon:39M-7

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 95.48 95.48

NE 95.46 95.46

NW 95.50 95.50

SW 95.41 95.41

C 95.37 95.37

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 40B

Unit: N515 E565

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 40C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.15 n/a

NE 98.06 n/a

NW 98.11 n/a

SW 98.28 n/a

C 98.22 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 40C

Unit: N515 E565

Short Title: Square Post Mold

KBH

KBH

39M was the bottom-most layer within the privy, comprised of a very thin

lens of dark material, likely the remains of 'night soil' from the last time the

privy was cleaned out. A soil sample was taken from the center of the lens

for later flotation.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

40B was the upper-most intact stratum. Only one feature was evident at this

level. Not excavated.

D-119

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 40C at top of 40B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.18 97.18

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 41B

Unit: N515 E570

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 41C, 41D, 41F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 97.92 n/a

NE 97.93 n/a

NW 98.06 n/a

SW 98.15 n/a

C 98.00 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 41B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 41C

Unit: N515 E570

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy loam

Feature Association: 41C at top of 41B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

SBS

SBS

40C was a square post hole feature, measuring 0.95 feet east-west and 0.80

feet north-south. Several wood fragments were found within the fill, along

with three brick bats possibly used for support. No evidence of a post mold

within soil matrix, nor an indication on the floor of the feature.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

D-120

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.94 97.84

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: E. Dale

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 41D

Unit: N515 E570

Short Title: Plant Bed

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 41D at top of 41B (Level 2); associated with 44H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

E 97.93 96.24

W 98.13 97.51

C 98.04 97.54

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: AB

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 41F

Unit: N515 E570

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loam

Feature Association: 41F at top of 41B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: 1830 Based Upon:41F-6

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.99 97.58

JC

41C was a shallow oval/circular depression ( 0.30' east-west x 0.25' north-

south). Probable post mold but not likely not a structural post. No artifacts

recovered.

Dark Gray (10YR4/1) clayey loam, mottled with 5% Dark Brown

(10YR3/3) silty sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6), with 1% charcoal

flecks and multiple large brick bats

JC

41D was an irregularly-shaped, rough oval plant bed. Upon excavation,

discovered that the plant bed was intruding upon an underlying trash pit.

This was not realized until the majority of the trash pit had been removed,

thus the artifacts from the plant bed and the trash pit were combined. At the

base of the plant bed, along the far western edge was discovered a post hole

and mold (Feature 44H), which was excavated separately.

D-121

Date Excavated: 23 May 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 42B

Unit: N515 E575

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 42C, 42D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 97.91 n/a

NE 97.85 n/a

NW 97.93 n/a

SW 97.92 n/a

C 97.93 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 42B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 42C

Unit: N515 E575

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) very loose silty sand

Feature Association: 42C at top of 42B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.79 97.76

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

SBS

SBS

41F was a rectangular post mold measuring 0.25 feet east-west and 0.35 feet

north-south. During excavation, the walls of the feature opened up into a

rough circular/bowl shape, likely the post hole, which was not visible on the

surface. The post hole diameter was 0.95 feet. The post within the mold was

decayed, with most of the remaining wood attached to roots.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

HLF

JC

D-122

Notes:

Provenience: 42D

Unit: N515 E757

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 42D at top of 42B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.83 97.54

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 43B

Unit: N510 E560

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 43D, 43E, 43F, 43G, 43H, 43J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.32 n/a

NE 98.28 n/a

NW 98.33 n/a

SW 98.33 n/a

C 98.23 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 43B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

42C was a roughly circular feature (diameter = 0.60 feet) at the surface of

42B. Upon excavation, the feature had a square(ish) form. No indication of a

post mold.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark

Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with

1% charcoal flecks

LBR

LBR

42D was an oval-shaped feature measuring 1.40 feet east-west and 1.35 feet

north-south, with a shallow, bowl-shaped profile. Function unknown, but

high bone concentration might suggest a trash deposit function for a meal or

similar.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

D-123

Provenience: 43D

Unit: N510 E560

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 43D at top of 43B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.21 98.16

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 43E

Unit: N510 E560

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 43E at top of 43B (Level 2); intruded upon by 43F

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:43E-7

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.22 97.86

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 43F

Unit: N510 E560

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 43F at top of 43B (Level 2); intrudes upon post hole 43E

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, mottled with 40% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand

JC

JC, HLF

43D initially appeared as a possible post hole with an associated post mold.

Upon excavation, 43D was the only plant-related feature found in close

proximity to the privy. The feature was a shallow, bowl-like depression

measuring 1.3-feet east-west, 1.95-feet north-south, and 0.35-feet deep.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks

HLF

HLF

43E was a square post hole feature measuring 0.75 feet east-west and 0.70

feet north-south. It was intruded upon by post hole feature 43F, which may

have been a replacement post for 43E.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, with 10% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks

D-124

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.25 97.57

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 43G

Unit: N510 E560

Short Title: Circular Stain

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 43G at top of 43B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.31 98.08

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 43H

Unit: N510 E560

Short Title: Dark Stain

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) sandy silt

Feature Association: 43H at top of 43B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.24 97.69

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

HLF

HLF

43F was a post feature consisting of hole and mold. The post hole was

squarish, measuring 0.85 feet east-west and 0.95 feet north-south; the post

mold was circular with a diameter of 0.50 feet. Post mold was not visible

until the base of the feature was reached. 43F intruded upon post hole

feature 43E, and may represent a replacement post.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, with 10% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks

HLF

HLF

43G was a shallow, bowl-shaped depression with a rectangular depression at

the base of the feature, suggesting a circular post hole (diameter = 0.65 feet)

for a rectangular post.

LBR

LBR

D-125

Notes:

Provenience: 43J

Unit: N510 E560

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty loam

Feature Association: 43J at top of 43B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.36

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 44B

Unit: N510 E565

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 44C, 44E, 44H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.16 n/a

NE 98.15 n/a

NW 98.28 n/a

SW 98.32 n/a

C 98.29 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 44B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

43H initially appeared as an irregularly-shaped surface stain. Upon

excavation, the feature boundaries became clear, with a clearly defined

circular post hole (diameter = ) with a circular mold (diameter = 0.70 feet).

The post feature seems to have intruded upon an earlier feature containing a

high concentration of bone, but may have been disturbance associated with

the digging of the post hole. Artifacts from the intruded-upon possible

feature were kept separate from the post feature.

LBR

LBR

43J was a small, circular post mold feature (diameter = 0.65 feet) with no

evidence of a post hole.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

D-126

Provenience: 44C

Unit: N510 E565

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with 10% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 44C at top of 44B (Level 2); associated with post hole 44E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.28 97.40

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 44E

Unit: N510 E565

Short Title: Irregular Stain

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 44E at top of 44B (Level 2); associated with post mold feature 44C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.29 97.47

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 44H

Unit: N510 E565

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 44H at base of 41D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

HLF

HLF, JC

44C was a circular post mold (diameter = 0.40 feet) associated with post hole

feature 44E. 44C was not provenienced separately from 44E.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks and

<1% brick fragments

JC

JC, HLF

44E was a squarish post hole measuring 1.00 feet east-west and 1.55 feet

north-south, associated with post mold feature 44C. 44E was not

provenienced separately from 44C.

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, with <5% Dark Red (2.5YR3/6)

sandy clay

D-127

Opening:Closing:

C 97.34

Date Excavated: 31 March 2007

Excavated By: AB

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 45B

Unit: N510 E570

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 45C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 97.98 n/a

NE 97.92 n/a

NW 98.15 n/a

SW 98.16 n/a

C 98.06 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 45B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 45C

Unit: N510 E570

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

S 98.05 97.74

JC, AB

44H was a post hole/mold feature discovered in course of excavating Feature

41D, which intruded upon and sheared the top off 44H. The post hole was

squarish, measuring 0.80 feet east-west and 0.75 feet north-south; the post

mold was circular with a diameter of 0.50 feet. The top of 44H was at the

base of 41D.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

Dark Gray (10YR4/1) clayey loam, mottled with 5% Dark Brown

(10YR3/3) silty sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6), with 1% charcoal

flecks and multiple large brick bats

45C at top of 45B (Level 2); intruded upon by Feature 49J-Complex;

associated with Features 48L/M, 53C, 50H

D-128

E 97.92 97.62

W 98.02 97.94

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 46B

Unit: N510 E575

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.15 n/a

KAC

KAC

45C was part of a series of features associated with two generations of

planting spaces in the backyard area. The first generation of plantings is

represented by Features 45C, 48L/M, and 53C. They formed a single,

contiguous planting space that was arbitrarily divided into four proveniences

during excavation so as to generate feature profiles and minimize the chance

of mistakenly lumping together discrete features. Post-excavation analysis

confirmed they were all part of a single, very large feature that intruded upon

multiple underlying features and was itself intruded upon by multiple

features. The planting space extended 14.5-feet east-west (full extent) and

12.5-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2). Given the

highly uneven floor surface of all the planting spaces, individual depth-

below-surface measurements were largely meaningless. Broadly though, the

planting space was shallower in the western portion, in the range of 0.3-feet,

gradually deepening to the east (0.74-feet maximum) and south (1.27-feet

maximum). The soil matrix also changed along the same pattern. The

western portion was composed of a brown loamy sand mottled with dark

grayish brown sandy silt, gradually transitioning to a dark grayish brown

sandy silt mottled with a brown loamy sand. Charcoal fleck inclusions varied

from 1 to 5%. Artifact density increased with depth, as did artifact size, with

larger artifacts recovered from the base of the feature(s). Patterns of artifact

density and size are attributable to a complex of trash pits (Feature 48N)

underlying the planting space. Gardening activities would have disturbed the

underlying trash deposits, thereby mixing those artifacts into the lower

portions of the garden's soil matrix (while continuing to incorporate new

materials through its use-life). For this reason, the artifacts from 48L/M,

45C, and 53C were not cataloged, although all artifacts were saved. The

intrusive Feature 49J-Complex, a large, circular trash deposit, had very

clearly defined boundaries and is it unlikely that this trash deposit

contributed any artifacts to those recovered from the garden space(s). Block 2

findings suggest that the backyard contained a collection of closely spaced,

amorphous plant areas without delineation via bricks or other materials.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

D-129

NE 97.91 n/a

NW 97.92 n/a

SW 97.98 n/a

C 97.92 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 47B

Unit: N505 E560

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 47E, 47G, 47H, 47K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.33 n/a

NE 98.32 n/a

NW 98.33 n/a

SW 98.38 n/a

C 98.41 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 47B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 47E

Unit: N505 E560

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 47E at top of 47B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.35 97.61

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

JC

46B was the upper-most intact stratum. No features were recognized on the

surface of Level 2. Not excavated.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

HLF

D-130

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 47G

Unit: N505 E560

Short Title: Square Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 47G at top of 47B (Level 2); associated with post features 34J and 34K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

E 98.44 98.18

W 98.43 97.57

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 47H

Unit: N505 E560

Short Title: Irregular Stain

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand.

Feature Association: 47H at top of 47B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.34 97.35

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

HLF

47E was a circular feature (diameter = 0.75 feet), most likely the remains of a

post hole/mold.

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks

HLF

HLF

47G was a feature encompassing two post holes and one post mold. Both

post holes were square. The west hole measured 0.95 feet north-south and

0.90 feet east-west. The east hole measured 0.70 feet north-south and 0.65

feet east-west. No evidence of a post mold was found within the eastern post

hole. A square post mold measuring was discovered in the far southwest

corner of the western post hole. Also found within the western post hole

were several large brick bats and gravel used to support the post. It is unclear

which post feature, if either, represents a replacement post. 47G represents

the northeast corner of a wooden outbuilding depicted in a 1969 photograph

of the common backyard area of the site. Association with this outbuilding

was determined using the technique of photographic superimposition. The

northwest corner of the structure was represented by post hole feature 34K

and post mold feature 34J. The outbuilding measured 12-feet square.

HLF

D-131

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 47K

Unit: N505 E560

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand

Feature Association: 47K at top of 47B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C

Date Excavated: 13 April 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 48B

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 48C, 48D, 48E, 48F, 48G, 48H, 48J, 48K, 48L/M, 48N

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.15 n/a

NE 98.16 n/a

NW 98.32 n/a

SW 98.33 n/a

C 98.21 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 48B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 48C

Unit: N505 E565

HLF

47H was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.55 feet) and circular post mold

(diameter = 0.35 feet) feature. Hole and mold were not provenienced

separately

JC

JC

47K was a small, shallow, circular post mold (diameter = 0.12 feet / 1.5

inches). May or may not relate to post-1970 activities.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

D-132

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 48C at top of 48B (Level 2); intrudes upon 48L/M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.15 96.85

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 48D

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Square Post, Wood

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 48E

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 48E at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with post 48D; intrudes upon 48L/M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Black

(10YR2/1) sandy loam, with 10% charcoal flecks

JC

JC

48C was a second-generation planting space that intruded upon first-

generation planting space 48L/M, measuring 3.1-feet north-south, 3.1-feet

east-west, and 1.3-feet deep. See 'Notes' section for Feature 45C.

48D at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with post hole feature 48E; intrudes

upon planting feature 48L/M

JC

HLF

48D was an in situ wooden post found within post hole feature 48E,

measuring 0.20 feet east-west and 0.15 feet north-south. 48D and 48E

intruded upon (were completely within) the planting space feature 48L/M.

Very Dark Gray (10YR3/1) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks

D-133

C 98.13

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 48F

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Post

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 48G

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.25

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

JC

HLF

48E was an oval-shaped post hole measuring 1.05 feet east-west and 0.75 feet

north-south, associated with wooden post 48D. 48D and 48E intruded upon

(were completely within) the planting space feature 48L/M.

48F at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with post hole feature 48G; intrudes

upon 48L/M

JC

JC, HLF

48F was an in situ wooden post found within post hole feature 48G,

measuring 0.20 feet square. 48F and 48G intruded upon (were completely

within) the planting space feature 48L/M.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

48G at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with post 48F; intrudes upon 48L/M

and 48H

JC

JC

D-134

Notes:

Provenience: 48H

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 48H at top of 48B (Level 2); intruded upon by 48G; intrudes upon 48L/M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.29

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 48J

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Square Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 48J at top of 48B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.31 98.12

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

48G was an oval post hole measuring 0.70 feet east-west and 0.80 feet north-

south. Excavation of 48G started when excavation of Feature 48H begin to

intrude upon the boundary of 48G. Upon removal of Feature 48F and full

excavation, uncovered five brick bats lining the wall of the post hole feature

as support for the post (48F). 48G intruded upon 48H and appeared to be

the remains of a replacement post represented by 48H.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal flecks and 1 brick bat

JC

JC

48H was a large post hole/post mold feature. The post mold was 6-inches

diameter, extending below the base of the post hole. There was no indication

of a post mold during excavation, only indication was at the base of the

feature. Interestingly, the wooden post of Feature 48F became visible during

excavation of 48H. It appeared that 48H was the remains of the original

post, while Features 48G/G represent a replacement post.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with <5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 20% charcoal flecks

JC

JC

D-135

Notes:

Provenience: 48K

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 48K at top of 48B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.29 98.03

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 48L/M

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 48L/M at top of 48B (Level 2); associated with features 45C and 53C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

E 98.01 97.77

W 98.28 97.41

C 98.16 97.42

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

48J appeared on the surface of 48B (Level 2) as a possible square post hole,

measuring 0.55 feet east-west and 0.65 feet north-south. Upon excavation,

48J was a shallow, slightly concave depression that maintained its square plan

view, with no indication of a post or mold. Probable post hole, but could be

related to post-1970 activities.

Brown (10YR4/3) silty sand, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/4) silty sand, with 5% charcoal flecks

HLF

HLF

48K was a shallow, oval-ish planting-related feature measuring 0.6-feet east-

west, 0.8-feet north-south, and 0.27-feet below surface.

Brown (10YR4/3) loamy sand, mottled with 40% Yellowish Red (5YR4/3)

sandy clay, 5% Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal

and <1% mortar

SAJ, CLR, KBH, JC

SAJ, CLR, JC

D-136

Notes:

Provenience: 48N

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 48N below features 48L/M and 49J-Complex

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.91 96.57

Date Excavated: 30 May 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

48L/M was part of a series of features associated with two generations of

planting spaces in the backyard area. The first generation of plantings is

represented by Features 45C, 48L/M, and 53C. They formed a single,

contiguous planting space that was arbitrarily divided into four proveniences

during excavation so as to generate feature profiles and minimize the chance

of mistakenly lumping together discrete features. Post-excavation analysis

confirmed they were all part of a single, very large feature that intruded upon

multiple underlying features and was itself intruded upon by multiple

features. The planting space extended 14.5-feet east-west (full extent) and

12.5-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2). Given the

highly uneven floor surface of all the planting spaces, individual depth-

below-surface measurements were largely meaningless. Broadly though, the

planting space was shallower in the western portion, in the range of 0.3-feet,

gradually deepening to the east (0.74-feet maximum) and south (1.27-feet

maximum). The soil matrix also changed along the same pattern. The

western portion was composed of a brown loamy sand mottled with dark

grayish brown sandy silt, gradually transitioning to a dark grayish brown

sandy silt mottled with a brown loamy sand. Charcoal fleck inclusions varied

from 1 to 5%. Artifact density increased with depth, as did artifact size, with

larger artifacts recovered from the base of the feature(s). Patterns of artifact

density and size are attributable to a complex of trash pits (Feature 48N)

underlying the planting space. Gardening activities would have disturbed the

underlying trash deposits, thereby mixing those artifacts into the lower

portions of the garden's soil matrix (while continuing to incorporate new

materials through its use-life). For this reason, the artifacts from 48L/M,

45C, and 53C were not cataloged, although all artifacts were saved. The

intrusive Feature 49J-Complex, a large, circular trash deposit, had very

clearly defined boundaries and is it unlikely that this trash deposit

contributed any artifacts to those recovered from the garden space(s). Block 2

findings suggest that the backyard contained a collection of closely spaced,

amorphous plant areas without delineation via bricks or other materials.

Grayish Brown (10YR5/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Brown (10YR4/3)

loamy sand and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR5/6) sandy clay, with 2% charcoal

and <1% mortar

SAJ, CLR, KBH

SAJ, CLR, KBH

D-137

Notes:

Provenience: 48P

Unit: N505 E565

Short Title: Mottled Lens

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: Below 48LM; above 48N

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.14 97.10

Date Excavated: 4 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 49B

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 49J-Complex (49J, 49K, 49L, 49N, 49P, 49R, 49S), 49M, 49T, 49U

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 97.96 n/a

NE 97.98 n/a

NW 98.16 n/a

SW 98.15 n/a

C 98.16 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

48N was a large trash pit feature underlying planting spaces (Feature 48L/M)

and intruded upon by trash pit feature 49J-Complex. 48N was bisected

along a north-south axis by planting-related activities at some point when the

planting area was actively being used. Initially, the two halves of the trash pit

were though to be separate features, but the identical soil matrix and

bisection trough suggested a single feature. A thin mottled lens

(provenienced as Feature 48P) existed between the base of 48L/M and the

top of the western half of the 48N trash pit.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 35% Dark

Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand and 5% Brown (5YR4/4) loamy sand, with

5% charcoal inclusions

KBH

KBH

48P was a thin lens existing between the base of Feature 48L/M above and

48N below.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

D-138

Recorded By:

Notes: 49B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 49J-Complex

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: See individual provenience entries

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:49J-310

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.18 96.54

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 49J

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: Inner Circle, Level 1

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 49J at top of 49B (Level 2); part of 49J-Complex

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

JC

49J-Complex at top of 49B (Level 2); intruded upon by 49T and 49U;

intrudes upon 48N, 48L/M, 45C, and 53C; composed of 49J, K, L, N, P, R,

S

KAC, JC

KAC, JC

49J-Complex was a large trash pit in the southeast quadrant of Block 2, eight

feet (from center point) west of the 1407-1/2 Richland Street structure. The

trash pit contained four layers consisting of a series of mixed deposits of

differing colors and textures. Artifact cross-mends were found throughout

the deposit, suggesting a single or rapid deposition event. The deposit as a

whole was designated as the 49J-Complex, while individual layers are

referenced by their unique provenience designations. Artifacts from all layers

were cataloged under the provenance 49J. Like the majority of features

encountered in the southeast quadrant of Block 2, the Feature 49J-Complex

was overlaid by planting/garden areas. Nearly a perfect circle, the diameter of

the pit at the surface was 4.1-feet, at the base a diameter of 3.65-feet, and a

maximum depth of 0.75-feet below the garden features 45C, 50H, and 53C.

It was intruded upon by two features, both wooden posts lacking post holes

(Features 49T and 49U). The trash pit was bisected along the east-west axis

to generate a profile of the stratigraphy. While excavating the north-half, a

second trash pit feature, designated as 48N, was discovered below the 49J-

Complex. The 49J-Complex is composed of: 49J, 49K, 49L, 49N, 49P,

49R, 49S

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

D-139

Opening:Closing:

C 98.18 97.37

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 49J was the first level of the 49J-Complex trash pit feature.

Provenience: 49K

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: Circular Fill

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 49K at top of 49B (Level 2); part of 49J-Complex

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.06 97.75

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 49L

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: Outer Circle

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 49L at top of 49B (Level 2); part of 49J-Complex.

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.17 97.37

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

KAC

KAC

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 20%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

KAC, MEM

KAC

49K appeared on the surface of 49B as an intrusive feature within the 49J.

Upon excavation, determined to be a part of the same feature, later

designated as 49J-Complex

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

JC

JC

49L appeared on the surface of 49B as a distinct ring surrounding features

49J and 49K. Upon excavation, determined to be a part of the same feature,

designated as 49J-Complex.

D-140

Provenience: 49M

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam

Feature Association: 49M below 48N (west half)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.34 96.89

Date Excavated: 6 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 49N

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: North ½, Level 2

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: Level 2 of the 49J-Complex

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.37 97.03

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 49P

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: South ½, Level 2

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: Level 2 of the 49J-Complex

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

CJC, HLF

HLF

49M was a circular post hole (mold?) feature with a diameter of , discovered

at the base of Feature 48N (west half of 48N).

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy loam, mottled with <1%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks, 1% brick

fragments, and <1% mortar/plaster fragments

JC, CJC, MAF

JC

49N was the north ½ of level 2 of the 49J-Complex trash pit feature. Feature

was bisected so as to generate a profile.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy loam, mottled with <1%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks, 1% brick

fragments, and <1% mortar/plaster fragments

D-141

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 49R

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: Level 3 of the 49J-Complex

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.03 96.66

Date Excavated: 13 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: 49R was level 3 of the 49J-Comlex trash pit feature.

Provenience: 49S

Unit: N505 E570

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: Level 4 of the 49J-Complex

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 96.66 96.54

Date Excavated: 14 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

JC

JC

49P was the south ½ of level 2 of the 49J-Complex trash pit feature. Feature

was bisected so as to generate a profile.

Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy clay, mottled with 10% Brown (7.5YR4/4)

sandy loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal

flecks

JC, CJC, HLF

JC

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/3) sandy clay, mottled with 15% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

JC, HLF

JC

49S was the bottom-most level within the 49J-Complex trash pit feature.

Level was a thin interface between level 3 (49R) and subsoil, and within the

northwest quadrant of the feature, an interface between level 3 and trash pit

feature 48N, which was intruded upon by the 49J-Complex feature.

D-142

Provenience: 50B

Unit: N505 E575

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 50G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.03 n/a

NE 98.15 n/a

NW 97.98 n/a

SW 97.96 n/a

C 98.04 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 50B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated

Provenience: 50G

Unit: N505 E575

Short Title: Square Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam

Feature Association: 50G at top of 50B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.02 97.69

Date Excavated: 1 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 51B

Unit: N500 E560

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

LBR

SBS, LBR

50G was a rectangular feature with vertical walls, measuring 2x4-inches. No

evidence of a post hole, although 50G was only excavated to a depth that

could be reached using a spoon. The base of the feature was not reached

(closing elevation reflects stopping point, not base of feature). Possible that

1) the associated post hole was associated with a lower level; 2) the 2x4 post

was driven directly into the ground; or 3) the feature relates to post-1970

activities. No artifacts found within feature.

D-143

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 51C, 51D, 51K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.36 n/a

NE 98.33 n/a

NW 98.38 n/a

SW 98.38 n/a

C 98.36 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 51B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 51C

Unit: N500 E560

Short Title: Trash Deposit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) very loose silty sand, with 1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 51C at top of 51B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: 1872 Based Upon:51C-58

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.26 97.88

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 51D

Unit: N500 E560

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 51D at top of 51B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

HLF

HLF

51C was a shallow, semi-circular, bowl-shaped trash pit feature (diameter ~

2.40') bisected by the south wall of Block 2.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with <5%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 5% charcoal flecks

D-144

Opening:Closing:

C 98.38 98.06

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 51K

Unit: N500 E560

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 51K at top of 51B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: 1881 Based Upon:51K-1

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.38 97.39

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 52B

Unit: N500 E565

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 52C, 52D, 52F, 52H, 52J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.15 n/a

NE 98.15 n/a

NW 98.33 n/a

SW 98.36 n/a

C 98.25 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

HLF

HLF

51D was a shallow, bowl-shaped, roughly circular feature with a diameter of

0.95 feet, of unknown function. Possible post hole, although there was no

indication of a mold within or at the base of the feature.

Brown (10YR4/3) silty sand, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/4) silty sand, with 10% charcoal flecks

HLF

HLF

51K was a nearly-circular post hole feature (diameter ~ 0.70 feet). No post

mold was evident during excavation. Circular post indentation (diameter =

0.55 feet) uncovered at base of post hole.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

D-145

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 52B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 52C

Unit: N500 E565

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 52C at top of 52B (Level 2); intruded upon by 52J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.27 97.85

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 52D

Unit: N500 E565

Short Title: Mottled Depression

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 52D at top of 52B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.26 96.96

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 52F

Unit: N500 E565

JC

Brown (10YR4/3) loamy sand, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/4) silty sand, with 5% charcoal

HLF

HLF

52C was was an oval post hole feature with a bowl-shaped profile measuring

0.95 feet east-west and 0.65 feet north-south. Post feature 52J intruded upon

52C, suggesting that 52J was a replacement post for 52C.

Dark Reddish Brown (5YR3/3) sandy loam, with 20% brick fragments, 10%

mortar, and <5% charcoal flecks.

JC

JC

52D was an irregularly-shaped plant bed with an irregular floor surface. The

feature represents either a single planting space or several plantings grouped

closely together. Measuring 2.1-feet north-south and 2.25-feet east-west, it

was intruded upon to the north by Feature 52J, a post hole/mold with

brickbat supports at its base.

D-146

Short Title: Dark Stain

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 52F at top of 52B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.28 98.18

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 52H

Unit: N500 E565

Short Title: Circular Stain

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 52H at top of 52B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.24 97.29

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 52J

Unit: N500 E565

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 52J at top of 52B (Level 2); intrudes upon 52C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish Brown

(10YR5/8) silty sand, with 10% charcoal flecks

JC

JC

52F was a shallow, bowl-like feature with high root disturbance. Function of

feature is unknown, but field impression suggested that it might have been

related to either a small fire or the re-deposited remains of a fire.

HLF

HLF

52H was a small, nearly circular post mold (diameter = 0.40 feet). Small

fragments of post wood found throughout. Possible secondary fence post,

given its 1-foot depth but small diameter.

Brown (10YR4/3) silty sand, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/4) silty sand, with 5% charcoal flecks

D-147

C 98.27 97.80

Date Excavated: 30 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 53B

Unit: N500 E570

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 53C, 53F, 53G, 53H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 97.86 n/a

NE 97.96 n/a

NW 98.15 n/a

SW 98.15 n/a

C 97.99 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes: 53B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated.

Provenience: 53C

Unit: N500 E570

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.94 96.67

Date Excavated: 22 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

HLF

HLF

52J was a post hole feature measuring 0.60 feet east-wast and 0.50 feet

north-south that intruded upon post hole feature 52C, suggesting that 52J

was a replacement post for 52C.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 10% mortar and 5% charcoal flecks

53C at top of 53B (Level 2); intruded upon by 53F, 53G, 53H, and 49J-

Complex; associated with 48L/M, 45C, and 54F

MEM, SBS

MEM, SBS

D-148

Notes:

Provenience: 53F

Unit: N500 E570

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand, with 1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 53F at top of 53B (Level 2); intrudes upon 53C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.91 n/a

Date Excavated: 22 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

53C was part of a series of features associated with two generations of

planting spaces in the backyard area. The first generation of plantings is

represented by Features 45C, 48L/M, and 53C. They formed a single,

contiguous planting space that was arbitrarily divided into four proveniences

during excavation so as to generate feature profiles and minimize the chance

of mistakenly lumping together discrete features. Post-excavation analysis

confirmed they were all part of a single, very large feature that intruded upon

multiple underlying features and was itself intruded upon by multiple

features. The planting space extended 14.5-feet east-west (full extent) and

12.5-feet north-south (truncated by the south wall of Block 2). Given the

highly uneven floor surface of all the planting spaces, individual depth-

below-surface measurements were largely meaningless. Broadly though, the

planting space was shallower in the western portion, in the range of 0.3-feet,

gradually deepening to the east (0.74-feet maximum) and south (1.27-feet

maximum). The soil matrix also changed along the same pattern. The

western portion was composed of a brown loamy sand mottled with dark

grayish brown sandy silt, gradually transitioning to a dark grayish brown

sandy silt mottled with a brown loamy sand. Charcoal fleck inclusions varied

from 1 to 5%. Artifact density increased with depth, as did artifact size, with

larger artifacts recovered from the base of the feature(s). Patterns of artifact

density and size are attributable to a complex of trash pits (Feature 48N)

underlying the planting space. Gardening activities would have disturbed the

underlying trash deposits, thereby mixing those artifacts into the lower

portions of the garden's soil matrix (while continuing to incorporate new

materials through its use-life). For this reason, the artifacts from 48L/M,

45C, and 53C were not cataloged, although all artifacts were saved. The

intrusive Feature 49J-Complex, a large, circular trash deposit, had very

clearly defined boundaries and is it unlikely that this trash deposit

contributed any artifacts to those recovered from the garden space(s). Block 2

findings suggest that the backyard contained a collection of closely spaced,

amorphous plant areas without delineation via bricks or other materials.

MEM

MEM

D-149

Notes:

Provenience: 53G

Unit: N500 E570

Short Title: Circular Stain

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 53G at top of 53B (Level 2); intrudes upon 53C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.85 n/a

Date Excavated: 22 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 53H

Unit: N500 E570

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Reddish Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, with <5% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 53H at top of 53B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.84 n/a

Date Excavated: 22 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

53F was a circular post hole feature (diameter = 0.50 feet). The upper

portion of the feature was cylindrical; within the lower portion, the south

and west walls were flat (square), whereas the north and east walls were

cylindrical. At the base of the feature, the south and west floor areas were flat,

while the north and east floor was bowl shaped. The walls and floor suggest

that the post hole as dug was square(ish), while the post was cylindrical and

located against the north and east walls. The stratigraphic difference between

the upper and lower portions of the post hole (cylindrical v. square) suggests

that landscaping activities left the post intact but erased the upper portion of

the post hole (53F) – the plant-related activities associated with Feature 53C

went around the post. At some later time (but pre-1970) the post was

removed, although no subsequent planting activities disturbed the post

hole/mold. Closing elevation not recorded.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with <5%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks

MEM

MEM

53G was a single planting intruding upon Feature 53C, a first generation

planting space. Circular, shallow and bowl-shaped, Feature 53G measured

1.3-feet in diameter and extended 0.2-feet below surface.

MEM

MEM

D-150

Notes:

Provenience: 54B

Unit: N500 E575

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 54E, 54F, 54J, 54K, 54L, 54M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.03 n/a

NE 98.03 n/a

NW 97.96 n/a

SW 97.86 n/a

C 97.95 n/a

Date Excavated: 22 March 2007

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 54E

Unit: N500 E575

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, with 1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 54E at top of 54B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.83 n/a

Date Excavated: 22 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 54F

53H was a small, circular post mold (diameter = 0.30 feet). The base of the

feature was not reached, and excavation halted, as it appeared to be intruding

upon a larger feature underlying planting area 53C.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

JC

54B was the upper-most intact stratum. Not excavated, although the vast

majority of the unit was occupied by Feature 54F.

HLF

HLF

54E was a circular feature (diameter ~ 0.75 feet) bisected by the south wall of

Block 2, located within planting space feature 54F. Function is unknown.

Shallow bowl shape, possibly related to planting activities. No evidence of a

post or mold within feature or at base. Closing elevation not recorded.

D-151

Unit: N500 E575

Short Title: Plant Bed

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

N 98.03 n/a

S 97.92 n/a

C 98.02 n/a

Date Excavated: 22 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 54J

Unit: N500 E575

Short Title: Irregular Stain

Type: Plant Bed

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, with 20% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 54J at top of 54B (Level 2); intrudes upon 54F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.98 n/a

Date Excavated:

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 30%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks and 1% brick

fragments54F at top of 54B (Level 2); intrudes upon 53C; intruded upon by 54J and

54L

LBR, ZLB, JC

LBR, ZLB, JC

54F was the largest of the second generation plant spaces uncovered. Located

next to the building at 1407-1/2 Richland Street, it measured 5.65-feet east-

west (truncated by the east wall of Block 2), 5.8-feet north-south (truncated

by the south wall of Block 2), and a maximum depth of 1.3-feet. Feature

contained multiple small, thin lenses of brown loamy sand. Unlike

generation one plantings, Feature 54F did not intrude upon any features

below, resulting in an artifact assemblage representative of the use-life of the

planting space. Second generation of plantings formed not a contiguous area,

as did the first generation, but rather multiple spaces in close proximity.

54J was a shallow planting-related depression located within the boundaries

of 54F and measured 1.55-feet north-south, 1.05-feet east-west, and 0.35-

feet deep. Feature definition came from differences in soil compactness (54J

was much more loose) and charcoal inclusions (54J contained 20% charcoal

flecks), otherwise soil composition was the same as Feature 54F. Artifacts

from 54J were not provenienced separately from 54F. No closing elevation.

D-152

Provenience: 54K

Unit: N500 E575

Short Title: Square Depression

Type: Pet Burial

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 54K at top of 54B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.904 97.56

Date Excavated: 22 March 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 54L

Unit: N500 E575

Short Title: Square Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 54L at top of 54B (Level 2); intrudes upon 54F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.04 97.75

Date Excavated: 21 May 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with <1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

ZLB

ZLB

54K was one of three pet burial features uncovered at the site. The feature

was located directly between the pet burial feature 54M and the 1407-1/2

Richland Street building. Unfortunately, a trench had been dug for electrical

conduit running to a street lamp for the parking lot, resulting in the loss of

the animal's head and upper body. No artifacts were found within the feature

either, so no date can be assigned for the burial. Although, given the close

proximity of the burial features 54K and 54M (suggesting that the soil

conditions are similar), the more advanced state of decomposition of this

animal suggests that it is an earlier burial than 54M. Decomposition (along

with its missing head) also made it difficult to determine what kind of

animal it was. Preliminary inspection suggests that it was a small dog (Diane

Wallman, pers. com.). Dimensions of 54K were 0.7-feet north-south, 0.85-

feet east-west (truncated by the trench), and 0.48-feet deep.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks and

<1% brick fragments

KAC, LBR

KAC, MEM

D-153

Notes:

Provenience: 54M

Unit: N500 E575

Short Title: Burial

Type: Pet Burial

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 54M within 54F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C See 'Notes'See 'Notes'

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 55B

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Although speculative, 54L may have been a pet burial. Unfortunately, the

bones were so decomposed that not only was identification of the animal

highly problematic, but so too the recovery of bones. 54L was located

directly north of Feature 54K, also along the side of the building at 1407-1/2

Richland Street. Also like Feature 54K, this feature was square, with

dimensions of 0.85-feet north-south, 0.8-feet east-west, and 0.29-feet deep.

But, unlike either 54K or 54M, this feature contained a modest number of

artifacts—by all accounts, the artifacts appear to be small fragments of

household trash, including bottle fragments and possible stemware. The top

few centimeters of the feature also contained fish bones and scales (so far,

unidentified). All of which argues against the idea that this was a pet burial.

An argument for pet burial comes from its spatial location: in the plant space,

along the side of a building, directly next to, and in line with, two known

burials (54K and 54M).

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, with 5% charcoal flecks and

<1% brick fragments

JC

JC

54M was a pet burial feature discovered in the south wall of Block 2 while

excavating Feature 54F. 3.1-feet west of the building at 1407-1/2 Richland

Street was a single grave containing the fully articulated skeletons of a small

dog and a cat laying on their left sides with heads facing west-southwest. No

artifacts were found within the burial feature, which measured 0.7-feet east-

west, 0.65-feet north-south, with a depth of 0.8-feet below the top of the

feature (like all the features at the surface of Stratum B, the top of the plant

space within which the dog and cat were buried had been sheared-off during

1970s demolition activities, so the actual depth below the original surface is

unknown. The depth below the top of Feature 54F was 0.45-feet).

Preliminary inspection of the skeletons offered no clues regarding cause of

death, or why the two animals were buried together—apparently they died,

or were at least buried, at the same time.

D-154

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 55C, 55D, 55E, 55F, 55G, 55H, 55I, 55J, 55K, 55L

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 97.93 n/a

NE 97.81 n/a

NW 97.85 n/a

SW 98.06 n/a

C 97.86 n/a

Date Excavated: 30 March 2007

Excavated By: LR

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 55C

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 55C at top of 55B (Level 2); 55D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.99 96.99

Date Excavated: 30 March 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 55D

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Post

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 55D at top of 55B (Level 2); 55C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand.

LR (modified by JC)

55B was the upper-most intact stratum. Stratigraphic definition, etc. not

recorded by L. Riser. Values taken from Unit 41. Unit straddled the property

line between 1904 and 1906 Marion Street. Not excavated.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 10% brick fragments and 5%

charcoal

55C was a near-circular post hole measuring 0.65' east-west and 0.75' north-

south; associated with wooden post 55D. 55C and 55D are associated with

an historic fence separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street properties.

D-155

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.83 96.94

Date Excavated: 1 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 55E

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 55E at top of 55B (Level 2); 55F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.09 97.35

Date Excavated: 1 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 55F

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Post

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 55F at top of 55B (Level 2); 55E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.07 97.67

Date Excavated: 1 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

55D was a cylindrical wooden post, 0.25' in diameter, associated with post

hole 55C. Both are associated with an historic fence separating the 1904 and

1906 Marion Street properties.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 10% brick fragments and 5%

charcoal

55E was a rectangular post hole measuring 0.5' east-west and 0.65' north-

south; associated with wooden post 55F. Both are associated with an historic

fence separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street properties.

55F was a wooden post associated with post hole 55E. Both are associated

with an historic fence separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street

properties.

D-156

Provenience: 55G

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 15% brick fragments

Feature Association: 55G at top of 55B (Level 2); 55H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.01 97.04

Date Excavated: 4 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 55H

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Post

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 55H at top of 55B (Level 2); 55G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.69 96.86

Date Excavated: 4 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 55I

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 55I at top of 55B (Level 2); intruded upon by 55J

55G was a circular post hole, measuring 0.75' in diameter, associated with

wooden post 55H. Although a post mold was visible, the excavator did not

provenience the two separately. All are associated with an historic fence

separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street properties.

55H was a wooden post measuring 0.3' in diameter, associated with post

hole 55G. Both are associated with an historic fence separating the 1904 and

1906 Marion Street properties.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 25% charcoal and 15%

brick/mortar fragments

D-157

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:55I-30

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.06 97.59

Date Excavated: 6 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 55J

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: n/a

Feature Association: 55J at top of 55B (Level 2); intrudes upon 55I

TPQ Date: 1870 Based Upon:55I-30

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 97.87 96.79

Date Excavated: 6 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 55K

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 55K at top of 55B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.65 98.26

Date Excavated: 7 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

55I was a squarish trash pit measuring 1.45' east-west and 1.5' north-south.

Feature was located on the 1906 Marion Street property line. Given that

post feature 55J intrudes upon 55I, the TPQ date for 55I provides a TPQ of

1870 for the fence.

55J was a circular wooden post measuring 0.4' in diameter. The post hole

associated with post 55J was not identified by the excavator and thus was

included within the 55I feature in which 55J intruded. The post is associated

with an historic fence separating the 1904 and 1906 Marion Street

properties.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loamy sand, with 10% brick fragments and 5%

charcoal

D-158

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

Provenience: 55L

Unit: N520 E570

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loamy sand.

Feature Association: 55L at top of 55B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 98.66 98.03

Date Excavated: 25 June 2007

Excavated By: L. Riser

Recorded By: L. Riser

Notes:

55K was a circular trash pit bisected by the north wall of the unit measuring

1.05' in diameter. Feature was located on the 1906 Marion Street property

line side.

55L was a small, circular post mold measuring 0.2' in diameter, located on

the 1906 Marion Street property line side. No artifacts recovered.

D-159

Block 3

Units 11 – 13, 61 – 81

Provenience: 11A

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy loam.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE n/a n/a

NE n/a n/a

NW n/a n/a

SW n/a n/a

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 25 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 11B

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE n/a n/a

NE n/a n/a

JS, KBH, JC

JS, JC

Unit 11 began as STP 104 (1x1 foot). The unit was converted to a 2.5x2.5'

unit by JC upon uncovering Feature 11E (Brick Foundation) on 1 June

2006. On 26 May 2006, a spike was put in place for the purpose of string

line elevations on the south side of the unit. Nail head elevation = 101.81'.

All elevation measurements in Unit 11 beginning with 11D (Level 4) were

from this datum point. Since the STP had been excavated by natural strata,

conversion to a unit was straightforward, with no loss of artifactual or

contextual data. Stratum 11A represents post-1970 fill. No elevations

available for this stratum. Not screened.

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with inclusion of Very Pale Brown

(10YR8/2) loose sand.

D-160

NW n/a n/a

SW n/a n/a

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 25 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 11C

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Reddish Brown (2.5YR4/3) compact sandy clay.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE n/a n/a

NE n/a n/a

NW n/a n/a

SW n/a n/a

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 26 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. No elevations available for this stratum. Not screened.

Provenience: 11D

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 11E, 11F, 11G, 11H

TPQ Date: 1892 Based Upon:11D-66

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.47 100.26

NE 100.48 100.25

NW 100.44 100.23

JS, KBH, JC

JS, JC

The Very Pale Brown loose sand inclusion was excavated as part of 11B.

Upon full excavation of 11B as a STP, however, the sand inclusion appeared

as a distinct stratum in profile. Given the lumping of the sand inclusion with

11B as a STP, excavation as a unit was the same. Stratum 11B represents

post-1970 fill. No elevations available for this stratum. Not screened.

JS, KBH, JC

JS, JC

D-161

SW 100.48 100.33

C 100.39 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 11E

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Brick Foundation

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.67 100.19

Date Excavated: 28 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 11F

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam.

Feature Association: 11F at top of 11D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.48 99.27

Date Excavated: 28 June 2006

Excavated By:

JS, KBH, JC

JS, JC

11D was the upper-most intact stratum. It was at the top of 11D that the

STP was converted into a unit with the discovery of brick foundation

remains (Feature 11E).

11E at top of 11D (Level 4); bottom of lowest course of bricks resting on

surface of 11J (Level 5).

JC

JC

At the top of 11E, the brick foundation remains consisted of two in situ

parallel bricks oriented north-south, an in situ perpendicular brick directly

south, and two disturbed bricks to the north. Upon excavation of 11D (Level

4), a second in situ course of bricks was discovered directly underneath the

first course. No evidence of mortar between the bricks was observed. All

bricks associated with the foundation were included in the designation of

11E. Upon completion of excavation, all in situ bricks were left in place;

disturbed bricks were mapped, photographed, and discarded in the field.

JC

D-162

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 11G

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Builder's Trench

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (10YR4/3) sandy silt.

Feature Association: 11G at top of 11D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No diagnostic artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.45 100.23

Date Excavated: 28 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 11H

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam.

Feature Association: 11H at top of 11D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.41 100.40

Date Excavated: 28 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

JC

11F was a possible post-1970 related feature, as profile suggests the top of the

feature was at the top of 11B (Level 2), a stratum known to be associated

with post-1970 activities. The feature measured 1.20 feet in diameter with a

depth of 1.75 feet. The post mold likely represents either a post-lunch

counter-era fence separating the front yard from the sidewalk or is the

product of post-1970 activities. No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC

11G was a builder's trench associated with the lunch counter. The shape of

the trench changed and became more clearly defined as 11D (Level 4) was

taken down, becoming a rough '+' shape following the outline of the brick

foundation, running north-south/east-west. Upon complete excavation of

11D, the soil color/texture of the unit floor merged with Feature 11G,

indicating that 11D was a distinct stratum, but that 11G is likely remnant of

the ground surface at the time the structure at 1401 Richland Street was

constructed. This further suggests that 11D is post-construction landscaping.

JC

JC

D-163

Notes:

Provenience: 11J

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) loose sandy silt.

Feature Association: Base of Feature 11E at top of 11J

TPQ Date: 1880 Based Upon:11J-45

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.26 99.57

NE 100.25 99.71

NW 100.23 99.46

SW 100.33 99.79

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 30 June 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 11K

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Small Trench

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loose sandy silt.

Feature Association: 11K at top of 11L

TPQ Date: c. 1870s Based Upon:11K-2

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.50 99.33

Date Excavated: 2 July 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

11H was a very shallow circular post mold, diameter = 0.25 feet (3 inches).

Bottom of post mold was at the top of the second (lower) course of bricks

(Feature 11E) and directly in-line with the east wall of the lunch counter. No

artifacts were recovered, but given its stratigraphic position, it either pre-

dates the construction of the lunch counter or, more likely, given its

orientation respective to the lunch counter's east wall, is associated with the

building of the structure. No artifacts recovered.

JC

JC

An 1863 penny was recovered at the surface of 11J directly underneath

Feature 11E (Brick Foundation).

JC

JC

11K was a shallow trench running east-wast, originating at the east side of

Feature 11E (Brick Foundation). Function of 11K unknown, although some

association with the construction of 1401 Richland Street is likely.

D-164

Provenience: 11L

Unit: N428.48 E512.38

Short Title: Level 6 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: 11K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.57 n/a

NE 99.71 n/a

NW 99.46 n/a

SW 99.79 n/a

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 2 July 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 12A

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 101.25 101.04

NE 101.00 100.91

NW 101.03 101.01

SW 101.24 101.09

C 101.10 100.90

Date Excavated: 9 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

JC

JC

11L was sterile subsoil. Evidence of decayed organic material, likely roots,

observed in the southeast quadrant of the unit (appeared as small gray clay

lenses/stains).

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

HLF, DLJ, SH

HLF, DLJ, SH

D-165

Notes:

Provenience: 12B

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 101.04 100.86

NE 100.91 100.79

NW 101.01 100.82

SW 101.09 101.04

C 100.90 100.80

Date Excavated: 10 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Provenience: 12C

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 101.04 100.44

NE 100.91 100.26

NW 101.01 100.30

SW 101.09 100.47

C 100.90 100.26

Date Excavated: 12 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes: Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

Using the 1904 Sanborn map as a guide, Unit 12 was placed directly over

the indicated north wall, 17 feet north of the sidewalk. Instead of a north

wall, however, a large trash pit, a series of post holes/molds unrelated to the

wall, and a large pit feature related to the early occupation of the site were

encountered. Stratum 12A was post-1970 fill. Not screened.

HLF, DLJ, SH

HLF, DLJ, SH

HLF, DLJ, SH

HLF, DLJ, SH

D-166

Provenience: 12D

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Level 4, Arbitrary

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.44 100.01

NE 100.26 99.87

NW 100.30 100.14

SW 100.47 100.28

C 100.26 100.00

Date Excavated: 16 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 12H

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Reddish Black (2.5YR2.5/1) loose sandy loam.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 100.01 99.69

NE 99.87 99.80

NW 100.14 99.82

SW 100.28 99.91

C 100.00 99.58

Date Excavated: 23 May 2006

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Notes:

Provenience: 12J

HLF, DLJ, SH

HLF, DLJ, SH

12D was designated a different stratum than 12C (Level 3) based on possible

features and presence of brick bats. Post-1970 fill. Not screened.

HLF, DLJ, SH

HLF, DLJ, SH

12H was a stratum representing the likely the remains of post-1909

landscaping (post lunch counter fire) disturbed by post-1970 activities. No

artifacts recovered.

D-167

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Reddish Brown (5YR3/4) loose sandy silt.

Feature Association: 12J at top of 12K

TPQ Date: 1842 Based Upon:12J-4

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.85 96.27

Date Excavated: 23 May 2006

Excavated By: DLJ/JC

Recorded By: DLJ/JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12K

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.69 99.10

NE 99.80 99.29

NW 99.82 99.30

SW 99.91 99.02

C 99.58 99.10

Date Excavated: 25 May 2006

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12L

12J was a circular post mold, 6-inch diameter, associated with post hole

Feature 12W. The top of 12J was identified at the top of stratum 12K (Level

6); the top of 12W was identified at the top of stratum 12U (Level7). A

likely explanation for the differing stratigraphic visibility is that landscaping

activities left the post intact (12J) but erased the upper portion of the post

hole (12W) – the landscaping went around the post.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay and <1% charcoal flecks.

12J, 12L, 12M, 12P/R (Feature 12R-Complex), 12S/T (Feature 12T-

Complex)

12K was the upper-most intact stratum. The transition between 12K (Level

6) and 12U (Level 7) was difficult to discern due to the large number (and

size) of features at the top of 12U. As a result, the bottom of 12K extended

into the top of 12U approximately 0.1-feet. No artifacts recovered.

D-168

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy loam.

Feature Association: 12L at top of 12K

TPQ Date: 1903 Based Upon:12L-13

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.62 97.60

Date Excavated: 25 May 2006

Excavated By: HLF

Recorded By: HLF

Notes:

Provenience: 12M

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) loose sandy loam

Feature Association: 12M at top of 12K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.63 n/a

Date Excavated: 25 May 2006

Excavated By: HLF

Recorded By: HLF

Notes:

Provenience: 12P

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Debris Pit, N ½, Upper

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 12P at top of 12K

TPQ Date: 1901 Based Upon:12P-83

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.62 99.38

12L was a shallow, oval feature measuring 1.1 feet east-west and 1.05 feet

north-south. Feature was likely planting related, pre- or post-1970.

12M was a shallow, oval feature measuring 0.55 feet east-west and 0.75 feet

north-south. Feature was likely planting related, pre- or post-1970. Error in

recording closing elevation. No artifacts recovered.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 50% Yellowish Red

(5YR3/2) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks and <5% mortar.

D-169

Date Excavated: 19 June 2006

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12R

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Debris Pit, N ½, Lower

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 12R under 12P

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:See Feature 12T

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.38 97.39

Date Excavated: 19 June 2006

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12S

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Debris Pit, S ½, Upper

12P was the north ½ of the upper ½ of the lunch counter trash pit. Feature

was bisected in the field to generate a profile. North (12P) and south (12S)

halves combined in the lab and designated Feature 12P-Complex. Heavy

artifact concentration.

Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy silt, with <5% charcoal and ~5%

brick/mortar. Outer edge mottled with 50% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/6) loose sand.

12R was a large, nearly-circular trash pit (diameter ~ 4.5 feet) with a flat/level

floor and nearly vertical walls (although there is some reverse slope, creating a

slight undercut). The soil was very loose throughout and fairly consistent. A

thin lens of near-charcoal black soil covered the bottom of the feature. Gray

clay related to possible burning and subsequent decomposition, was

encountered multiple times throughout the depth of the pit. A large number

of bricks, brick bats, mortar, and plaster were encountered throughout.

Samples of plaster were saved. Many (but less than 50%) of the bricks/brick

bats showed evidence of fire by way of a thin coating of soot on the one side

only (samples taken). There was no evidence of burning within the pit itself

(that is, burn activity occurred prior to the creation of the trash pit). Soil

matrix and artifact distribution suggests the pit is the result of a single or

rapid-succession dumping event. The upper layer (Feature 12P-Complex)

may or may not have been created at the same time, although ceramic cross-

mends suggest the same origin of materials. Feature was bisected in the field

to generate a profile. North (12R) and south (12T) halves combined in the

lab and designated Feature 12T-Complex. Heavy artifact concentration.

Estimated that less than half of the full feature excavated. Upon full

excavation of the unit, the east wall of the feature was covered in black plastic

before back-filling so as to protect the remaining feature composition.

D-170

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 12S at top of 12K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:See Feature 12P

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.62 99.37

Date Excavated: 21 June 2006

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12T

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Debris Pit, S ½, Lower

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 12T under 12S

TPQ Date: 1908 Based Upon:12T-339

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.62 99.37

Date Excavated: 21 June 2006

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12U

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Level 7 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: 12W, 12X, 12Y, 12Z

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 50% Yellowish Red

(5YR3/2) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks and <5% mortar.

12S was the south ½ of the upper ½ of the lunch counter trash pit. Feature

was bisected in the field to generate a profile. North (12P) and south (12S)

halves combined in the lab and designated Feature 12P-Complex. Heavy

artifact concentration.

Very Dark Brown (10YR3/2) loose sandy silt, with <5% charcoal and ~5%

brick/mortar. Outer edge mottled with 50% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/6) loose sand.

See 'Notes' for Feature 12R. Interestingly, a concave pot lid created a hollow

space underneath, protecting several artifacts: bird bone with the consistency

of wet paper (desegregated on touch); a rubber gasket; a boot/shoe heel; and

paper (possibly newspaper) sitting on top of a Mason jar lid (upon drying,

the paper fragmented into several pieces).

D-171

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

SE 99.10 n/a

NE 99.29 n/a

NW 99.30 n/a

SW 99.02 n/a

C 99.10 n/a

Date Excavated: 23 June 2003

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12W

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Square Stain

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 12W at top of 12U; associated with post mold 12J

TPQ Date: 1805 Based Upon:12W-6

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.00 97.66

Date Excavated: 23 June 2003

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12X

Unit: N455

Short Title: Square Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 12X at top of 12K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

12U was sterile subsoil. Approximately 0.1-feet of the top of 12U was

removed during the course of excavating 12K (Level 6). Given that 12U was

artifact-free, the artifact count for 12K was not affected.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay.

12W was a square post hole measuring 1.7 feet east-west. The post hole was

bisected along a north-south axis to generate a profile of 12W and 12J (post

mold). Provenienced separately in the field as 12W (east half) and 12AA

(west half), the two halves were combined in the lab as 12W. See 'Notes' for

12J.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) sandy silt, mottled with 45% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay and 5% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8)

loose sand (builder's sand).

D-172

C 99.04 98.73

Date Excavated: 23 June 2003

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 12Y

Unit: N445 E502

Short Title: Circular Stain

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 12Y at top of 12U.

TPQ Date: 1820 Based Upon:12Y-2 & 3

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.18 97.99

Date Excavated: 23 June 2003

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 13A

Unit: N442.66 E500.35

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose sandy silt.

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.73 100.13

Date Excavated: 18 June 2007

Excavated By: CJC

Recorded By: CJC

12X was a shallow square depression, measuring 0.55 feet east-west and

north-south. Function is unknown, but given that it is in-line along a north-

south axis square to the site and all known structures, it likely represents the

base of a post hole obscured through activities associated with the creation of

12K (Level 6). No artifacts recovered.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 50% Yellowish Red

(5YR3/2) compact sandy clay.

12Y was bisected along a north-south axis so as to generate a profile. The east

½ was provenienced 12Y; the west ½ was 12Z – the two were combined in

the lab as 12Y. Very few artifacts – brick, bone (degraded and very soft),

charcoal flecks. Unknown function. Very similar to Feature 8N. Appears to

be redeposited subsoil.

D-173

Notes:

Provenience: 13B

Unit: N442.66 E500.35

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 13C, 13D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.13 99.70

Date Excavated: 19 June 2007

Excavated By: CJC

Recorded By: CJC

Notes:

Provenience: 13C

Unit: N442.66 E500.35

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Unavailable

Feature Association: 13D at top of 13B

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.13 98.89

Date Excavated: 19 June 2007

Excavated By: CJC

Recorded By: CJC

Unit 13 was initially designated STP 105, but given unit designation in the

lab. Unit 13, 2.5x2.5-feet, was placed over the hypothesized northwest

corner of the structure at 1401 Richland Street, 13-feet north of the

Richland Street sidewalk (in-line with the southwest corner of the house at

1403 Richland Street), since nothing in Unit 12 indicated the structure's

north wall (as was expected from the 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance map).

13A, Level 1, is post-1970 fill. Upon removal of 13A, at a depth of 0.1 feet, a

cinder block was encountered along the east wall of the unit. Full excavation

of 13A showed that the cinder block was resting upon the surface of 13B

(Level 2). Not screened.

Dark Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 40% Very Dark Brown

(7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam and 10% Brown (7.5YR4/4), with 2% charcoal

flecks.

13B was likely post-1970 fill/disturbance, although the small size of the unit

made full stratigraphic identification difficult. Not screened.

D-174

Notes:

Provenience: 13D

Unit: N442.66 E500.35

Short Title: Wooden Post

Type: Post

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 13D at top of 13B

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 100.25 98.02

Date Excavated: 19 June 2007

Excavated By: CJC

Recorded By: CJC

Notes:

Provenience: 13E

Unit: N442.66 E500.35

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 13E within 13B. See 'Notes' section

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 99.70 98.82

Date Excavated: 19 June 2007

Excavated By: CJC

Recorded By: CJC

Notes:

13C was an oval post hole/mold, measuring 0.4 feet east-west and 0.6 feet

north-south, uncovered directly underneath the cinder block found within

13A (Level 1). Soil was extremely loose. Likely related to post-1970 activities.

No artifacts recovered.

13D was a wood post directly north of Feature 13C, measuring 0.35 feet (4

inches) east-west, 0.25 feet (3 inches) north-south, and a length of 2.23 feet.

Likely related to post-1970 activities.

Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/2) sandy loam, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 30% Dark Brown (7.5YR3/3) sandy silt, with

1% charcoal flecks.

13E was an irregular depression, measuring 1.0 feet at its narrowest and 1.4

feet at its widest, running roughly north-south through the center of the

unit. 13E was uncovered while excavating 13B (Level 2). Interestingly,

Features 13C, 13D, and 13F – all related to posts – were located on the

feature's western inside edge, suggesting a boundary between spaces, most

likely the north wall of the structure at 1401 Richland Street. If 13E is

indeed related to the structure's wall, then 13C and 13D would pre-date the

1970s activities. Chronology is unclear.

D-175

Provenience: 13F

Unit: N442.66 E500.35

Short Title: South Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (7.5YR2.5/3) sandy loam.

Feature Association: 13F at top of 13H; associated with Feature 13G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.78 98.11

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: CJC

Recorded By: CJC

Notes:

Provenience: 13G

Unit: N442.66 E500.35

Short Title: South Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Brown (7.5YR/4) sandy clay loam.

Feature Association: 13G at top of 13H; associated with Feature 13F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

C 98.77 98.22

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: CJC

Recorded By: CJC

Notes:

Provenience: 13H

Unit: N442.66 E500.35

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening: Closing:

13F was a circular post mold measuring 0.55 feet east-west and 0.6 feet

north-south within a square post hole (Feature 13G). Most likely, this post

was part of the rear (north) wall of 1401 Richland Street.

13G was a square post hole associated with a circular post mold (Feature

13F), measuring 0.85 feet east-west and 0.90 feet north-south.

D-176

SE 98.00 n/a

NE 98.83 n/a

NW 98.74 n/a

SW 98.10 n/a

C 98.82 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 June 2007

Excavated By: CJC

Recorded By: CJC

Notes: 13H was sterile subsoil.

Provenience: 61B

Unit: N455 E504

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 61C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.63 99.28

NE 99.59 99.24

NW 99.59 n/a

SW 99.65 99.33

C 99.63 99.28

Date Excavated: 22 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes: Unit 61 was a 3x3' unit. 61B was the upper-most intact stratum.

Provenience: 61C

Unit: N455 E504

Short Title: Rectangular Stain

Type: Burial

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 61C at top of 61B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.57 99.36

Date Excavated: 22 October 2011

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 2% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 40% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks

D-177

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 61D

Unit: N455 E504

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.28 99.05

NE 99.24 99.09

NW n/a n/a

SW 99.33 99.14

C 99.28 99.11

Date Excavated: 26 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 61E

At the surface of 61B (Level 2), Feature 61C appeared as a rectangular

deposit with rounded corners truncated by the north wall of the unit. Upon

initial excavation, starting from the east, the articulated knee bone of a

chicken was found. Switched from a trowel to a bamboo stick and dental

tools. Exposed the fully articulated skeleton of a buried chicken. The head

was to the west, feet to the east. Excavation was paused with soil surrounding

all bone. Bone was very soft and easily damaged. At the conclusion of Block

3 excavations, in preparation for the removal of the burial intact, a 2'

window was removed around the burial at the surface of Level 2. The burial

measured 1.45' east-west by 1.50' north-south. Soil was removed below

Level 2 around the burial 6 inches from the feature edges. Using supports,

soil was then removed from underneath the feature at a depth of 8 inches.

With 80% of the bottom removed, the feature broke in half along an east-

west axis, with minimal damage to the skeleton. Placed on plywood, the

halves were taken to the lab for re-fitting, cleaning and stabilization of bone.

The goal was to remove enough of the soil matrix to fully expose the burial

but leave the skeleton intact in the grave. After re-fitting and cleaning, a

solution of B-72 was used to bind the soil matrix and stabilize the skeleton.

As of 5 September 2012, the skeleton and soil matrix is stable and a wooden

box will be built to enclose the feature for display. The burial appears to be

that of a pet, as there were no other artifacts found within the feature, no

damage was noted to the skeleton, and the bird was intentionally laid in a

prepared depression.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy loam, mottled with 25% Dark

Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt

Excavation of 61D (Level 3) uncovered no features; no artifacts were

recovered.

D-178

Unit: N455 E504

Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.05 n/a

NE 99.09 n/a

NW n/a n/a

SW 99.14 n/a

C 99.11 n/a

Date Excavated: 1 November 2011

Excavated By: n/a

Recorded By: JC

Notes: 61E (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.

Provenience: 62B

Unit: N455 E507

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.53 99.19

NE 99.50 99.27

NW 99.60 99.24

SW 99.64 99.28

C 99.55 99.23

Date Excavated: 22 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 62D

Unit: N455 E507

Short Title: Level 3

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 2% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks and 1% brick fragments

Unit 62 was a 3' (north-south) x 4' (east west) unit. 62B (Level 2) was the

upper-most intact stratum. Level contained no features.

D-179

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.19 98.92

NE 99.27 98.98

NW 99.24 n/a

SW 99.28 n/a

C 99.23 98.95

Date Excavated: 26 October 2011

Excavated By: JC/JMJ

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 62E

Unit: N455 E507

Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 98.92 n/a

NE 98.98 n/a

NW n/a n/a

SW n/a n/a

C 98.95 n/a

Date Excavated: 1 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes: 62E (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.

Provenience: 63B

Unit: N450 E504

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Dark

Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt

Excavation of 62D (Level 3) uncovered no features; no artifacts were

recovered.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, mottled with 15% Very Dark

Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks

D-180

Feature Association: 63C, 63D, 63E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.66 99.38

NE 99.63 99.28

NW 99.61 99.33

SW 99.60 n/a

C 99.58 99.34

Date Excavated: 22 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 63C

Unit: N450 E504

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 63C at top of 63B (Level 2); intrudes upon 63E; associated with 63D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.65 99.63

Date Excavated: 22 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 63D

Unit: N450 E504

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 63D at top of 63B (Level 2); intrudes upon 63E; associated with 63C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Unit 63 was a 3' (east-west) x 5' (north-south) unit. 63B was the upper-most

intact stratum. The majority of the unit was taken up by Feature 63E. Very

few artifacts recovered.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

63C was likely a circular post mold measuring 0.2' in diameter associated

with likely post hole feature 63D, both of which intruded upon feature 63E.

Upon excavation, 63C disappeared after light troweling – may or may not be

a post mold.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks

D-181

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.65 99.63

Date Excavated: 22 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 63E

Unit: N450 E504

Short Title: Oval Pit

Type: Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 63E at top of 63B (Level 2); intruded upon by 63C & 63D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

N n/a 97.89

S n/a 97.95

C 99.58 98.41

Date Excavated: 22 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 63F

Unit: N450 E504

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

63D was likely an oval post hole measuring 0.55' east-west and 0.5' north-

south (truncated by the south wall of the unit) associated with likely post

mold feature 63C, both of which intruded upon feature 63E. Upon

excavation, 63D disappeared after light troweling – may or may not be a post

hole.

Yellowish Red (5yr4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 15% Very Dark Grayish

Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 5% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6)

sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks and <1% brick fragments

Feature 63E was a continuation of Feature 12Y to the south. At the surface

of 63B (Level 2), 63E appeared as a large, oval shape, extending into the west

wall of the unit. Upon excavation, the feature was a large, bowl-shaped

depression (consistent with 12Y) with a hump on the floor, centered,

running east-west. Soil matrix was composed of a heavily mottled mix

dominated by sandy clay (subsoil) with pockets of other soils throughout.

Very few artifacts recovered, all of which were very small. No evidence of

burning. Function of pit feature unknown. Possible pit to recover clay? Note:

center elevation is the hump. Feature measured 3 feet east-west from the west

wall and 3.7 feet north-south from the south wall.

D-182

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.38 n/a

NE 99.28 n/a

NW 99.33 n/a

SW n/a n/a

C 99.34 99.13

Date Excavated: 26 October 2011

Excavated By: JC/JMJ

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 63G

Unit: N450 E504

Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE n/a n/a

NE n/a n/a

NW n/a n/a

SW n/a n/a

C 99.13 n/a

Date Excavated: 1 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes: 63G (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.

Provenience: 64B

Unit: N450 E507

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy loam, mottled with 40% Dark

Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks

Excavation of 63F (Level 3) uncovered no features; no artifacts were

recovered.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 15% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks

D-183

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.61 99.26

NE 99.53 99.19

NW 99.67 99.34

SW 99.62 99.38

C 99.62 99.30

Date Excavated: 22 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 64C

Unit: N450 E507

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 64D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.26 99.04

NE 99.19 n/a

NW 99.34 n/a

SW 99.38 99.10

C 99.30 99.03

Date Excavated: 26 October 2011

Excavated By: JC/JMJ

Recorded By: JC

Notes: No artifacts recovered from stratum.

Provenience: 64D

Unit: N450 E507

Short Title: Small Post Mold

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt

Feature Association: 64D at top of 64C (Level 3)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:No artifacts

Elevations:

Unit 64 was a 4' (east-west) x 5' (north-south) unit. 64B was the upper-most

intact stratum. No features uncovered; very few artifacts recovered.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/3) sandy loam, mottled with 5% Dark

Brown (10YR2/3) sandy silt and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

D-184

Opening:Closing:

C 99.26 95.76

Date Excavated: 26 October 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 64E

Unit: N450 E507

Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.04 n/a

NE n/a n/a

NW n/a n/a

SW 99.10 n/a

C 99.03 n/a

Date Excavated: 1 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes: 64E (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.

Provenience: 65B

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 65C, 65D, 65E, 65H, 65J, 65K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.70 99.55

NE 99.72 99.47

NW 99.89 99.64

SW 99.87 99.67

C 99.79 99.58

64D was a small, irregularly shaped circular depression measuring 0.25' in

diameter. The profile was bowl-like. Irregular plan and floor suggest the

feature was likely not a post mold. No artifacts recovered.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy loam, mottled with 10% Dark

Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks

D-185

Date Excavated: 14 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 65C

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 65C at top of 65B (Level 2); intrudes upon 65H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.85 98.60

Date Excavated: 14 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 65D

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 65D at top of 65B (Level 2); intrudes upon features 65E & 65H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.66 98.58

Date Excavated: 14 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Unit 65 was a 4' (east-west) x 5' (north-south) unit, truncated on the west by

the Marion Street sidewalk, west of Unit 12. 65B was the upper-most intact

stratum. No artifacts recovered.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand, mottled with 15% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% charcoal flecks and 1% brick fragments

65C appeared as a circular stain on the surface of 65B (Level 2), intruding

upon the north edge of feature 65H. Upon excavation, 65C turned into a

shallow post hole with a rectangular post mold. The mold measured

0.35x0.25' and ran very deep. There were small fragments of post near the

bottom. Depth of post hole = 99.70'; depth of post mold = 98.60'. Soil

matrices from hole and mold were not provenienced separately

Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

D-186

Notes:

Provenience: 65E

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 65E at top of 65B (Level 2); intruded upon by 65 D; intrudes upon 65H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.66 98.53

Date Excavated: 14 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 65H

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Linear Trench

Type: Trench

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 65H at top of 65B (Level 2); intruded upon by 65C, 65D & 65E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.70 99.50

NW 99.82 99.60

Date Excavated: 18 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

At the surface of 65B (Level 2), 65D appeared as a circular stain measuring

0.6' in diameter. Upon removing ~ 0.1', a highly degraded rectangular post

measuring 0.35' east-west x 0.2' north-south (2x4”) was discovered. Large

fragments of the post were recovered. Upon full excavation, the feature was a

square post hole measuring 0.75' north-south x 0.8' east-west. 65D intruded

upon post feature 65E, suggesting that 65D may have been a replacement

post.

Brown (10YR4/3) silty sand, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay and 5% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand

65E was a square post hole measuring 0.9' north-south x 0.8' east-west. The

feature was intruded upon by post feature 65D, which may have been a

replacement or additional support for 65E. 65E was part of the west wall of

the pre-1403 Richland Street house.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, mottled with 15% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and <5% Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty

sand, with 1% mortar fragments and <1% charcoal flecks

D-187

Notes:

Provenience: 65J

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 65J at top of 65B (Level 2); associated with post mold 65K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.72 98.40

Date Excavated: 18 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 65K

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 65K at top of 65B (Level 2); associated with post hole 65J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.72 98.40

Date Excavated: 17 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

65H was a trench feature running roughly northwest-southeast across the

unit, measuring 0.75' wide; intruded upon by post features 65C, 65D and

65E. At the surface of 65B (Level 2), 65H had linear edges. Upon

excavation, the edges and walls of the feature were more irregular. After

removing ~ 0.1' of the defined stratigraphic matrix above, the feature had a

surface of very compact sandy silt of the same soil color. After removing the

compact stratum, found to be a shallow trench with a nearly level floor.

Three artifacts recovered. The function of the trench is unknown.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, mottled with 35% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Dark Grayish Brown (10YR4/2) silty

sand, with 5% charcoal flecks and 1% brick fragments

65J was a square post hole, measuring 1.4' square, associated with post mold

65K. The post hole was part of the west wall of the pre-1403 Richland Street

house.

Black (10YR2/1) very loose sandy loam, with wood and charcoal fragments

throughout

D-188

Notes:

Provenience: 65L

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Brown (7.5YR4/4) silty sand, with <1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.55 99.10

NE 99.47 99.08

NW 99.64 99.16

SW 99.67 99.25

C 99.58 99.19

Date Excavated: 20 October 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes: 65L (Level 3) was not screened; no features uncovered.

Provenience: 65M

Unit: N445 E498

Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:Not Excavated

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.10 n/a

NE 99.08 n/a

NW 99.16 n/a

SW 99.25 n/a

C 99.19 n/a

Date Excavated: 21 October 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

65K was a circular post mold associated with square post hole 65J. 65K

measured 0.8' east-west x 0.6' north-south, suggesting an 8” post. Several

small fragments of the post were recovered. The post lines up on an east-west

axis with post 12J (associated with post hole 12W); also lines up with post

feature 13F. The base of the post was roughly at the same depth as post 13F,

while post 12J was significantly deeper.

D-189

Notes:

Provenience: 66B

Unit: N445 E507

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 66C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.67 99.53

NE 99.64 99.45

NW 99.76 99.38

SW 99.72 99.50

C 99.67 99.45

Date Excavated: 13 October 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 66C

Unit: N445 E507

Short Title: Trash Pit, E ½, Upper

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 66C at top of 66B (Level 2); associated with 12P

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

S 99.71 99.36

N 99.80 99.31

C 99.75 99.43

Date Excavated: 13 October 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

No features uncovered at the surface of 65M (Level 4). There was a small

concentration of charcoal flecks in the north-center of the unit, directly

north of features 65E and 65D – might be related to activities associated

with the time period when the pre-1403 Richland Street house was standing.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Brown

(10YR3/3) sandy silt and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1%

charcoal flecks

Unit 66 was a 4' (east-west) x 5' (north-south) unit. 66B was the upper-most

intact stratum. No artifacts recovered.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 2% mortar and 1% charcoal flecks

D-190

Notes:

Provenience: 66D

Unit: N445 E507

Short Title: Trash Pit, E ½, Lower

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 66D below 66C; associated with 12T

TPQ Date: 1907 Based Upon:(see 12T)

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

S 99.36 n/a

N 99.31 n/a

C 99.43 97.39

Date Excavated: 14 October 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 66E

Unit: N445 E507

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 66F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.53 99.17

NE 99.45 99.17

NW 99.38 99.08

SW 99.50 99.14

C 99.45 99.12

Date Excavated: 20 October 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

66C was the upper stratum of the eastern half of the lunch counter trash pit.

Artifacts were merged with provenience 12P (the upper stratum of the

western half of the trash pit).

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark Brown

(10YR3/3) sandy silt and 2% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1%

charcoal flecks

66D was the lower stratum of the eastern half of the lunch counter trash pit.

Artifacts were merged with provenience 12T (the lower stratum of the

western half of the trash pit).

Brown (7.5YR4/4) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish Brown

(10YR4/4) sandy silt and 2% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

D-191

Notes:

Provenience: 66F

Unit: N445 E507

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 66F at the top of 66E (Level 3)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.53 98.10

Date Excavated: 21 October 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 66G

Unit: N445 E507

Short Title: Level 4 (Subsoil)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.17 n/a

NE 99.17 n/a

NW 99.08 n/a

SW 99.14 n/a

C 99.12 n/a

Date Excavated: 25 October 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes: 66G (Level 4) was sterile subsoil. Not excavated.

Provenience: 67B

Due to time constraints and the very compact nature of the 66E (Level 3),

the stratum was not screened.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with <10% Brown (7.5YR4/4)

sandy silt

At the surface of 66E (Level 3), 66F appeared as a roughly-circular

depression or stain, measuring 1.2' east-west and 1.15' north-south, and

thought to be a post hole or mold, however, actual function is unknown. A

2.5” cannon ball was recovered from the base of the feature. Note the feature

is in-line along an east-west axis with post feature 65J, suggesting a possible

association with the pre-1403 Richland Street house.

D-192

Unit: N440 E498

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 67C, 67D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.73 n/a

SW 100.66 n/a

Date Excavated: 14 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 67C

Unit: N440 E498

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt

Feature Association: 67C at top of 67B (Level 2); intrudes upon 67D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.66 n/a

Date Excavated: 10 January 2012

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 67D

Unit: N440 E498

Short Title: Pipe Trench

Type: Trench

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments

Unit 67 was a 4' (east-west) x 5' (north south) unit. The unit was bisected

along an east-west axis by brick trench feature 68C. 67B was the upper-most

intact stratum south of the brick feature; 67B was heavily disturbed by post

1970s construction activities north of the drain and was thus removed with

67A (Level 1) stratum. Due to time constraints, 67B was not excavated.

67C was a circular post mold measuring 0.5' in diameter located along, and

slightly intruding upon, the southern edge of trench feature 67D. With

vertical walls, the feature contained no evidence of a post. Unable to

determine if 67C is related to pre- or post-1970s activities. Closing elevation

not recorded.

D-193

Stratigraphic Definition: Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

Feature Association: 67D at top of 67B (Level 2); intruded upon by 67C; associated with 68C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.88 100.10

SW 100.83 100.00

Date Excavated: 10 January 2012

Excavated By: JMS/JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 68B

Unit: N440 E502

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.98 100.27

SW 100.73 100.26

C 100.70 100.26

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 68C

Unit: N440 E502

Short Title: Brick Drain

67D was a shallow trench feature, 1.6' wide, associated with a terracotta

waste-water line connecting the brick drain feature 68C with the waste lines

under Marion Street. With uneven walls and plan, the hand-dug trench

contained the intact 6” terracotta line, which was composed of two sections

with a cement joint. The first, to the west, was likely laid by city workers and

extended under the sidewalk. The second, slightly angled to the north,

connected to the brick drain through a home-made cement and brick

coupler.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt

Unit 68 was bisected along an east-west axis by brick trench feature 68C.

68B was the upper-most intact stratum south of the brick feature; 68B was

heavily disturbed by post 1970s construction activities north of the drain and

thus was removed with 68A (Level 1) stratum. Note: center elevation is south

of the drain, not center of unit. No artifacts recovered.

D-194

Type: Drain

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 68E was at the top of 67B (Level 2); associated with 67D

TPQ Date: 1902 Based Upon:Date that City of Columbia began laying sewerage pipes

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

E 100.98 n/a

W 100.96 n/a

Date Excavated: 14 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 68D

Unit: N440 E502

Short Title: Cinder Blocks

Type: Foundation

Stratigraphic Definition: No soil matrix

Feature Association: 68D at top of 68G (Level 4)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.03 n/a

Date Excavated: 14 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

68C was a mostly-intact brick drain feature running east-west along what

would have been the inside of the back (north) wall of the lunch counter at

1401 Richland Street. The drain was three bricks wide – a center row of

bricks laid header-to-header, forming the base of the drain, and a row of

bricks on each side, laid stretcher-to-stretcher and slightly angled upwards

towards the far ends to form a 'U' shape. The bricks were mortared with

evidence of a plaster-like overlay that would have coated the exposed surface

of the drain. The west end of the open drain tied into a 6” terracotta pipe at

the west wall of the lunch counter, which was connected to the City's waste

water system. The connection point between drain and pipe was a home-

built concave dam composed of cement over brick, with the mouth of the

pipe exposed at the base of the drain. The drain ran the width of the lunch

counter. The east end of the drain was damaged by post-1970 construction

activities at the site. Before back-filling the excavation units, the drain was

covered with 6 mil black plastic and left in situ.

D-195

Notes:

Provenience: 68E

Unit: N440 E502

Short Title: Circular Stain

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand

Feature Association: 68E at top of 68B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.66 100.54

Date Excavated: 14 November 2011

Excavated By: DCR

Recorded By: DCR

Notes:

Provenience: 68F

Unit: N440 E502

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

E 100.27 100.03

W 100.26 99.83

C 100.26 100.02

Date Excavated: 25 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

68D was a row of 5 cinder blocks running east-west along what would have

been the outside of the back (north) wall of the lunch counter at 1401

Richland Street. The wall of the counter would have sat directly between the

brick drain (68C) and the cinder blocks. Given that concrete blocks were in

wide-spread use by the first decade of the 1900s, it is likely that the blocks

were added sometime after the lunch counter was built. It is also possible

that they were part of the original construction. The eastern-most block was

damaged by post-1970 construction activities at the site. Before back-filling

the excavation units, the blocks were covered with 6 mil black plastic and left

in situ.

68E was a very shallow, bowl-like depression with an uneven floor measuring

0.75' in diameter. Likely not culturally significant, but might be the base of a

post hole/mold or, given the irregular surface of the floor, remains of a

planting space.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, 45% Very Dark Gray

(10YR3/1) loamy sand and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

D-196

Notes:

Provenience: 68G

Unit: N440 E502

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

E 100.03 99.69

W 99.83 99.71

C 100.02 99.70

Date Excavated: 8 December 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 68H

Unit: N440 E502

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

E 99.69 n/a

W 99.71 n/a

C 99.70 n/a

Date Excavated: 8 December 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

68F was a stratum composed of a dark soil matrix that extended across Block

3 and is likely related to the destruction of the lunch counter at 1401

Richland Street.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Very Dark

Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt and 10% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2)

sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks

68G (Level 4) was thicker to the east, sloping downward to the west. No

features uncovered. Stratum relates to the pre-lunch counter (pre-1891) use

of the southwest corner of the property.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam

Excavation halted at the surface of 68H (Level 5) due to time constraints. No

features at surface.

D-197

Provenience: 69B

Unit: N440 E507

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 69C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

NE 99.67 n/a

NW 99.72 n/a

SW 100.98 n/a

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 69C

Unit: N440 E507

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Black (10YR2/1) silty sand

Feature Association: 69C at top of 69B

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.81 n/a

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 70B

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt

In order to avoid a tree stump, Unit 69 was a six-sided 'L' shape. The unit

was bisected along an east-west axis by brick trench feature 68C. 69B was the

upper-most intact stratum south of the brick feature; 69B was heavily

disturbed by post 1970s construction activities north of the drain and thus

was removed with 69A (Level 1) stratum. The only stratum excavated in this

unit was a one square foot area south of the drain. The remainder was

exposed but not investigated further. No artifacts recovered.

69C was a square post mold measuring 0.4' (east-west) x 0.25' (north-south).

Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Decayed wood was

evident at the surface of the feature.

D-198

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 70C, 70D, 70E, 70F, 70G, 70H, 70J, 70K, 70L

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.81 n/a

NE 100.73 n/a

NW 100.66 n/a

SW 100.88 n/a

C 100.85 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 70C

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 70C at top of 70B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.66 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments

Unit 70 was a 5' (north-south) x 4' (east west) unit. 70B (Level 2) was the

upper-most intact stratum. The west edge of the unit was truncated by the

Marion Street sidewalk. From the sidewalk, 2.65 feet was a boundary

consistent with the west wall of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary

between highly mottled sandy clay (west) and less mottled sandy silt (east).

The east side of this boundary contained many planting features, most of

which were associated with post-1909 activities (after the lunch counter

burned). Due to time constraints, the unit was not excavated.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

70C, thought to be a post hole or mold, was an oval stain at the surface of

70B (Level 2) measuring 0.60' east-west and 0.70' north-south. The feature

was located within the mottled clayey area along the west side of the unit.

Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-199

Provenience: 70D

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 70D at top of 70B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.64 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 70E

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 70E at top of 70B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 70F

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 70F at top of 70B (Level 2)

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt and 2% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

70D, thought to be a post mold, was a rectangular stain at the surface of 70B

(Level 2) measuring 0.20'' east-west and 0.40' north-south. The feature was

located within the mottled clayey area along the west side of the unit. Not

excavated due to time constraints.

70E was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring

0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the

east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-200

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.72 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 70G

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 70G at top of 70B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.79 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 70H

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 70H at top of 70B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.80 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

70F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring

0.45' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the

east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.

70G was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2)

measuring 0.20' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area

within the east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-201

Notes:

Provenience: 70J

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 70J at top of 70B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.80 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 70K

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 70K at top of 70B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.81 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 70L

Unit: N435 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

70H was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring

0.50' in diameter. The feature was located along the edge of the silty area

within the east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.

70J was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring

0.30' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the

east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.

70K was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring

0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the

east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-202

Feature Association: 70L at top of 70B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.81 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71B

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 71C, 71D, 71E, 71F, 71G, 71H, 71J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.09 n/a

NE 100.98 100.35

NW 100.76 100.39

SW 100.81 n/a

C 100.76 100.47

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71C

Unit: N435 E502

70L was a circular planting feature at the surface of 70B (Level 2) measuring

0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the silty area within the

east side of the unit. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt

71B was the upper-most intact stratum. Unit excavation started by removing

the linear brick feature associated with a walkway between planting spaces

created sometime after the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. All

bricks were saved so that they might be used again in future landscaping.

Due to time constraints, excavation strategy was to remove all of Level 2

without screening to expose the strata below that related to earlier uses of this

space more quickly. Although the artifacts that would have been recovered

from this stratum would have given a suggestion as to how long the planting

space(s) was used, the likely answer was already known: after the destruction

of the lunch counter through the period the house was used as a living space.

Stratum 75B was screened as a control.

D-203

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 71C at top of 71B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: DCR/JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71D

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand, with 2% coal fragments

Feature Association: 71D at top of 71B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.47 99.76

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: DCR

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71E

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 71E at top of 71B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.81 n/a

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

71C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring

0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-

lined walkway.

71D was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring

0.45' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-

lined walkway (see 71B). No artifacts recovered.

D-204

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71F

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 71F at top of 71B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.98 n/a

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71G

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 71G at top of 71B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.76 n/a

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71H

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Planting

71E was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring

0.45' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).

71F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring

0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).

71G was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring

0.75' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).

D-205

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 71H at top of 71B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.09 n/a

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71J

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 71J at top of 71B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.75 n/a

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71M

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Level 3 (Lunch Counter Stratum)

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.58 100.33

71H was a circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2) measuring

0.55' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).

71J was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 71B (Level 2)

measuring 0.25' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of

the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 71B).

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, mottled with 40% Very Dark

Gray (10YR3/1) loamy sand and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with 1% mortar fragments

D-206

NE 100.35 100.19

NW 100.39 100.00

SW 100.70 100.31

C 100.47 100.36

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71N

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, with 1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 71N at top of 71R (Level 4); associated with post hole 77T

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.22 97.69

Date Excavated: 25 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71P

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: Planting

71M (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high

concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the

planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 4 (a stratum common to the

entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch

counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum

is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience

were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a

single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,

75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.

At the surface of 71R (Level 4), 71N appeared as a circular stain with a

diameter of 0.60 feet. Upon excavation, the east half of the feature's wall was

consistent with Level 4 soil, while the west half was composed of very loose

dark soil, consistent with feature fill and Level 3. Thinking that 71N was

intruding upon a feature associated with a lower stratum, excavation was

halted until Level 4 was fully excavated, at which time it became clear that

71N was a post mold feature associated with post hole feature 77T. 77T was

associated with Level 5. The different level associations of the mold and hole

suggests that the post was in-place during an event which caused the

formation of a new stratum.

D-207

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 71P at top of 71R (Level 4)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.33 99.68

Date Excavated: 25 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71Q

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy loam, with <1% charcoal flecks

Feature Association: 71Q at top of 71R (Level 4)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.31 100.09

Date Excavated: 25 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71R

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with 2% charcoal flecks

At the surface of 71R (Level 4), 71P appeared on the surface as an irregular

stain/depression with a roughly-circular shape, measuring 1.85' east-west and

2.10' north-south. Upon excavation, the plan-view of the feature stayed the

same, with slightly in-slopping walls. The floor of the feature was a surprise –

an extremely compact surface. The floor was consistently hard/compact

except for a large number of hollow root channels. The feature seems to be

the remains of a fairly large plant – bush, small tree) – during the period

between the removal of the pre-1403 Richland Street house and the building

of the lunch counter in 1891.

71Q was a circular depression, 0.60' in diameter. Upon excavation, profile of

the feature was a bowl-like depression. Although post related, there was no

evidence of a mold/post within, nor evidence of a post hole surrounding.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Very Dark

Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt and 10% Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2)

sandy loam, with 1% charcoal flecks

D-208

Feature Association: 71N, 71P, 71Q

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.33 99.70

NE 100.19 99.64

NW 100.00 99.66

SW 100.31 99.71

C 100.36 99.70

Date Excavated: 25 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71S

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 71T, 71W

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.70 n/a

NE 99.64 n/a

NW 99.66 n/a

SW 99.71 n/a

C 99.70 n/a

Date Excavated: 5 December 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71T

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

71R (Level 4) was a stratum representing the time period between the

destruction of the pre-1403 Richland Street house and the building of the

lunch counter in 1891. The surface of 71R was level on the southwest side of

the unit. Moving north, the surface became increasingly more irregular, with

a highly uneven floor at the north end of the unit (toward the brick drain).

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam

71S (Level 5) was a largely homogeneous stratum with patches of Very Dark

Grayish Brown (non-features). Due to time constraints, excavation was

halted at the surface of 71S.

D-209

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 71T at top of 71S (Level 5); associated with post mold 71N & 71W

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.80 97.69

Date Excavated: 5 December 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 71W

Unit: N435 E502

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 71W at top of 71S (Level 5); associated with 71T

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.80 97.88

Date Excavated: 5 December 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 72B

Unit: N430 E498

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) and 10% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6) loose sand

(builder's sand)

71T was a highly mottled feature at the surface of 71S (Level 5). The south

half of the feature was circular while the north half was square. The circular

section contained a post mold (71N). Upon excavation, the feature divided

into two related features: a square post hole to the north (71T) and a

roughly-circular post hole to the south (71W). The square post hole (71T)

measured 1.20' east-west and 1.10' north-south. 71W was likely a

replacement post (or additional post) for post feature 71T. Both post holes

were part of the west wall of the pre-1403 Richland Street house. See entries

for 71N and 71W.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) and 10% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6) loose sand

(builder's sand)

71W was a circular post hole feature (diameter = 2.50') directly to the south

of square post hole feature 71T (please see entry for relationship). 71W was a

replacement (or additional) post for 71T. 71W had irregular edges and walls.

Given the smooth and square forms of all other posts associated with the pre-

1403 Richland Street house, the irregular form of 71W suggests that a

structure was in-place at the time it was created. Wood post fragments were

recovered from the feature.

D-210

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 72C, 72D, 72E, 72F, 72G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.10 n/a

NE 101.03 n/a

NW 100.88 n/a

SW 100.81 n/a

C 101.05 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 72C

Unit: N430 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 72C at top of 72B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.83 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments

Unit 72 was a 5' (north-south) x 4' (east west) unit. 72B (Level 2) was the

upper-most intact stratum. The west edge of the unit was truncated by the

Marion Street sidewalk. From the sidewalk, 2.65 feet was a boundary

consistent with the west wall of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary

between highly mottled sandy clay (west) and less mottled sandy silt (east).

The east side of this boundary contained many planting features, most of

which were associated with post-1909 activities (after the lunch counter

burned). Due to time constraints, the unit was not excavated.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

72C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 72B (Level 2) measuring

0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 72B).

D-211

Provenience: 72D

Unit: N430 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 72D at top of 72B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.10 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 72E

Unit: N430 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 72E at top of 72B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.10 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 72F

Unit: N430 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 72F at top of 72B (Level 2)

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

72D was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 72B (Level 2)

measuring 0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of

the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 72B).

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

72E was an oval-ish planting feature at the surface of 72B (Level 2)

measuring 1.00' east-west and 0.70' north-south. The feature was located

within the area west of the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time

constraints (see 72B).

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

D-212

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.05 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73B

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 73C, 73D, 73E, 73F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.00 100.58

NE 101.09 100.58

NW 100.81 100.57

SW 101.10 100.70

C 100.94 100.63

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73C

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Planting

72F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 72B (Level 2) measuring

0.80' in diameter. The feature was located within the area west of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 72B).

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt

73B was the upper-most intact stratum. Unit excavation started by removing

the linear brick feature associated with a walkway between planting spaces

created sometime after the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. All

bricks were saved so that they might be used again in future landscaping.

Due to time constraints, excavation strategy was to remove all of Level 2

without screening to expose the strata below that related to earlier uses of this

space more quickly. Although the artifacts that would have been recovered

from this stratum might have given a suggestion as to how long the planting

space(s) was used, the likely answer was already known: after the destruction

of the lunch counter through the period the house was used as a living space.

Stratum 75B was screened as a control.

D-213

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 73C at top of 73B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.09 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73D

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 73D at top of 73B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.08 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73E

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 73E at top of 73B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.10 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

73C was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 73B (Level 2)

measuring 0.30' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of

the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 73B).

73D was a small, circular planting feature at the surface of 73B (Level 2)

measuring 0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of

the brick-lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 73B).

D-214

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73F

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 73F at top of 73B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.09 n/a

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73G

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.58 100.46

NE 100.58 100.25

NW 100.57 100.35

SW 100.70 100.45

C 100.63 100.44

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

73E was a circular planting feature at the surface of 73B (Level 2) measuring

0.65' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 73B).

73F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 73B (Level 2) measuring

0.95' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints (see 73B).

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/6) silty sand, mottled with 40% Very Dark

Gray (10YR3/1) loamy sand and 10% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with 1% mortar fragments

D-215

Notes:

Provenience: 73H

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 73J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.46 99.78

NE 100.25 99.76

NW 100.35 99.79

SW 100.45 99.80

C 100.44 99.78

Date Excavated: 21 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73J

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

73G (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high

concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the

planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 4 (a stratum common to the

entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch

counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum

is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience

were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a

single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,

75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 15% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam

73H (Level 4) soil matrix was consistent with that of Units 77 (south) and

71 (north) – at the surface. Upon excavation, approximately 0.10-0.20'

below surface, a lens of very compact gray (10YR4/1 to 10YR5/1) sand was

encountered. The lens was highly irregular in plan-view and covers almost

the entirety of the north half of the unit. Upon removal, the lens, which

varied between 0.10 and 0.20' thick, was found to be 'resting' on the top,

level surface of Level 5 (73K). The lens contained no artifacts. Function,

process of creation, etc. is unknown, but a possible scenario is that the lens is

the remains of a grayish sand deposited on the surface of Level 5 and

subsequently buried through activities associated with the creation of Level 4

(of which the lens may have been a part).

Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loamy sand, mottled with 1% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar

D-216

Feature Association: 73J at top of 73H (Level 4); associated with 77D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.46 99.64

Date Excavated: 21 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73K

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 73L

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.78 n/a

NE 99.76 n/a

NW 99.79 n/a

SW 99.80 n/a

C 99.78 n/a

Date Excavated: 1 December 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 73L

Unit: N430 E502

Short Title: Square Depression

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 73L at top of 73K (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

73J was a semi-circular post hole (diameter = 2.75') truncated by the east

wall of the unit. The feature straddled Units 73 and 77. 73J is associated

with post mold feature 77D. The post hole had slightly irregular edges and

bowl-like sides, with an uneven floor. The base of 73J was significantly

higher than post mold 77D.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) sandy silt, mottled with 15% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam and 5% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

sandy clay

73K (Level 5) was a mottled stratum with many small roots. Due to time

constraints, excavation was halted at the surface.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6), with 10% brick fragments and <1% charcoal flecks

D-217

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.81 97.78

Date Excavated: 1 December 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74B

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 74C, 74D, 74E, 74F, 74G, 74H, 74J, 74K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.97 100.92

NE 101.06 100.88

NW 101.09 100.85

SW 101.00 100.81

C 101.13 100.92

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 74C

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74C at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.09 n/a

At the surface of 73K (Level 5), 73L appeared as a square post hole

measuring 1.10' north-south and 1.40' east-west (truncated by the west wall

of the unit). There was no indication of a post mold. Fully excavated, at the

base of the feature was the indication of a circular post mold (diameter =

0.60'). The post was part of the west wall of the pre-1403 Richland Street

house.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) silty sand

74B, the upper-most intact stratum, was a thin, heavily mottled stratum

composed primarily of sandy clay. Few artifacts were present, and those that

were encountered were scattered throughout the bottom of the stratum.

D-218

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74D

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74D at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.09 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74E

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74E at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.08 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74F

Unit: N430 E508

74C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

74D was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

74E was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.75' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-219

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74F at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.08 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74G

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74G at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.06 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74H

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74H at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.06 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

74F was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.50' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

74G was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-220

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74J

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74J at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.08 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74K

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74K at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.05 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74L

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Planting

74H was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.40' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

74J was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.60' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

74K was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.55' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-221

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 74L at top of 74B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.03 n/a

Date Excavated: 29 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74M

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.92 100.47

NE 100.88 100.54

NW 100.85 100.28

SW 100.81 100.41

C 100.92 100.22

Date Excavated: 30 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 74N

Unit: N430 E508

74L was a circular planting feature at the surface of 74B (Level 2) measuring

0.30' in diameter. The feature was located within the area north of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

Brown (10YR3/7) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6)

compact sandy clay and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt

74M (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high

concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the

planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 4 (a stratum common to the

entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch

counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum

is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience

were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a

single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,

75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.

D-222

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 74P

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.47 n/a

NE 100.54 99.96

NW 100.28 99.81

SW 100.41 99.86

C 100.22 99.90

Date Excavated: 07 December 2012

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 74P

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 74P at top of 74N (Level 4)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

S 100.10 99.46

N 100.11 99.66

C 100.10 99.66

Date Excavated: 12 December 2011

Excavated By:

Recorded By:

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Brown

(7.5YR5/4) silty sand and 5% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, with

<1% charcoal flecks

Stratum 74N (Level 4) contained large artifacts throughout and a trash pits

(74P). Artifact type and size suggests that 74N is associated either with the

destruction of the lunch counter or the counter's operation. Given the

location of 74N below the dark stratum common to Block 3 and associated

with the counter's destruction (e.g. 74M), the most probable association is

with that of the counter's operation between 1891 and 1909.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt and <1% charcoal flecks

JMJ

JMJ/JC

D-223

Notes:

Provenience: 74S

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 74T

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE n/a n/a

NE 99.96 99.73

NW 99.81 99.65

SW 99.86 99.71

C 99.90 99.73

Date Excavated: 15 December 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 74T

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Small Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 74T at top of 74S (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.80 99.58

At the surface of 74N (Level 4), 74P appeared as a dark circular stain

(diameter = 2.60') surrounded by a Grayish Brown (10YR5/2) outer ring of

sandy silt, both truncated by the east wall of the unit. The circular stain and

outer ring were initially provenienced separately, but during the course of

excavation, it was apparent that the two were part of the same deposit, with

obvious cross-mending artifacts in both, and were thus combined under the

provenience 74P. Upon subsequent excavation of Unit 75, the east half of

the trash pit was excavated. For sake of provenience descriptions, 74P refers

to the west half of the trash pit; 75H refers to the east half of the pit. Note,

however, that all the artifacts are provenienced as 74P as they are part of the

same deposit.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Reddish Yellow

(5YR6/8) sandy silt

Stratum 74S (Level 5) is associated with the period between the removal of

the pre-1403 Richland Street house and the building of the lunch counter in

1891.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

D-224

Date Excavated: 15 December 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 74U

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 74U at top of 74S

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.76 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 January 2012

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

Notes:

Provenience: 74V

Unit: N430 E508

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE n/a n/a

NE 99.73 n/a

NW 99.65 n/a

SW 99.71 n/a

C 99.73 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 January 2012

Excavated By: Not Excavated

At the surface of 74S (Level 5), 74T appeared as an oval stain measuring

0.65' northeast-southwest and 0.45' northwest-southeast. Upon excavation,

the feature expanded into a roughly circular shape (diameter = 0.90') with a

shallow bowl profile. Function of feature is unknown.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

Feature 74U was a square post hole measuring 1.10' east-west, truncated by

the south wall of the unit. Due to time constraints, the feature was not

excavated. Note that the feature is in-line along an east-west axis with post

feature 73L to the west. 74U is likely associated with the pre-1403 Richland

Street house.

D-225

Recorded By: JC

Notes: 74V was sterile subsoil.

Provenience: 75B

Unit: N430 E512

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 75C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.12 100.73

NE 100.92 n/a

NW 101.06 100.62

SW 100.97 n/a

C 101.19 n/a

Date Excavated: 14 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

Notes:

Provenience: 75C

Unit: N430 E512

Short Title: Circular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 75C at top of 75B

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.92 100.11

Date Excavated: 14 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay and 10% Brown (7.5YR4/4) sandy silt,

with <1% charcoal

Unit 75 was a 5' (north-south) x 3' (east-west) unit. 75B (Level 2) was the

upper-most intact stratum associated with planting activities that occurred

after the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. Unlike all other units

south of the brick drain feature (68C), 75B contained no evidence of

planting features. The brick-lined walkway ran east-west along the south half

of the unit.

Reddish Brown (2.5YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Brown (7.5YR4/4)

sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments

D-226

Notes:

Provenience: 75D

Unit: N430 E512

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.73 100.26

NE n/a 100.11

NW 100.62 100.26

Date Excavated: 15 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JC/JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 75E

Unit: N430 E512

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.26 100.01

NE 100.11 100.16

NW 100.26 100.09

Date Excavated: 17 November 2011

75C was a small, circular depression in the north-east corner of the unit,

measuring 1.17' east-west and 1.20' north-south (truncated by unit walls).

Function of feature is unknown, but a small trash pit is likely.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <5% charcoal flecks

75D (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high

concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the

planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 5 (a stratum common to the

entire site), this layer (and the one below it – see 75E) is most likely related

to the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. NOTE: while each

provenience common to this stratum is detailed in this volume of the report,

all artifacts from each provenience were combined in the lab to aid analysis,

since this stratum represents a single creation episode. Combined under the

header of 71M are: 73G, 74M, 75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.

Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 25% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt and 2% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay,

with <1% charcoal flecks

D-227

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JC/JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 75F

Unit: N430 E512

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.01 99.97

NE 100.16 99.86

NW 100.09 99.88

Date Excavated: 21 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 75G

Unit: N430 E512

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 75H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.97 99.92

75E (Level 4) was a highly mottled, thin layer of a more compact soil than

75D (Level 3) containing the same high concentration of small artifacts.

Given that the stratum is between the planting-related stratum (Level 2) and

Level 5 (a stratum common to the entire site), the layer is most likely related

to the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. NOTE: while each

provenience common to this stratum is detailed in this volume of the report,

all artifacts from each provenience were combined in the lab to aid analysis,

since this stratum represents a single creation episode. Combined under the

header of 71M are: 73G, 74M, 75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Brown

(7.5YR5/4) silty sand and 5% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) sandy silt, with

<1% charcoal flecks

At the surface of stratum 75F were two dark stains within the west center of

the unit. Upon excavation of 75F, the two stains formed one feature

provenienced as 75H. 75F was closed arbitrarily and a new stratum

provenience opened (75G) when the two stains become a defined feature.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 5% Brown (7.5YR4/4)

sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks

D-228

NE 99.86 99.81

NW 99.88 99.83

SW 99.87 99.82

Date Excavated: 22 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes: The majority of surface area at 75G (Level 6) was taken up by feature 75H.

Provenience: 75H

Unit: N430 E512

Short Title: Trash Pit

Type: Trash Pit

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 75H at top of 75G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

S 99.92 99.64

N 99.88 99.69

C n/a 99.54

Date Excavated: 22 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 76B

Unit: N426 E498

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 76C, 76D, 76E, 76F, 76G, 76H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.14 n/a

NE 101.10 n/a

NW 101.03 n/a

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) sandy silt, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks

75H was the east half of a trash pit located along the eastern wall of the

lunch counter or underneath the pre-1403 Richland Street house. For sake

of provenience descriptions, 74P refers to the west half of the trash pit; 75H

refers to the east half of the pit. Note, however, that all the artifacts are

provenienced as 74P as they are part of the same deposit.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments

D-229

SW 101.14 n/a

C 101.07 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 76C

Unit: N426 E498

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 76C at top of 76B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.07 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 76D

Unit: N426 E498

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 76D at top of 76B (Level 2); associated with 76E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.03 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Unit 76 was a 4' x 4' unit. 76B (Level 2) was the upper-most intact stratum.

Bot the west and south edges of the unit were truncated by sidewalks. From

both sidewalks, at 2.65 feet was a boundary consistent with the west and

south walls of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary between highly

mottled sandy clay (west/south) and less mottled sandy silt (east/north). Due

to time constraints, the unit was not excavated.

76C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 76B (Level 2) measuring

0.70' in diameter. The feature was located at the far southwest corner of the

planting space created after the destruction of the lunch counter in 1909.

Not excavated due to time constraints.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.

D-230

Notes:

Provenience: 76E

Unit: N426 E498

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 76E at top of 76B (Level 2); associated with 76D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.03 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 76F

Unit: N426 E498

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 76F at top of 76B (Level 2); intrudes upon 76G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.12 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 76G

76D was a 0.30' square post mold associated with circular post hole 76E.

Given that 76D was in-line along a north-south axis with a modern square

fence post, 76D may be associated with post-1970 activities. Due to time

constraints, the feature was not excavated.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

76E was a circular post hole (diameter = 1.00') associated with square post

mold feature 76D. Given that 76E was in-line along a north-south axis with

a modern square fence post, 76E may be associated with post-1970 activities.

Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated.

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt, mottled with 1% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay.

76F was a circular stain (diameter = 0.60') in the far southwest corner of the

block/site. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Function

of the feature is unknown, but likely either a post hole/mold or planting.

76F intruded upon feature 76G, and might be related to post-1970 activities.

D-231

Unit: N426 E498

Short Title: Rectangular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 76G at top of 76B (Level 2); intruded upon by 76F

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.12 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 76H

Unit: N426 E498

Short Title: Rectangular Depression

Type: UID

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 76H at top of 76B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.14 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77B

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

76G was a rectangular depression measuring 0.65' (east-west) x 1.00' (north-

south) in the far southwest corner of the block/site. Due to time constraints,

the feature was not excavated. Function of the feature is unknown, but likely

a post hole/mold. 76G was intruded upon by feature 76F, and might be

related to post-1970 activities.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

76H was a rectangular depression measuring 0.40' (east-west) x 0.20' (north-

south) along the far south edge of the unit. Due to time constraints, the

feature was not excavated. Function of the feature is unknown, but likely a

post hole/mold, and might be related to post-1970 activities.

D-232

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 77C, 77D, 77E, 77F, 77G, 77H, 77J, 77K, 77L, 77M

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.14 n/a

NE 101.00 n/a

NW 101.10 n/a

SW 101.14 n/a

C 101.12 n/a

Date Excavated: 7 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77C

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 77C at top of 77B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.10 100.32

Date Excavated: 9 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77D

Unit: N426 E502

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments

Unit 77 was a 4' (north-south) x 5' (east west) unit. 77B (Level 2) was the

upper-most intact stratum. The south edge of the unit was truncated by the

Richland Street sidewalk. From the sidewalk, 2.10 feet was a boundary

consistent with the south wall of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary

between highly mottled sandy clay (south) and less mottled sandy silt

(north). The north side of this boundary contained many planting features,

most of which were associated with post-1909 activities (after the lunch

counter destruction). Note that closing elevations for this stratum were not

recorded. Opening elevations for Level 4 (77L) are available.

77C was a circular planting space with the diameter of 0.95', located within

the planting space south of the brick-lined walkway created after the

destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. Upon excavation, the feature had a

shallow, bowl-shaped profile.

D-233

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 77D at top of 77B (Level 2); associated with 73J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.97 99.19

Date Excavated: 9 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77E

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 77E at top of 77B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.10 100.78

Date Excavated: 7 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77F

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 77F at top of 77B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.12 100.51

77D was a circular (diameter = 0.70') post mold associated with post hole

feature 73J. Note that the post mold is in-line along an east-west axis with

the brick-lined walkway feature. 77D's temporal association with the

walkway/planting spaces is unknown.

77E was a small, circular planting space with a diameter of 0.30', located

within the planting space south of the brick-lined walkway created after the

destruction of the lunch counter in 1909. No artifacts recovered.

D-234

Date Excavated: 9 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77G

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 77G at top of 77B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.12 100.70

Date Excavated: 7 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77H

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) loose silty sand.

Feature Association: 77H at top of 77B (Level 2); associated with 77J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.09 98.73

Date Excavated: 7 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

77F was a circular planting space with a diameter of 0.70', located within the

planting space south of the brick-lined walkway created after the destruction

of the lunch counter in 1909. Upon excavation, the feature had a shallow,

bowl-shaped profile with an irregular floor. No artifacts recovered.

77G was a circular planting space with a diameter of 0.70', located along the

south edge of the brick-lined walkway created after the destruction of the

lunch counter in 1909. Upon excavation, the feature had a bowl-shaped

profile. No artifacts recovered.

D-235

Notes:

Provenience: 77J

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Post Mold

Type: Post Mold

Stratigraphic Definition: No Soil Matrix

Feature Association: 77J at top of 77B (Level 2); associated with 77H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.09 n/a

Date Excavated: 7 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77K

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand

Feature Association: 77K at top of 77B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.10 99.30

Date Excavated: 9 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

77H was a circular post hole (diameter = 0.60') with indication of a post

mold at the surface (77J). The south edge of the feature crossed the

boundary between the red clay (south) and sandy silt planting area (north).

Upon excavation, the post hole (77H) and mold (77J) soil matrices were

unable to be kept separate. Below the red clay stratum, the post feature

widened to a diameter of 0.85 feet. Given that the feature was visible at the

top of 77B, but expanded below the red clay stratum, suggests that the

feature existed prior to the creation of the red clay stratum, but the red clay

stratum reduced the visible portion of the feature, likely because the post was

still in place.

77J was a post mold associated with post hole feature 77H. At the surface of

77B, 77J appeared as a circular mold with a diameter of 0.30'. Upon

excavation, ~0.10' below surface, the feature was defined by a square

(0.30x0.30') of highly fragmented wood. Some fragments were recovered,

but most were too small. During excavation, the post hole (77H) and mold

(77J) matrices were unable to be kept separate.

D-236

Notes:

Provenience: 77L

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: 1909 Based Upon:Destruction of lunch counter

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.84 100.37

NE 100.52 100.49

NW 100.60 100.37

SW 100.72 100.37

C 100.74 100.53

Date Excavated: 10 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77M

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 77N

77K was a circular post feature (diameter = 0.60') with no indication of a

post or post mold at the surface. As with post feature 77H, upon excavation,

and below the red clay stratum, the diameter of the feature expanded to 0.85

feet. Given that the feature was visible at the top of 77B, but expanded below

the red clay stratum, suggests that the feature existed prior to the creation of

the red clay stratum, but the red clay stratum reduced the visible portion of

the feature, likely because the post was still in place. Small fragments of wood

from the post were recovered from the lower section of the feature.

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) loose silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% tan mortar fragments

77L (Level 4) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high

concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the

planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 5 (a stratum common to the

entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch

counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum

is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience

were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a

single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,

75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 25% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand, 20% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy

clay, 5% Dark Brown (10YR3/3) silty sand and 1% Dark Grayish Brown

(10YR4/2) clayey loam, with <1% mortar and brick fragments

D-237

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.37 100.21

NE 100.49 100.22

NW 100.37 100.22

SW 100.37 100.26

C 100.53 n/a

Date Excavated: 10 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77P

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.21 99.81

NE 100.22 99.80

NW 100.22 99.76

SW 100.26 99.79

C n/a 99.77

Date Excavated: 14 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Stratigraphy of stratum 77M (Level 5) was consistent within the north and

south halves, but bisected by a thin layer of subsoil, 1.15' wide, running

along the east-west line that separated the red clay layer (seen at the top of

77B) from the south wall of the lunch counter. The layer of subsoil was

removed and contained no artifacts. Given that Level 4 (77L) is associated

with the destruction of the lunch counter, this thin layer of subsoil on the

surface of the stratum below likely relates to the south wall foundation line

of the counter.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, more compact within south ½

of unit

Stratum 77P (Level 6) was an arbitrary level – there was no stratigraphic

difference between 77M (Level 5) and 77P (Level 6), although 77P was more

compact. The decision to create an arbitrary level was based on the discovery

of two possible circular features within the east half of the unit. Upon

investigation, the possible features turned out to be non-culturally significant

stains likely the products of roots.

D-238

Provenience: 77T

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Level 7

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 77W, 77X

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.81 n/a

NE 99.80 n/a

NW 99.76 n/a

SW 99.79 n/a

C 99.77 n/a

Date Excavated: 30 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 77W

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 77W at top of 77T (Level 7)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.86 97.65

Date Excavated: 30 November 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 20% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR3/4) silty sand and 5% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6)

sand [builder's sand], with 1% charcoal flecks

Stratum 77T (Level 7) was a mottled stratum associated with features

belonging to the pre-1403 Richland Street house. Due to time constraints,

excavation was halted at this surface.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand

At the surface of 77T (Level 7), 77W appeared as a square post hole with

rounded corners measuring 1.70' north-south and 1.50' east-west (truncated

by the west wall of the unit). There was no indication of a post mold at the

surface. A square post mold (0.60'x0.60') became visible after removing the

top ~0.10' of the post hole. This post represents the southwest corner of the

pre-1403 Richland Street house.

D-239

Provenience: 77X

Unit: N426 E502

Short Title: Irregular Depression

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association:

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.76 99.11

Date Excavated: 14 December 2011

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 78B

Unit: N426 E508

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 78G, 78K, 78L

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.19 100.84

NE 100.97 100.88

NW 101.00 100.70

SW 101.14 100.68

C 101.10 100.74

Date Excavated: 20 December 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) silty sand, mottled with 10% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt, 10% Yellowish Brown (10YR5/6)

sand [builder's sand] and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 2%

charcoal flecks

Feature 77X was a highly irregular feature related to planting, extending a

maximum 4.95' north-south and 4.00' north-south (truncated by the east

wall of the unit). The floor of the feature contained multiple (10+) hollow

root channels of varying diameters. This is the possible location of a small

tree or large bush. Given the feature's location, and association with a

stratum below the lunch counter, the feature likely represents the remains of

a planting that came after the pre-1403 Richland Street house was removed

but before the lunch counter was built in 1891.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt, with <1% mortar fragments

D-240

Notes:

Provenience: 78C

Unit: N426 E508

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 79D

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.84 100.21

NE 100.88 100.14

NW 100.70 100.07

SW 100.68 100.12

C 100.74 100.17

Date Excavated: 22 December 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 78E

Unit: N426 E508

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Unit 78 was a 4' (north-south) x 5' (east west) unit. 78B (Level 2) was the

upper-most intact stratum. The south edge of the unit was truncated by the

Richland Street sidewalk. From the sidewalk, 2.00 feet was a boundary

consistent with the south wall of the lunch counter, as well as a boundary

between highly mottled sandy clay (south) and less mottled sandy silt

(north). Due to time constraints, only the north half of the unit was

excavated (along the boundary line, a 5' x 2' unit) and level 2 (78B) was not

screened.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks

78C (Level 3) was a highly mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high

concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the

planting-related stratum (Level 2) and Level 4 (a stratum common to the

entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch

counter in 1909. NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum

is detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience

were combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a

single creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M,

75D, 75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.

Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy silt, with <1%

charcoal flecks

D-241

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.21 100.00

NE 100.14 99.97

NW 100.07 99.97

SW 100.12 99.89

C 100.17 99.89

Date Excavated: 5 January 2012

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes: 78E was a nearly sterile stratum with no associated features.

Provenience: 78F

Unit: N426 E508

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 78H, 78J

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.00 99.73

NE 99.97 99.73

NW 99.97 99.71

SW 99.89 99.70

C 99.89 99.67

Date Excavated: 9 January 2012

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes: 78F was a nearly sterile stratum.

Provenience: 78G

Unit: N426 E508

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 78G at top of 78B (Level 2); intrudes upon 78H

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.14 97.73

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 5% Brown (7.5YR4/4)

sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 2% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

D-242

Date Excavated: 9 January 2012

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

Notes:

Provenience: 78H

Unit: N 426 E508

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 78H at top of 78F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.62 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 January 2012

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

Notes:

Provenience: 78J

Unit: N426 E508

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 78J at top of 78F (Level 5)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.62 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 January 2012

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

78G, at the surface of 78B (Level 2), was a rectangular post hole with

rounded corners, truncated by the south and west walls of the unit. The

feature contained a circular post mold (diameter = 0.50') with a highly

degraded post within. The post feature is in-line along an east-west axis with

post feature 78D, as well as the southeast corner of the lunch counter,

represented by brick pier feature 11E.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

78H was a square post hole along the southern edge of the unit which was

not excavated due to time constraints. Intruded upon by post feature 78G,

78H most likely represents a structural support for the south (front) wall of

the pre-1403 Richland Street house. 78H was 5.00' east of corner post

feature 77W and in-line with possible post features 78J and 79K.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

D-243

Notes:

Provenience: 78N

Unit: N426 E508

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.73 n/a

NE 99.73 n/a

NW 99.71 n/a

SW 99.70 n/a

C 99.67 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 January 2012

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

Notes: 78N was sterile subsoil. No features were associated with this stratum.

Provenience: 79B

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 11E

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

NE 100.97 100.84

NW 100.97 100.83

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

78J was a rectangular feature truncated by the south wall of the unit. Due to

time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Likely, the feature represents

a post hole, in-line along an east-west axis with post features 77W, 78H, and

possible post feature 79K. If 78J is a post feature, it would represent a

structural support for the south (front) wall of the pre-1403 Richland Street

house.

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) sandy silt

D-244

Notes:

Provenience: 79C

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.21 101.00

NE 100.97 100.90

NW 100.97 100.84

SW 101.19 100.88

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

Notes:

Provenience: 79E

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

Unit 79 was a 2.60' (east-west) x 2.40' (north-south) unit directly south of

Unit 11. The purpose of excavating Unit 79 was to expose the strata between

the southeast corner of the lunch counter (represented by brick pier feature

11E, excavated in 2006) and the Richland Street sidewalk. Consistent with

all units in Block 3 that abutted the sidewalks, there was a boundary between

the area within the historic footprint of the lunch counter and the highly

mottled sandy clay between the lunch counter and sidewalks. 79B was a

narrow (0.60' wide) stratum south of the south wall of the lunch counter,

while 79C was the outer, sandy clay stratum, extending 1.80' from the

sidewalk. No artifacts were found within 79B.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, with <5% charcoal flecks and <1%

mortar

79C was a highly mottled sandy clay stratum between the lunch counter and

sidewalk at the same elevation as 79B, which extended 1.80' from the

sidewalk. Unlike the other units that abutted the sidewalk (and hence

contained the red sandy clay stratum), within 79C were five pockets of

builder's sand.

Reddish Brown (5YR4/4) clayey silt, with 20% coal ash, 10% plaster and

10% charcoal

D-245

SE 100.97 100.54

NE 100.71 100.65

NW 100.83 100.54

SW 100.69 100.50

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 3 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 79F

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.54 100.49

NE 100.65 100.54

NW 100.54 100.51

SW 100.50 100.46

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 7 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 79G

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

Stratum 79E (Level 4) contained a high concentration of charcoal and coal

ash. Layers of coal ash were seem in multiple units below the sidewalk.

Apparently, coal ash was used to build-up and level surfaces for sidewalks,

similar to the gravel used today. The creation of 79E likely dates to the

pouring of sidewalks.

Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 40% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR3/6) sandy silt, with <1% charcoal flecks

79F was a thin transitional stratum between 79E (Level 4) likely associated

with the instillation of the Richland Street sidewalk and 79G (Level 6), a

stratum common to the site.

Yellowish Brown (10YR5/8) sandy silt, mottled with 10% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay and 10% Dark Brown (7.5YR3/2) sandy silt, with <5%

charcoal flecks

D-246

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.49 100.44

NE 100.54 100.44

NW 100.51 100.40

SW 100.46 100.35

C n/a 100.46

Date Excavated: 7 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 79H

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Level 7

Type: Lens

Stratigraphic Definition: Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sand [builder's sand]

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 100.46 100.35

Date Excavated: 7 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes: 79H was a thin lens of builder's sand on the surface of Level 6 (79G).

Provenience: 79J

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Level 8

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 79K

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.44 99.65

NE 100.44 99.62

NW 100.40 99.71

On the surface of 79G (Level 6) was a thin lens of builder's sand (79H)

within the center-west of the unit. Removal of 79H uncovered a 1.00' long

piece of lumber running east-west, square to the lunch counter.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 15% Brown (7.5YR5/4)

sandy silt

D-247

SW 100.35 99.68

C 100.46 99.68

Date Excavated: 9 November 2011

Excavated By: JMJ

Recorded By: JMJ

Notes:

Provenience: 79K

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 79K at top of 79J (Level 8)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.62 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 January 2012

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JMJ/JC

Notes:

Provenience: 79L

Unit: N426 E512

Short Title: Level 9

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 99.65 n/a

NE 99.62 n/a

NW 99.71 n/a

SW 99.68 n/a

C 99.68 n/a

Date Excavated: 26 January 2012

Strong Brown (7.5YR4/6) sandy silt, mottled with 20% Yellowish Red

(5YR4/6) sandy clay

79K was a rectangular feature truncated by the north and east walls of the

unit. Due to time constraints, the feature was not excavated. Likely, the

feature represents a post hole, which is in-line along an east-west axis with

post features 77W, 78H and 78J. If 78K is a post feature, it would represent

a structural support for the south (front) wall of the pre-1403 Richland

Street house.

D-248

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes: Stratum 79L (Level 9) was sterile subsoil.

Provenience: 80B

Unit: N435 E507

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 80C

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

S 101.09 n/a

N 100.98 n/a

C 101.01 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 80C

Unit: N435 E507

Short Title: Planting

Type: Planting

Stratigraphic Definition: Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2) loose loamy sand

Feature Association: 80C at top of 80B (Level 2)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 101.01 n/a

Date Excavated: 2 November 2011

Excavated By: Not Excavated

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 81A

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 30% Very Dark

Grayish Brown (10YR3/2) sandy silt and 20% Very Dark Brown (10YR2/2)

sandy silt

Unit 80 was a 5' (north-south) x 1' (east west) unit. 80B (Level 2) was the

upper-most intact stratum. The unit was only 1' wide in order to avoid a tree

stump to the east. Due to time constraints, the unit was not excavated.

80C was a circular planting feature at the surface of 80B (Level 2) measuring

0.60' in diameter. The feature was located within the area east of the brick-

lined walkway. Not excavated due to time constraints.

D-249

Unit: N421 E502

Short Title: Level 1

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) very loose sandy silt

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE n/a 101.14

NE n/a 101.11

NW n/a 101.20

SW n/a 101.11

C n/a 101.11

Date Excavated: 2 January 2012

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 81B

Unit: N421 E502

Short Title: Level 2

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition: Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with 2% brick bats/fragments

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 101.14 100.87

NE 101.11 100.99

NW 101.20 100.99

SW 101.11 100.91

C 101.11 101.01

Date Excavated: 2 January 2012

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Unit 81 was a 6' (north-south) x 5' (east-west) unit. Six feet was the width of

the sidewalk section removed to expose the strata below. 81A (Level 1) was a

very loose soil matrix directly underneath the sidewalk and directly on top of

the hard red clay layer (81B, Level 2). The stratum was not screened. Given

the type of cement, likely this sidewalk was the original sidewalk, thus the

date for this layer of fill would be when the City put in cement sidewalks.

The stratum contained many roots. A thin layer of coal/coal ash was noted

between Levels 1 and 2 but not provenienced separately. Opening elevations

were not recorded.

D-250

Notes:

Provenience: 81C

Unit: N421 E502

Short Title: Level 3

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.87 100.52

NE 100.99 100.82

NW 100.99 100.75

SW 100.91 100.84

C 101.01 n/a

Date Excavated: 3 January 2012

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 81D

Unit: N421 E502

Short Title: Level 4

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.52 100.56

NE 100.82 100.32

NW 100.75 100.05

81B (Level 2) was a very compact, very flat/level surface – a continuation of

the red clay layer that ringed Block 3. The clay layer covered the full extent

of the unit. This level most likely represents (or is) the old sidewalk surface

(pre-cement). Pockets of coal ash were throughout, with some builder's sand

along the south end of the unit.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, mottled with 30% Dark Yellowish

Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, with 20% mortar/plaster fragments

81C (Level 3) was directly underneath the solid red clay layer that was likely

the old sidewalk surface. The south ½ of Level 3 was composed (under a thin

layer of the stratigraphic definition above) completely of coal burning waste

and byproducts. This coal layer was included with Level 3 as both were

though to be fill associated with the leveling and laying of sidewalk surface

81B (Level 2).

Dark Brown (10YR3/3) very loose silty sand, mottled with 5% Yellowish

Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay, with 1% mortar and brick fragments

D-251

SW 100.84 100.57

C n/a n/a

Date Excavated: 9 January 2012

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 81E

Unit: N421 E502

Short Title: Level 5

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.56 100.39

NE 100.42 100.32

NW 100.42 100.05

SW 199.57 100.39

C 100.51 100.33

Date Excavated: 9 January 2012

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 81F

Unit: N421 E502

Short Title: Level 6

Type: Stratum

81D (Level 4) was a mottled, thin layer of fairly loose soil with a high

concentration of small artifacts. Given that the stratum is between the

planting-related stratum (Level 3) and Level 5 (a stratum common to the

entire site), the layer is most likely related to the destruction of the lunch

counter in 1909. To the south, the stratum only extended a little over half

the unit, gradually thinning to nothing. The remaining exposed surface was

Level 6 (81E). NOTE: while each provenience common to this stratum is

detailed in this volume of the report, all artifacts from each provenience were

combined in the lab to aid analysis, since this stratum represents a single

creation episode. Combined under the header of 71M are: 73G, 74M, 75D,

75E, 77L, 78C, 81D.

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand, mottled with 30% Dark Brown

(10YR3/3) sandy loam, with 5% mortar fragments, 5% brick fragments and

2% charcoal flecks

81E (Level 5) was a very compact stratum, very flat, that might be the

remains of an early sidewalk or yard surface. Note that 81E extended into

Unit 77 as 77M (Level 5), which terminated directly south of post feature

77W, suggesting a boundary between spaces.

D-252

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: None

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.39 100.14

NE 100.32 99.88

NW 100.05 99.82

SW 100.39 100.00

C 100.33 99.96

Date Excavated: 10 January 2012

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 81G

Unit: N421 E502

Short Title: Post Hole

Type: Post Hole

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 81G at top of 81H (Level 7)

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:NDA

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

C 99.96 98.50

Date Excavated: 10 January 2012

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Provenience: 81H

Unit: N421 E502

Pale Brown (10YR6/3) very compact silty sand, mottled with 30% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR4/4) clayey sand, 10% Dark Brown (10YR3/3)

clayey sand and 1% Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) sandy clay

81F (Level 6), a grayish mottled stratum, was a continuation of stratum 77P

(Level 6) to the north, which terminated south of post feature 77W,

suggesting a boundary between spaces. No artifacts recovered.

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, mottled with 20% Dark

Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) silty sand

81G was a rectangular feature measuring 1.10' (east-west) x 1.00' (north-

south). There was no indication of a post mold at the surface of the feature,

although the mold was clearly visible at the base of the feature. The circular

post mold measured 0.55' in diameter. The post, offset to the east from the

line of posts represented by features 71T/N, 71W, 73L and 77W, and

extending beyond the current property boundaries, likely represents the

southwest corner remains of a porch associated with the pre-1403 Richland

Street house.

D-253

Short Title: Level 7

Type: Stratum

Stratigraphic Definition:

Feature Association: 81G

TPQ Date: n/a Based Upon:n/a

Elevations:

Opening:Closing:

SE 100.14 n/a

NE 99.88 n/a

NW 99.82 n/a

SW 100.00 n/a

C 99.96 n/a

Date Excavated: 10 January 2012

Excavated By: JC

Recorded By: JC

Notes:

Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR4/6) compact silty sand, mottled with 10%

Yellowish Red (5YR4/6) compact sandy clay, with <1% charcoal flecks

Stratum 81H (Level 7) was a mottled stratum associated with features

belonging to the pre-1403 Richland Street house. Due to time constraints,

excavation was halted at this surface.