Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Section 2Section 2

Territorial ExpansionTerritorial Expansion

What were the effects of the Mexican-American What were the effects of the Mexican-American War and the California Gold Rush?War and the California Gold Rush?

Political Events

• Presidents: Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison, Tyler– Harrison is first to die in office (pneumonia)

• States: 26 (Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan)

• Democratic-Republicans dissolve– Democrats & Whig Party arise

Social Changes - Immigration• Growing movement of people to America

– Britain, Ireland, Germany, China– Many ‘Push/Pull Factors’ bring people to America

– Overcrowding in cities leads to prejudice– “The Know-Nothing Party” enjoys brief success

Social Changes – Literature & Philosophy

• The movement in European art called Romanticism stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion.

• James Fenimore Cooper – Last of the Mohicans (1826)• Noah Webster – American Dictionary (1828) • Henry Thoreau – Walden (1854)• Louisa May Alcott – Little Women (1868)• Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass (1855)• Ralph Waldo Emerson – transcendentalism (people can

find truth within themselves through feeling and intuition – “GUT FEELING”)

America Achieves Manifest DestinyAmerica Achieves Manifest Destiny

• March 1848 – Mexicans made peace with the March 1848 – Mexicans made peace with the U.S. with the U.S. with the Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– U.S. Army left Mexico CityU.S. Army left Mexico City– U.S. paid Mexico $15 millionU.S. paid Mexico $15 million– U.S. got New Mexico, CaliforniaU.S. got New Mexico, California– Rio Grande River was the southern boundary Rio Grande River was the southern boundary

of Texasof Texas• Mexicans disgusted and humiliatedMexicans disgusted and humiliated• Polk upset because U.S. got Polk upset because U.S. got so littleso little

America Achieves Manifest DestinyAmerica Achieves Manifest Destiny

• In In Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase of 1853 U.S. of 1853 U.S. purchased another purchased another 26,640 square miles 26,640 square miles in southern New in southern New Mexico and Arizona Mexico and Arizona from Mexico for $15 from Mexico for $15 million (to build a million (to build a railroad)railroad)

An America Free, or Slave?An America Free, or Slave?

– Several attempts made to deal with slavery – NONE ARE Several attempts made to deal with slavery – NONE ARE SUCCESSFULSUCCESSFUL

– Southerners see their slaves as property, which could be Southerners see their slaves as property, which could be moved with them to new landsmoved with them to new lands

– The Missouri Compromise (1820) – Maine (FREE) and The Missouri Compromise (1820) – Maine (FREE) and Missouri (SLAVE) enter the UnionMissouri (SLAVE) enter the Union

– The Compromise of 1850 – California (FREE) and Congress The Compromise of 1850 – California (FREE) and Congress makes no laws regarding territories won in M/A Warmakes no laws regarding territories won in M/A War

– Wilmot Proviso & Kansas-Nebraska Act further divide the Wilmot Proviso & Kansas-Nebraska Act further divide the countrycountry

The Wilmot Proviso (1846)The Wilmot Proviso (1846)

• Before Mexican War was Before Mexican War was over, future of SW lands over, future of SW lands caused strong debate in caused strong debate in the U.S.the U.S.

• 1846: Pennsylvania Whig 1846: Pennsylvania Whig congressman David congressman David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot proposed the Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso•Slavery Slavery banned banned in any land won from Mexico in any land won from Mexico•Proposal broke up parties along Proposal broke up parties along sectional sectional lineslines•Failed to become lawFailed to become law

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska ActI. The Nebraska Territory was divided into two parts: I. The Nebraska Territory was divided into two parts: Nebraska (NE) and Kansas (KS).Nebraska (NE) and Kansas (KS).

II. The people of each territory voted on whether or not to II. The people of each territory voted on whether or not to allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

* The Kansas-Nebraska Act violated the Missouri * The Kansas-Nebraska Act violated the Missouri Compromise. Both territories were north of 36 , 30’ N and Compromise. Both territories were north of 36 , 30’ N and

should should NOTNOT have been allowed to have slaves. have been allowed to have slaves.

• • Both sides claimed Both sides claimed victory on the vote!victory on the vote!

““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”

Before the vote on slavery:Before the vote on slavery:

• • Northerners crossed the Northerners crossed the border to keep KS a free border to keep KS a free state.state.

• • Southerners crossed the Southerners crossed the border to make KS a slave border to make KS a slave state.state.

What effect did the What effect did the Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act have on the Missouri have on the Missouri

Compromise?Compromise?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act illegally repealedillegally repealed the the

Missouri Compromise.Missouri Compromise.

What was the result of the What was the result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Civil war between pro-Civil war between pro-slavery and anti-slavery slavery and anti-slavery

settlers – over 200 people settlers – over 200 people dieddied

What adjective was used to describe

Kansas in the mid-1850s?

““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”

Wilmot Proviso & The Wilmot Proviso & The Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act will be the issues on will be the issues on

which the Republican which the Republican Party will be founded.Party will be founded.

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

• John Sutter was a Swiss immigrant to California John Sutter was a Swiss immigrant to California in 1839 – owned 1000’s of acres, cattle, and in 1839 – owned 1000’s of acres, cattle, and many people working for himmany people working for him– In late 1847 Sutter hired James Marshall to In late 1847 Sutter hired James Marshall to

build a saw mill build a saw mill

on the American on the American

River to provide River to provide

lumber for Sutter’slumber for Sutter’s

growing ranchgrowing ranch

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

• On January 24, 1848 with On January 24, 1848 with the sawmill almost finished the sawmill almost finished Marshall looked down and Marshall looked down and …"I reached my hand down and …"I reached my hand down and picked it up; it made my heart picked it up; it made my heart thump, for I was certain it was thump, for I was certain it was gold. The piece was about half gold. The piece was about half the size and shape of a pea. the size and shape of a pea.

Then I saw another."Then I saw another."

California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush

• News of the gold was not spread by Sutter or News of the gold was not spread by Sutter or MarshallMarshall

• News was spread by San Francisco merchant News was spread by San Francisco merchant Samuel Brannan Samuel Brannan

• News spread to the News spread to the east coast and waseast coast and waspublished in published in newspapersnewspapers

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

• Horace Greeley of the New York Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune: Tribune: "Fortune lies upon the surface of the "Fortune lies upon the surface of the earth as plentiful as the mud in our earth as plentiful as the mud in our streets. We look for an addition within streets. We look for an addition within the next four years equal to at least One the next four years equal to at least One Thousand Million of Dollars to the gold Thousand Million of Dollars to the gold in circulation."in circulation."

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

• By 1849 the country By 1849 the country was gripped in gold was gripped in gold “fever”“fever”

• Farmers left their Farmers left their fields, merchants fields, merchants closed their shops, closed their shops, soldiers left their soldiers left their posts – and all made posts – and all made plans to go to plans to go to CaliforniaCalifornia

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

• The The California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush was a mass migration of was a mass migration of people from the eastern people from the eastern U.S. and around the U.S. and around the world looking for easy world looking for easy richesriches

• Called Called forty-ninersforty-niners, the , the gold seekers swelled the gold seekers swelled the population of California population of California from 14,000 in 1847 to from 14,000 in 1847 to 225,000 in five years225,000 in five years

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

• Early miners able to pan for Early miners able to pan for gold along the rivers of gold along the rivers of northern California – called northern California – called placer miningplacer mining

• Conditions hard in the mining Conditions hard in the mining camps – no law, no sanitation, camps – no law, no sanitation, prices for food and supplies prices for food and supplies very highvery high

• Cholera, dysentery rampantCholera, dysentery rampant

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

• Towns that started were Towns that started were accurately namedaccurately named– Hangtown, Gouge Eye, Hangtown, Gouge Eye,

Rough and Ready, Rough and Ready, Whiskeytown – places to Whiskeytown – places to avoid, if not for the goldavoid, if not for the gold

– Few miners got rich – Few miners got rich – merchants and service merchants and service people got richpeople got rich

• When mining in the rivers When mining in the rivers played out, played out, hard rock hard rock miningmining started started

San FranciscoSan Francisco

• More than half of the forty-More than half of the forty-niners came to California by niners came to California by ship – through San ship – through San FranciscoFrancisco

• Miners needed supplies, Miners needed supplies, San Francisco was where San Francisco was where they were boughtthey were bought

Effect of Gold Rush on SF

SF Bay became choked with hundreds of abandoned ships

Legend spoke that you could walk from here to here without getting your feet wet, due to the number of abandoned ships

More Ship Masts Demonstrate the Abandonment in SF Bay

Effects of the Gold RushEffects of the Gold Rush

• American miners forced out Mexicans and American miners forced out Mexicans and Chinese miners to reduce competition, Chinese miners to reduce competition, – legislature levied a $20/month “foreign miners” tax to legislature levied a $20/month “foreign miners” tax to

discourage miners from other countries.discourage miners from other countries.

• Discouraged Chinese miners moved to San Discouraged Chinese miners moved to San Francisco and formed Chinatown.Francisco and formed Chinatown.

• Native Americans either died from European Native Americans either died from European diseases or were hunted down by miners – diseases or were hunted down by miners – – In 1870, their population declined from 150,000 in In 1870, their population declined from 150,000 in

1860 to 58,000 in 1870. 1860 to 58,000 in 1870.

Effects of the Gold RushEffects of the Gold Rush

• Californios (Mexican Californians) lost their Californios (Mexican Californians) lost their landslands

• California applied for statehood as free stateCalifornia applied for statehood as free state• Union comprised of 15 free states, 15 slaveUnion comprised of 15 free states, 15 slave• Admission of California in 1850 intensified Admission of California in 1850 intensified

debate over slaverydebate over slavery

The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsThe 1848 Presidential Election ResultsThe 1848 Presidential Election ResultsThe 1848 Presidential Election Results

Winner

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853