Manifest Destinyand theWar with Mexico

I. Manifest Destiny• A. Manifest Destiny

1. Belief that the US should expand from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

2. Expansion by “predestined by God”3. Expansion was “ordained” to cross into Mexican

& Native American territories4. Included the Louisiana Purchase, expanded the

US from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mts.

I. Manifest Destiny

American Progress by John Gast 1872

II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

– B. Indian Removal Act1. 1830 Congress voted to forcibly move Native Americans west through “treaties”2. Some tribes reluctantly signed the “treaties”3. Cherokee Nation sued the US government over their removal in 1832 Worcester v Georgia

II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

• C. Trail of Tears1. Supreme ruled in favor of the

Cherokee, but then President Jackson ignored the

ruling2. 1838, the Cherokee were rounded up

& forced to go west in groups of 10003. Thousands of Cherokee died from pneumonia, cold, hunger, small pox, cholera, tuberculosis, etc

II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

D. Trails West included:1. Santa Fe Trail, stretched 780 miles

from Independence Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico2. Oregon Trail, stretched from Independence Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon

II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

III. Manifest Destiny & Mormons

A. Mormon Migration1. Escaping persecution, Mormons moved west from New York2. Thousands walked across Nebraska, Wyoming & finally Salt Lake City, Utah

3. Salt Lake, Utah became their new center 4. Many Mormons went on to work on the railroads

IV. Texan Independence

IV. Texan IndependenceA. 1821 Mexico becomes independent from

Spain & the new Mexican government encouraged Americans to settle in Texas1. Soon Americans outnumbered Mexicans2. Many Americans brought slaves, which

was against Mexican law3. Americans such as Stephen Austin &

Sam Houston wanted Texan independence & called for a Texan Revolution

The Alamo

IV. Texan Independence• B. The Alamo

1. Anglo-American troops moved to the Alamo & General Santa Anna’s Mexican troops attacked on Feb 23, 18362. The Anglo-American declared Texas independent from Mexico3. March 6, 1836, Mexican soldiers scaled the walls of the Alamo4. Alamo ended with 187 Anglo-Americans & hundreds of Mexicans dead

Goliad Massacre

IV. Texan Independence• C. “Remember the Alamo”

1. In retaliation for his losses at the Alamo, Santa Anna executed 300 Texan rebels, known as The Goliad Massacre 2. The Texan rebels avenged themselves by killing 630 Mexican soldiers & capturing Santa Anna 3. Santa Anna was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco, granting Texas independence from Mexico

IV. Texan Independence

V. War with Mexico

V. War with Mexico• A. Texas quickly became a state (slave

holding) • B. US President Polk believed war with Mexico

would “give” the US California & New Mexico

1. A Tex-Mex border dispute resulted in Mexico ending diplomatic relations

with the US

V. War with Mexico

V. War with Mexico2. The US sent a diplomat to negotiate

the border dispute & convince Mexico to sell California & New Mexico 3. When Mexico refused to talk to the diplomat, Polk sent troops to the Rio Grande River, TX, California & New Mexico

V. War with Mexico

V. War with Mexico• C. Republic of California June 1846• 1. Rebels such as John C. Fremont seized the city of Sonoma• 2. Raised the Bear flag & declared California a republic

3. Independent from Mexico

V. War with Mexico

V. War with Mexico• D. The US Sailed to Mexico & Captured Vera Cruz

March 27, 1847

Battle at Cerro Gordo

The US defeated Mexico in the Battle at Cerro Gordo on April 18, 1847

Battle of Churubusco

The US defeated Mexico in The Battle at Churubusco on August 20, 1847

Battle of Molino del Rey

The US defeated Mexico at the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8, 1847

Battle at Chapultepec

The US defeated Mexico in the Battle at Chapultepec on September 12, 1847

Niños Heroes

Fall of Mexico City

V War with Mexico• E. The US won the war in 1848

V War with Mexico• F. Mexico & the US signed the Treaty of

Guadalupe Hidalgo• 1. Mexico agreed to Rio Grande Border in

Texas• 2. New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah,

Arizona and parts of Colorado & Wyoming will be ceded to the US• 3. The US paid Mexico $15 million for NM,

CA, NV, CO, AZ & WY

V War with Mexico

V War with Mexico

VI. The Californios

VI. Los Californios • A. Long before the US “annexed” NM, CA, NV,

CO, AZ, TX, UT & WY, Mexican communities thrived in these areas of:1. Ranchers (beef & lamb meat, horses, dairy, wool, cow hide, leather, tallow, etc)2. Agriculture (wheat, grains, wine grapes)3. Entrepreneurs (producers of leather goods, soap, wine, candles, cotton cloth, jerky,etc)4. Traders of #1-3

VI. Los Californios

VI. Los Californios • B. The original Californios were a combination of

four distinct socio-economic groups:– 1. Catholic priests, who built 21 missions along

the El Camino Real– 2. Spanish Soldiers, who accompanied the

priests– 3. Adventurers & Entrepreneurs– 4. Political Prisoners & Thieves who would later

be called Cholos (Convicts)

VI. Los Californios

Father Junipero Serra

VI. Los Californios • C. The original Californios were ethnically mixed:

1. Mulatto (African & Spanish)2. Mestizo (Native American & Spanish)3. Lobo, Coyote or Chino (African & Native

American)

VI. Los Californios

VI. Los Californios • D. Juan Jose Dominguez:• 1. Spanish soldier from

Sinaloa, Mexico• 2. Traveled with Father

Junipero Serra in 1760s-1770s• 3.Founded the Royal Presidio

San Diego 1769• 4. 1784 given Spanish Land

Grant called Rancho San Pedro

Juan Jose Dominguez

El Presidio Real San Diego

VI. Los Californios

• 5. 75,000 acres that included Compton, Carson, Torrance, Wilmington, Dominguez Hills, Palos Verdes, Redondo Beach, Hermosa Beach, Gardena, Harbor City, Port of LA area, Manhattan Beach, etc

VI. Los Californios

VI. Los Californios • E. Don Manuel Dominguez• 1. Grand Nephew of Juan

Jose Dominguez• 2. Mestizo, Father Spanish &

Mother Native American• 3. Bilingual, could read, write

& speak English & Spanish fluently

VI. Los Californios:Rancho Dominguez Adobe

VI. Los Californios • 4. Fought to outlaw slavery in California

Constitution of 1848• 5. Gave women the right to inherit own &

control property in CA Constitution of 1848• 6. Fought for Mexican-American rights in the

annexed California

VI. Los Californios:Rancho Dominguez Adobe

VI. Los Californios:Rancho Dominguez Adobe

VI. Los Californios • F. Pio de Jesus Pico• 1. Father was a soldier who

traveled from Mexico to New Mexico & finally California in 1775 on the Anza expedition

• 2. Born at the San Gabriel Mission

• 3. He was a “Lobo” (Mulatto & Mestizo)

VI. Los Californios • 4. Grew up in San Diego at the

Royal Presidio at San Diego• 5. Opened his first business, a

general store that sold shoes, liquor, food, furniture, supplies, etc

• 6. His business did so well he was able to build an adobe for his family in 1824

VI. Los Californios

• 7. 1832 he became governor of Alta California

• 8. 1850 purchased 8, 891 acres in Whittier, Montebello, Pico Rivera

VI. Los Californios: Pio Pico Mansion

VI. Los Californios: Pio Pico Mansion

VI. Los Californios • 9. 1845 Pio became last Mexican governor of CA• 10. 1855, After the Mexican-American War, Pico

& his brother Andres owned 532,000 acres, their businesses continued to flourish

• 11. 1870 Pio built Pico House across the street from Olvera Street.

VI. Los Californios: Pico House

VI. Los Californios • 12. Although Pio was a very successful

entrepreneur he had some short comings:– A. gambling– B. womanizing– C. Medical problems such as a pituitary gland

diasese, that caused a change in his appearance– D. Never learned English13. Pio died 1894 broke in Los Angeles, CA

VI. Los Californios

1858 1873Andres Pico

VI. Los Californios

VI. Los Californios

Andres Pico Adobe, San Fernando Valley

VI. Los Californios • Ranchito Romulo