World Class. Face to Face.

wine.wsu.edu

Managing Nematodes in Vineyards

WSGS Meeting 2018

November 15, 2018

Katherine East

PhD Student

WSU-IAREC

Prosser, WA

OUTLINE

• What nematode species are in vineyards?

• Where are they in vineyards?

• When they are the most abundant?

• What management options are available?

– Pre-plant

– Post-plant

FINDING NEMA

• What does above-ground nematode damage

look like?

Photo from: UC Davis Nemaplex

NEMATODES IN WASHINGTON VINEYARDS

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Found in

Oregon and Washington Vineyards

Most Likely and Capable of Causing Economic Damage

Northern root-knot (Meloidogyne hapla)

Ring (Mesocriconema xenoplax)

Dagger (Xiphinema americanum group)

Present but Unlikely to be of Economic Importance

Root-lesion (Pratylenchus spp.)

Pin (Paratylenchus spp.)

Stunt (Tylenchorhynchus spp.)

Spiral (Helicotylenchus spp.)

Table from: Field Guide for Integrate Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards, PNW644, Photo from: Kearney Ag R&E Center, Modified from:Michelle Moyer

NORTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE – MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA

• Life cycle of M. hapla

– Juveniles (J2)

– Females

– Eggs

• Invade and gall root tips

• Inhibit water / nutrient

uptake

• Most products /

management strategies

target soilborne J2 stage

April 7, 2015

Egg photo: Damascenoa et al. 2016; Female photo: Wim M.L. Wesemael

DAGGER NEMATODE – XIPHINEMA SPP.

• All life stages are soilborne

• Feeding damage

• Virus vector (nepoviruses)

– X. americanum: Cherry rasp

leaf, Tobacco ringspot, Tomato

ringspot

– The species of Xiphinema (X.

index) that transmits Grapevine

fanleaf virus (GFLV) has not

been found in Washington

Photo: Top – University of Florida; Botton - Jonathan D. Eisenback, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org

WHERE ARE THEY? – PT. I

Image modified from Howland, A.D., et.al. 2014. J. Nematology 46:321-330, Modified from: Michelle Moyer.

** Project that collected this data was also previously funded by the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program

WHERE ARE THEY? – PT. II

• Throughout soil

• 48 inches deep

Dagger Root-knot

0”

48”

• In vine row

• In top 24 inches

East, Moyer, Madden, Zasada. How Low Can They Go? Plant Parasitic Nematodes in a Washington Vineyard. Catalyst. In preparation

WHEN ARE THEY MOST ABUNDANT IN SOIL?

Sample in the fall,

that’s when J2 densities are highest

East, Moyer, Zasada, Schreiner. Developmental Dynamics of M. hapla in WA Wine Grapes. Plant Dis. Accepted – In Revision

Northern root-knot nematode J2 model

NEMATODE DENSITIES – SHOULD I TAKE ACTION?

Nematode Species

Average

Density

(WA)

Threshold 1 Threshold 2 Threshold 3

Root-Knot Nematode 85 5-20 50 100+

Dagger Nematode 25 0 5 25+

Ring Nematode 5 5-20 25-250 300+

Lesion Nematode 5-20 25-45 50+

Data from: Field Guide for Integrate Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards, PNW644, Modified from: Michelle Moyer

Threshold 1 : Not of general concern

Threshold 2 : Might cause damage if the plant is weak / young

Threshold 3 : Will likely cause some crop damage; however, it is

site-dependent

STRESS “BUCKET”

Productive vine Non-productive vine

A vine can only carry so much stress

Nematode

Other pests

Drought

LET’S CLARIFY SOME LANGUAGE

• Whole vineyard

replacement

• Allows for pre-plant

chemical / cultural

management

• All vines same age

• Replacing individual

vines within an

existing vineyard

• Reliant on post-plant

nematicides

• Vines of different

ages

Replant Interplant

Both: Planting of young vines with limited

capacity for nematode damage

NOW WHAT CAN I DO?

• Pre-plant decisions

– Soil fumigation

– Green manures / biofumigation

– Nematode resistant or tolerant rootstocks

• Post-plant decisions

– Post-plant nematicides

• Especially important in replant situations!

PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE 2018

Table from: 2018 Pest Management Guide for Grapes in Washington, EB0762

POST-PLANT NEMATICIDES

• Working with company to adjust rate / timing

• Not registered in grape (yet)

Funded by the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Untreated Nimitz SalibroDoubleRate

Salibro FullSpring

Salibro HalfSpring

Salibro HalfTwiceSpring

Ave

rag

e J

2 (

# /

25

0 g

so

il)

Post-Plant Nematicide Performance

Spring 2016 - Pretreatment Fall 16 Fall 17

Timing and rate are vitally important to

nematicide efficacy

GENERALLY SPEAKING…

• We don’t have any demonstrably effective

post-plant nematicides available on the

market currently for grapes

• There is potential in the future!

• SO Pre-plant prevention is #1 strategy

• How? Fumigation / Rootstocks

GREEN MANURES / COVER CROPS / BIOFUMIGANTS

• Cover crops / manure

that has biofumigation

effect

• Sudangrass, mustards,

arugula

• Must reach nematodes

to work – pre-plant

• Nematode hosts?

Diagram: ServeAg; Picture from: Bill Watts

PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE 2018

Table from: 2018 Pest Management Guide for Grapes in Washington, EB0762

FUMIGATION AND ROOTSTOCK TRIAL

ROOTSTOCK CHOICE

Rootstock Selection Reasoning

101-14 MTG (riparia x rupestris)

Moderate to high nematode resistance. Bonus of

phylloxera and crown gall resistance. Tends to low vigor

and earlier ripening. Lower drought resistance.

Harmony ([solonis x Othello] x Dogridge)

Specifically bred for nematode resistance. It is not

phylloxera resistant, but it is crown gall resistant.

1103 P (berlandieri x rupestris)

Susceptible to Dagger nematode, but moderate to

high resistance to Root-knot nematode. Tends to

high vigor, but is relatively drought resistant.

Teleki 5C (berlandieri x riparia)

Decent nematode (except Dagger) and phylloxera

resistance. Tends to moderate vigor, and earlier

ripening.

Own Rooted (vinifera)

Industry standard control

Own-Rooted, Self-

Grafted (vinifera)

Grafting control

Modified from: Michelle Moyer

FUMIGATION / ROOTSTOCKS FOR DAGGER

East, Zasada, Moyer. Preplant fumigation and rootstock choice influence on M. hapla during vineyard establishment. AJEV. In preparation

Fumigation effectively reduces dagger

nematode

These rootstocks are susceptible to dagger

nematode (as expected)

Funded by the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program

FUMIGATION / ROOTSTOCKS FOR ROOT-KNOT

• No effect on yield

• Higher PW in rootstocks East, Zasada, Moyer. Preplant fumigation and rootstock choice influence on M. hapla during vineyard establishment. AJEV. In preparation

Fumigation only reduces root-knot

nematode for 1 year

Some rootstocks act as hosts for root-knot,

but show no above-ground effect (tolerance)

Funded by the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program

SUMMARY

• Sample in fall

• Different species have different densities

throughout the soil profile

• Limited post-plant options

• Pre-plant decision making is important

• Effectiveness of chemical and cultural

management depends on timing and

nematode species

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Chair – Dr. Michelle Moyer

• Committee – Dr. Inga Zasada, Dr. Paul Schreiner, Dr. Patrick Moore

• Jensena Newhouse, Elise Mills, Ashley Boren, Eric Gale, Matthew Scott, Amy

Peetz, Catie Wram, Maria Mireles, Margaret McCoy and Keira Newell

• Joe Cotta, Kari Smasne, Julie Tarara of Ste. Michelle Wine Estates, Rick

Hamman of Hogue Ranches, and Richard Hoff of Mercer Ranches

• Funded through the Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program;

funding sources include Washington State Wine Commission, Auction of

Washington Wines, State Liter tax, and/or WSU Agriculture Research Center

Questions?