managing labor migration: the case of the agriculture and fisheries sector

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MANAGING LABOUR MIGRATION : THE CASE OF THE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES SECTOR 2728 January 2014, Tokyo The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

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This presentation was given at the the 4th ADBI-OECD-ILO Roundtable on Labor Migration in Asia: Building Human Capital Across Borders which was held in Tokyo, Japan on 27-28 January 2014.

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Page 1: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

MANAGING LABOUR MIGRATION : THE CASE OF THE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES SECTOR27‐28 January 2014, Tokyo

The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of theAsian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

Page 2: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• The Temporary Foreign Worker Program:

The Temporary Foreign Worker Program

p y g g

o Provides access to temporary labour to sectors and regions experiencing labour shortages

Responsive to economic and labour market changes

Employers can hire from any country

No numerical limits

o Supports Canadian interests with key partners via international agreements (e.g., North American Free Trade Agreement, youth mobility agreements)Free Trade Agreement, youth mobility agreements)

High‐skill Temporary Foreign Workers  can transfer unique skill sets to Canadians, and are increasingly a source of potential permanent residents who integrate well

• Employment and Skills Development Canada and Citizenship and Immigration Canada jointly manage the Program

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Page 3: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• Employment and Skills Development Canada renders decisions on Labour Market Opinion applications 

Role of ESDC & CIC

from employers based on:

o Making sure that Canadians or permanent residents have first chance at job opportunities

o consistency of the employer’s job offer with Canadian wages and working conditions

the employer's advertisement and recruitment efforts ando the employer's advertisement and recruitment efforts; and

o whether the entry of the foreign worker will:

directly create jobs or lead to job retention for Canadians or Permanent Residents

result in the transfer of skills and knowledge to Canadian or permanent residents; andg p ;

affect an ongoing labour dispute

• Citizenship and Immigration Canada issues work permits. In this process, it:

o Verifies whether Employment and Social Development Canada has authorized the hiring of the worker with a Labour Market Opinion, or that an Labour Market Opinion exemption applies

o Collaborates with Canada Border Services Agency to ensure worker meets temporary resident criteria related to medical tests, criminality and security

o Ensures worker has appropriate/required skills to work in the occupation in Canada

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Page 4: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• In Canada, Temporary Foreign Workers in agricultural occupations enter under either:The Agricultural Stream

Entry of TFWs in Agriculture

o The Agricultural Streamo The Stream for Lower‐skilled Occupationso The Stream for Higher‐skilled Occupations, oro The Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program

• The Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program operates according to bilateral agreements between Canada and each country party to the agreement (Jamaica‐1966, Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago‐1967, Mexico‐1974)o The number of workers under the program has steadily increased from 264 in 1966 to 25,694 

i 2012in 2012

• Canada no longer enters into new bilateral agreements in agriculture, but  does allow Canadian employers to hire foreign agricultural workers from other countries through other Temporary Foreign Worker Program streams

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Page 5: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• The Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program has particular requirements on employers, in addition to 

Additional Requirements under Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program

requirements specified in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, including:

o Signing an employer‐employee contract outlining wages, duties, and conditions related to the transportation, accommodation, health and occupational safety of the foreign worker

o Pay for part of transportation to and from the worker’s country of origin

o Provide free accommodation (exception: British Colombia) for workers that meets provincial standards

o Ensure the worker is registered to private health insurance until he/she is eligible for provincial health coverage; and

o Register the worker under the appropriate provincial workers’ compensation or workplace safety insurance plans

• Employment duration must not exceed 8 months per calendar yearp y p y

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Page 6: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• In cases where an employer is interested in hiring a foreign worker in a lower skilled occupation (in agriculture or an other sector) there are additional req irements that the emplo er m st be prepared to meet

Additional Requirements for Lower‐Skilled Occupations (Any Country) 

any other sector), there are additional requirements that the employer must be prepared to meet:

o Sign an employer‐employee contract outlining wages, duties, and conditions related to the transportation, accommodation, health and occupational safety of the foreign worker

o Cover all recruitment costs related to the hiring of the foreign workero Help worker(s) find suitable, affordable accommodationo Pay full airfare for the foreign worker to and from their home countryo Provide medical coverage until the worker is eligible for provincial health insurance coverageo Register worker(s) under the appropriate provincial workers compensation/workplace safety insurance plans

• Agricultural Stream requirements: Similar to those of general low‐skilled stream

• While there are differences between requirements for the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program and general requirements for low‐skilled occupations, efforts have been made to ensure costs and protections for workers to be as equivalent as possiblebe as equivalent as possible  

• All Temporary Foreign Workers working in agriculture and related industries may work in Canada for a maximum cumulative period of 4 years before they must wait an additional 4 years before being eligible to work in Canada again. Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program workers are exempt from this rule, however, given pre‐i ti i t ti l texisting international agreements

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Page 7: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program participants must be working on a farm on a

Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program, Agriculture and Fisheries

• Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program participants must be working on a farm on a commodity related to primary agriculture

• Temporary Foreign Workers working in fisheries are not eligible to participate in the p y g g g p pSeasonal Agricultural Worker Program. However, they may be eligible to work in Canada under the general low‐skilled stream for Temporary Foreign Workers in lower‐skilled occupations

• Most Temporary Foreign Workers working in “fisheries” are working in fish plants or factories related to seafood product preparation, which is considered to be food manufacturing and not agriculture

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Page 8: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• Agricultural sector is heaviest user of Temporary Foreign Workers

Agricultureg p y g

o More than 30,000 Temporary Foreign Workers work in this sector every year, with most entering through the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program

• Concentrated in lower‐skilled, lower‐wage occupations in crop production industries

• Unemployment rate and use of Employment Insurance by Canadians is relatively high, givenseasonal nature of the work

• Employers state international competition inhibits offering wages attractive to Canadian workers from jobs in other primary resource industries (e.g. oil & gas extraction)

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Page 9: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• In 2012, the sector accounted for 1.4% of real Gross Domestic Product and 1.5% of 

Food Manufacturing

Canadian employment or 266,000 workers

• Concentrated in Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, due to the available labour pool and proximity to consumers in urban centres, and the United States.  However, seafood product 

i d f i i d i l d i l ipreparation and manufacturing industries are mostly concentrated in coastal regions

• The majority of workers (68%) in occupations requiring a secondary school diploma, occupation‐specific training or on‐the‐job training  

• Concentrated in lower‐skilled, lower‐wage occupations, such as: Fish Plant Workers; Industrial Butchers and Meat Cutters, Poultry Preparers and Related Workers; and Labourers in Food, Beverage and Tobacco Processing

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Page 10: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• Temporary Foreign Workers have the same rights and protections as all Canadians

Worker Protection

• Temporary Foreign Workers must be paid the same wages as Canadian workers for same job in same location

• Provinces and Territories are responsible for enforcing labour standards for 90% of occupations across Canada

o Some provinces and territories have taken additional legislative or regulatory action to reduce exploitation and abuse of Temporary Foreign Workers (i.e. Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia)

• The remaining 10% of occupations are federally regulated and are monitored  and enforced by Labour Canada

• Specific employer requirements in low‐skill programs

o Employers of lower‐skill Temporary Foreign Workers have additional responsibilities in the areas of transportation costs, accommodation, health insurance, and workers’ compensation

• The Government of Canada has recently introduced new regulations and other measures to improve worker protection and program integrity

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Page 11: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

• The Government of Canada does not recruit Temporary Foreign Workers nor are officials directly

Key Points

• The Government of Canada does not recruit Temporary Foreign Workers nor are officials directly involved in advising employers on recruiting

• Temporary Foreign Workers are recruited by employers, sometimes with assistance of labour recruiters and employer associations

• In the case of  the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program, industry organizations recruit workers on behalf of employers.

• Recruitment process also expedited through assistance of source country officials who participate in recruitment, selection and documentation of workers, and maintain pool of workers ready to go to C d h t i d f C di lCanada when requests received from Canadian employers

• The primary objective of the Temporary Foreign Workers Program is to meet temporary labour market needs in Canada.

• May be additional benefits derived from certain aspects of the program, including remittances to family members in source countries, international cooperation in managing the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program and other international agreements, and skills development that Temporary Foreign Workers bring to Canada or take back to their source countries

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Page 12: Managing Labor Migration: The Case of the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector

Questions?

• Further details on Citizenship and Immigration Canada’s programs and services:

• www.cic.gc.cag

• Thank you/merciThank you/merci.

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