managerial accounting 15th ed chapter 8

PowerPoint Authors:Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPACharles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMAJon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIACynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA

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Master BudgetingChapter 8

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Learning Objective 1

Understand why organizations budget

and the processes they use to create budgets.

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The Basic Framework of Budgeting

A budget is a detailed quantitative plan for acquiring and using financial and other resources over a specified forthcoming time period.

1. The act of preparing a budget is called budgeting.

2. The use of budgets to control an organization’s activities is known as budgetary control.

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Difference Between Planning and Control

PlanningPlanning – – involves developing involves developing objectives and objectives and preparing various preparing various budgets to achieve budgets to achieve those objectives.those objectives.

PlanningPlanning – – involves developing involves developing objectives and objectives and preparing various preparing various budgets to achieve budgets to achieve those objectives.those objectives.

ControlControl – – involves the steps taken involves the steps taken by management to by management to increase the likelihood that increase the likelihood that the objectives set down the objectives set down while planning are attained while planning are attained and that all parts of the and that all parts of the organization are working organization are working together toward that goal.together toward that goal.

ControlControl – – involves the steps taken involves the steps taken by management to by management to increase the likelihood that increase the likelihood that the objectives set down the objectives set down while planning are attained while planning are attained and that all parts of the and that all parts of the organization are working organization are working together toward that goal.together toward that goal.

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Advantages of Budgeting

Advantages

Define goalsDefine goalsand objectivesand objectives

Uncover potentialUncover potentialbottlenecksbottlenecks

CoordinateCoordinateactivitiesactivities

Communicateplans

Means of allocatingMeans of allocatingresourcesresources

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Responsibility Accounting

Managers should be held Managers should be held responsible for those items - responsible for those items - and and onlyonly those items - that those items - that they can actually control they can actually control to a significant extent. to a significant extent. Responsibility accounting Responsibility accounting enables organizations to enables organizations to react react quicklyquickly to deviations from their to deviations from their plans and to plans and to learnlearn from from feedback.feedback.

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Choosing the Budget Period

Operating BudgetOperating Budget

2014 2015 2016 2017

Operating budgets ordinarily Operating budgets ordinarily cover a one-year periodcover a one-year period

corresponding to a company’s corresponding to a company’s fiscal year. Many companies fiscal year. Many companies divide their annual budget divide their annual budget

into four quarters.into four quarters.

Operating budgets ordinarily Operating budgets ordinarily cover a one-year periodcover a one-year period

corresponding to a company’s corresponding to a company’s fiscal year. Many companies fiscal year. Many companies divide their annual budget divide their annual budget

into four quarters.into four quarters.

A continuous budget is aA continuous budget is a12-month budget that rolls12-month budget that rolls

forward one month (or quarter)forward one month (or quarter)as the current month (or quarter)as the current month (or quarter)

is completed.is completed.

A continuous budget is aA continuous budget is a12-month budget that rolls12-month budget that rolls

forward one month (or quarter)forward one month (or quarter)as the current month (or quarter)as the current month (or quarter)

is completed.is completed.

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Self-Imposed Budget

A self-imposed budget or participative budget is a budget that is prepared with the full cooperation and participation of managers

at all levels.

S u p erviso r S u p erviso r

M id d leM an ag em en t

S u p erviso r S u p erviso r

M id d leM an ag em en t

Top M an ag em en t

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Advantages of Self-Imposed Budgets1. Individuals at all levels of the organization are viewed as

members of the team whose judgments are valued by top management.

2. Budget estimates prepared by front-line managers are often more accurate than estimates prepared by top managers.

3. Motivation is generally higher when individuals participate in setting their own goals than when the goals are imposed from above.

4. A manager who is not able to meet a budget imposed from above can claim that it was unrealistic. Self-imposed budgets eliminate this excuse.

1. Individuals at all levels of the organization are viewed as members of the team whose judgments are valued by top management.

2. Budget estimates prepared by front-line managers are often more accurate than estimates prepared by top managers.

3. Motivation is generally higher when individuals participate in setting their own goals than when the goals are imposed from above.

4. A manager who is not able to meet a budget imposed from above can claim that it was unrealistic. Self-imposed budgets eliminate this excuse.

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Self-Imposed Budgets

Self-imposed budgets should be reviewed by higher levels of management to

prevent “budgetary slack.”

Most companies issue broad guidelines in terms of overall profits or sales. Lower level managers are directed to prepare

budgets that meet those targets.

Self-imposed budgets should be reviewed by higher levels of management to

prevent “budgetary slack.”

Most companies issue broad guidelines in terms of overall profits or sales. Lower level managers are directed to prepare

budgets that meet those targets.

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Human Factors in BudgetingThe success of a budget program depends on three important factors:1.Top management must be enthusiastic and committed to the budget process.2.Top management must not use the budget to pressure employees or blame them when something goes wrong. 3.Highly achievable budget targets are usually preferred when managers are rewarded based on meeting budget targets.

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The Master Budget: An Overview

Production budgetProduction budgetSelling and

administrativebudget

Selling andadministrative

budget

Direct materialsbudget

Direct materialsbudget

Manufacturingoverhead budgetManufacturing

overhead budgetDirect labor

budgetDirect labor

budget

Cash BudgetCash Budget

Sales budgetSales budget

Ending inventorybudget

Ending inventorybudget

Budgetedbalance sheet

Budgetedbalance sheet

Budgetedincome

statement

Budgetedincome

statement

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Seeing the Big Picture

To help you see the “big picture” keep in mind that the 10 schedules in the master budget are designed to answer the 10 questions shown on the next screen.

To help you see the “big picture” keep in mind that the 10 schedules in the master budget are designed to answer the 10 questions shown on the next screen.

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Seeing the Big Picture

1. How much sales revenue will we earn?2. How much cash will we collect from customers?3. How much raw material will we need to purchase?4. How much manufacturing costs will we incur?5. How much cash will we pay to our suppliers and our direct laborers, and how

much cash will we pay for manufacturing overhead resources?6. What is the total cost that will be transferred from finished goods inventory to

cost of good sold?7. How much selling and administrative expense will we incur and how much

cash will be pay related to those expenses?8. How much money will we borrow from or repay to lenders – including

interest?9. How much operating income will we earn?10.What will our balance sheet look like at the end of the budget period?

1. How much sales revenue will we earn?2. How much cash will we collect from customers?3. How much raw material will we need to purchase?4. How much manufacturing costs will we incur?5. How much cash will we pay to our suppliers and our direct laborers, and how

much cash will we pay for manufacturing overhead resources?6. What is the total cost that will be transferred from finished goods inventory to

cost of good sold?7. How much selling and administrative expense will we incur and how much

cash will be pay related to those expenses?8. How much money will we borrow from or repay to lenders – including

interest?9. How much operating income will we earn?10.What will our balance sheet look like at the end of the budget period?

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A master budget is based on various estimates A master budget is based on various estimates and assumptions. For example, the sales and assumptions. For example, the sales budget requires three budget requires three estimates/assumptionsestimates/assumptions as follows:as follows:1.1.What are the budgeted unit sales?What are the budgeted unit sales?2.2.What is the budgeted selling price per unit?What is the budgeted selling price per unit?3.3.What percentage of accounts receivable will What percentage of accounts receivable will be collected in the current and subsequent be collected in the current and subsequent periods.periods.

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When Microsoft Excel© is used to create a master budget, these types of assumptions can be depicted in a Budget Assumptions tab, thereby enabling Excel-based budget to answer “what-if” questions.

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Prepare a sales budget, including a schedule of

expected cash collections.

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Budgeting Example Royal Company is preparing budgets for the

quarter ending June 30th. Budgeted sales for the next five months are:

April 20,000 units May 50,000 units June 30,000 units July 25,000 units August 15,000 units

The selling price is $10 per unit.

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The Sales BudgetThe individual months of April, May, and June are summed to obtain the total budgeted sales in units

and dollars for the quarter ended June 30th

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Expected Cash Collections

•All sales are on account.•Royal’s collection pattern is:

70% collected in the month of sale, 25% collected in the month following sale, 5% uncollectible.

•In April, the March 31st accounts receivable balance of $30,000 will be collected in full.

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From the Sales Budget for April.From the Sales Budget for April.From the Sales Budget for April.From the Sales Budget for April.

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From the Sales Budget for May.From the Sales Budget for May.From the Sales Budget for May.From the Sales Budget for May.

8-24

Quick Check

What will be the total cash collections for the quarter? a. $700,000b. $220,000c. $190,000d. $905,000

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What will be the total cash collections for the quarter? a. $700,000b. $220,000c. $190,000d. $905,000

Quick Check

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8-27


Prepare a production budget.

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The Production Budget

ProductionProductionBudgetBudget

Sales Sales BudgetBudget

andandExpectedExpected

CashCashCollectionsCollections

Complete

d

The production budget must be adequate to The production budget must be adequate to meet budgeted sales and to provide for meet budgeted sales and to provide for

the desired ending inventory.the desired ending inventory.

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•The management at Royal Company wants The management at Royal Company wants ending inventory to be equal to ending inventory to be equal to 20%20% of the of the following month’s budgeted sales in units.following month’s budgeted sales in units.

•On March 31On March 31stst, 4,000 units were on hand., 4,000 units were on hand.

Let’s prepare the production budget.Let’s prepare the production budget.

If Royal was a merchandising company it would prepare a merchandise purchase budget instead of a production budget.

If Royal was a merchandising company it would prepare a merchandise purchase budget instead of a production budget.

8-30


8-31


March 31March 31ending inventory.ending inventory.

March 31March 31ending inventory.ending inventory.

Budgeted May sales 50,000

Desired ending inventory % 20%Desired ending inventory 10,000

8-32

Quick Check

What is the required production for May? a. 56,000 unitsb. 46,000 unitsc. 62,000 unitsd. 52,000 units


8-33



Quick Check

8-34


8-35


Assumed ending inventory.Assumed ending inventory.Assumed ending inventory.Assumed ending inventory.

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Prepare a direct materials budget,

including a schedule of expected cash

disbursements for purchases of materials.

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The Direct Materials Budget•At Royal Company, At Royal Company, five poundsfive pounds of material of material

are required per unit of product.are required per unit of product.

•Management wants materials on hand at the Management wants materials on hand at the end of each month equal to end of each month equal to 10%10% of the of the following month’s production.following month’s production.

•On March 31, 13,000 pounds of material are On March 31, 13,000 pounds of material are on hand. Material cost is on hand. Material cost is $0.40$0.40 per pound.per pound.

Let’s prepare the direct materials budget.Let’s prepare the direct materials budget.

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The Direct Materials Budget

From production budget.From production budget.From production budget.From production budget.

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8-40


Calculate the materials toCalculate the materials tobe purchased in May.be purchased in May.

March 31 inventory.March 31 inventory.March 31 inventory.March 31 inventory.

10% of following month’s production needs.

10% of following month’s production needs.

8-41

Quick Check

How much materials should be purchased in May? a. 221,500 poundsb. 240,000 poundsc. 230,000 poundsd. 211,500 pounds


8-42



Quick Check

8-43


8-44


Assumed ending inventory.Assumed ending inventory.Assumed ending inventory.Assumed ending inventory.

8-45

Expected Cash Disbursement for Materials

•Royal pays Royal pays $0.40 $0.40 per poundper pound for its materials. for its materials.

•One-half One-half of a month’s purchases is paid for in of a month’s purchases is paid for in the month of purchase; the other half is paid in the month of purchase; the other half is paid in the following month.the following month.

•The March 31 accounts payable balance is The March 31 accounts payable balance is $12,000.$12,000.

Let’s calculate expected cash disbursements.Let’s calculate expected cash disbursements.

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8-47


140,000 lbs. × $0.40/lb. = $56,000140,000 lbs. × $0.40/lb. = $56,000140,000 lbs. × $0.40/lb. = $56,000140,000 lbs. × $0.40/lb. = $56,000

Compute the expected cashCompute the expected cashdisbursements for materialsdisbursements for materials

for the quarter.for the quarter.

Compute the expected cashCompute the expected cashdisbursements for materialsdisbursements for materials

for the quarter.for the quarter.

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Quick Check

What are the total cash disbursements for What are the total cash disbursements for the quarter? the quarter? a. $185,000a. $185,000b. $ 68,000b. $ 68,000c. $ 56,000c. $ 56,000d. $201,400d. $201,400


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Quick Check

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8-51


Prepare a direct labor budget.

8-52

The Direct Labor Budget

• At Royal, each unit of product requires 0.05 hours (3 minutes) of direct labor.

• The Company has a “no layoff” policy so all employees will be paid for 40 hours of work each week.

• For purposes of our illustration assume that Royal has a “no layoff” policy, workers are paid at the rate of $10 per hour regardless of the hours worked.

• For the next three months, the direct labor workforce will be paid for a minimum of 1,500 hours per month.

Let’s prepare the direct labor budget.Let’s prepare the direct labor budget.

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From production budget.From production budget.From production budget.From production budget.

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Greater of labor hours requiredGreater of labor hours requiredor labor hours guaranteed.or labor hours guaranteed.

Greater of labor hours requiredGreater of labor hours requiredor labor hours guaranteed.or labor hours guaranteed.

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8-57

Quick Check What would be the total direct labor cost for

the quarter if the company follows its no lay-off policy, but pays $15 (time-and-a-half) for every hour worked in excess of 1,500 hours in a month? a. $79,500b. $64,500c. $61,000d. $57,000

8-58

What would be the total direct labor cost for the quarter if the company follows its no lay-off policy, but pays $15 (time-and-a-half) for every hour worked in excess of 1,500 hours in a month? a. $79,500b. $64,500c. $61,000d. $57,000

Quick Check

April May June QuarterLabor hours required 1,300 2,300 1,450 Regular hours paid 1,500 1,500 1,500 4,500

Overtime hours paid - 800 - 800

Total regular hours 4,500 $10 45,000$ Total overtime hours 800 $15 12,000$

Total pay 57,000$

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Prepare a manufacturing overhead budget.

8-60

Manufacturing Overhead Budget

•At Royal, manufacturing overhead is applied to At Royal, manufacturing overhead is applied to units of product on the basis of direct labor hours.units of product on the basis of direct labor hours.

•The The variablevariable manufacturing overhead rate is manufacturing overhead rate is $20 $20 per direct labor hourper direct labor hour..

•Fixed manufacturing overhead is Fixed manufacturing overhead is $50,000 $50,000 per per month, which includes month, which includes $20,000 of noncash costs $20,000 of noncash costs (primarily depreciation of plant assets).(primarily depreciation of plant assets).

Let’s prepare the manufacturing overhead budget.Let’s prepare the manufacturing overhead budget.

•At Royal, manufacturing overhead is applied to At Royal, manufacturing overhead is applied to units of product on the basis of direct labor hours.units of product on the basis of direct labor hours.

•The The variablevariable manufacturing overhead rate is manufacturing overhead rate is $20 $20 per direct labor hourper direct labor hour..

•Fixed manufacturing overhead is Fixed manufacturing overhead is $50,000 $50,000 per per month, which includes month, which includes $20,000 of noncash costs $20,000 of noncash costs (primarily depreciation of plant assets).(primarily depreciation of plant assets).

Let’s prepare the manufacturing overhead budget.Let’s prepare the manufacturing overhead budget.

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Direct Labor Budget.Direct Labor Budget.Direct Labor Budget.Direct Labor Budget.

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Total mfg. OH for quarter $251,000Total labor hours required 5,050

= $49.70 per hour *

* rounded* rounded

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Depreciation is a noncash charge.Depreciation is a noncash charge.Depreciation is a noncash charge.Depreciation is a noncash charge.

8-64

Production costs per unit Quantity Cost Total Direct materials 5.00 lbs. 0.40$ 2.00$ Direct labor 0.05 hrs. 10.00$ 0.50 Manufacturing overhead 0.05 hrs. 49.70$ 2.49

4.99$

Budgeted finished goods inventory Ending inventory in units 5,000 Unit product cost 4.99$ Ending finished goods inventory 24,950$

Ending Finished Goods Inventory Budget

Direct materialsDirect materialsbudget and information.budget and information.

Direct materialsDirect materialsbudget and information.budget and information.

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4.99$



Direct labor budget.Direct labor budget.Direct labor budget.Direct labor budget.

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4.99$

Budgeted finished goods inventory Ending inventory in units 5,000 Unit product cost 4.99$ Ending finished goods inventory ?


Total mfg. OH for quarter $251,000Total labor hours required 5,050

= $49.70 per hour

8-67


4.99$



Production Budget.Production Budget.Production Budget.Production Budget.

8-68


Prepare a selling and administrative expense

budget.

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Selling and Administrative Expense Budget• At Royal, the selling and administrative expense budget is At Royal, the selling and administrative expense budget is

divided into variable and fixed components.divided into variable and fixed components.

• The The variablevariable selling and administrative expenses are $0.50 selling and administrative expenses are $0.50 per unit sold.per unit sold.

• FixedFixed selling and administrative expenses are $70,000 per selling and administrative expenses are $70,000 per month.month.

• The fixed selling and administrative expenses include The fixed selling and administrative expenses include $10,000 in costs – primarily depreciation – that are not cash $10,000 in costs – primarily depreciation – that are not cash outflows of the current month.outflows of the current month.

Let’s prepare the company’s selling and administrative Let’s prepare the company’s selling and administrative expense budget.expense budget.

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Selling and Administrative Expense Budget

Calculate the selling and administrativeCalculate the selling and administrativecash expenses for the quarter.cash expenses for the quarter.

Calculate the selling and administrativeCalculate the selling and administrativecash expenses for the quarter.cash expenses for the quarter.

8-71

Quick Check

What are the total cash disbursements for selling and administrative expenses for the quarter? a. $180,000b. $230,000c. $110,000d. $ 70,000


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Quick Check

8-73

Selling Administrative Expense Budget

8-74


Prepare a cash budget.

8-75

Format of the Cash Budget

The cash budget is divided into four sections:The cash budget is divided into four sections:

1.1. Cash receipts Cash receipts section lists all cash inflows excluding cash section lists all cash inflows excluding cash received from financing;received from financing;

2.2. Cash disbursementsCash disbursements section consists of all cash payments section consists of all cash payments excluding repayments of principal and interest;excluding repayments of principal and interest;

3.3. Cash excess or deficiency section determines if the Cash excess or deficiency section determines if the company will company will need to borrow money need to borrow money or if it will be able to or if it will be able to repay funds previously borrowed; andrepay funds previously borrowed; and

4.4. Financing sectionFinancing section details the borrowings and repayments details the borrowings and repayments projected to take place during the budget period.projected to take place during the budget period.

The cash budget is divided into four sections:The cash budget is divided into four sections:

1.1. Cash receipts Cash receipts section lists all cash inflows excluding cash section lists all cash inflows excluding cash received from financing;received from financing;

2.2. Cash disbursementsCash disbursements section consists of all cash payments section consists of all cash payments excluding repayments of principal and interest;excluding repayments of principal and interest;

3.3. Cash excess or deficiency section determines if the Cash excess or deficiency section determines if the company will company will need to borrow money need to borrow money or if it will be able to or if it will be able to repay funds previously borrowed; andrepay funds previously borrowed; and

4.4. Financing sectionFinancing section details the borrowings and repayments details the borrowings and repayments projected to take place during the budget period.projected to take place during the budget period.

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The Cash BudgetAssume the following information for Royal:Assume the following information for Royal:

Maintains a 16% open line of credit for $75,000.Maintains a 16% open line of credit for $75,000. Maintains a minimum cash balance of $30,000.Maintains a minimum cash balance of $30,000. Borrows on the first day of the month and repays Borrows on the first day of the month and repays

loans on the last day of the month.loans on the last day of the month. Pays a cash dividend of $49,000 in April.Pays a cash dividend of $49,000 in April. Purchases $143,700 of equipment in May and Purchases $143,700 of equipment in May and

$48,300 in June (both purchases paid in cash).$48,300 in June (both purchases paid in cash). Has an April 1 cash balance of $40,000.Has an April 1 cash balance of $40,000.

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The Cash Budget

Schedule of ExpectedSchedule of ExpectedCash Collections.Cash Collections.

Schedule of ExpectedSchedule of ExpectedCash Collections.Cash Collections.

8-78

The Cash Budget

Direct LaborDirect LaborBudget.Budget.

Direct LaborDirect LaborBudget.Budget.

ManufacturingManufacturingOverhead Budget.Overhead Budget.

ManufacturingManufacturingOverhead Budget.Overhead Budget.

Selling and AdministrativeSelling and AdministrativeExpense Budget.Expense Budget.

Selling and AdministrativeSelling and AdministrativeExpense Budget.Expense Budget.

Schedule of ExpectedSchedule of ExpectedCash Disbursements.Cash Disbursements.Schedule of ExpectedSchedule of ExpectedCash Disbursements.Cash Disbursements.

8-79

The Cash Budget

Because Royal maintainsBecause Royal maintainsa cash balance of $30,000,a cash balance of $30,000,the company must borrow the company must borrow

$50,000 on its line-of-credit.$50,000 on its line-of-credit.



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The Cash Budget

Ending cash balance for AprilEnding cash balance for Aprilis the beginning May balance.is the beginning May balance.Ending cash balance for AprilEnding cash balance for Aprilis the beginning May balance.is the beginning May balance.





8-81

The Cash Budget

8-82

Quick Check

What is the excess (deficiency) of cash available over disbursements for June? a. $ 85,000b. $(10,000)c. $ 75,000d. $ 95,000

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What is the excess (deficiency) of cash available over disbursements for June? a. $ 85,000b. $(10,000)c. $ 75,000d. $ 95,000

Quick Check

8-84

The Cash Budget

$50,000 × 16% × 3/12 = $2,000$50,000 × 16% × 3/12 = $2,000Borrowings on April 1 andBorrowings on April 1 and

repayment on June 30.repayment on June 30.

$50,000 × 16% × 3/12 = $2,000$50,000 × 16% × 3/12 = $2,000Borrowings on April 1 andBorrowings on April 1 and

repayment on June 30.repayment on June 30.

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The Budgeted Income Statement

Cash Budget

BudgetedIncome

Statement

Complete

d

With interest expense from the cash budget, Royal can prepare the budgeted

income statement.

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Prepare a budgeted income statement.

8-87

The Budgeted Income Statement

Royal CompanyBudgeted Income Statement

For the Three Months Ended June 30

Sales (100,000 units @ $10) 1,000,000$ Cost of goods sold (100,000 @ $4.99) 499,000 Gross margin 501,000 Selling and administrative expenses 260,000 Operating income 241,000 Interest expense 2,000 Net income 239,000$

Sales Budget.Sales Budget.Sales Budget.Sales Budget.

Ending FinishedEnding FinishedGoods Inventory.Goods Inventory.Ending FinishedEnding FinishedGoods Inventory.Goods Inventory.

Selling and Selling and AdministrativeAdministrative

Expense Budget.Expense Budget.

Selling and Selling and AdministrativeAdministrative

Expense Budget.Expense Budget.

Cash Budget.Cash Budget.Cash Budget.Cash Budget.

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Prepare a budgeted balance sheet.

8-89

The Budgeted Balance SheetRoyal reported the following account Royal reported the following account

balances prior to preparing its budgeted balances prior to preparing its budgeted financial statements:financial statements:

• Land - $50,000Land - $50,000• Common stock - $200,000Common stock - $200,000• Retained earnings - $146,150 (April 1)Retained earnings - $146,150 (April 1)• Equipment - $175,000Equipment - $175,000

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Royal CompanyBudgeted Balance Sheet

June 30

Assets: Cash 43,000$ Accounts receivable 75,000 Raw materials inventory 4,600 Finished goods inventory 24,950 Land 50,000 Equipment 367,000 Total assets 564,550

Liabilities and Stockholders' EquityAccounts payable 28,400$ Common stock 200,000 Retained earnings 336,150 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 564,550$

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Royal CompanyBudgeted Balance Sheet

June 30

Assets: Cash 43,000$ Accounts receivable 75,000 Raw materials inventory 4,600 Finished goods inventory 24,950 Land 50,000 Equipment 367,000 Total assets 564,550

Liabilities and Stockholders' EquityAccounts payable 28,400$ Common stock 200,000 Retained earnings 336,150 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 564,550$

Beginning balance 146,150$ Add: net income 239,000 Deduct: dividends (49,000) Ending balance 336,150$

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End of Chapter 8

managerial accounting 15th ed chapter 8

Education

prevent budgetary

labor hours

labor hours

deficiency

assumed ending

desired ending

direct labor

budgeted income