management strategies for asm in protected areas and ... · • manú national park (peru) •...
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Management Strategies for ASM in Protected Areas and Critical Ecosystems worldwide Based on research by the ASM-PACE Programme
By Cristina Villegas of Estelle Levin Ltd. and ASM-PACE As part of the “Enhancing the Developmental Potential of Artisanal and Small‐Scale Mining” Conference The World Bank, June 7-8, 2012
www.estellelevin.com and www.asm-pace.org
19. Juni 12
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Protected Areas
Protected areas are increasingly vulnerable to mineral rushes because of the escalating price of certain minerals (especially gold) and because protected areas are seen as virgin, and un-mined.
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Where does ASM take place & why is it a problem?
ASM-PACE
19. Juni 12
• ASM is occurring in or around 96 of 147 protected areas or critical ecosystems are affected (and those were the ones identified in a desk-based study)
• Of 36 countries studied, we found evidence in 32 countries of ASM actively taking place in or adjacent to protected areas or “critical ecosystems”
• Affected sites include at least 7 natural World Heritage Sites and at least 12 WWF Priority Landscapes
• ASM is impacting all types of critical ecosystems, from artic landscapes (Greenland) to tropical rainforests (Brazil and Gabon, among many others), to coral reefs (Philippines) and more
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Places
Countries subject to ASM practices
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ASM-PACE
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Affected conservation sites World Heritage Sites: • Kahuzi-Biega National Park (DRC) • Okapi Wildlife Reserve (DRC) • Virunga National Park (DRC) • Garamba National Park (DRC) • Salonga National Park (DRC) • Lorentz National Park (Indonesia) • Niokolo-Koba National Park
(Senegal)
Possibly threatened WHS (more information needed): • Manú National Park (Peru) • Serengeti National Park (Tanzania) • Selous Game Reserve (Tanzania)
WWF Priority Places/ Ecoregions: • Amazon-Guianas • African Rift Lakes Region • Borneo (Indonesian) • Cerrado-Pantanal • Choco-Darien • Congo Basin • Coral Triangle • Madagascar • Mekong Complex • Namib-Karoo-Kaokoveld • New Guinea & offshore islands • Orinoco River & Flooded forests
Possibly threatened (more info needed): • Yangtze Basin
ASM-PACE ASM-PACE
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The Environmental Challenge
Artisanal diamond mining in DRC
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Key motivations for ASM
ASM-PACE
19. Juni 12
What does ASM brings to people: • Job creation • Income • Positive economic effects on local communities • Dignity • Food security • Education
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Key motivations for ASM to be done in protected areas and critical ecosystems
ASM-PACE
19. Juni 12
• Protected areas are virgin areas; they have not yet been mined
• There is no need to have a legal license to work in a protected area. If it is unguarded it is free money
• Industrial mine development pushes artisanal miners from traditional areas and into more remote locations or nearby protected areas.
• Lack of legitimacy of park borders amongst the local population (e.g. Suriname and Liberia)
ASM-PACE
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Management Strategies
ASM-PACE
19. Juni 12
1. Eviction - Most common used ‘strategy’ - Key risks, best and worst practice 2. Negotiated Access - Example & key risks 3. Multi-stakeholder supply chain initiatives - Example & key risk 4. Certification initiatives - Replicable in weak states? 5. Alternative Livelihood Programmes - Key risks 6. Selected de-gazettement or “Mining mindful” conservation planning - Example & key risks 7. Conversion to protected area status
ASM-PACE
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Thank you [email protected] [email protected]
www.estellelevin.com www.asm-pace.org
ASM-PACE
19. Juni 12 19. Juni 12
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Generous leadership funders of the ASM-PACE programme:
• The Tiffany & Co. Foundation • World Bank’s Programme on Forests (PROFOR) • WWF Netherlands • WWF USA • WWF DRC • WWF Madagascar • Africa Biodiversity and Conservation Group (ABCG/BATS) – a USAID-funded initiative • WWF’s Central Africa Regional Programme Office (WWF CARPO)
19. Juni 12
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Dry season terracing by artisanal gold miners in
Minkebe National Park, Gabon
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The effects of artisanal mining in Brownsberg Nature Park,
Suriname