management practices to mitigate the adverse physiology in livestock that are exposed to...
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Management practices to mitigate
the adverse physiology in livestock
that are exposed to ergopeptines
Glen AikenUSDA-ARS Forage-Animal Production Research Unit
Lexington, KY
United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service
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An Epichloe endophyte that infects
‘Kentucky-31’ tall fescue produces
alkaloids that impart tolerances to
environmental stresses, but also
produces ergot alkaloids that can
cause a toxicosis in grazing livestock
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Signs of Fescue toxicosis
● Reduced reproductive performance
and milk production.
• Maintain rough hair coats during the
summer.
• Core body temperatures are
elevated.
• Dry matter intake is reduced
• Weight gains and thriftiness are low
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Adverse physiology caused by ergot alkaloids
Ergot alkaloids bind to:• α-adrenergic receptors to mediate vasoconstriction of the
vasculature.As much as 50% reduction of blood flow to the skin to hinder thermo-regulation, and to the GI tract to reduce nutrient efficiency.
• D2 receptors of the anterior pituitary to reduce secretion of prolactin.
Consistently low prolactin, and reductions in progesterone and thyroid hormones have been documented.
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Fescue FootWhy the high incidence in cold weather?
Provided by the Missouri Cooperative Extension Service
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Provided by the University of Sidney
Abdominal Fat Necrosis
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Fescue toxicosis costs the U.S. beef industry over 1 billion dollars per year.
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Fescue Belt
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• Plant reproduction development:
- Rottinghaus et al. (1991) determined ergot
alkaloid concentrations in plant parts
rank in order of:
leaf blade, leaf sheath, stems, seed heads
• Plant growth rate:
- Soil fertility
- Air temperature
- Season
Extent of Ergot alkaloid toxicity depends on:
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Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Seasonal Trends in Ergot Alkaloid Concentrations in Tall FescueErg
ot
Alk
alo
id C
once
ntr
ati
ons
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Options in Managing Around Fescue Toxicosis
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Option 1Feed co-product feeds or inter-seed
clovers to increase cattle performance and reduce the
severity of toxicosis.
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Two-year grazing trial with steers grazing toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue evaluated effects of feeding
pelleted soybean hulls combined with ear implants on mitigation or
alleviation of fescue toxicosis
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Steers fed Soybean hulls had:
• 32 percent greater daily weight gain than
controls without ear implantation and 70
percent greater daily weight gain with ear
implantation.
• Greater incidence of shedding rough hair
coats
• 2-fold greater serum prolactin than controls
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We concluded that ergot alkaloids were deluded in the the diets, but… we are now speculating that isoflavones in the soybean hulls could have been a mitigating factor through their potential function as beta-agonists. Shappell et al. 2015
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What about clovers?
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Isoflavones in clovers and other legumeshave been indicated to function as beta agonists
Red clover can produce high concentrationsof the isoflavone biochanin a
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Cross-sections of the common carotid
of wether goats using color Doppler ultrasonograpy
for assessing alkaloid-induced vasoconstriction
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Experiment 1
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Experiment 2
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Option 3Replace toxic endophyte-
infected tall fescue with non-toxic, novel endophyte-infected
tall fescue
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Percentage Increase in Average Daily Gain with Novel Endophyte Fescue
Relative to Wild-Type Endophyte Fescue
Class State NE/Cultivar %
Increase
Steers GA AR542/Jesup +152
Suckling calves GA AR542/Jesup +17
Postpartum cows GA AR542/Jesup +142
Steers AR Strain 4/HiMag +58
Heifers GA AR542/Jesup +40
Steers KY AR584/9301 +29
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Can novel endophyte-infectedtall fescue persist?
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THE COMMITTEE ON PERSISTENCE IS
NO LONGER OUT!!
Novel endophyte tall fescues can persist under
good grazing management
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Option 4Managing seed heads
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Seed heads of tall fescue can be mowed or chemically suppressed to increase cattle performance and
reduce the severity of toxicosis
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Metsulfuran
Active ingredient in Chaparral (Dow
AgroScience) herbicide that suppresses seed
head emergence of tall fescue
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2-fold greater prolactin in blood serumof steers grazing seed head suppressed fescue
Serum prolactin ng/mL
With Chaparral 100Without Chaparral 47
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Treated Untreated
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Leaf blades on tillers sampled
in Chaparral treated pastures had
16% greater crude protein and
11% greater in vitro DM digestibility
than those in untreated pastures.
Maintaining vegetative fescue standsCan boost forage quality
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Research indicates that treating toxic tall fescue with Chaparral herbicide can increase
forage quality and alleviate consumption
of highly toxic seed heads.
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Summary
Fescue toxicosis can be alleviated by:
• Replacing Kentucky 31 tall fescue with a non-toxic
endophyte tall fescue.
Fescue toxicosis can be mitigated by:
• Feeding soybean hulls at approximately 1% of BW or by
overseeding with red clover or other legumes.
• Chemically suppressing seed head emergence to maintain
fescue in a vegetative growth stage and alleviate very
toxic seed heads as a dietary source of ergot alkaloids.
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Questions