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Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Management Plan2009/14

Bryniau Clwyd | Clwydian Range2

Image caption.

In 1985 the Clwydian Range was recognised as one of the finest landscapes in the UK when it was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It joined the other AONBs and National Parks in Britain created to provide special protection to the nation’s most precious landscapes. With this designation comes not only the recognition of the special character of the Clwydian Range but also a responsibility to its protection and this demands an understanding of its special qualities, its dynamic and diverse character and what beneath all this makes it tick.

The first statutory Management Plan for the Clwydian Range, published in 2004, for the first time, through consultation with local communities and land managers, clearly identified what makes the area special and set a clear agenda for investment in these special qualities and features. This plan builds on that work and looks to strengthen the partnerships needed to ensure lasting and effective change.

This plan also recognises the array of benefits and services the landscape provides for us, essential in our daily lives, and the delicate eco-systems that hold this complex network together. Understanding the contribution the landscape has to make to our economic, social and environmental well being is fundamental to investing in its future.

This is therefore not just a plan prepared by the Clwydian Range AONB for itself. It is a plan for all those who value the area and have an interest in its well being. It is a plan for all agencies, organisations or individuals who have an influence on the management of the Clwydian Range or a stake in its future. The preparation of the plan has reflected this in its collaborative approach and its delivery needs to be a joint responsibility also.

Councillor Carolyn Thomas ChairClwydian Range AONB

Contact:Clwydian Range AONBLoggerheads Country ParkLoggerheadsNr MoldCH7 5LH

01352 810614

clwydianrangeaonb@denbighshire.gov.ukwww.clwydianrangeaonb.org.uk

Foreword

Management Plan 2009/14

Contents

Section One What is an AONB?

AONB Designation 5Climate Change 9Landscape Function 10Proposed Extension to the Clwydian Range 11

Section TwoThe Essence of the Clwydian Range 13

Section ThreeThe special qualities and features of the Clwydian Range AONB

The Special Qualities and Features 20The Vision for the Clwydian Range 21

Section FourState of the AONB

What is the condition of the special qualities and features of the AONB? 23

Special Qualities Landscape and Tranquility 24

Special Features Natural Environment 27Historic Environment 32Access and Recreation 34Culture and People 39

Section FivePolicy framework and Action Plan

Landscape Quality and Special Character 46Natural Environment 48Historic Environment 55Access & Recreation 61Culture and People 67

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Section One What is an AONB?

Purpose of the DesignationAONBs together with National Parks recognise our finest landscapes and set a framework for their protection and enhancement. The primary statutory purpose of designating a tract of Countryside as an AONB is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the area. The concept of ‘natural beauty’ includes the protection of flora, fauna and geological as well as landscape features. However, it is very important that the cultural dimension of the landscape, including the historical, spiritual and inspirational elements, as well as the physical human shaping of the land are fully recognised. In Wales the added dimension of the language provides an essential element of cultural richness that must be recognised too. These should all be integrated into the management of AONBs.

In pursuing the primary purpose of designation account should be taken of the needs of agriculture, forestry and other rural industries. The economic and social need of local communities and, in particular, the promotion of sustainable forms of social and economic development that in themselves conserve and enhance the environment is vital. The contribution that the environment makes to quality of life and the economic advantage it creates are significant. This implies the need for an integrated approach to the management of the AONBs and the achievement of conservation through appropriate social and economic development.

In contrast to National Parks, AONBs have not been given a statutory recreation purpose. However, as scenically attractive areas, they have always been popular with visitors, and it has long been recognised that demand should be met so long as it is consistent with the conservation of the area and with the needs of agriculture, forestry and other uses. In Wales, the statutory requirement for the Welsh Assembly Government to pursue Sustainable Development serves to give heightened importance to the interaction between the conservation of AONBs and the needs of recreation and tourism, the local economy and local communities.

It was the final AONB to be designated

in Wales joining the Gower, Anglesey

Coast, Lleyn and the Wye Valley which

together with the 3 National Parks

make up Wales’ finest landscapes

and account for over 25% of Wales

as a whole. Together the AONBs and

National Parks in Wales are part of a

family of Protected Landscapes across

the UK.

AONB Designation

The Clwydian Range was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in July 1985.

Management Plan 2009/14 5

Bryniau Clwyd | Clwydian Range

Who is the Plan for?The Plan is designed to provide a framework that can inform and guide anyone who undertakes activities that may affect the AONB. These will include:

Partners of the AONB – organisations that have a key role in delivering and championing the programmes of the AONB – as represented by the Joint Advisory Committee.

Relevant Authorities – All public bodies and statutory undertakers – as defined in Section 85 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 – that have a duty to have regard for the purposes of AONBs. This plan, in defining the areas special qualities and features sets out an agenda for managing change that will help these bodies to fulfil their statutory duties.

Landowners and Land managers – The Plan seeks to work with landowners and land managers and recognises the key role they have to play in realising the overall vision.

Local Communities – The plan commits to working with those who live and work within the AONB and identifies the importance of communities in defining and caring for the landscape. The plan sets out an agenda for working with the communities of the AONB.

Setting the Management Plan in ContextLegislation for Landscape DesignationThe impetus to explore the idea of designated landscape increased after World War II with the recognition that, as a part of post-war reconstruction, there was a need to set aside landscapes both as a means of protection against unwanted development and as places of recreation for the general public.

In his report to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning in 1945, entitled ‘National Parks in England and Wales’, John Dower identified not only areas with the potential for National Park status, but also areas… “deserving and requiring the special concern of local and central planning authorities”. The difference between these areas and those identified as potential National Parks lay in the character, not in the quality of the landscape. The succeeding ‘National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949’ provided for the designation of both National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty by the National Parks Commission. Since then there have been 41 AONBs so designated in England and Wales, with four being wholly in Wales and one, the Wye Valley, straddling the border between the countries.

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This Management Plan sets out a

framework for the conservation and

enhancement of the Clwydian Range

AONB. It is a revised and updated

version of the 2004–2009 Statutory

Management Plan and as such

replaces it. The Vision period for

the 2004 Plan looks 20 years ahead

and this Plan continues to chart a

programme over the next five years

towards realising this Vision. It defines

the features and qualities that make

the area so special and identifies some

of the challenges for the future and

how these will be tackled in order to

achieve the Vision.


The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000The CRoW Act 2000 placed a duty on all local authorities that had an AONB to produce a management plan for that area. Section 84 of the Countryside and Rights Act local authorities are empowered to‘ take all such action as appears expedient for the accomplishment of the purposes of conserving and enhancing the beauty of the AONB’ In addition to this under section 89, local authorities have a statutory duty placed on them to produce an AONB Management Plan. This plan is one of only six statutory management plans that Denbighshire and Flintshire are required to produce.

Section 85 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act requires any Minister of the Crown, public body, or any statutory undertaker or any person holding public office “to have regard to the purpose of conserving and enhancing the natural beauty of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.” This clause embraces all government departments as well as local authorities and privatised utility companies and many have already formulated policies towards AONBs. Other policies and legislation, whilst not specifically mentioning the AONB, have an impact on its management.

The Clwydian Range AONB 1983-2009The primary purpose to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of AONBs is the responsibility of the local authorities within the AONB area. Within the Clwydian Range it is Denbighshire County Council and Flintshire County Council.

The Statement of Intent (1983) In 1983, the then local authorities for the proposed Clwydian Range AONB published a joint Statement of Intent that aimed: a) to bring together all existing policies for the AONBb) to provide a framework for the development of future

planning and management policies for the AONB.

The Joint Advisory Committee The Joint Advisory Committee (JAC) for the Clwydian Range was established when the AONB was designated in 1985. Its role is to advise the constituent authorities and agencies on the achievement of the AONB objectives. This is not a passive role. It is for the JAC to provide the impetus, the motive force and the leadership in coordinating the effective management of this nationally designated area. (see appendix for detailed aims and full list of members).

The JAC has a powerful resource in the range and depth of political and professional expertise and experience. It represents the local authorities, landowners, farmers, conservation and recreation interests. It is supported by an Officers’ Working Group of relevant officers from the constituent local authorities, the Countryside Council for Wales and the Agriculture and Rural Affairs Dept. Welsh Assembly Government.

The Clwydian Range Management Plan (1989) and the Interim Strategy (1996) These two documents set out broad objectives and guidelines for the AONB. The 1996 Interim Strategy was primarily an update of the 1989 plan, both being designed ‘to balance the needs of the various users of the Clwydian Range…. and those concerned with protecting and improving the wildlife and environment in general’, and to translate policies into specific objectives and proposals for action. It also provided a framework for decision-making, resolving conflicts and for guiding the planning and management of the AONB.

The Clwydian Range Management Strategy, 2000 The Clwydian Range Management Strategy, 2000, started to recognise the vast range of issues that the AONB Committee became involved in. It hoped to balance the needs of all users of the range, from residents and those who earn a livelihood to visitors who enjoy the wide open spaces in the landscape.

Clwydian Range AONB Management Plan 2004 The Management Plan for the Clwydian Range AONB published in 2004 was the first statutory plan specific to AONBs, the need being defined by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. The 2004 plan for the first time defined the special qualities of the Range and began the process of identifying the key forces for change impacting on these qualities. The Plan set out a strategy to respond to the factors and made significant progress in delivering programmes targeted to key areas of concern.

European Policies European Landscape Convention The UK signed up to the European Landscape Convention in 2007. The Convention clearly sets out an agenda for landscape protection and management on a European level and as such is an important element in informing a strategic approach. The Convention asks member states: a) to recognise landscapes in law as an essential component

of people’s surroundings, an expression of the diversity of their shared cultural and natural heritage, and a foundation of their identity;

b) to establish and implement landscape policies aimed at landscape protection, management and planning.

c) to establish procedures for the participation of the general public, local and regional authorities, and other parties with an interest in the definition and implementation of landscape policies.

d) to integrate landscape into their regional and town planning policies and in its cultural, environmental, agricultural, social and economic policies, as well as in any other policies with possible direct or indirect impact on landscape.

Specifically the Convention asks each country to undertake to raise awareness of landscape protection, identify special landscape characteristics, and to set and implement objectives for protection, management and planning of the landscape.


National Policies WalesPlanning Policy Wales Edition 3 July 2010 - Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) states “National Parks and Areas of “National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) are of equal status in terms of landscape and scenic beauty and both must be afforded the highest status of protection from inappropriate development. This equivalent status means that National Parks and AONBs must be treated the same in development plan policies and development control decisions”. Technical Advisory Notes (TAN) are produced to help interpret planning policy and should be read in conjunction with Planning Policy Wales (2002). TAN should be taken into account by local planning authorities in the preparation of development plans. The Wales Spatial Plan – People, Places Future Welsh Assembly Government aims “for a dynamic, prosperous and inclusive Wales where our heritage and environment are valued and where we work together and with our neighbours to achieve sustainable development across Wales.“ It is a consideration of what should happen here in Wales and sets out a framework for planning. Its key values and objectives are Respecting Distinctiveness, Valuing our Environment, Building Sustainable Communities, Increasing and Spreading Prosperity and Achieving Sustainable Accessibility. In setting out these values it recognises that they are interdependent. As the environment depends on vibrant communities with a strong and cherished sense of place, so these communities depend on prosperity and sustainable accessibility. The Green Economy – Countryside Council for Wales This report identifies that the economy and the environment are intertwined and that the management and use of the environment underpins the whole Welsh economy. It challenges the assumption that there are natural conflicts between economic and environmental considerations and maintains that the environment is fundamental to the Welsh economy. Our countryside provides not only superb locations in which to live and work but also underpins the rural economy upon which jobs in farming, forestry, fishing, tourism and the public sector are dependent. The environment in Wales currently supports 120,000 full time jobs. Investment in the Welsh environment is an investment in the economic infrastructure of the country.

Woodlands for Wales WAG published its ‘Woodlands for Wales’ strategy in 2001. The strategy does not have specific objectives for woodlands within AONBs, but there are many elements of the strategy that are relevant (see appendix) and are used to guide woodland management within the AONB. The Forestry Commission, in partnership with the Countryside Service, manage large tracts of forest – Coed Moel Famau, Coed Nercwys and Llangwyfan – within the AONB. Management of these woodlands is based upon the objectives set out in Woodlands for Wales’ strategy.

Regional Plans North Wales Regional Transport Plan (NWRTP) 2007 The Wales Transport Act 2006 requires the production of a Regional Transport Plan (RTP) for North Wales. RTPs are strategic plans taking a 20 year perspective. The first RTP entitled Taith will incorporate Action Programmes for the period 2008-2013 corresponding to the new WAG transport funding regime.

NWRTP states “North Wales is a very diverse region, geographically, economically and socially. With its coasts and mountains it contains areas of outstanding natural beauty, including the Snowdonia National Park. Building on existing leisure and tourist activities to fashion sustainable tourist industries is a key focus for development in the remoter areas... Within Taith there are significant environmental assets including the Clwydian AONB and the Snowdonia National Park which need to be sensitively managed for future generations.” National Association of AONBs The NAAONB was formed in 1998 as an independent organisation to act on behalf of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England and Wales. Its role is to raise the profile of AONBs and to ensure that their conservation and enhancement is kept on the agenda of those involved in AONB management at a national level. It played an important role in ensuring that the importance of AONBs featured strongly in the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. The long term Vision of the NAAONB is to “be part of a major independent body representing those responsible and involved in the management of all protected landscape areas of international importance in the UK.”

In this respect it plays an important role in ensuring a close working relationship with the National Parks in England and Wales through the Association of National Park Authorities (ANPA). This close working relationship is particularly relevant in the light of the CRoW Act which puts AONBs on an equal footing with National Parks. Many elements of the Environment Act 1995 as it relates to National Parks have been mirrored in the CRoW Act 2000 for AONBs in order to strengthen the statutory basis for AONBs. The National Park Review currently taking place in Wales may open the door to productive joint working and help to develop a framework for consistent management across designated landscapes in Wales.

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources – Category V Landscapes AONBs together with other designated landscapes in the UK are part of a global network and sit within a worldwide category of protected areas known as “Protected Landscapes”. Category V refers to one of six categories of protected areas worldwide. Category V Landscapes recognise the significance of AONBs in global terms and ensures a consistent approach to landscape conservation internationally. The IUCN recognises that thinking on protected areas is undergoing a fundamental shift. “Whereas protected areas were once planned against people, now it is recognised that they need to be planned with local people, and often for and by them as well. Where once the emphasis was on setting places aside, we now look to develop linkages between strictly protected core areas and the areas around: economic links which benefit local people, and physical links, via ecological corridors, to provide more space for species and natural processes.”

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Spring now arrives 10 days earlier

in Wales than it did in the 1960s.

Bluebells flower one month earlier than

they did in the 1950s. Over the last

40 years in the UK many species are

now growing on average 30km further

North and 25 metres further uphill.

Climate Change

Climate change is one of the principle environmental challenges of the 21st century. The warming of the Earth’s atmosphere is already adversely affecting fragile ecosystems and people’s livelihoods worldwide.

Coed Bell

These trends are projected to accelerate over the coming decades. In Wales there has been a 30% reduction in frost days and 70% reduction in snow cover days since 1960s together with coastal seas warming at 0.2-0.60C per decade.

We need to recognise that these factors are already having an effect on the landscape and will continue to do so. It is important that we recognise this, anticipate further impacts and adapt our responses accordingly. Management should seek to increase the resilience of society and species to adapt to climate change.

We must also consider mitigation methods against it. Projects and initiatives should consider their effects on the environment and have as small a carbon footprint as possible. Community and individual efforts to improve sustainability will be encouraged and supported where they do not compromise the area’s special character. The AONB has a role to play in helping to develop initiatives that will explore methods of sustainable energy production and develop practical applications to local scenarios.

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The Clwydian Range is a landscape

of great beauty and special character

but it provides us with more than fine

views and beautiful scenery.

Landscape FunctionEcosystem Services. What does the Landscape do for us?


The landscape is constantly delivering a range of key functions essential to the environment, the economy and our social well being. It provides us with food, timber and stone together with the supporting jobs in the farming forestry and quarrying industries. These industries have played a major role in shaping the landscape, contributing to its special character.

The uplands and woodlands have a key role to play in locking carbon into the landscape and therefore mitigating the effects of climate change. Careful management of the uplands will ensure that they continue to provide essential carbon storage but will also ensure that they continue to play an essential role in reducing downstream flooding by collecting and holding rainfall, filtering it and cleaning it before it is gathered into reservoirs and provided as clean drinking water.

The landscape also holds a record of past generations and civilisations that have occupied the Clwydian Range and add to our understanding of them. Essentially the landscape is still seen as a place to live and work adding to the cultural mix that defines an area. A strong sense of place and cultural attachment to an area can help to foster cultural identity and social cohesion.

The stunning landscape contributes positively to the health and well being of these communities as well as the people who visit. Peace, tranquillity, open air and open spaces with the opportunities for recreation play an important role in keeping us healthy, re-invigorating us as an essential part of the routine of our daily lives. This in turn provides opportunities for small tourism businesses to develop around those who wish to come and explore the beauty of the area making a contribution to the economy of the communities within it.

A key component of the landscape fundamental to the richness and diversity that we value is the abundant plant life and wildlife that share the space with us. In amongst it all the landscape is quietly providing key habitats for species of international significance. There is a delicate balance to be struck here but it is also important to understand the interdependence between our own communities and communities of plant life and wildlife in a shared landscape.

The beautiful landscape of the Clwydian Range, its rich culture and history, biodiversity and community is providing us with key services that are essential to our economy, our health and our well being. It provides us with food and water whilst helping to control the risk of flooding and mitigating the effects of climate change. Only by supporting the things that keep this landscape special can we safeguard these vital services for the future.

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Denbighshire County Council has

signalled its commitment to an

extension of the Clwydian Range

AONB into the Dee Valley in the UDP.

Proposed Extension the Clwydian Range AONB

Management Plan 2009/14

Wrexham County Borough Council are similarly committed to investigating whether part of the proposed Y Berwyn AONB particularly around Ruabon and Minera Mountain should be considered within this proposal. Both areas were identified in the Hobhouse Report to be of national importance and warranting the same level of protection as our existing AONBs.

Both Authorities have been working with the Countryside Council for Wales to devise and test a methodology for assessing the appropriateness of designating a tract of land as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

A process of landscape evaluation and stakeholder engagement has helped to identify the special qualities of the landscape of the proposed extension area. An appraisal of the forces for change impacting on these qualities has been made together with an assessment of the appropriateness of AONB designation as a tool for management in responding to change. In concluding this work CCW intend to consult on a revised draft boundary to the Clwydian Range taking the Dee Valley, Ruabon and Llantysilio Mountain and part of the North Berwyn Mountains.

The extension of the boundary of the Clwydian Range along the lines set out would more than double the size of the current designated area and present a series of challenges for the Joint Advisory Committee to the Clwydian Range and the three managing authorities of Denbighshire, Flintshire and Wrexham. The Clwydian Range AONB would need to consider:

• Expanding the current Partnership as represented by the Joint Advisory Committee to include Wrexham County Borough Council and the communities and businesses of the extended area.

• Ensuring that resources reflect the extended area in a way that ensures a continuation of the development work within the existing area as well as an expansion of this work into new areas.

• Quickly establishing a cohesion of structure and management across the new area in order to reflect a true sense of place and to engender a sense of belonging and partnership around the designation.

The Clwydian Range AONB needs to anticipate these changes should the process be concluded in favour of an extension and as far as possible prepare for them.

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Section Two The Essence of the Clwydian Range

Why is the Range designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty?


The Clwydian Range forms a 35km

north – south chain of undulating hills

extending to 160 sq.km and rising

to 554 metres at the summit of Moel

Famau in the centre of the area. The

hills stretch from the Vale of Clwyd

in the west to the foothills of the Dee

Estuary to the east; from Prestatyn

Hillside in the north to the Nant y

Garth pass in the South..

The Essence of the Clwydian Range

Prestatyn Hillside from Graig Fawr

Seen at its best from the Vale of Clwyd, the open heather moorland of the high ridge dominates the small hedged fields and coppice woodland of the lower slopes. In places limestone rock outcrops are exposed in attractive wooded escarpments and on the fringes of the area highly fertile farmland gives a soft pastoral foreground to the hills.

The AONB has traditionally been a day-trip destination from Merseyside and Cheshire, and receives large numbers of visitors, particularly at its two Country Parks of Loggerheads and Moel Famau. The Offa’s Dyke National Trail follows almost the entire length of the ridge crest.

LANDMAP LANDMAP is a landscape assessment methodology which has been developed by the Countryside Council for Wales to assess the value of Welsh landscapes in terms of their geology, biodiversity, visual appearance, archaeology & history and culture (five aspects). Individual aspect specialists categorise the landscape and map the information into a geographical information system. LANDMAP contains a wealth of information that is used both within the planning system and to offer guidance for management of landscape features and character. Information from the five individual aspects has been coordinated to produce a Character Area Map.

A LANDMAP study has been carried out for the whole of Denbighshire and the AONB. A summary of this study, based on the Character Area Map, has been produced as the Denbighshire Landscape Strategy (2003). This document describes the different landscape types throughout the AONB and is used as the basis for the geographical landscape area descriptions that follow. Information held within the LANDMAP system will help to inform the management process within the AONB throughout the life of this plan.

Prestatyn to Rhuallt The northern, mainly limestone, section of the ridge has steep west facing scarp slopes topped with a limestone plateau of gently rolling farmland. There are wide views out to sea and west to Snowdonia. It is more intensively cultivated than the remainder of the area and is interspersed with small plantations, coppice and hedgerows, with rocky outcrops. It has been affected in places by limestone quarries. Picturesque small villages such as Gwaenysgor and Llanasa add interest to the landscape and the Golden Grove Estate, a historic parkland, significantly adds to its quality to the east of Gwaenysgor.

Rhuallt to Bodfari This is the narrowest section of the Range, only just over 1km in width, and comprises areas of undulating upland. The ridge is lower here than further south and most has been agriculturally improved, characterised by irregular fields enclosed by hedgerows and occasional stone walls. The Wheeler Gap, with its small sand quarries, marks the southern boundary of this landscape area.

Bodfari to Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd The Range is at its most impressive from the Wheeler Gap to Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd near Ruthin. Here the crest of the ridge is at its highest, with open heather clad hills and moorland bounded by drystone walls forming the dominant landscape. Moel Famau (554m), Moel y Parc (398m), Moel Arthur (455m) and Moel Fenlli (511m) dominate the scene. Down slope, small fields with trees, hedgerows and woodlands are more in evidence. On the west, steep spur slopes extend down into the vale of Clwyd but, to the east, the land is more gently sloping. The whole area is interspersed with small secluded valleys, whilst the larger River Alyn meanders through the limestone country to the east of the main Silurian ridge. Three small reservoirs on the eastern flank are minor landscape features and villages such as Cilcain and Llanarmon-yn-lâl add variety to the landscape. Loggerheads Country Park is located beneath steep limestone rocks next to the River Alyn. Liverpool City Council’s Education Centre at Colomendy, set in historic parkland, is opposite the Country Park. The ridge line can be accessed by the Offa’s Dyke National Trail and Moel Famau Country Park, where panoramic views are especially notable.

South of Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd Here the hills decrease in height and the valleys become more wooded. The deep wooded cleft of Nant y Garth lies just inside the southern boundary of the AONB.

East of the Alyn Valley The eastern most part of the AONB beyond the Alyn Valley is of Carboniferous Limestone and millstone grit, with typical rocky outcrops topped by extensive woodlands. The landscape of this area is affected by active quarries.

Human Influence The landscape of the Clwydian Range has been influenced by human hands for millennia. At Pontnewydd Cave, less than 10 miles beyond the AONB boundary to the west of St. Asaph, remains of people a quarter of a million years old have been found, together with stone tools and animal bone. Since then human influence, particularly following the retreat of the most recent ice sheets around 12,000 years ago, is evident everywhere, shaping the short-cropped limestone grasslands, the heather topped hills, the enclosure and the more obvious built environment of villages, buildings and industry.

The Prehistoric Period The Range contains many Bronze Age burial monuments, dating from about 2,000 to 800 BC. Evidence of early settlement is limited but Bronze Age peoples may have used the sites of succeeding hillforts, as hinted at by the discovery of a Bronze Age hoard of axes at Moel Arthur and possible Bronze Age occupation at nearby Moel y Gaer Rhosesmor in Flintshire.

Recent Palaeobotanical work has examined a core of peat from Moel Llys y Coed. This 1.2m depth of peat dates from around 8000 BC at its base through to the present day and records the changing vegetation associated with human influence on the Range. In 8000 BC this part of the Range was wooded with predominantly hazel but also birch pine and juniper. There is evidence of burning in these early woodlands which may indicate hunter gatherers managing their landscapes to encourage animals to clearings and thus facilitating hunting. The pollen from the peat core illustrates three broad phases of vegetation change from woodland through alder carr and grassland in the later prehistoric and historic periods to heather domination from about 600 AD. Interestingly cereal pollens are noted from the Bronze Age around 4000 years ago. This work highlights the impact people have had on the landscape and character of the Clwydian Range for thousands of years.

Important Early Stone Age sites are located within the Range, notably Cae Gwyn and Ffynnon Beuno caves at Tremeirchion, with material found dating from at least 18,000 years ago. These form an important stage in the understanding of hunter-gatherers in Britain.

Tools of Middle Stone Age peoples, made from chert from nearby Gronant, have been found scattered around the AONB. Late Stone Age stone tools were found at Gwaenysgor, and nearby Gop Cairn at Trelawnyd may also date from this period.

The Iron Age hillforts which crown the Range are the most obvious and best known archaeological feature of the area, forming a very significant part of the landscape of the central Range. Dating from about 800 BC to 43 AD, the six forts vary in size from the massive Penycloddiau to the more compact Moel Arthur. They dominate the landscape now as in the past. Their function, both defensive and as sites of display, probably varied from controlling centres for territories stretching down the Clwydian Range, across the Vale and up into the hills beyond; to tribal gathering places; summer grazing or sites of ritual.


Prestatyn Hillside


The Roman Period 43AD – 410ADThere is little direct evidence of Roman activity in the Range, although the area is close to the major centre of Chester and the Range was no doubt crossed by the Romans. Roman sites are known at Prestatyn, St. Asaph and Ruthin and they possibly exploited the lead mines in Talargoch, and possibly in the Alyn Valley area.

Dark Age and Medieval Period Much of the landscape pattern visible today of villages and isolated farmsteads date from this period. Churches of medieval origin lie in many of the villages within the AONB. Nearby Denbigh and Ruthin castles were established in the time of Edward I as an English control of Welsh land. Large parts of the Clwydian Range were still owned by the Ruthin Castle Estate right up until the middle of the 19th century.

The Post Medieval Period to Modern In more recent years the Range has seen the development of several large parkland estates including Golden Grove and Colomendy. Some developed following the accumulation of wealth built up from the expansion of local industries, particularly lead mining, and extensive remains of this mining activity are still visible in the limestone areas. Of the four remaining Cornish engine houses in Denbighshire, three lie within the AONB and the fourth lies just outside.

Throughout the Range water was harnessed to provide power; for lead mining particularly on the Alyn, whilst the River Wheeler was used to power corn mills, tin plate works, paper mills and sawmills. It was at this time that transport within the Range began to change. Gradually a network of tracks both around and across the Range was replaced or superseded as the use of motorised vehicles increased. A railway crossed the Range to the north.

Wartime did not leave the Range unscathed. A decoy site, whose purpose was to draw bombing away from urban centres and munitions factories of the northwest, was located on the slopes of Moel Famau during the Second World War. The control centre still stands on Ffrith Mountain.

Moel Arthur Iron Age Hillfort


Geodiversity Geodiversity has been defined as

‘the link between people, landscape and their

culture: it is the variety of geological environments,

phenomena and processes that make those

landscapes, rocks, minerals, fossils and soils which

provide the framework for life on earth

(Stanley, 2001).

With this definition, geodiversity is all around us. It provides the raw materials for industry, buildings, homes and the soils in which our crops grow. It also begins to shape and define habitats so important for biodiversity. Important to the Clwydian Range, it produces the spectacular landscapes, which are important for our health and well-being.

The main central spine of the Clwydian Range is dominated by heather-clad hills and valleys. The hills are Silurian age, mudstones and sandstones deposited in a deep sea 410 million years ago. These deep sea rocks have been folded, faulted and uplifted to their present position by huge Earth movements and now, the highest point, Moel Famau, is 554m above sea level.

The Earth movements also created the 2 major, north-south, fault systems that have a major influence on the landscape. To the West (of the Clwydian Range) is the very steep Vale of Clwyd Fault and east is the Alyn Valley Fault. The Vale of Clwyd fault has caused the rocks to be down thrown over a kilometre resulting in the wide Vale of Clwyd. This means that the Silurian rocks of the Clwydian Range are 1km down below the surface of the Vale of Clwyd. The effect of the faulting is not so pronounced on the eastern side, as these rocks have only been downthrown about 500m.

The north and east of the Clwydian Range is dominated by limestone countryside. The limestone was deposited in a shallow tropical sea, teeming with life about 350 million years ago when Wales lay south of the equator. The rocks contain many fossils of creatures such as many different types of coral, crinoids, (sea lily), bivalve and brachiopod shellfish, especially the large Gigantoproductus giganteus and Davisiella llangollensis and rare trilobites. At the far east of the Clwydian Range there is the remains of beaches with large sand dunes which formed on the coast of the shallow sea. This sandstone is very high in silica and the deposit were quarried for the glass industry. These limestones and sandstones too have been uplifted from the sea floor to their present position over 400m above sea level.

As Wales moved north over the globe, the climate changed about 290 million years ago during the Permian Period, and the climate became hot and arid with vast deserts. In a few small areas on the western side of the Clwydian Range, often with the Welsh word coch meaning red, these deep red sandstones are the remnants of sand dunes up to 10m tall.

The rocks of the Clwydian Range host a significant amount of minerals. The minerals are the result of fluids flowing through the joints and faults caused by Earth movements and being deposited in veins. Lead is the most common mineral found in the form of galena, but silver, iron, copper, manganese,

cobalt, zinc, nickel and possibly gold have been won from the Clwydian Range. Spar and limestone quarrying has been a very important industry and, although spar and metal minerals are no longer mined, limestone continues to be a major industry in the close vicinity of the Clwydian Range both for road stone and cement.

The last major event to shape the landscape was the last Ice Age. The ice rounded the hills and carved out the rounded cwms on the flanks of the Clwydian Range. The ice also scraped all the sediments and soils from the rock. This is especially noticeable on limestone. Exposure of the limestone to the weather has resulted in dissolution leaving spectacular limestone pavements with classic clints (blocks) and grykes (water-widened joints). These rare landscape features are home to very specialized flora and are protected both for their geo and biodiversity.

At the height of the Ice Age about 20,000 years ago, ice flowed from two directions. From the north was the Irish Sea Ice Sheet flowing south from Scotland, the Lake District and N. Ireland carrying rocks from these areas and flowing up around Dyserth and part of the way down the Vale of Clwyd, further accentuating the western edge of the Clwydian Range. A second ice sheet flowed east from Snowdonia and the Arenig Mountains carrying rocks from there. The most spectacular glacial erratic (ice-carried boulders in the ‘wrong’ place) is near Eryrys.

When the ice and glaciers were melting, about 14,000 years ago, huge amounts of water flowed carving out valleys. Some such as Nant y Garth and the Wheeler Valley were thought to be under the glaciers. The meltwater also carved out underground rivers through the limestone resulting in an extensive cave system. These caves were used by animals and early hominids and humans. Remains of habitation have been found in several caves including those near Tremierchion. When the ice was melting, its load of boulders, sand, gravel and boulder clay was dumped onto the landscape as drumlins, eskers, moraines and a general covering of the rock. It is this covering of glacial deposits that, along with the underlying rock, dictates the soils and hence the biodiversity.


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Section Three The special qualities and features of the

Clwydian Range AONB

In setting out a programme of

management for the protection and

enhancement of the AONB it is first

necessary to define those individual

features and qualities that make up

the special character of the area.

The 2004 management planning

process undertook consultation with

local communities, public bodies

and agencies with an interest in the

area’s management. Special Features

were identified and in 2009 further

consultation confirmed their relevance

to the plan.

What makes the Clwydian Range special?


Whilst it is recognised that there are a number of other elements within the landscape that are of particular value it is important to identify those features within the Clwydian Range that represent the finest qualities nationally. It is also recognised that the special character of the Clwydian Range AONB is made up of the unique combination of all its Special Features. As such objectives should contribute towards the enhancement and conservation of the character of the AONB as a whole.

It is important that management does not focus exclusively on only one Special Feature but takes into consideration the complex patterns of landscape characters and features that make up the landscape. The Clwydian Range is remarkable for the diversity of both habitat and character that make up this special area.

Public consultation in 2009 also established a series of special qualities helping to define the Clwydian Range. These qualities are the non physical attributes of the landscape and are related to how we interact with it. They are the sensory aspects of the landscape.

Special Qualities Tranquillity – peacefulness, stillness, quietness, darkness Wide open Views – uninterrupted and extensive, panoramic Culture and Bro – community, sense of place, language, belonging

Special Features Natural Environment• Limestone Grassland and Pavement • Heather Moorland• Broadleaved Woodland • River Valleys

The Historic Environment• Hillforts, Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Archaeology• Small Historic Features• Traditional Boundaries

Access and Recreation • Loggerheads and Moel Famau Country Parks • The Offa’s Dyke National Trail• The Rights of Way Network Culture and People • The Built Environment • Sustainable Communities


The Clwydian Range AONB is a dynamic landscape with flourishing communities and a thriving local economy. This landscape supports a rich biological and cultural resource that is accessible to all. The landscape of the Clwydian Range is cherished as a peaceful haven by those living in and visiting the AONB and is treasured for its open spaces and commanding views. Its special features are understood and appreciated by all.

Communities and visitors are fully engaged in a partnership with the AONB which empowers them to have a stake in the Clwydian Range and invest in its future.

The Clwydian Range is a flagship for sustainable development and forward planning and its international protection as a category V protected landscape is influential on an international, national and local stage.

The Vision for the Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Section Four The State of the AONB


In setting an agenda that will ensure

the special qualities and features of the

Clwydian Range are preserved, it is

first necessary to make an assessment

of their current extent and condition.

It is also important that the issues

impacting upon them are identified

and that factors likely to impact upon

them in the future are anticipated.

What is the condition of the special qualities and features of the AONB?

This section sets out the Special Qualities and Features of the Clwydian Ranges, identifies where possible the extent of each feature and the factors impacting on them. It also seeks to identify an ideal state for these features and begins to establish indicators that will help to define what we are aiming for in pursuing the good health of the AONB.

It is an on-going process that relies on constant data gathering and monitoring and should be able to respond to changing demands on the environment. The requirement for up to date information that will lead to informed responses to environmental change will be reflected in this plan.

Moel Famau


Resource / Special Feature

Description Issues State

Cultural HeritageBro

Bro/Welsh Language‘Bro’ is a Welsh word which describes a sense of belonging and community cohesion within an area. It is an intangible concept which is difficult to define, but it is nonetheless a valid component of sustainable Welsh communities. The Welsh language is part of the traditional character and cultural make up of the AONB. The use of Welsh is greater than the Wales average (16%) and remains a significant feature of the area. The greatest proportion of Welsh users live in the western part of the AONB.

• Sustaining the Welsh language• Community involvement and

participation in local events and traditions

• Percentage of population speaking, reading and writing Welsh in the AONB (2001): North - 20% West - 29% East - 17%

• No. of active community groups• No. of community shows • No. of community publications

Tranquility IntrusionLight from the major settlements to the east and north of the Clwydian Range have a significant impact on dark night skies.

Light and noise pollution from transport, development and recreation erodes tranquility – A55, A494.

Intrusive and degrading elements such as power lines / phone lines transmitters and masts can have a significant impact.

Cumulative effects of small scale change can lead to a degradation of landscape character.

Intrusion mapping required

State of the AONBSpecial Qualities: Landscape and Tranquility

The distinctive chain of hills that make up the Clwydian Range offer expansive views across the Vale of Clwyd to Snowdonia

and to the East across the Wirral to Merseyside and the Cheshire plane. There is a sense that the Range rises above the of

the commotion of the more urban areas close by. There is a strong sense of place drawn from deep cultural associations,

heritage and language.

Landscape and Tranquility




Tranquility RoadsThe principal roads and communication routes in the AONB cross the range in an east – west direction. The most significant of these is the dualled A55 Euro Route which passes through the narrowest part of the AONB at Rhuallt. Other important routes are the A494 Trunk Road and A5151, A541 and A525. However, the bulk of the networkwithin the AONB is made up of smaller roads and lanes, many of which add to the character of the area.

• Possible environmental impact of major road improvement schemes in the AONB. WAG’s Trunk Road Programmes for the A494 have identified problems at Ffynnon y Berth and Llanbedr, and Taith’s North Wales Regional Transport Plan highlights the need for Route Management Strategies for the A541 (Mold – Denbigh) and A525 Ruthin – Wrexham)

• Potential loss of rural character and features as a result of highway maintenance, signage and minor improvement works

• Raising awareness of the AONB through threshold /village signs

• Length and Class of Roads in the AONB: Dualled EuroRoute - 1.5km Trunk Road - 9.7km A Roads - 8.2km B Roads - 7.0km Classified - 57.0km Unclassified - 113.0km Total Length of Road 196.4km

• No. of AONB threshold signs – 3• No. of AONB branded village

signs - 9

Tranquility MineralsThe limestone geology of the Clwydian Range and surrounding areas has been exploited for its mineral wealth for centuries. This has left its mark on the landscape; many abandoned or worked out mineral sites have been assimilated into the landscape over time but others still scar the area. There are currently only two active limestone quarries within the AONB (Aberduna and Burley Hill/Pant Du); other sites are dormant but have old planning permissions. Given the scale of mineral operations and their potential impact on a wide area, including important views out of the AONB, there is a need to have regard to both active and dormant quarries outside the designated area.

• Restoration and aftercare of quarries, including those which are outside the AONB but visible from it or impact on views into the area

• Dormant sites – need to pursue Prohibition Notices under s102 of T&CP Act 1990 – 10 year reviews (date of last review?)

Within AONB:• No. of active quarries – 2• Area of active quarries – 41.9ha

% of total AONB area – 0.27%• No. of dormant quarries -

Unknown• Area of dormant quarries –

Unknown % of total AONB area – Unknown• No of confirmed Prohibition

Orders - 6

Within 3km of AONB:• No. of active quarries – 6• Area of dormant quarries – ?ha• No of confirmed Prohibition

Orders - 7

Landscape and Tranquility (continued)




Tranquility Utilities and EnergyOverhead power transmission lines and communications masts are the most prominent utility infrastructure within the AONB. The largest power lines cross the AONB at the narrowest point near Rhuallt, but there are smaller 33kv lines which also cross the range at Dyserth, Llangwyfan - Afonwen, Llanbedr - Loggerheads and Llanbedr – Llanarmon yn Ial. Part of the 33kv network at Moel Famau Country Park has recently been undergrounded. Given the topography of the AONB it is an attractive location for communications infrastructure. The most prominent installation is the TV mast at Moel y Parc, but there are also prominent masts at Gwaenysgor and Moel y Gelli. A relatively new feature of regional energy infrastructure outside the AONB is the development of major on-shore and off-shore wind farms.

• Need to maintain progress with Scottish Power undergrounding project to target the most prominent 33kv overhead lines

• Masts are particularly intrusive and alien features in the landscape. Need to encourage mast sharing and maximise use of existing facilities to minimise the need for new masts

• Mobile phone coverage ‘blackspots’ and consequent pressure for additional communication masts

• Cumulative impact of large scale wind farm developments in the region on views from the AONB to the north (off- shore) and west. Clocaenog is a designated Strategic Search Area for major wind energy development

• The need to moving to zero carbon development without harming the AONB

• Length of 400/132kv o/h power lines - 2.6km % undergrounded - 0%

• Length of 33kv o/h power lines - 21km % undergrounded - 10% (2.1km)

• Communication Masts Moel Y Parc (TV) Moel Y Gelli (Emergency Services) Gwaenysgor (3) Bryn Alyn

• 50m+ high wind turbines within 15km: 111 (Operational, under construction and consented)

Landscape and Tranquility (continued)

Sunrise over Coed Moel Famau


Limestone Grassland and Pavement

Calcareous grasslands and limestone outcrops exist throughout the AONB most notably to the North around Prestatyn

Hillside and Dyserth as well to the south east around Eryrys and Llanarmon yn Iâl. The distinctive rugged hills with scarp

faces, crags and limestone pavements providing some of the most outstanding scenery of the area and are internationally

significant habitats



LimestoneGrassland

Calcareous grasslands typically occur on shallow base-rich soils derived from the underlying limestone rocks. They are characterised by a short species-rich turf containing a variety of grasses and herbs. In the AONB calcareous grassland primarily occurs in two areas; in the north from Prestatyn to Cwm and centrally along the Alyn Valley, culminating in the second largest limestone pavement in Wales at Bryn Alyn.

• Under-grazing encouraging scrub encroachment

• Over-grazing resulting in loss of species diversity

• Quarrying• Enrichment of soils from

fertilisers, herbicide application, ploughing and re-seeding for agricultural purposes

• Acidification and nitrogen enrichment caused by atmospheric deposition

• Recreational pressure bringing about floristic changes associated with soil compaction

• Invasion by non-native plant species

Ideal state:Favourable condition will be comprised of short species-rich mixtures of herbs, grasses, sedges and mosses on lime-rich soil. Balanced management ensures a scrub grassland mosaic that supports a wide range of wildlife without the scrub spreading to replace the grassland.

Extent:Calcareous Grassland:298.17 Hectares (1.89% of AONB area) (includes degraded areas/potential for restoration/expansion)

LimestonePavement

MineralsLimestone pavement is an area of limestone which lies wholly or partly exposed on the surface of the ground and has been fissured by natural erosion. They can be wooded or open and both types exist within the AONB.

• Invasion by non-native plant species

• Removal of pavement for rockeries

• Quarrying• Under-grazing

encouraging scrub encroachment

Ideal state:Limestone pavements require structural diversity to maximise transitions, shelter invertebrates and keep a variety of structural niches open. There should be a mixture of flora characteristic of rocky and woodland habitats. Wooded pavements should have clearings created naturally by the clint and grike structure or through woodland management.

Extent:Limestone Pavement:96.19 ha (0.61% of AONB area)

State of the AONBSpecial Features: Natural Environment


Natural Environment (continued)




Indicators:• 267.16 ha (89.6%) a level of protection

through designation 164.23 ha (55.08%) international and national designation with commitments to maintain / restore favourable condition (SAC and SSSI)

Favourable Management:• 9.01 ha (3.02% resource) are within DCC

Countryside Service owned / managed sites• 4.37 ha (0.47% resource) are within NWWT

managed reserves• 25.82 ha (8.66% resource) are within NT

managed site• calcareous grassland SSSIs (55.08% of the

resource), all are currently considered to be in an unfavourable, recovering condition

• All geological SSSIs are in a favourable condition

Male black grouse lekking


Heather Moorland

Heather moorland dominates and helps to characterise the central and highest parts of the Clwydian Range. Although

rugged in appearance they are extremely fragile areas and are globally scarce. They provide an important mosaic of

habitats for a variety of animals and plants often very finely balanced. They are also important agricultural areas providing

valuable grazing for sheep with the ecological diversity often dependant on traditional agricultural management practices.



HeatherMoorland

Dominated by heather, bilberry and western gorse with ideally a diverse range of age communities. It has a distinct range of bird life associated with it, including grouse, stonechat and whinchat. The heathland within the AONB is between Bodfari and Llandegla and primarily on or adjacent to the ridgeline of the AONB.

Since January 2008 a Heritage Lottery Funded project – Heather and Hillforts – has been managing 81% (1523 ha) of the heather moorland within the AONB. Condition data and management is therefore more extensive for this area.

• Conversion to grassland through ploughing, reseeding, liming and fertilisation for agricultural purposes

• The division of common through internal fences and subsequent loss of hefted flocks

• Under-grazing – abandonment

• Localised over-grazing caused by lack of heathland management and structure

• Poorly managed burning / wildfires

• Inappropriate methods of supplementary feeding

• Bracken invasion• Heavy recreation

pressure causing erosion• Lack of appropriate

rotational heather management

• Afforestation• Nitrogen enrichment

caused by atmospheric deposition

Ideal state:Upland heath in ‘favourable condition’ is typically dominated by a range of dwarf shrubs such as heather, bilberry, crowberry, bell heather and western gorse. They are generally structurally diverse, containing stands of vegetation with heather at different stages of growth, including areas of mature heather. This habitat supports an important assemblage of birds, a diverse invertebrate fauna and, in some cases, assemblages of rare and local mosses and liverworts.

Extent:1882.37 ha (11.92% of AONB area) (includes degraded areas/potential for restoration/expansion)

Indicators:• 1606.51 ha (85.35%) has some form of

designation conferring a level of protection. However, none of this is SAC or SSSI

• The majority of protection is conferred through County Wildlife Site designation 1543.12 ha (81.98%)

2. Favourable management:• 671.32 ha (35.66% resource) are within DCC

Countryside Service owned / managed• 289 ha (15.35% resource) are managed

through a Tir Gofal agreement

3. Condition:• 131 ha (6.6%) are thought to be in favourable

condition. This is the area that is currently under a 15 or 7 year management cycle with no bracken encroachment and no heather beetle damage

• Over 30% (613 ha) of the heathland areas within AONB significantly bracken affected. Since 2006 400ha of bracken treated as part of the Heather and Hillforts Project

• 21.10% of heather - mature / degenerate with closed canopy Heather and Hillforts Project

• The Heather and Hillforts Project since 2004 has been working to engage with landowners and graziers to bring heathland areas into sustainable management

Broadleaved Woodland

Woodlands are a vital component of both the landscape and biodiversity of the Clwydian Range. Broad-leaved woodlands

have traditionally provided a local source of timber and fuel for domestic and local industrial use. Many of the existing

broadleaved woodlands represent a link with the landscape as it appeared following the last Ice Age and support a diverse

range of flora and fauna.



BroadleavedWoodland

Many of these woodlands represent a link with the landscape as it appeared following the last ice age and support a diverse range of flora and fauna. Ash woodlands are particularly important in theAlyn Valley where it has been designated SAC. In other parts of the AONB oak woods are significant.

• Grazing preventing natural regeneration

• Loss due to localised quarrying

• Lack of specific woodland management and cessation of traditional management

• Invasion by naturalised species leading to a change in structure and composition (sycamore and beech)

• Development pressures• Effects of air pollution• Acidification of base-

rich soils through the scavenging effect of commercial conifers

• Many semi-natural woodlands have declined in area as a result of replanting with exotic conifers

• Canopies opened by disease may be subject to higher rates of windthrow, and invasion by unrepresentative species becomes more likely

Ideal state:A woodland in ‘favourable condition’ has a varied structure with at least three age classes spread across the average life expectancy of the commonest trees, areas of open space - both temporary and permanent relatively undisturbed mature/old growth stands, understorey and some build-up of fallen and standing dead wood. It should be comprised predominantly of native species and there should not be signs of rapid loss of native trees and shrubs. There should also be signs of seedlings growing through to saplings to young trees at sufficient density to maintain canopy density.

Extent:Broadleaved (including mixed) woodland: 934.31 ha (5.92% of AONB area) of which 337.93 ha (2.14% of AONB) is ASNW.

1. Indicators:• 409.5 ha (43.83%) level of protection through

designation. Of this 110.81 ha (11.86%) are protected through international and national designation with commitments to maintain / restore favourable condition (SAC and SSSI)

2. Favourable management:• 67.15 ha (7.19% resource) are within DCC

Countryside Service owned / managed sites • 9.21 ha (0.99% resource) are within NWWT

reserves• 19.97 ha (2.14% resource) are within

Woodland Trust reserves• 4.59 ha (0.49% resource) are within DCC

County Farms• 79.5 ha (8.51% resource) within Tir Gofal

agreements

3. Condition:Woodland SSSIs• Prestatyn Hillside - favourable condition• Alyn Valley Woods - unfavourable/recovering



River Valleys – Alyn and Wheeler

The two main river valleys within the Clwydian Range are the River Alyn and the River Wheeler. The River Alyn is a

dominant feature of the Southern Eastern part of the range cutting a path from Llandegla, through Llanarmon yn Ial and

Llanferres to the steep sided valley at Loggerheads. The Wheeler Valley cuts a path east to west linking the Flintshire plain

with the Vale of Clwyd. Both provide important wildlife corridors and are key habitats for otter and water vole. The River

Alyn at Loggerheads forms part of the Alyn Valley SSSI and Special Area of Conservation.



River Valleys Alyn and Wheeler

River valleys are not only important for the watercourse itself but also the bank and associated land or riparian zone. They are dynamic systems and provide a wide range of ecological niches supporting a diverse flora and fauna. They also form important wildlife corridors, enabling dispersion and migration of species. There are two significant river valleys in the AONB. The River Alyn from Cilcain to Llanarmon-yn-iâl and the River Wheeler from Bofari to Melin-y-wern.

• Water pollution from sewage, acidification, urban drainage, agricultural run-off and mine and industrial damage

• Loss of bank-side vegetation through overgrazing and poaching. This can also lead to erosion of river margins and siltation of the river channel with losses of fish spawning gravels and habitat diversity

• Modification of the shape and course

• Loss of otters through traffic kills on A494

• Loss of water voles• Recreational impacts

such as walking, angling, boating and canoeing can cause disturbance to both the habitat and resident species

• Inappropriate land drainage and flood defence works

• Flooding• Alien invasive species• Climate change may

affect the habitat and species through flooding and temperature changes

Ideal state:The morphology of rivers and streams and theirassociated plant and animal assemblages vary according to their geographical area, underlying geology and water chemistry. However, all rivers in their natural state are dynamic systems, continually modifying their form. A healthy river will have good water quality, free from outside pollution, and marginal and bank-side vegetation that supports an array of wild flowers and animals and provides corridor links between fragmented habitats. Rivers which display a mosaic of features such as riffles and pools and exposed sediments can support a diverse range of plant and animal species.

Extent:22.74 km (12.99 km River Alyn and 9.75 km River Wheeler)

Indicators:• 3.58 km (27.56%) of the River Alyn are within

protected sites (3.31 km are SAC and SSSI)• 1.08 km (11.08%) of River Wheeler (passes

through 2 wildlife sites)

2. Favourable management:1.06 km (8.16%)of the River Alyn falls within the Loggerheads Country Park

3. Condition:• Otters are known to be present on both rivers,

in good numbers on the Alyn with records more sparse on the Wheeler. Water voles have been recorded at either end of the Wheeler valley with extensive field ditches giving population potential to expand. There is only one pocket of water vole records in the Alyn Valley, though further surveys may reveal more

• Invasive species are known to be present on both river systems, both mink and Himalayan balsam in particular. The Wheeler Valley water vole project is also looking at controlling mink and a project to control Himalayan balsam on the Alyn is underway

• Both rivers have wet woodland and meadow habitats supported by back channels in many places providing good bank-side cover and corridors for wildlife

• A number of rights of way cross and run parallel to both rivers, in particular the Alyn indicating recreation pressure is present


The Clwydian Range contains sites of past human activity and occupation dating back to at least 30,000 BC. Indeed the

whole way the landscape looks today is a result of the way people have managed their environment. The Clwydian Range

makes up part of an Area of Outstanding Historical Importance and it is clear that this is a significant element of what makes

the Clwydian Range special.



Hillforts and Scheduled Ancient Monuments

The chain of iron age hillforts astride the ridgeline of the Clwydian Range are its most high profile and unique archaeological sites. The 6 hillforts so close together provide one of the highest concentration in Western Europe.

There are 47 Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the AONB. Before any work is carried out on these sites permission must be sought from CADW.

Many of these sites provide evidence of past mining, quarrying and settlements.

• Erosion to the hillforts through recreation and sheep scrapes

• Damage through inappropriate land management e.g. quarrying, tree planting and over grazing

• Lack of Archaeological digs, therefore lack of modern understanding of their purpose

• Erosion• Ploughing / Agricultural

pressure • Damage from metal

detection

3 are owned by the County Councils.

A considerable amount of work has already been carried out on the worst of the erosion

Number of hillforts with management plans - 4

Ideal State – That sites are maintained in a favourable condition

Sites are visited by CADW every 5 years % in favourable condition - unknown

Hillforts and Scheduled Ancient Monuments

State of the AONBSpecial Features: The Historic Environment


Traditional Boundaries

Small Historic Features

These are made up of either dry stone walls or traditionally laid and maintained hedges. They often reflect the local geology

drystone walls being a particular feature in the limestone areas of the Clwydian Range. Hedges help to define and

characterize the lower areas of the AONB.

The landscape contain many small historic features which cumulatively help enhance the area and give it its character.

Some still form a useful function, like K6 red telephone boxes, post boxes and ‘green spaces’ the village greens and parish

commons. Others like old fingerpost road signs, no longer maintained but nevertheless are a valued element of the

landscape. They are often not listed or scheduled.



Traditional Boundaries

The main types are native hedgerows on slopes and drystone walls in the limestone and upland shale area. The other type are hedgerows on a stone retaining wall.

These linear features are valuable wildlife habitats, which act particularly well as wildlife corridors between habitats.

Extent - length of traditional boundaries within AONB - unknown

• Loss of walls due to agricultural improvements

• Loss due to lack of maintenance

• Loss of skills to maintain in a traditional way

• Expense of maintenance. Modern maintenance is not suitable

Need survey of boundaries with those that havegreatest impact on the landscape prioritized foraction.

% of boundaries in good condition - unknown



Small HistoricFeatures

These are features that are unique to the AONB they are unlikely to be listed and conserved but they are part of the fabric of the landscape. Examples: Red telephone boxes, water troughs, milestones, stone stiles, old wells, old road signs named rocks and milk stands.

These features tend to ‘disappear’ and part of this is because there is not a comprehensive list held anywhere. They also disappear through being modernized or through road improvement schemes.

% loss of features identified - unknown


Loggerheads is situated in the heart of the Clwydian Range AONB and provides a focal point for visitors to the Range. It

is long established as a visitor destination and has close cultural links with the people of Merseyside. It receives around

120,000 visitors every year coming to enjoy the trails that explore the river valley of the Alyn, the limestone cliffs and

woodlands. The area has a rich cultural heritage particularly associated with past lead mining. The ash woodland and

calcareous grasslands are designated SSSI and SAC recognizing their international significance.



LoggerheadsCountry Park

Special Area of ConservationThe park is an internationally important place for biodiversity and geodiversity, designated as both a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), due to the limestone cave system and the high ecological value of the ash woodland and limestone grassland. The mixture of habitats also supports many uncommon or rare species.

• Need to bring the site in favourable conservation status

• Scrub encroachment on cliffs

• Visitor pressure in key conservation areas

• SAC status does not address all conservation interests of the park

• One dedicated member of staff

• SAC Conservation Status – unfavourable improving

• Existing Section 15 agreement• Need for continued BWW agreement

Loggerheads Country Park

State of the AONBSpecial Features: Access and Recreation


Loggerheads Country Park (continued)




Tea Gardens and CentreThe focal point for visitors entering the Country Park from the car park is the flat grassy area, known as the Tea Gardens, edged on one side by the river and by stone buildings that house the main visitor facilities on the opposite side. In the Crosville era the Tea Gardens were more formal with a bandstand, putting green, formal flower beds and edged by kiosks and slot machines. This is the most popular part of the park and can be very crowded in good weather. There is space for children to run around and play whilst elderly, less active, visitors enjoy just sitting and admiring the view of the cliffs and watching the families at play. It is also used for events.

• Some areas of grass are worn through pressure of use, resulting in muddy patches, particularly opposite the café and around the sculpture. There are also drainage issues

• Unauthorised dogs on the Tea Gardens can cause problems

• Preserve the cultural references to Crosville era at Loggerheads

• Limited Open hours of the Centre

• Lack of display and interpretative space

• 76% of visitors aware they were in an AONB

• Green Flag Status


HeritageBeyond the Tea Gardens, towards the river, is Pentre Water Mill and three other old stone buildings that form a visually attractive complex. The mill was used for grinding corn, and later, as a sawmill and for generating electricity. Loggerheads was the focal point for lead mining in the 18th and 19th century and remnants of this industrial past remain along the river and in the woods.

• The complex often floods when river levels are high

• Mill no longer open to the public

• Mill wheel no longer runs effectively

• Potential to make wider public use of buildings

• Some industrial remains are in poor condition

• Much of the industrial heritage of the Alyn valley is outside the Country Park

• Mill building Grade II listed


AccessLoggerheads provides an important link to the wider Clwydian Range and is seen as a base from which to explore. The Leete Path and links to nearby Moel Famau are important aspects of what the park offers.

• Part of the Leete Path is outside Public ownership – potential for access issues

• Parking congestion on A494

• Access for less able challenging because of River and Cliffs

• Walks guides from Loggerheads Denbighshire Rural Walks / Flintshire Rural Walks

• Number of waymarked trails beyond the Park – 2

• 55% visitors families• 33% Dog walkers• 30% from Merseyside / Wirral• 75% repeat visitors• 84% arrived by car

Moel Famau Country Park

Moel Famau Country Park covers over 2000 acres of the impressive upland landscape of the Clwydian Range. The Jubilee

Tower at the highest point at 1818ft is a prominent and familiar feature in the landscape and gives the area a strong sense

of place. Over 200,000 people visit the Country Park every year – the majority taking the main routes, including the Offa’s

Dyke Path to the top of Moel Famau. Apart from the many visitors to the park Moel Famau dominates the central part of the

Clwydian Range and provides dramatic backdrop to the communities in this area.



Moel FamauCountry Park

A key area in Wales for black grouse and a significant tract of heather moorland in the Clwydian Range. Common Land and farmed collectively – Clwydian Range Graziers. Association One of the most visited areas of the Clwydian Range along with nearby Loggerheads Country Park – 200,000 visitors per year

• Condition of moorland habitat

• Reduction in grazing agricultural engagement

• Enclosure of parts of the common

• Impact of predators on black grouse population

• Erosion• Congestion

• Agri environment scheme – Tir Gofal in place• Partnership with FCW in manageing black

grouse habitat along forest edge

Moel FamauCountry Park

Jubilee TowerThe Jubilee Tower was build in the early 1800s to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of King George III. It stands as a testament to the summit of Moel Famau being an important focal point for a local sense of place and civic pride.

• Maintenance of the structure

• Interpretation and awareness of the monument is low.

• Prone to vandalism and graffiti

• Access onto / into the tower is not easy

• Listed building• 120,000 visitors each year.• 2010 – 200th anniversary of the establishment

of the tower


Jubilee Tower 200 celebrations, Moel Famau

Rights of Way

The Clwydian Range is extremely well served by the Rights of Way Network and there are few areas where the public

cannot gain access. The network provides ample opportunities not only for access on foot but also cycling and horse riding.



Access Rights of Way NetworkAn extensive network of paths, bridleways and byways. Some have great historical significance including the Leete Path and old Drovers’ Roads. The network brings specific economic benefit to the local economy.

• Maintenance of promoted routes

• Erosion in sensitive areas• Impact on stock and

farming• Consistency of

Maintenance across both Flintshire and Denbighshire

• Limited rights of way for horse riders and cyclists

• Congestion in honey pot areas – Loggerheads / Moel Famau.

• To what extent is the network available

• Number of unsupported promoted routes

• 389km of Public Rights of Way in AONB• 76km bridleway, by way – 17% of total• 149km of Promoted routes – 38%• 0km Promoted bridle routes – 0%• 126km promoted cycle route – 32%• Network within Public ownership – 37km – 9%• Number of Car Parks serving the nework – 18

– 10 public – 8 private• Number of Laybyes suitable for parking – 6

Access Access LandAccess land is an important component of the Clwydian Range and provides access to areas particularly hilltops around / Moel Famau not served by the network.

• Uncertainty with the public to where access land areas are

• Impact walkers often with dogs on stock

• Disturbance to nesting birds and other wildlife

• Access Land in AONB 9.4 sqkm


Moel Famau from Moel Findeg

Offa’s Dyke National Trail

The Trail starts in Prestatyn and for its first 45km of its 285km to Chepstow it is in the AONB. It is an excellent way to explore

the Clwydian Range as it crosses almost the entire length of the Range.



Offas DykeNational Trail

Furniture There are 277 individual items of furniture on the Clwydian Range section of the National Trail

• Maintenance of all waymakers, stiles and gates

• Ensuring that least restrictive access is applied where possible

• Consistency of quality• Barriers to access –

parking, bus routes• Busy road crossings• Circular trails

• Improving• Funding partnership with CCW National

Trails Officer• National Quality Standards agreed• Annual Condition Survey• Number of “A” Road crossings in the

AONB – 4• Number of Bus Stops close to the

Offa’s Dyke Path – 11• Number of Car Parks along the Offa’s

Dyke Path – 5 Local Authority – 1 Private

• 277 items of furniture


Awareness and interpretation • National Trail is an excellent point from which to explore and learn about the range

• Number of information points – Café Cymru Prestatyn

• 3 x people counter on the Trail – 38,000 walking the trail at Penycloddiau

• Number of events promoting the Trail - Denbighshire Walking Festival - Prestatyn Walking Festival - Out and About events

• Number of circular walks promoted off the ODP – 14


Erosion • The National Trail crosses the sensitive heathland area of the Range and crosses through the ramparts of 2 Iron Age Hillforts

• Condition Survey on Hillforts – 1


Man has influenced the appearance and make up of the AONB over millennia through the creation of settlements, farms,

buildings and other built features, many of which contribute to the character of the built environment. This influence is no

less today, and demand for various types of development in the AONB continues.



The BuiltEnvironment

SettlementThe settlement pattern of the Clwydian Range is characterised by villages and hamlets on either side of the main ridge, such as Llanbedr DC, Cilcain and Nannerch, and along river valleys, including Bodfari and Llanferres. Most of these villages are compact and nucleated in form. These settlements are supplemented by scattered farmsteads and isolated dwellings which extend higher up the slopes. A number of larger settlements adjoin the AONB, including Prestatyn, Meliden, Dyserth and Gwernymynydd.

• Avoid over development, unsympathetic extensions and/or urbanisation which will harm AONB character

• Note that this can apply to settlements immediately adjoining AONB where views in and out can be harmed by unsympathetic development

• No. of AONB villages/settlements defined in development plans: Denbighshire 6 Flintshire 6 Total 12


Conservation AreasConservation Areas are designated by local planning authorities to protect areas of special architectural or historic interest where it is desirable to preserve or enhance their character or appearance. They are one indicator of the quality of the built environment. Current designations include Gwaenysgor, Llanasa, Cwm, Tremeirchion, Bodfari, Nannerch, Y Wern (Nannerch), Cilcain, Cadole, Llanferres and Llanarmon yn Ial. Designation should be underpinned by up to date Character Appraisals, and planning authorities should prepare Management/Enhancement Plans. Designation also brings some additional controls on development, but these can be increased via Article 4 Directions if permitted development is harming the special character of the area.

• Denbighshire Character Appraisals 12 years old and in need of updating. Only 2 draft appraisals prepared for Flintshire Conservation Areas

• No Management/Enhancement Plans in place for any Conservation Areas. Flintshire commenced 4 Management & Enhancement Plans in the AONB but uncertainty over when these will be completed

• Would Article 4 Directions help preserve the character of any Conservation Areas?

• No arrangements for monitoring the condition of Conservation Areas

• No. of Conservation Areas: Denbighshire 5 Flintshire 6 Total 11

• Area of Conservation Areas - 47.7ha

• % of total AONB area - 0.3%• % of AONB villages/settlements

recognised in development plans which are Conservation Areas – 75%

• % of Conservation Areas with an up to date Character Appraisal - 0%

• % of Conservation Areas with a Management/Enhancement Plan - 0%

• No. of Article 4 Directions - 0


The Built Environment

State of the AONBSpecial Features: Culture and People

The Built Environment (continued)




Listed BuildingsBuildings of special architectural or historic interest are Listed by Cadw. There are strict controls over development of Listed Buildings and their setting to ensure their special character is conserved or enhanced. The number and grade of Listed Buildings in an area is another indicator of the quality of the local built environment. Local authorities are advised to undertake 5 yearly surveys of the condition of Listed Buildings in their area to identify buildings at risk.

• Concerns over the number of Listed Buildings at risk

• Urgent need to update Denbighshire Buildings at Risk Survey; need to review Flintshire survey within the plan period.

• Moel Famau Jubilee Monument is the most prominent and distinctive Listed Building in the AONB, but is in need of restoration/conservation to secure its long term future

• Number of Listed Buildings (inc Local List): Denbighshire : 129 Flintshire: 107 Total: 236

Total Grade 1: 5 Total Grade 2*: 21 Total Grade 2: 182 Total Local List: 28

• Up to date Buildings at Risk Survey: Denbighshire – No (2002) Flintshire – Yes (2005)

• Buildings at Risk Survey results - Unknown


Historic Parks and GardensHistoric parks and gardens form an important and integral part of the historic and cultural fabric of an area. They are listed in the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. The registered sites are Penbedw, Golden Grove, St Beuno’s, Bryngwyn Hall and Colomendy. Although not protected in the same way as Listed Buildings they are graded in a similar way.

• Privately owned; dependent on landowners to maintain and enhance

• Not all open to the public• Not statutorily protected;

need to engage with and support landowners

• No arrangements for monitoring the condition of Historic parks and gardens.

• No Management/Enhancement Plans

• Number/Grade of Registered Sites: Denbighshire - 2 Grade II Flintshire – 1 Grade II*, 2 Grade II Total Number - 5

• Area of Registered Sites within AONB – 366.3ha

• % of total AONB area – 2.3%


Development ControlThe control of development in the AONB is an important means by which the character and appearance of the area can be maintained or improved. Development proposals outside the area can also have an impact on important views in or out of the AONB. The two local planning authorities (LPA’s) – Denbighshire and Flintshire – consult the JAC on planning applications which might impact on the AONB.

• Need to maintain JAC activity in respect of responding to development proposals.

• Two LPA’s; need to ensure consistent approach across administrative boundaries

• Maintain and develop JAC’s credibility and influence as a planning consultee.

• Need for a more proactive response to unauthorised development in the AONB.

• No. of planning applications referred to the JAC - > 100 p.a.

• % of JAC comments adopted by LPA’s - > 85%

• No. of possible unauthorised development cases referred to LPA’s - > 10 p.a.



The Built Environment (continued)




Planning Policy and GuidanceWithin a plan led system for the control of development, relevant and up to date planning policy and guidance is an essential component of protecting and conserving the character and appearance of the AONB. Unitary Development Plans (UDP’s) are being replaced by Local Development Plans (LDP’s). Adopted Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) notes complement development plans. The JAC has prepared non-statutory Development Guidelines for the AONB. National planning policy is set by WAG, and the JAC is usually consulted on proposed changes to national policy.

• Clear and robust policies required to protect and conserve the AONB.

• Need for JAC to engage with LDP process; WAG guidance no longer requires LDP’s to include national AONB policies

• Two LPA’s; need to ensure consistent approach to AONB policy and guidance across administrative boundaries

• No specific SPG for the AONB. Need to develop JAC’s non statutory Development Guidelines into an SPG which can be adopted by both LPA’s.

• Need to maintain AONB profile and JAC activity in respect of responding to planning and other policy consultations

Unitary Development Plans:• Denbighshire UDP 1996 – 2011

(Adopted 2002)• Flintshire UDP 2000 – 2015 (Proposed

Modifications Sept 2009, adoption pending)

Local Development Plans:• Denbighshire LDP 2006 – 2021

(Deposit Stage October 2009; EIP pending)

• Flintshire (On hold pending adoption of UDP)

Bodfari

Sustainable Communities



SustainableCommunities

Population The AONB is sparsely populated but there is some variation across the area with the northern part being the most densely populated. However, there are a number of larger and more populous settlements in close proximity to the Clwydian Range (eg Mold, Ruthin, Denbigh, Prestatyn and Rhyl). The age profile of the AONB shows an older population than Wales, Denbighshire or Flintshire

• Demographic change resulting from a nationally aging population in an area which already has a higher proportion of older people

• Pressures and opportunities arising from the close proximity of the AONB to a much larger population

• Resident Population (2001) – 10,602• Population Density (2001)

North - 0.68 (persons per ha) West - 0.37 East - 0.38 AONB average - 0.44 (Wales 1.4pph)


HousingThe AONB is an attractive area in which to live. It is also within easy commuting range of large employment centres such as Deeside, Chester, Wrexham and beyond. This influences the local housing market by pushing up house prices, often beyond what many local people can afford. The number of social/rented council and housing association properties in the AONB is limited. The problems of availability and affordability for local people are compounded by a higher percentage than the Welsh average (1.2%) of second/holiday homes in parts of the AONB.

• Increasing the number and range of affordable homes in the AONB to meet local needs.

• High levels of demand for council/housing association accommodation in some areas (eg Cwm/Tremeirchion and Llanbedr DC)

• Need for robust planning policies to ensure that new housing development addresses affordability and local need issues

• No. of dwellings (2009): Denbighshire - 1729 Flintshire - Total AONB -

• Council/Housing Assoc Waiting Lists (Nov 2009): Denbighshire - 382 Flintshire - 100 Total AONB - 482

• Second homes in the AONB (2001): North - 0.2% West - 2.7% East - 1.6%


Strong and thriving communities in the Clwydian Range are integral to the character of and quality of the area. The

make up of the local population, access to housing, employment, facilities and services all contribute to sustainable

communities (see also the ‘Bro/Cultural Heritage’ section for further information on elements of sustainable communities

such as the Welsh language).


Sustainable Communities (continued)




EmploymentA high proportion of AONB residents are economically active when compared to the Welsh average (Wales: 61%), but most commute out of the area to nearby towns and other centres of employment. The area does not therefore exhibit high levels of economic self-containment, which can impact on community cohesion. The public sector is the largest source of employment, but agriculture and forestry continues to be an important employer when compared to the Welsh average (Wales: 2%)

• Lack of economic self containment resulting in fewer people ‘embedded’ in their local area and reduced sense of community.

• Fewer local jobs than the working population.

• Reduction in the number of active agricultural holdings and the overall increase in the average holding size.

• Resources to deliver AONB Sustainable Tourism Strategy and Action Plan

• No. of working residents - 5224 (2001)• No. of jobs in the AONB - 3082 (2001)• % of population economically active -

67% (2001)• % of residents living and working in the

AONB - 28% (2001)• % of residents employed in agriculture

or forestry - 6% (2001)• No. of active agricultural holdings – 229

(2006)• Average size of agricultural holding -

57ha (2006).• No. of tourism related businesses

supporting the AONB - 81 (Nov 2009)


Facilities and ServicesAccess to local facilities and services such as schools, shops, post offices, community meeting places and public transport all contribute to a sense of community wellbeing. Access to such services in the AONB is limited, for example only 40% of villages have a school, and 25% have a shop or post office. Rural services are in decline and continue to be under threat giventhe economic outlook and the viability of providing such facilities in isolated and sparsely populated areas (see also Deprivation section below)

• Maintaining key existing rural facilities and services which meet the needs of local people, and preventing the further loss of such facilities.

• Review of education provision and the number of rural schools.

• Developing access to new facilities and services such as high speed broadband and mobile phone coverage (see also Utilities and Energy in the Tranquillity section)

• No. of primary schools in AONB - 8• Nos. on school roll (Jan 2009) - 381• No. of villages with a public house - 16• No. of villages with community hall - 10• No. of villages with shop/PO - 5• No. of villages with a regular daily bus

service - 9• Broadband ‘notspots’? - Unknown• Known mobile phone ‘blackspots’ – 3:

Loggerheads, Moel Arthur - A541 and Llangwyfan.


DeprivationIn general, the AONB is not an area with high levels of deprivation when assessed against most deprivation indicators, including income levels, educational attainment, employment, health, housing quality and physical environment. Overall, the AONB is within the least deprived 25% areas ofWales (Welsh Index of MultipleDeprivation 2005). However, oneaspect in which the AONBdemonstrates notably high levels of deprivation is access to services, which is a result of the sparsely populated rural character of the area (see also Facilities and Services section above)

• Maintaining and improving access to local services

• Percentage of LSOA’s (Lower-level Super Output Areas) in AONB within the most deprived quartile in Wales for access to services – 89% (8 out of 9 LSOA’s, 2005)


Sustainable Communities (continued)




Sustainable Development FundThe Sustainable Development Fund (SDF) was established in 2001 to support innovative and sustainable community based projects in AONB’s. WAG initially provided £50k pa to each AONB, but this was subsequently increased to £70k.

• Long term continuity and funding of the SDF scheme.

• Maintaining community involvement and commitment to develop SDF projects.

• Limited community capacity to develop and deliver projects.

• Funding available - £70k pa• No. of projects supported – 16

(2008/09)• Total value of projects - £478k

(2008/09)

The Clwydian Ranger Bus Service

Section Five Policy Framework and Action Plan

What do we need to do?

Landscape is broadly defined as; the

interaction between the physical,

natural and cultural/social components

of our environment as well as the

way this is perceived and interpreted

by people, both visually and in

terms of individual perceptions and

preferences, which are affected by

people’s cultural backgrounds and

interests.

Landscape Quality and Special Character


Policy

PSQ1 Conserve and enhance the Special Qualities and distinctive character of the AONB’s landscape and associated features

LQ01

PSQ2 Safeguard the Panoramic views and the tranquillity of the Clwydian Range

LQ02, LQO3, LQO4

PSQ3 Protect and promote traditional cultural distinctiveness within the Clwydian Range particularly in respect of the Welsh language

LQO5, LQO6

PSQ4 Involve communities in the conservation, enhancement and management of their landscape

CGPO4, HMO6, BW5

This section focuses specifically on the qualities of the Clwydian Range and in particular the tranquillity it offers and the wide and expansive views in all directions from almost every corner of the Range. From the East however the views are dominated by the conurbations of Mold, Chester and Merseyside. This has a significant impact on tranquillity, particularly at night spilling light onto the darker skies to the West.

This section also recognises the vital role that people have played and continue to play in giving the landscape a distinctive character. Generations of communities have shaped the land, farming, building and moulding the landscape to meet their needs. It is people who give an area its flavour, its culture and its heritage, accumulated over many generations.

Lovely the woods, waters, meadows, combes, valesAll the air things wear that build this world of Wales

Gerald Manley Hopkins


Objectives LQO1 – Minimise the cumulative impacts of small scale

change that may erode the special character of the AONB.

LQO2 – Protect the tranquillity of the AONB and take steps where possible to reduce noise and light pollution.

LQO3 – Where possible reduce visual intrusion by screening or removing eyesores.

LQO4 – Establish a monitoring programme from key view points across the Range

LQO5 – To investigate and increase our understanding of the cultural diversity of communities within the AONB. .

LQO6 – Develop partnerships that will help to stimulate awareness of and interest in cultural diversity within the AONB.

Actions LQA1a – Initiate CPD (Continuous Professional Development)

training with local planning and Highway Authorities in order to ensure that the landscape quality of the Clwydian Range is fully understood.

LQA1b – To work with the local highway authorities to prepare and adopt design guidance for the sensitive maintenance and management of roads within the AONB.

LQA2a – To gain a better understanding of light and tranquillity issues in relation to existing and proposed development, and to explore and develop the application of CCW’s light and tranquillity mapping/indices to the AONB.

LQA2b – Run a light pollution campaign in order to raise awareness and encourage a sensitive approach.

LQA2c – Consider monitoring the impact of light pollution in key locations within the AONB

LQA3a – Work with power companies to secure further undergrounding of existing 33kv overhead power lines in the most sensitive locations, including the Piggeries, Moel y Parc and Loggerheads areas.

LQA3b – Explore with National Grid the feasibility of undergrounding or replacing existing high voltage (132kv+) overhead electricity transmission lines at Rhuallt with less visually intrusive new pylons consistent with the Environment Alliance campaign to secure ‘A Countryside Friendly Smart Grid’

LQA3c – To resist proposals to connect new generating capacity in North Wales to the grid which would involve new high voltage pylons and overhead electricity transmission lines in the AONB unless such infrastructure is undergrounded through the AONB.

LQA4 – Establish fix point photography monitoring of key view points across the Range by 2012.

LQA5a – Organise community reminiscence days to engage with communities and draw upon their wealth of knowledge about the area. -1 per year

LQA5b – Continue to support through SDF the ‘Villages of the Clwydian Range’ publications.

LQA5c – Support local shows and events wherever possible. LQA6 – Develop partnership with Menter Iaith Sir

Ddinbych to promote and celebrate the Welsh language and culture.

The varied landscape types within

the Clwydian Range AONB support a

rich diversity of wildlife species and

habitats. Wildlife habitat is determined

by topography, the presence of water,

soil, climate and agricultural as well

as other land uses. Within the AONB

a range of ‘semi-natural’ vegetation

occurs including heather moorland,

limestone grassland, wetland and

woodland.

Natural Environment


Biodiversity Policies

Policy Relating to Objectives

PB1 To restore, reconnect and manage the key habitats and associated species at a landscape scale in order to increase resilience to environmental change

CGPO1, CGPO2, HMO1, HMO2, HMO3, BWO1, BWO2, BWO3, RVO1, RVO2, RVO3,

PB2 To ensure that the conservation of the uplands, river corridors and limestone grasslands are an integral part of agricultural management

CGPO3, HMO4, HMO5, BWO4, RVO4, RVO5

Denbighshire and Flintshire’s Biodiversity Action Plans, published in 2003, aim to maintain and enhance biodiversity within the counties, to halt the decline of habitats and species and to assist their recovery. LBAPs are a mechanism to implement the UK Biodiversity Action locally, translating national wildlife priorities into local action. They identify the priority habitats and species under threat or declining and recommend the conservation action required.

The AONB contains many of the priority habitats and species. Management of these will be guided by the recommendations in the LBAPs. This will ensure that the AONB Management Plan contributes to the delivery of the UK and local BAP targets, and CRoW Act section 74 list.

Doesn’t the tree make great poetryDoing itself so well.

Laura Vers

Bloody Cranesbill


Special Feature Limestone Grassland and Pavement Calcareous grasslands and limestone outcrops exist throughout the AONB most notably to the North around Prestatyn Hillside and Dyserth as well to the south east around Eryrys and Llanarmon yn Iâl. The outcrops form conspicuous natural features, the distinctive rugged hills with scarp faces, crags and limestone pavements providing some of the most outstanding scenery of the area.

These areas are associated with shallow, free draining base rich soils supporting rich plant communities. This habitat type contributes greatly to the biodiversity of the AONB. The open nature of this type of landscape has traditionally been maintained by grazing animals. Changes in agricultural practices have led to the threat of undergrazing and subsequent scrub invasion on steeper slopes and in some cases deterioration and loss of plant species. This is particularly true on Prestatyn Hillside. Agricultural improvement and over grazing has also had an impact in some areas.

Although some areas of limestone grassland are afforded statutory protection as SSSI or SAC particularly at Loggerheads and Bryn Alyn, there are numerous smaller sites throughout the AONB that are important locally and depend on the action of landowners to maintain them. Traditionally these areas have been associated with quarrying and mineral extraction with a few large quarries still in operation, and a wealth of industrial archaeology associated with 19th and early 20th century lead mining.

LBAP significance This is a UK priority habitat and characteristic feature of the AONB.

Limestone pavement at Bryn Alyn

Nature andGeo Conservation

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Objectives CGPO1 – To maintain the current extent of calcareous

grassland and limestone pavement within the AONB. Policy Ref: PB1

CGPO2 – Bring all areas of public owned / managed calcareous grassland and limestone pavement into favourable management schemes. Policy Ref: PB1

CGPO3 – Provide opportunities for privately owned areas of limestone grassland and pavement to be brought into favourable management schemes. Policy Ref :PB2

CGPO4 – To raise public awareness and understanding of the value of calcareous grassland and limestone pavement through community involvement in its management and appreciation.

Actions CGPA1a – Secure a section 15 management agreement for

Prestatyn Hillside, through agreement with the Crown Estate, by 2010.

CGPA1b – Carry out targeted scrub control to restore areas of former calcareous grassland habitat at Prestatyn Hillside and Loggerheads Country Park

CGPA2a – Declare Prestatyn Hillside as LNR through agreement with the Crown Estate by 2010.

CGPA2b – Implement actions within existing section 15 management agreements.

CGPA2c – Conduct 1 feasibility study by 2010 into the establishment of a joint conservation grazing project to include public bodies, conservation charities and individual owners.

CGPA3 – Develop the Countryside Grant Scheme to include funding of all special features of the AONB including limestone grassland restoration projects.

CGPA4a – Carry out 1 best practice management demonstration event for landowners/managers per annum.

CGPA4b – Produce an AONB Special Features leaflet to include Limestone Grassland and Pavement by 2012.

CGPA4c – Organise 2 public practical conservation volunteer events per year on limestone grassland.

Bryn Alyn


Heather Moorland Heather moorland is an important habitat of the Range. Consisting of a mix of heather, bilberry and gorse, it has a distinct range of birdlife including grouse, stonechat, whinchat and curlew. It is also an especially important component of the landscape in the central part of the range, centred on Moel Famau Country Park.

Heather moorland is recognised as a habitat of national and international importance. The area of upland heather in Wales has declined by over 50%, largely as a result of reclamation and afforestation since 1947 and is under continued pressure from bracken encroachment and changes in agricultural practices. With this decline, which is also reflected in the AONB, there has been a parallel reduction in population of many upland bird species, with black grouse, red grouse and merlin numbers becoming critical in Wales.

Maintaining the relationship the farming community has with the uplands of the Clwydian Range is essential to keeping them vibrant and dynamic areas and moving them towards favourable conservation status.

Through the support of the Heather and Hillforts Project significant achievements have been made since 2004 in understanding the key issues affecting the uplands of the Clwydian Range and moving sites towards favourable management. The Common at Moel Famau has recently entered in a Tir Gofal Agreement which will direct and support management in the immediate future but challenges remain in sustaining this support beyond these schemes.

Objectives HMO1 – To maintain and extend the current extent of

heathland within the AONB. Policy Ref: PB1

HMO2 – To bring 50% of the current extent of heathland within the AONB into favourable or unfavourable-recovering condition by 2013. Policy Ref: PB1

HM03 – Continue to monitor numbers of black grouse and other upland birdsas indicators of upland habitat condition. Policy Ref: PB1

HM04 – Where possible restore areas of former heathland habitat within the AONB. Policy Ref: PB2

HMO5 – Provide support to farmers and landowners in upland areas to bring moorlands into management schemes. Policy Ref: PB2

HMO6 – To raise public awareness and understanding of the value of heathland habitat through community involvement in its management and appreciation.

Actions HMA1a – Continue a programme of bracken control in order

to restore heathland into bracken dominated areas. HMA1b – Where possible restore areas of former heathland

particularly around Coed Moel Famau, Coed Nercwys, Moel Findeg and Moel Famau.

HMA2a – To carry out one hectare of heather management and forest edge management at Moel Famau Country Park per year.

HMA2b – Pursue agreed management schemes for areas of moorland outside of existing Tir Gofal Agreements by 2013.

HMA3 – Monitor Black Grouse populations and other upland birds every year at Moel Famau, Penycloddiau and Moel y Parc in order to inform and target specific management.

HMA4a – Carry out bracken and scrub control at Moel Findeg and other former heathland sites.

HMA4b – Introduce grazing at Moel Findeg on the heathland area.

HMA5a – Continue to provide training and demonstration events in partnership with graziers associations – 1 event per year.

Moel Famau from the Vale of Clwyd


HMA5b – Continue to work with Llysfasi Agricultural College to provide training courses in upland management as part of their National Diploma course – 2 events per year.

HMA6a – Raise awareness amongst the general public of the importance of properly managed heather moorlands for biodiversity through 5 public events per year.

HMA6b – Produce a leaflet on the Special Features – including biodiversity features – of the Clwydian Range by 2012.

Broadleaved Woodland Woodlands are a vital component of both the landscape and biodiversity of the Clwydian Range. Broad-leaved woodlands have traditionally provided a local source of timber and fuel for domestic and local industrial use. Many of the existing broadleaved woodlands represent a link with the landscape as it appeared following the last Ice Age and support a diverse range of flora and fauna. Many of these woodlands are considered to be ancient woodland sites.

With the development of the railway network in the mid 19th century, the dependency on local timber resources declined. This, coupled with a reduction in the agricultural workforce, led to a decrease in the number of woodlands under active management.

Following the setting up of the Forestry Commission in 1919, large areas of less agriculturally productive uplands were planted with fast-growing conifers, primarily a reaction to a shortage of timber during the First World War. Large conifer plantations were planted in the Clwydian Range following the Second World War and now make a substantial contribution to the diversity of the landscape of the area.

With an increase in the availability of grant aid and the recognition of the important role that woodlands play in nature conservation, recreational management and rural economics, it is imperative that government organisations and woodland owners work together to maintain woodlands not only as a native timber source but also for their wildlife value.

LBAP significance Upland mixed ash woodlands, upland oak woodlands and wet woodlands are all UK priority habitats. Lowland mixed deciduous woodland and upland birch woodland are Welsh priorities.

ObjectivesBWO1 – To maintain the current extent of broadleaved

woodland within the AONB. Policy Ref: PB1

BWO2 – To maintain and restore broadleaved woodland towards a favourable condition through the implementation of the Biodiversity Action Plans for Upland Mixed Ash Woodlands, upland oak woodlands and wet woodlands. Policy Ref: PB1

BWO3 – Develop County-owned woodlands as models of best practice in broadleaf woodland management. Policy Ref: PB1

BWO4 – To support private owners in bringing their land into favourable management through the work of Coed Cymru and the Countryside Grant Scheme. Policy Ref: PB2

BWO5 – Develop a programme of community involvement in woodland management in order to engender them as cultural, social and financial assets in relation to publicly owned woodlands and Section 9 Common. Policy Ref: PB2

Actions BWA1a – Bring all areas of public owned / managed

broadleaved woodland into favourable management schemes such as Better Woods for Wales or SSSI Section 15 Agreements by 2013.

BWA1b – Implement actions within existing section 15 management agreements and Better Woods for Wales schemes.

BWA2b – Through support for Coed Cymru encourage owners in bringing sites into section 15 management agreements or BWW schemes. 2 per annum.

BWA3a – Bring County owned woodland including County Farms into favourable management schemes by 2013.

BWA3b – Hold one woodland open day per year on best practice sites in order to promote good practice.

BWA4a – Develop the Countryside Grant Scheme to include funding of all special features of the AONB including small woodlands under 2 ha. 1 grant scheme project per annum.

BWA4b – Run 2 public training events per relating to biodiversity of broadleaved woodlands.

BWA5a – Develop one woodland management project with community involvement per annum.

BWA5b – Run 2 public events per providing opportunities for people to get involved in practical woodland management.

River Valleys There are two major River Valleys in the AONB, the Wheeler and the Alyn. The valleys in which they lie contain a rich mix of woodlands, wetlands and associated river habitats. The rivers have also both seen the return of the otter to them which illustrates the purity of the water. Drainage of adjacent fields has also been undertaken over the last 30 years.

Significant progress has been made through the previous plan in establishing a strong partnership to deliver and promote positive riparian habitat works. A partnership with Flintshire, Denbighshire, North Wales Wildlife, North Wales Wildlife Trust and the EA as well as two local community groups has established a strong foundation to take works forward. Some notable achievements already have been establishing the extent of otter and water vole populations and habitat quality. Support has also been given to landowners to improve watervole habitat specifically in key areas and a programme of mink control has been established in conjunction with BASC and EA. The extent of Himalayan balsam infestation on the River Alyn has also been mapped and a targeted programme of eradication begun.

Water quality is a key aspect to the condition of the river valleys of the Clwydian Range. The Range has been identified by the Environment Agency as a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone and as such there are control on use and storage of fertilizers and manures. Environment Agency River Basin Management Plans will also has a role to play in reducing pollution for water treatment works and management abstraction demand. Where the Clwydian Range will encourage alternative energy generation, including small scale hydro schemes it will also seek to safeguard water quality and flow.

LBAP significanceLinear habitats are a local biodiversity priority habitat. A number of UK biodiversity priority species such as otter and water vole use waterways.

Objectives

RVO1 – Continue to monitor the extent of key indicator species such as otter and water vole in order to gauge habitat condition. Policy Ref: PB1

RVO2 – Continue to develop a partnership of key agencies and bodies to ensure an integrated and landscape approach to management. Policy Ref: PB1

RVO3 – Continue a programme of invasive species control particularly in relation to Himalayan balsam. Policy Ref: PB1

RVO4 – Ensure that the river valley habitats are managed towards favourable condition for biodiversity priority species through a close working relationship with landowners. Policy Ref: PB2

RVO5 – Raise awareness amongst the general public and landowners/managers of the importance of the river valleys for biodiversity. Policy Ref: PB2

ActionsRVA1 – Monitor water vole population every 2 years on both

the River Alyn and river Wheeler.RVA2 – Ensure that the established partnership meets at

least 3 times per year. RVA3a – Continue to work in partnership with others to

control invasive species within the river valleys. 3 projects per annum.

RVA3b – Monitor the extent of Himalayan balsam on the River Alyn and Wheeler every two years.

RVA3c – Extend the River Alyn Himalayan Balsam project to the River Wheeler by 2013.

RVA4a – Promote sustainable management of river valleys for biodiversity through 3 grant aided habitat improvement projects per annum.

RVA4b – Develop the Countryside Grant Scheme to include funding of all special features of the AONB including water courses - 1 grant scheme project per annum.

RVA4c – Progress the Wheeler Valley Water Vole Project through further habitat improvement projects and mink control workshops. 1 habitat improvement scheme per annum.

RVA4d – Extend the Wheeler Valley Watervole project to the River Alyn by 2013.

RVA5a – Hold two public events relating to the importance of river valleys to biodiversity every year.

RVA5b – Publish a Biodiversity Features of the AONB leaflet by 2013.



The AONB has a wealth of

archaeological and historic remains

which date from the early prehistoric

period right through to the Second

World War. Sites range from the

massive Iron Age Hillforts to the less

conspicuous crop marks and finds in

the lower areas.

The Historic Environment

Historic Environment Policies


PHE1 To conserve and enhance features and sites of archaeological, cultural or historic importance within the AONB whilst recognising that the whole of the Clwydian Range has an historic dimension

SAMO1, SAMO2, SAMO3 HFO1, HFO2, BO1, BO2, BO3, BO4

PHE2 To take every opportunity to increase our understanding of all aspects of the Historic Environment of the Clwydian Range

SAMO4, HFO3, BO5

Many of these archaeological sites are Scheduled Ancient Monuments and are afforded protection through Cadw. Many other historic features, such as boundary stones, village wells and milestones are not protected and as such are much more vulnerable.

Many of the archaeological sites within the Range are important components of the wider landscape; the evidence of past mining and quarrying, settlements and burials forming a familiar unseen backdrop to our life today.

This was a civilizationThat came to nothing - he spurned with his toeThe slave coloured dust. We breathed it inThankfully, oxygen to our culture.

Somebody found a curved boneIn the ruins. A kings probably,He said. Imperfect courtiersWe eyed it, the dropped kerchief of time.

R S Thomas

Penycloddiau

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Special Feature Hillforts, Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Archaeology The Clwydian Range contains sites of past human activity and occupation dating back to at least 30,000 BC. Indeed the whole way the landscape looks today is a result of the way people have managed their environment for farming, subsistence, extraction, transportation and recreation over perhaps the last 5000 years. A database of all the known archaeology, the Historic Environment Record (HER)., exists. This is maintained by the Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust who continually add to and enhance this record. Some sites are scheduled as being of national importance by Cadw. Most notably in the Clwydian Range these include a line of six impressive hillforts dating from around 700BC on the main ridge as well as many burial mounds from around 1500 BC. Part of the Clwydian Range, including several of the hillforts, was identified in 1998 as an outstanding Historic Landscape and there are also parts of several historic parks and gardens as noted in the Register of 1995, within the Clwydian Range. Public consultation has identified the nationally important hillforts as a particularly important element within the historic landscape of the Clwydian Range. There are pressures on these monuments from recreation, agriculture and burrowing animals as well as a very marked lack of knowledge of how these important settlements functioned in the landscape.

There are pressures on these monuments from recreation, agriculture and burrowing animals and until recently a lack of any knowledge regarding their condition, archaeology or how they functioned within the landscape. In recent years some work has taken place within 4 of the 6 hillforts in the Clwydian Range. A baseline condition survey has taken place, topographical surveys have identified and located features such as house platforms within the 4 hillforts and extensive erosion control work has taken place at two of the sites.

Objectives SAM01 – Ensure continuation of the work of the Heather and

Hillforts Project to maintain existing level of work at the 4 hillforts of Penycloddiau, Moel Arthur, Moel y Gaer Llanbedr and Moel Fenlli and aim to extend the programme to include Moel y Gaer Bodfari and Moel Hiraddug. Policy Ref: PHE1

SAM02 – Work towards a position where the condition/state of all archaeological sites within the AONB is known and appropriate management work is carried out. Utilise Historic Environment Record information, PanWales projects, Glastiragri-environment schemes and the planning process to facilitate this. Policy Ref: PHE1

SAM03 – Encourage owners of Historic parks and Gardens within the Clwydian Range to maintain and restore existing parkland features as noted in the Register. Policy Ref: PHE1

SAM04 – Incorporate information gathered as part of the Historic Environment Record into the continuous management process within the Clwydian Range. Policy Ref: PHE2

Actions SAMA1 – Extend Hillfort survey work, erosion repair work

and interpretive strategies to Moel y Gaer, Bodfari and Moel Hiraddug. Continue to explore grant-aid opportunities to achieve this and develop management plans for these sites.

SAMA2 – Develop access to the Historic Environment Record via the web as soon as it is available online.

SAMA3 – Work with registered Historic parks and gardens landowners and other relevant agencies to undertake appraisals and to prepare and implement management plans to conserve and enhance the sites.

SAMA4 – Ensure all planning applications and agri-environment schemes are used to better manage the Historic Environment of the Clwydian Range.

Penycloddiau.

(Crown Copyright RCAHMW, AP_2007_4651)

Special FeatureSmall Historic Features within the Landscape of the Clwydian Range The landscape and particularly the villages of the Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty contain many small features which cumulatively help enhance the area and give it its character. Some still have a useful function, like K6 red telephone boxes, post boxes and ‘green spaces’ the village greens and parish commons. Others like old fingerpost road signs, no longer maintained by the Highway Authority, and milestones which have been superseded by modern distance signs have, in places been cared for by local communities, as at Cwm, Waen and Tremeirchion. Wells have been very important in the past as a vital source of water for communities as well as often having important spiritual associations. A good example of a well that has been restored by local residents as an important feature within the village can be seen at Gwaenysgor. Water troughs for animals such as those at Cwm and Afonwen also add to the diversity of our settlements.

These everyday features are often taken for granted but our settlement landscapes would be the poorer without them. As noted in the recent Ambition for the Welsh Historic Environment (2009) The Minister for Heritage states ‘We need to help people appreciate the historic environment “to read the landscape” - not just the obvious elements such as castles and chapels but also the pattern of quarries, ancient trackways, field systems and cairns’ it is all these smaller features which give character to a place and a sense of belonging to the people who live there. The same document talks of celebrating ‘this local sense of place and encourage local planning and development to strengthen rather than undermine it’. It is important to care for and preserve these features by maintaining their functional role where appropriate and also by encouraging public bodies and local people to take ownership of them.

Objectives HF01 – Raise awareness of the importance of small historic

features within both the planning and highways environments by providing training sessions to professionals. Policy Ref: PHE1

HF02 – Encourage Communities to adopt these features and act as champions by raising awareness within community councils and youth groups. Policy Ref: PHE1

HF03 – Encourage Communities to identify and map features within their communities on a standard database which is compatible with the HER. Policy Ref: PHE2

Actions HFA1 – Conduct CPD sessions with planners and Highway

officers to explain Archaeology and the Planning system and the importance of these small features in maintaining the character of settlements

HFA2a – Ensure Vale of Clwyd Historic Landscape Characterisation work and LANDMAP data is utilised to guide the determination of planning applications and inform agri-environment schemes.

HFA2b – In line with The Welsh Historic Environment: a Celebration (2009) Establish an Historic Environment Champion on the Joint Advisory Committee.

HFA2c – Develop the Countryside Grant Scheme to include funding of all special features of the AONB including preservation of small historic features.

HFA3 – Visit Local Communities to discuss recording of features, aim for 1 Community Council per year.


Boundaries Boundary features in the Clwydian Range largely reflect local circumstances and geology. In the limestone areas the boundaries are predominantly stone built, in the more recently enclosed upland areas boundaries are predominantly fence lines and in the agricultural areas of the lower slopes in both the east and west, hedges predominate. These hedges are in a variety of states of health. A dominant boundary within the Range is the stone wall, made from the local shale, which runs along the central area of the ridgeline from Moel Famau to Moel Arthur. This forms the historic boundary between Flintshire and Denbighshire. Flintshire came into existence as part of the Statute of Rhuddlan issued in 1284 by Edward 1 while Denbighshire came into existence as part of the Act of Union between 1536 and 1543, which superceded the Statute of Rhuddlan. This boundary wall will certainly date from the 16th century and in all likelihood from the 13th century. The boundary wall itself uses the western ramparts of two iron age hillforts to mark its line. This boundary epitomizes the liminal or borderland nature of the Clwydian Range, for centuries the area has acted as a boundary between different cultures with allegiances and alliances shifting across the Range.

Objectives BO1 – Using SDF and other funds develop a Countryside

Grant schemes to support projects which will maintain and enhance the most important boundaries in the Clwydian Range as well as other Special Features. Policy Ref: PHE1

BO2 – In line with aspirations within The Welsh Historic Environment Strategic Statement (2009) raise the skills base amongst the local workforce to increase the number of people who can carry out the necessary conservation and repair work. Policy Ref: PHE1

BO3 – Involve local quarries in the repair of stone walls and investigate the possibility of sponsorship or ‘adopt a wall’ schemes. Policy Ref: PHE1

BO4 – Identify the most important boundaries within the Clwydian Range. Policy Ref: PHE2

Actions BA1 – Continue to support through SDF a grant scheme to

facilitate boundary improvement. BA2a – Continue to work with Llysfasi College students and

staff to provide training courses in Countryside Skills BA2b – Continue to offer training days for Countryside

Volunteers in hedge laying and dry stone wall construction, two of each per year.

BA3 – Work through the Geodiversity Partnership to investigate a walling programme supported by local quarry companies.

BA4 – Gather information on current condition of boundaries within the AONB



The central part of the AONB,

including Moel Famau and

Loggerheads Country Parks, is by

far the busiest in terms of visitor

activity. The two Country Parks act as

‘honeypots’ for visitors, both attracting

around 200,000 visitors per year. The

northern area from Tremeirchion

to Prestatyn is less well used but is

still popular with walkers. South of

Llanarmon yn Iâl is quieter, although

Graigfechan is also popular with

walkers, and the southern section

around the Nant y Garth pass is

particularly quiet with few footpaths

and no visitor facilities.

Access and Recreation

Access and Recreation Policies


PAR1 Ensure that the Country Parks and other key access points are managed to the highest standard and that they act as models of good practice in conservation and access delivery

CPO1, ODPO1, ODPO2, ODPO3, ODPO4

PAR2 Ensure that the Country Parks and the Offa’s Dyke National Trails provide effective gateways to the AONB and promote understanding and awareness of its key qualities and features

CPO4, CPO5, CPO6, ODPO5, ODPO6

PAR3 Ensure that all people are able to experience, enjoy and benefit from the special qualities of the AONB within environmental limits

RoWO1, RoWO2, RoWO3, RoWO4, RoWO5

The AONB is visited by a wide range of people; local residents walking dogs or out with their family, day visitors, and a small number of holidaymakers. Most visitors come for the day, particularly from Merseyside and Cheshire, as well as from the more local area.

Apart from the Country Parks the Countryside Service own and manage 6 Countryside Sites across the AONB. These are focal points for access although some are more popular and busier than others. There is potential to improve access round these sites and to link them more strongly to the wider rights of way network and to surrounding communities and other places of interest.

This is particularly true in the area around Loggerheads, Moel Famau, Moel Findeg and Maesafn. These sites are within a 1.5 mile radius of each other and make up the hub of visitor activity in the Clwydian Range.

This core area is popular for a range of activities, including visiting families, dog walking, ramblers, mountain biking, paragliding, horse riding, and climbing. It is a very popular area for off-road cycling, with enthusiasts travelling considerable distances. In response to the increased demand, the Clwydian Range Area Off-road Cycling Project has been developed and a project officer was appointed in spring 2003 to co-ordinate, deliver and implement its various practical aspects.

As children in Chester look to Moel Fammau to decideOn picnics, by the clearness or withdrawal of her treeless crown. W.H. Auden


Special Feature Loggerheads and Moel Famau Country Parks The role and significance of Country Parks have developed considerably since their concept and purpose was defined in the Countryside Act of 1968. Fundamentally however they should provide for informal access to countryside recreation whilst protecting and managing high quality landscapes and ecological habitats and historic environments.

Loggerheads Country ParkLoggerheads Country Park is an 80 acre park based around a wooded river valley and limestone cliffs with views across to Moel Famau. It is a complex site with a mix of natural, cultural and historic features. This includes a wealth of industrial heritage, including the Leete Path, having been an important centre for lead mining in the 18th and 19th centuries. At the same time its rich and varied natural habitats are recognised as being of national and international importance designated as a Special Site of Scientific Interest and a Special Area for Conservation. It acts as a ‘gateway’ to the AONB and surrounding countryside, with the Countryside Centre being a focal point for information provision not just for the immediate area but also wider Denbighshire Countryside sites and tourism facilities across the county.

Loggerheads is an incredibly popular site attracting over 120,000 visitors per year. The majority of visitors are family groups with children under 12 years of age but there are a significant number of older people and individual dog walkers who also visit. It is also popular with walkers using the site as a starting point for a longer walk. The majority are repeat visitors, not only locals exercising dogs and walking, but also families returning year after year.

In addition several generations of teenagers from Liverpool stayed at nearby Colomendy on school trips and explored both Loggerheads and Moel Famau. Many return in adulthood, bringing their own children.

All Ability Trail at Loggerheads Country Park


Moel Famau Country ParkMoel Famau Country Park covers over 2000 acres of impressive upland landscape, consisting of heather moorland changing to greener pasture on its lower slopes. The Country Park includes the hills of Moel Fenlli, Moel Famau (the highest point), Moel Dwyll, Moel Llys y Coed, Moel y Gaer and Moel Arthur. The majority of the Country Park is Common Land providing important sheep grazing for nearby farms. Although some areas of the common were enclosed in the 1970s the majority remains open heathland. It is an important habitat for many mammals and birds, including birds of prey. The ruins of the Jubilee Tower can be seen at the summit of Moel Famau, the highest point in the Park at 1818ft (544m). A seven mile section of the Offa’s Dyke National Trail runs through the Park, along the ridge. The Park contains three Iron Age hillforts at Foel Fenlli, Moel y Gaer and Moel Arthur.

Moel Famau Country Park stands adjacent to Coed Moel Famau a popular forest managed by Forestry Commission Wales on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government. Although the forest is not part of the Country Park they are often visited together. A partnership has been established between the Clwydian Range AONB and the Forestry Commission Wales in order to manage aspects of the two sites jointly. The partnership provides a joint approach to visitor and conservation management as well as delivering strong community links. The partnership also provides a joint Warden for both sites. This local partnership reflects the Joint Accord between the Forestry Commission and the National Association of AONBs. The Joint Accord states that

“The National Association of AONBs and the Forestry

Commission will work together to enhance the

contribution that trees, woods and forests can make

within our finest landscapes”

There are large numbers of visitors (around 200,000), particularly in the summer, but it is popular with walkers throughout the year. Family groups and walkers make up most of the visitors, but also older people enjoying the view. Like Loggerheads, it draws visitors from a considerable distance. Research carried out by Forest Enterprise in 2002 found that over 50% of visitors had travelled over 15 miles to get to Moel Famau viewpoint with 27% travelling between 15-25 miles. Some visitors had come from as far afield as South Lancashire, Derbyshire & Leicestershire. The percentage of repeat visitors is very high, 90% of those interviewed at Moel Famau viewpoint had visited before and 81% at Coed Moel Famau.

Objectives CPO1 – Improve the access in an established zone

around Loggerheads to areas such as Cadole, Gwernymynedd and Maeshafn, lower and upper Alyn Valley and Moel Famau. Policy Ref: PAR1

CPO2 – Continue to develop public transport links and develop a strategy to reduce congestion between Loggerheads and Moel Famau and with other centres of population. Policy Ref: PAR1

CPO3 – Investigate ways to reduce congestion around the Loggerheads area. Policy Ref: PAR1

CPO4 – Target information relating to the Countryside Code, behaviour and the Country Park and provide information relating to the impact of visitors on conservation and remedy works including tree felling. Policy Ref: PAR2

CPO5 – Ensure that both Loggerheads Moel Famau Country Parks continue to act as exemplars in delivering projects in key areas and manage both sites towards favourable condition through sensitive ecological management. Policy Ref: PAR2

CPO6 – Develop a Vision for both Parks that is consistent with the principles of AONB management and recognises their important role in delivering key national and regional agendas. Policy Ref: PAR2

Actions CPA1a – Initiate access improvement project around the

Loggerheads area through rights of way upgrade and information by 2013.

CPA1b – Continue to work with Flintshire County Council to pursue the lease of the Alyn Valley around Devils Gorge.

CPA2 – Provide funding through SDF to continue the Clwydian Ranger and Loggerheads Link bus services to reduce traffic congestion.

CPA3 – Initiate a feasibility study into visitor flow in the Loggerheads area and take forward its recommendations with key partners.

CPA4 – Provide onsite information relating to RSPB Black Grouse Code of Conduct at Moel Famau, Countryside Code and erosion works information on both sites.

CPA5 – Seek to retain the Green Flag Award at Loggerheads as a standard for best practice.

CPA6 – Develop a Management Plan for both Loggerheads and Moel Famau Country Parks that will recognise their importance as Special Features of the AONB and develop their potential in delivering key services.


Special Feature Offa’s Dyke National Trail The Offa’s Dyke Path follows almost the whole length of the Clwydian Range, from Prestatyn in the North to Llandegla in the South. This makes the range particularly accessible, linking the tops of most of the peaks in the chain of hills that make up the ridge. Using the National Trail is the best way to visit the Clwydian Range and is promoted as such. Denbighshire Countryside Service are responsible for the management of the Trail, its maintenance and development with grant aid from the Countryside Council for Wales.

CCW’s policy for the Offa’s Dyke Path requires managing authorities “to manage the path to the highest standards, reflecting the status of National Trails as ‘flagships of the Rights of Way system’.” To this end a working group of CCW, Natural England and managing authorities work together to develop a set of Quality standards for the trail. The Trail is an important source of income to a number of local businesses including accommodation providers, shops and pubs in a number of key locations. This is particularly true around Bodfari, Rhuallt and Prestatyn.

Offa’s Dyke National Trail

Objectives ODPO1 – To ensure that all Trail furniture is brought up to a

high standard by 2013 and that where appropriate the Trail is made as accessible as possible to increase Least restrictive Accessibility. Policy Ref:PAR1

ODPO2 – Monitor erosion in key areas, particularly the Hillforts and develop a programme of measures that will reduce the impact of the trail on the landscape by limiting width or depth of path as appropriate. Policy Ref: PAR1

ODPO3 – Strengthen links between the Trail and nearby settlements and places of interest utilising the wider Rights of Way Network and Public Transport. Policy Ref: PAR1

ODPO4 – Monitor visitor numbers and visitor satisfaction along the route through the installation of permanent electronic people counters and direct questionnaire every two years. Policy Ref: PAR1

ODPO5 – Work with CCW to provide information to the Trail wide Interpretive Plan. Policy Ref: PAR2

ODPO6 – Investigate ways to promote the trail with local tourism businesses and to develop initiatives that will strengthen business links. Policy Ref: PAR2

Actions ODPA1 – Develop an ongoing programme of furniture

renewal, replacing finger posts and reducing number of stiles or replacing stiles with Kissing Gates.

ODPA2 – Continue to carry out 1 erosion project per year. ODPA3a – To work with Clwydian Country Business Group to

increase awareness of the Offa’s Dyke Path as a gateway to the AONB.

ODPA3b – Install 2 small information boards with information on local businesses, camping information and useful local phone numbers.

ODPA4 – Maintain at least three electronic people counters on the trail and participate in the CCW national questionnaire every two years.

ODPA5 – Develop an interpretative Plan for the Denbighshire and Flintshire section of the Trail in context of the wider trail and in conjunction with CCW.

ODPA6 – Contribute to the Offa’s Country Cross border collaboration project with other Protected Landscapes on the Trail.

Special Feature The Rights of Way Network The Clwydian Range is extremely well served by the Rights of Way Network and there are few areas where the public cannot gain access. The network provides ample opportunities not only for access on foot but also cycling and horse riding.

Although the Country Parks, the Offa’s Dyke Path and the other Countryside Service sites provide a focal point for access other areas are also very popular, particularly around Tremeirchion, Llanarmon yn Iâl and Graigfechan.

There is potential for highlighting some of the key routes linking major sites within the AONB such as Prestatyn Hillside and Coed Bell and establishing a series of published walks that would encourage access to and raise awareness of these sites.

Many visitors to Moel Famau and Loggerheads are not traditional walkers and may not be competent map readers or wish to buy a map. These visitors are unlikely to explore outside the familiar areas unless the routes are clearly identified and easy to follow. Providing a ‘comfort zone’ around Loggerheads and Moel Famau where the path network is maintained to a particularly high standard and short circuits are promoted through simple visual literature and clear signing would encourage these visitors to explore a wider area.

The Rights of Way Improvement Plans for Flintshire and Denbighshire recognise the importance of the network in the AONB in providing access to large numbers of people to the most popular areas of both Counties. Both plans prioritise the network in the AONB and demonstrate a commitment to ensuring it is maintained to the highest standards and promoted effectively.

In 2009 the Clwydian Range AONB with Denbighshire County Council and Cadwyn Clwyd commissioned a study into the potential to develop Denbighshire into a Centre of Excellence for off road cycling. With respect to the Clwydian Range the study looked specifically at developing links within the Rights of Way Network with the successful Mountain Bike Centre at Coed Llandegla as well as improving the ridetheclwyds network and strengthening web based information.

Objectives RoWO1 – Establish a programme of Rights of Way

improvements through Community Miles project in key areas that will ensure strong links to Countryside Sites, villages and other places of interest that will increase opportunities within the network. Policy Ref: PAR3

RoWO2 – Provide increased opportunities where appropriate for cycling and horse riding in the AONB and promote these opportunities. Policy Ref: PAR3

RoWO3 – Work with the Local Access Forums for Flintshire and Denbighshire to ensure a partnership with access users and landowners. Policy Ref: PAR3

RoWO4 – Raise awareness of the acknowledged health and well being benefits provided by the AONB and develop initiatives promoting physical activity particularly walking and cycling. Policy Ref:PAR3

RoWO5 – Understand and work towards removing physical and psychological barriers to access. Policy Ref: PAR3

Actions RoWA1 – Ensure Rural Walks and promoted routes in the

AONB are maintained to a high standard and complete 1 community Miles project per year.

RoWA2 – Implement aspects of the Cycling Centre of Excellence strategy relating to Clwydian Range with particular reference to developing links to Llandegla Mountain Bike Centre and improving web based information.

RoWA3a – Take a leading role in the development of the Denbighshire and Flintshire Local Access Forums.

RoWA3b – Provide support to farmers and landowners in dealing with recreational pressure.

RoWA4 – Develop Health Walks and Green Gyms consistent with established schemes

RoWA5a – Ensure least restrictive access is applied on all promoted trails in the AONB

RoWA5b – Continue to provide opportunities for underrepresented groups to experience the special qualities of the AONB.



The development of human settlement

within the Clwydian Range stretches

back many centuries. Most modern

day settlements began around the

local church, blacksmith, well or other

service; housing being built by and for

local people who worked within a few

miles of their home. Today due to the

nature of modern living, many houses

are now occupied by commuters who

travel on average between 10-20 miles

to work by car.

Culture and PeopleWe who were bornIn country placesFar from citiesAnd shifting faces,We have a birthrightNo man can sell,And a secret joyNo man can tell.

Eiluned Lewis

Policies – Culture and People


PCP1 To ensure that new development adopts the highest standards of design and is sympathetic to the character and appearance of the AONB

BEO1, LQO1, LQO3

PCP2 To protect the AONB from development within and around the area that will harm the special character of the area and its setting, and to resist proposals that impact adversely on the special qualities or features of the AONB

BEO2, BEO3, LQO1, LQO2, LQO3

PCP3 To retain and improve essential facilities and services for local people

SCO1, SCO3

PCP4 To promote the sustainable use and enjoyment of the landscape of the AONB in a way that contributes to local prosperity and social inclusiveness

SCO1, SCO2, SCO3, LQO5

Generations of communities have shaped this landscape, farming, building and moulding the land to meet their needs. It is people interacting with the natural environment that give an area its distinctive and special character. The cultureand heritage of the communities of the Clwydian Range, accumulated over many generations, are woven through all aspects of the landscape but particularly the settlements, both past and present.

Built Environment Settlements within the AONB have developed in distinctive patterns, mainly nucleated or linear. The reasons for these patterns are both historical and geographical. Typical of a nucleated settlement is Llanarmon yn Iâl, built around the church, whilst Melin y Wern is a linear settlement, which developed along the frontage of the A541.

Communities had a ‘focal point’ and meeting place in the past, such as the church, school, pub, village hall or local shop. Changes in shopping patterns, however, have resulted in the loss of many local facilities. It is sobering to note that there are only five village shops in the AONB.

Of the villages within the Range, the historic core of eleven of these are designated Conservation Areas, defined as ‘areas of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which is desirable to preserve or enhance’. Widely dispersed sporadic development is not a typical characteristic of the Range. Most of the isolated buildings are associated with agriculture, and can add character to the area where they fit well in the landscape, particularly where they are of historic significance.

Construction materials were normally sourced locally and this has given a distinctive character to buildings and settlements. For example, there are a number of villages where limestone is the dominant material. Hence it is important that new buildings fit into the landscape and are constructed from materials that have a consistency with other traditional buildings.

Objectives BEO1 – Ensure new development in and around the AONB

is sympathetically located in the landscape, and is well designed to complement the character and appearance of the area and its setting, particularly in respect of visual impact, scale, materials and landscaping. Policy Ref: PCP1, PSQ1, PSQ2, PHE1

BEO2 – Conserve and enhance the character and local distinctiveness of historic villages, buildings and gardens within the AONB. Policy Ref: PCP2, PSQ1, PHE1

BEO3 – Promote action to reduce the harmful visual impact of prominent existing development in the AONB. Policy Ref: PCP2, PSQ4

Actions BEA1a – Comment on and influence local and national

development plans and policies, including Planning Policy Wales and its supplementary Technical Advice Notes, the Wales Spatial Plan and Flintshire/Denbighshire UDP/LDP’s.

BEA1b – To work with the local planning authorities to prepare and adopt formal Supplementary Planning Guidance for development in the AONB.

BEA1c – Consider and comment on >100 planning applications and other development proposals in and around the AONB each year, and to seek >85% adoption of the JAC’s views.

BEA1d – To monitor unauthorised development in the AONB and to refer >10 possible cases to local planning authority enforcement teams each year.

BEA1e – Support and assist the mineral planning authorities to secure confirmed Prohibition Orders for all dormant quarries within the AONB to prevent future mineral exploitation which would harm the AONB.

BEA1f – To undertake a review of the potential impact on the character and appearance of the AONB in moving towards reduced or zero carbon emissions and to work with other protected landscapes to develop good practice guidelines.

BEA1g – Increase awareness and understanding of development issues in the AONB by assisting with planning committee member training and development programmes and continued professional development for officers.

BEA1h – Maintain AONB Planning Liaison Group meetings with Denbighshire and Flintshire planning officers.

BEA2a – Work with the local authorities to undertake 5 yearly reviews of the Listed Buildings at risk and condition surveys covering the AONB.

BEA2b – To support the local authorities in carrying out and/or updating Conservation Area Appraisals and Management Plans for all Conservation Areas within the AONB, including boundary reviews and an assessment of the overall condition of the areas.

BEA2c – To promote the use of Article 4 Directions to control permitted development in Conservation Areas which is harmful to the character and appearance of the area as identified by Conservation Area Appraisals.

BEA2d – Ensure that Historic Parks and Gardens are protected from inappropriate development which would harm the character or recognised special features of the registered site.

BEA2e – Seek funding to implement Jubilee Tower and Loggerheads Mill Conservation Studies.

BEA3a – Work with power companies to secure further under-grounding of existing 33kv overhead power lines in the most sensitive locations, including the Piggeries, Moel y Parc and Loggerheads areas.

BEA3b – Explore with National Grid the feasibility of under-grounding or replacing existing high voltage overhead lines at Rhuallt with less visually intrusive new pylons consistent with the Environment Alliance campaign to secure ‘A Countryside Friendly Smart Grid’


Cwm

Sustainable Communities Communities need to be at the heart of any vision. The Culture Strategy for Wales States: “Local Authorities….have a fundamental role….in shaping the quality of our natural and built heritage, in the protection of the landscape….in sustaining the Welsh language and a wide range of cultural activity in the community. They are uniquely placed to weld together community regeneration and cultural objectives.”

The AONB Management Plan, whilst not primarily formulated to support all aspects of community life, can contribute to the maintenance of viable, thriving communities that are an integral part of the Clwydian Range AONB. The area was always ‘frontier country’ with the ridge forming a natural boundary between the Welsh strongholds to the west and the English dominated lands to the east. It is still a meeting place between the Welsh and English‐speaking communities and has a fascinating cultural mix. There is also a strong link between Merseyside and the AONB which further enhances the cultural diversity. Many people from Liverpool were evacuated here during the war, many more stayed at Colomendy on school trips or enjoyed trips to Loggerheads using the Crosville bus. Visitors from Merseyside still make up the largest proportion of visitors to Loggerheads and Moel Famau. This connection that people from Liverpool have with the area is reflected in the increasing number of residents in eastern villages in the central part of the range who have Liverpudlian links.

Rural communities need economic and social sustainability. There are two key areas that need support. The first is local facilities such as shops, pubs, schools and youth clubs, which provide vital services for the community and local

employment, and includes more recent necessities of life such as mobile phone and internet access. The second is countering rural exclusion by which opportunities are limited by issues such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing and poor public transport. A lack of affordable housing for local people is another important factor. Communities may also have specific needs for particular groups, including older and younger people and the less able.

It is also important that the local communities feel that they are part of the AONB and they have a part to play in formulating policy and the decision making process. Communities should directly benefit from being in the AONB through projects that are targeted at communities and their environs through the Sustainable Development Fund.

Wales has a rich and diverse culture and many inhabitants are rightly proud of their traditions. Eisteddfodau are held throughout the country to celebrate the Welsh language, music, poetry and culture. The International Eisteddfod is held only a few miles away from the AONB in Llangollen. Welsh choral and church choirs are well known throughout the world.

The AONB also provided inspiration for many famous painters and writers such as Richard Wilson, ‘father of landscape painting’, whose pictures hang in the National Gallery in London, and the poet Gerald Manley Hopkins, who roamed the Tremeirchion hills and wrote poetry about the beautiful scenery around him. Culture can now be seen as a key within the tourism jigsaw. The wealth and vibrancy of Wales’ history, language, culture and way of life are distinctive tourism assets.


The White Horse, Cilcain

Objectives SCO1 – Help local communities to retain and enhance access

to essential community services and facilities. Policy ref: PCP3

SCO2 – Support the development of affordable housing for local people in appropriate locations, whilst maintaining the highest standards of design and landscaping. Policy ref: PCP3

SCO3 – Work in partnership to support and promote existing businesses and the development of new businesses or products which are compatible with the aims of the AONB. Policy ref: PCP4

Actions SCA1a – Support and promote appropriate social/community

ownership and enterprise projects and initiatives such as ‘The Pub’s the Hub’ which will maintain and improve access to local facilities and services.

SCA1b – Object to development proposals which involve the loss of community facilities such as local shops and public houses.

SCA1c – Work with the planning authority and telecoms operators to explore options to secure consistent mobile phone coverage across the AONB and to overcome existing ‘black-spots’ without harming the character and appearance of the area.

SCA1d – Identify current broadband provision across the AONB and work with communities and other agencies to secure the best possible coverage/speed of service, address broadband ‘not-spots’, and to promote the WAG Broadband Support Scheme.

SCA1e – Monitor the provision of essential community facilities and services.

SCA1f – Work with the public transport authorities to maintain and develop the Clwydian Ranger bus service.

SCA2a – Support the local authorities in carrying out housing needs and affordability surveys in areas of high demand for affordable housing indicated by LA/HA waiting lists.

SCA2b – Work with local planning and housing authorities to promote affordable housing schemes for local people, to secure affordable units as part of any new market housing development, and to encourage the provision of affordable housing for local people through conversions and the development of individual new dwellings in villages and hamlets.

SCA3a – Deliver the Sustainable Tourism Strategy for the AONB and move towards Sustainable Charter Stage 2 Accreditation.

SCA3b – Maintain Sustainable Tourism Charter status for the AONB.

SCA3c – Support the Clwydian Country Business Group and development of the Sustainable Tourism Forum.

SCA3d – Support Cadwyn Clwyd Renewable Energy Pilot projects and other appropriate community based projects which seek to mitigate the impact of climate change and reduce the carbon footprint of the AONB without harming the special qualities and features of the area or its character and appearance.


The Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is financed by:Denbighshire County CouncilFlintshire County CouncilCountryside Council for Wales

Design: www.splinter.co.uk

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