The Management System of the UK’s Cultural Objects and the UN Heritage Reserves and

The Management System and Modes of National Parks

Nick Poole, Chief Executive, Collections Trust

Thank you!

AGENDA

Introductions

Lecture 1: UK Cultural Sector, structure & governance

Lecture 2: Survey & Registration System of Heritage

Lecture 3: Protection technologies

Lecture 4: Finance for Heritage Protection

Questions and answers

Introduction

Chief Executive of the Collections Trust

Formerly a Government adviser on Heritage Policy

UK representative on Culture in the European Union

Councillor of the Museums Association

Covering issues including Cultural Property, technology and the law

The Collections Trust

Independent UK charity

Campaigning for the public right to access and engage with Collections.

• Promoting best practice• Encouraging innovation• Representing the sector

The Collections Trust

Funded by the UK Government, the European Commission and through trading activity

Publishing standards, advice and guidance through: www.collectionslink.org.uk

Advice and guidance on issues of Cultural Property:www.culturalpropertyadvice.gov.uk

The Collections Trust

Publishing professional standards jointly with the British Standards Institute

Building professional networks and communities

Working with broadcasters (such as the BBC) to digitise cultural content and share it with a mass audience

The UK ‘Home Nations’

England

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

The UK ‘Administrative Regions’

9 Regions, each with a Government office

• London• East Midlands• East of England• North East• North West• West Midlands• Yorkshire• South East• South West

The UK Culture Sector: Definition

Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment.

They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artefacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society.

This definition includes art galleries with collections of works of art, as well as museums with historical collections of objects.

- UK Museums Association

The UK Culture Sector: Basic Facts

2,500 museums in the UK

1,880 Accredited under the Museum Accreditation Scheme

4 out of the top 5 tourist attractions are museums

Employing approx. 40,000 paid & volunteer staff

40.3m visits during 2008/09

Net contribution to tourist economy = £1.1bn per annum

The UK Culture Sector: Top 10 attractions

Tate Modern 4,915,376British Museum 4,837,878National Gallery 4,562,471Natural History Museum 3,754,496Science Museum 2,440,253Victoria & Albert Museum 2,372,919National Portrait Gallery 1,601,448Tate Britain 1,597,359National Railway Museum 902,149The Lowry 850,000

The UK Culture Sector: Visitors

Adults 78%Children 22%Overseas 38%

11%

17%

26%19%

16%

12%

16-2425-3435-4445-5455 - 6465+

Government Responsibility for Culture

Gordon Brown, Prime Minister

Cabinet Ministers

Ben BradshawSecretary of State for Culture

Sion SimonCreative Industries Minister

Barbara FollettTourism and Culture Minister

Gerry SutcliffeSports Minister

Government Agencies for Culture

Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Government Agencies

Museums, Libraries, Archives Council English Heritage Heritage Lottery Fund

Museums, Libraries & Archives Council

Sponsored by DCMS

Lead strategic agency for the sector

• Putting people first• Working for excellence• Learning at the core• Delivering change• Promoting partnership

The UK Culture Sector

1. Structure

2. Size

3. Workforce

4. Funding

5. Governance

6. Standards

The UK Culture Sector: Structure

Main museum types/groups:

• National Museums• Local Authority Museums• Independent Museums• University Museums• Regimental Museums

The UK Culture Sector: Structure

Central Government

Department for Culture, Media & Sport

National Museums

Ministry of Defence

Military/Regimental Museums

The UK Culture Sector: Structure

Central Government

Higher Education Funding Council

Universities

Local Government

Local Authority Museums

University Museums

Fact File: National Museums

Established under charter from the Crown

Funded directly by the Department for Culture

21 museums, incl. Tate, British Museum, V&A

13 ‘National’ and 8 ‘sponsored’

Incl. National museums & galleries of Scotland and Wales

Academic analogue status (ie. the same as Universities)

Receive £320m each year

UK Culture Sector: Size (by type)

Govt.UniversityIndependentAgency (eg. EH)Local AuthorityPrivateOther

UK Culture Sector: Workforce

40,000 professional & volunteer staff

More than 50% unpaid volunteer

Mostly post-graduate qualified

UK Culture Sector: Workforce by type

Paid permanent (FT)Paid permanent (PT)Paid seasonalUnpaid seasonalVolunteer

UK Culture Sector: Funding

Funding sources:

• Central Government• Local Government• Trusts/Foundations• Grants• Trading income• Exhibition income

Net expenditure = £3.34 per capita of population

UK Culture Sector: Free Admission for Museums

Universal free access since 2001

124% increase in visitors

9 million extra visits each year

• National Maritime Museum up by 154%• Natural History Museum up by 127%• National Museums Liverpool up by 239%

UK Culture Sector: Governance

Governance varies by type

Most common type is a ‘Charitable Trust’

Venue operates as an independent entity

Governed by a ‘Board of Directors’

Charitable status confers preferential tax arrangements

UK Culture Sector: Standards

A strong commitment to UK & international professional standards

The Museum Accreditation Scheme accounts for 75% of the sector

Requires minimum standards from all museums

Tied to Government and other funding sources

Standards: Museum Accreditation Scheme

Based on an annual self-assessment

Reviewed by a panel of experts

4 priorities:

• Governance & management• User services• Visitor facilities• Collections Management

Standards: SPECTRUM

Published in 1994

UK and International standard for Knowledge & Information Management in museums

Translated into 4 languages and adopted throughout Europe

12 of the 14 major Collections Management Systems

Free for non-commercial use

Standards: Benchmarks for Collections Care

Developed by the Museums, Libraries & Archives Council and Collections Trust

Defines ‘good’, ‘better’ and ‘best’ practice for museums

An interactive tool used to support planning

Enables funders to assess the quality of Collections Care

Also...

Standards in the Care of Collections

GeologyArchaeologyBiologyLarger & Working ObjectsMusical InstrumentsTouring ExhibitionsCostume & TextilesPhotography

Standards: CT/BSI PAS 197

Developed jointly by the Collections Trust and British Standards Institute

A new national standard for professional Collections Management

Shared between museums, archives and libraries

StandardsSupporting the sector:

Funders: MLA, DCMS, HLF, Charitable Trusts and Foundations

Agencies: Collections Trust, Museums Association, Special Interest Groups

Agents: Development Officers, Consultants, Expert Advisers, Curatorial Advisers

Professionals: Managers, staff, Boards

Volunteers: Students, retired people, others

End of Lecture 1

Questions?

Break

Lecture 2

Survey and Registration System of Cultural Heritage

Primary Agencies

Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Museums, Libraries & Archives Council

English Heritage

National Trust

Collections Trust

Individual heritage organisations and sites

Funding organisations

Overall aim

Strategic, targeted investment of resources and policy to deliver:

• Public Sector Efficiency

• Public Value

Based on up-to-date research (evidence-based policy)

Priorities for Heritage Protection Policy

Reviewing science behind Environmental standards

Promoting more cost-effective practice

Updating attitudes to risk

Using technology for outreach

Changing attitudes towards acquisition

Surveying Heritage

5 primary mechanisms:

• Museum Accreditation Scheme • Collections Surveys/Collection Level Description• National Monuments Record• Culture Grid database of cultural sites• Individual organisation surveys and inspections

Heritage/Environment Agencies

Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Agencies

National Trust English Heritage CABE

English Heritage

Government’s adviser on the built environment

Advising on the preservation of the Historic Environment

Promoting public engagement

Promoting education and research

English Heritage: Registration

Maintaining registers of the UK’s historic buildings, monuments and landscapes:

• National Monuments Record• Blue Plaques• Maritime Archaeology• Landscape Protection• Aerial Survey• Scientific Research• Listing

English Heritage: National Monuments Record

Based at the National Monuments Record Centre in Swindon

10 million archive items including plans, maps and aerial photographs

Searchable database of all English Heritage sitesand landscapes

English Heritage: Blue Plaques

Scheme to mark the buildings inhabited by famous historical figures

Based in London

Running for over 140 years

Nominated by members of the public

English Heritage: Maritime Archaeology

Responsibility established in the 2002 Heritage Act

Responsible for:

• Coastal planning• Protection of Wrecks and Wreck sites• Undersea archaeology

English Heritage: Landscape Protection

Visual assessment of the landscape

• Aerial Survey• Metric Survey• Time Team• National Parks• Ordnance Survey (maps)

English Heritage: Aerial Survey

Photography from the sky & visual assessment

National Mapping Programme

• Aerial Photographs• Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) technology• Satellite images

English Heritage: Metric Survey

Support to English Heritage on metric surveying (using visual instruments):

• Theodoloite – equipment for surveying

• Photogrammetry – using photographs

• 3D computer-aided modelling

English Heritage: Time Team

Joint programme between Channel 4 & English Heritage

Weekly investigation of archaeological sites

Presented by Tony Robinson

Listing

6 main lists:

• Schedule of Monuments

• Register of Parks and Gardens

• Register of Historic Battlefields

• World Heritage sites

• Conservation Areas

• Listed Buildings

Listing: Schedule of Monuments

Registration of more than 31,000 sites :

• Castles• Archaeological sites• Monasteries

Listed monuments are protected under law

Must be of national importance

Wansdyke, Wiltshire

Thought to be created through military excavation.

Norman church, Knowlton, Devon

Church built in top of prehistoric burial site

Jewish Cemetary, Ponsharden, Cornwall

Listing: Register of Parks & Gardens

Registration of 1,450 parks & gardens

Grade IIGrade II*Grade 1

Listing: Register of Historic Battlefields

Lists 43 historically significant battlefields

Listed on the UK Battlefield Resource Centre

Battlefields as sites of potential archaeological interest

Listing: World Heritage Sites

Based on the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention

878 World Heritage Sites

27 in the UK...

Stonehenge

Kew Gardens

Tower of London

Listing: Conservation Areas

Conservation Areas are protected by their Local Government Authority

First created in 1967, there are now 8000 in the UK

In a Conservation Area, the council has control over:

• Demolition• Building works• Trees

Listing: Listed Buildings

Listing recognises and celebrates the particular historical significance of a building

372,905 in the UK

Grade IIGrade II*Grade I

Listing: Listed Buildings

Owners must obtain special consent to do building work

A listed building is not protected in all cases, but the Local Government may choose to protect it

Chosen on the basis of architectural, social or historical significance.

Key Heritage Law

National Heritage Act (2002)

Protection of Wrecks Act (1973)

End of Lecture 2

Questions?

Lunch

Lecture 3

Maritime Heritage Protection

Overview

Department for Culture holds national responsibility

English Heritage is responsible for surveying and recommending action

Action is taken by Local Governments

Using private contractors

Protection of Wrecks Act 1978

An offence to:

• Interfere with wrecks• Remove anything• Carry out salvage operations• Drop anchor or any other material

Any disturbance (such as excavation) must be licensed

Currently protects 60 wreck sites

Advisory Committee for Historic Wrecks

Meets 3 times annually

Approves licenses for exploration and work

Funded by English Heritage:

• Excavation/archaeology• Markers

End of Lecture 3

Questions?

Lecture 4

Protection Technology of Stone Heritage and Ancient Architecture

Key agents in building conservation

Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Agencies

National Trust English Heritage IHBC Historic Royal Palaces

Overview

DCMS and English Heritage set national strategy for building preservation

Responsibility for implementation, monitoring and management is with the individual site or venue

Techniques and technologies are selected according to the needs of the site or venue

National Heritage Science Programme

A programme to fund innovative research into materials and techniques for conservation and preservation

Funded by the academic sector

£8.1m grant programme to develop research

National Heritage Science Programme

Fragmentation in research efforts

Limited communication between heritage community and academic/scientific research

Working towards joint priorities and funding programmes

English Heritage Conservation Policy

Sets out the following principles:

• The environment is a shared resource• Everyone should participate in it• Understanding the significance of places• Places should be managed• Decisions about heritage should be transparent• Decisions must be documented and learnt from

National Trust

Independent charitable organisation

Working to preserve the UK’s buildings, countryside and coastline

Educating the UK population about the importance of the environment

3.56m UK members

Current Priorities in Building Conservation

• Preventive conservation• Pollutants and environmental damage• Materials • Techniques and processes• Cleaning• Risk Management• Flood Damage• Fire Protection• Dating Technologies

Preventive Conservation

Taking action to prevent deterioration/decay of buildings and collections

Active monitoring and environmental control

Passive conservation through good management and housekeeping

Pollutants & Environmental Damage

Research programmes looking at:

• Wet deposition rates & factors such as surface geometry• Dry deposition rates & impact of local factors (eg. wind)• Effect of local variations in climate• Materials such as glass & long-term impact

Pollutants & Environmental Damage

Looking at the impact of pollutants such as:

• Carbon dioxide• Sulphur dioxide• Nitrogen oxides• Particulates (smoke, fumes)

On different materials & buildingtypes

Water Damage

Combination of technologies:

• Flood detectors• Relative Humidity Monitoring– ‘RH papers’, strips of paper that react to moisture– Hygrometers for measuring moisture over time

• Laser surveys• Boreholes at archaeological sites

Fire Damage

Combination of causes:

• Arson• Electrical fault• Smoking• Heating equipment• Lightening• Hot works

Fire Damage

Management systems:

• Fire detection systems• Fire supression systems– Sprinklers– Water mist

• Controlled oxygen environments

Case Study: IMPACT

Centre for Sustainable Heritage, UCL

Software to assess the levels of reactive pollutants such as nitrogen oxide, ozone and sulphur dioxide inside heritage buildings.

Enables heritage managers to test scenarios by varying levels of pollutants for different building compositions

Heritage Materials Conservation

Research programmes include:

• Plastics conservation• Paper conservation• Archaeological materials

Risk Management

Disaster Planning and Emergency Preparedness

Understanding the connection between risks to the building and risks to the object

Modelling changes in the building envelope and predictive studies

Protection Technologies

Temperature monitors

Building Management Systems

Relative Humidity monitors

Case Study:Dover Castle Great Tower Project

12th Century Great Tower at Dover Castle

Process:

• Understanding the needs of the building• Assessing the expectations of the public• Deciding on techniques for conservation/preservation

Case Study:Dover Castle Great Tower Project

Preserving the integrity of the building

Re-presenting it as though prepared for a 12th century event or celebration

Cosmetic alterations to the building interior without significant structuralwork

Case Study:Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford upon Avon

An building in the ‘art deco’ style from 1932

Extensive programme of modernisation

Other risks

Climate change causing flood damage

Other risks

Increases in pest infestations resulting from climate change

Other risks

Closure and repurposing of heritage buildings

Primary risks to heritage

• Damage from soluble salts in walls• Weather damage to stonework• Freezing/unfreezing of building material• Flood damage• Biological attack of interior timbers & roofs• Corrosion of metal• Corrosion of steel or iron supports in statues & concrete

End of Lecture 3

Questions?

Break

Lecture 4

Funding Heritage Protection

Funders of Heritage Protection

Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Department for Business, Innovation & Skills

Agencies

National Trust English Heritage Heritage Lottery Fund Research Councils

Heritage Lottery Fund

Set up by the UK Government to fund heritage

£4.3bn invested since 1994

Over 18,800 projects

Heritage Lottery Fund

Priorities:

• Help conserve heritage• Help people make decisions about their heritage• Help people learn about their heritage

Average grants £50,000 - £100,000

Heritage Lottery Fund

• People's memories and experiences• Histories of people, communities, places and events• Cultural traditions• Historic buildings and townscapes• Archaeological sites• Collections of items, archives or other materials• Natural and designed landscapes• Habitats and species• Sites and collections

Case Study: Clissold Park

19th Century public park in London

Awarded £4.46m

• Restoration of the park ground• Provision of new visitor facilities• Improved interpretation of the site• Improvements to the river

Case Study: Astley Castle

12th Century Castle, devastated by fire in 1978

Grant of £2.3m

• Clearance of rubble and debris• Salvage of usable material/stone• Strengthening of remaining features• Building new elements

Funding Requirements

All funding recipients are required to meet certain obligations

All have to provide a Building Management Plan and a Conservation Management Plan, detailing how the building, site or monument will be maintained.

Require sustainability plans

Research Councils

Funded by the UK Government

Investing £2.8bn per year in scientific research

Developing joint programmes and interdisciplinary research between different communities

Research Councils

• Arts & Humanities• Biotechnology & Biological Sciences• Engineering & Physical Sciences• Economic & Social Research• Medical Research• Natural Environment• Science and Technology

AHRC is the main funder of research into Conservation & conservation science

Arts & Humanities Research Council

Established in 2005

Funding up to £100m per year for research

Joint funding programme with the EPSRC

Wide variety of funded projects, from measurement to new techniques, models and methods

Example projects

• 3D laser scanning techniques• Historic musical instrument conservation• Digital restoration of medieval music• Redisplay of museum collections• History of underwater telegraphs• Papyrus and Egyptian materials• Textile conservation• Visual Arts data

Other Funders for Heritage

• Charitable Trusts & Foundations• Educational funds• Bequests • Corporate sponsors• Local Government• Private donors• European Commission

Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation

Funding good causes

• Cultural Understanding• Fulfilling Potential• Sustaining the Environment• Innovation

Sponsored the Gulbenkian Prize (now the Art Fund Prize)

Pilgrim Trust

Funding conservation and preservation of heritage

• New use to historic buildings• Preserving buildings of outstanding merit• Preserving religious buildings• Recording information

Other Heritage Funders

• Allchurches Trust• Architectural Heritage Fund• Jill Franklin Trust• Historic Churches Preservation Trust• Manifold Trust

Total Funding to Heritage

Impossible to estimate

In excess of £1bn from public sources (Government)

More from private sources (private benefactors)

More from income earned through retail and other services

An estimated £3.5bn in conservation funding each year

Future Priorities

Joint programmes

Developing joined-up approaches to funding

Cost-savings and more efficient practice

Lords Science & Heritage Inquiry

Held during 2005-06

The largest inquiry into the current state of conservation science

Found a very fragmented picture, with little coordination

Requested the DCMS to develop a National Heritage Science Strategy

National Heritage Science Strategy

The role of science in managing heritage

Use of science in understanding the past

Skills requirement

Equipment and resources

National Heritage Science Strategy

Revisiting the science behind environmental standards

Acceptable limits for humidity and pollutants

Understanding the impact of visitors & use

New methods of cleaning

National Heritage Science Strategy

Better understanding of:

• Impact of multi-pollutant urban environments• Impact of inappropriate materials for repair• Interaction of moisture, salt and biological agents• Impact of vibration damage• Impact of fire-resistant treatment

End of Lecture 4

Questions?

Lecture 5

Historic Houses

Funders of Heritage Protection

Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Agencies

National Trust English Heritage Historic Houses Association

Privately-owned Heritage in the UK

More of the UK’s Heritage is in private ownership than in the ownership of English Heritage, National Trust and the Government.

There are more than 1,500 privately owned historic houses, castles and gardens around the UK

Many are operated as commercial attractions, 4 out of 5 operate at a loss

Privately-owned Heritage in the UK

The majority are Grade II* or Grade I

They are not governed by law

They do have to meet defined standards in order to receive funding, for example from the Heritage Lottery Fund

Many are running light industrial activity, business activity, farming and many other forms of use

Privately-owned Heritage in the UK

Historic Houses Association is an independent membership organisation

Works closely with English Heritage and the National Trust

Funds the Heritage Conservation Programe

Some works are covered under a Government Indemnity Scheme

Historic House

Witley Court

Lecture 6

National Parks

Funders of National Parks

Department for Environment, Food, Rural Affairs

Agencies

National Trust English Heritage National Parks Natural England

National Parks in the UK

14 National Parks

Each represented by a National Park Authority

Employ 12,000 people

Generate £177m per year

Support their local economies through tourism

National Parks website

www.nationalparks.gov.uk

English National Parks

England - Dartmoor, Exmoor, Lake District, New Forest, Northumberland, North York Moors, Peak District, the Yorkshire Dales and the Broads which has equivalent status to a National Park. The South Downs will become a National Park but has not yet officially been designated.

Wales - Brecon Beacons, Pembrokeshire Coast and Snowdonia

Scotland - Cairngorms and Loch Lomond and the Trossachs.

National Park Authorities

Independent public bodies that:

• Conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage; and

• Promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks by the public.

History of National Parks

In 1945, before any National Parks had been created in the UK, John Dower wrote a report to the government, describing what National Parks should do. He said that for 'the Nation's benefit' the government should make sure;

• the characteristic landscape beauty is strictly preserved;• access and facilities for open-air enjoyment are amply

provided;• wildlife and buildings and places of architectural and historic

interest are suitably protected;• established farming use is effectively maintained.

International Union for the Conservation ofNature

In 1969, the IUCN created the international definition of a National Park

Definition extended in 1971:

• Minimum size of 1000 hectares• Statutory legal protection• Staff and a budget

Designation of National Parks

1951 - Peak District, Lake District, Snowdonia and Dartmoor

1952 - Pembrokeshire Coast and North York Moors

1954 - Yorkshire Dales and Exmoor

1956 - Northumberland

1957 - Brecon Beacons

1989 - The Broads given equivalent status to a National Park

2002 - Loch Lomond & The Trossachs

2003 - Cairngorms

2005 - New Forest

Brecon Beacons

Brecon Beacons

Brecon Beacons

Loch Lomond

Loch Lomond

Norfolk Broads

History of National Parks

In 1945, before any National Parks had been created in the UK, John Dower wrote a report to the government, describing what National Parks should do. He said that for 'the Nation's benefit' the government should make sure;

• the characteristic landscape beauty is strictly preserved;• access and facilities for open-air enjoyment are amply

provided;• wildlife and buildings and places of architectural and historic

interest are suitably protected;• established farming use is effectively maintained.

Ownership of National Parks

The majority are private land, owned by:

• Farmers• Private landowners• Forestry Commission• National Trust

But usage of this land is very closely controlled

Types of National Park Land

• Forests• Farms• Mountains• Wetlands• Lakes

Many different types of terrain

‘Living In’

Active use and management of National Park land is encouraged. Including:

• Grazing animals• Harvesting wood• Digging for peat• Growing hay• Other types of farming

Preservation Challenges

Research into the preservation management of:

• Moorland• Wetland, lakes and rivers• Woodlands and forests• Grassland

Preservation Challenges: Moorland

Man-made environments

Controlled by:

• Animal husbandry• Controlled burning

Moorland

Preservation Challenges: Wetland

Working to preserve freshwater habitats

• Controlling fish stock• Encouraging salmon farming• Dredging lakes• Controlling plant life• Fencing off cattle & sheep• Supporting bird life

Preservation Challenges: Forests

Controlling the growth of forests

Encouraging sustainable use

Coppicing (a form of controlled cutting)

Case Study: Lake District

Designated in 1951

Widespread grazing and use have eroded scrub (tree cover) in higher areas

Limited shelter driving soil erosion

Programme to plant 3 new ‘upland’ forests

Case Study: Lake District

Project:

• Analysis of topography

• Analysis of soil types across the park

• Placement of different trees to suit different environments

• Eg. Birch on steep slopes, ash in wetlands and oak in grassy

• Replanting programme

Lake District

Lake District

Case Study: Hay Time Project

Project:

• Working with farmers to restore grassland/meadow

• In response to a change in farming practice (ploughing, re-seeding), which is having a dramatic effect on hay meadows

• Impact on biodiversity and species propagation

Usage of National Parks

Defined by the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949

Controlling:

• Purchase• Development• Transportation• Planning and use

Preservation Challenges: Grassland

Working to preserve freshwater habitats

• Controlling fish stock• Encouraging salmon farming• Dredging lakes• Controlling plant life• Fencing off cattle & sheep• Supporting bird life

Fact File: Forestry Commission

Government Department responsible for forests and woodlands

Priorities:

• Climate change• Deforestation• Industry• Research

Fact File: Natural England

Helps interpret the natural environment for:

• Farmers• Schoolchildren• Teachers• Researchers• Owners

Other types

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Sites of Specific Scientific Interest

National Nature Reserves

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Established at the same time as National parks (1949)

Designated areas of the countryside

49 in total

Cared for by Local Governments, community and volunteer groups

Sites of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI)

Locations and habitats for scientifically important wildlife, species, fauna

No building is permitted on these sites

Building near these sites is heavily regulated

National Nature Reserves

These are smaller sites that are important areas of wildlife habitat, with no buildings or roads

There are over 210 National Nature Reserves in the UK

They have high ecological value and are used as study areas for students and scientists.

Role of National Nature Reserves

Can be declared by Natural England and proposed by the public

Covering 92,000 hectares of the UK

Largest is the Wash (8,000)

Managed by Natural England and other groups including the Society for Protection of Birds

Heritage Coast

Conserved as part of the UK’s heritage

Covers approximately 33% of the coastline (1050 km)

Heritage Coast

Conserve, protect and enhance the natural beauty of the coasts, their marine flora and fauna, and their heritage features.

Facilitate and enhance their enjoyment, understanding and appreciation by the public.

Maintain and improve the health of inshore waters affecting Heritage Coasts and their beaches through appropriate environmental management measures.

Take account of the needs of agriculture, forestry and fishing, and of the economic and social needs of the small communities on these coasts.

1. North Northumberland2. Durham3. North Yorkshire and Cleveland4. Flamborough Headland5. Spurn6. North Norfolk7. Suffolk8. South Foreland9. Dover - Folkestone10. Sussex11. Tennyson12. Hamstead13. Purbeck14. West Dorset15. East Devon16. South Devon

17. Rame Head18. Gribbin Head - Polperro19. The Roseland20. The Lizard21. Isles of Scilly22. Penwith23. Godreavy - Portreath24. St Agnes25. Trevose Head26. Pentire Point - Widemouth27. Hartland28. Hartland (Devon)29. Lundy30. North Devon31. Exmoor32. St Bees Head

Heritage Coasts around the UK

Challenges

Managing the balance between preservation and use

Managing the benefit to science/industry

Educating the public

Conclusions

The UK has a very active commitment to preserving and providing public access to all forms of heritage

Managing heritage depends on standards and good practice, which need to be underpinned by good scientific knowledge

Managing heritage is expensive, and we need to keep making the case

Conclusions

National parks, museums, historic houses, churches, castles, are all part of our national identity and make a vital contribution both to cultural life and to the tourism economy.