management of casualties of biological warfare & terrorism · handbook chemical casualty care...
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Management of Casualties of Biological Warfare & Terrorism
COL Ted Cieslak MDChief ConsultantU.S. Army MEDCOMFt Sam Houston TX
Franklin TNSeptember 2011
MEDICAL MANAGEMENTOF CHEMICAL CASUALTIES
FIELD MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK
Chemical Casualty Care OfficeU.S. Army Medical ResearchInstitute of Chemical Defense
Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010-5425
July 1996
MEDICAL MANAGEMENTOF CHEMICAL CASUALTIES
HANDBOOK
Chemical Casualty Care Office
Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD21010-5425
THIRD EDITIONAugust 1999
Textbook of Military MedicinePart IWarfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty
MEDICAL ASPECTSOF
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
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I. Thou shaltMaintain an Index of Suspicion
Chemical Warfare Diseases
Suspicion usually easy
Casualties clustered in time and space
Absence of explosive device
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The M256 Kit
Index of Suspicion:The Problem of Chem vs Bio
Chemical– Device goes off….– Everyone falls down.
– Tight casualty cluster
– First Responders Fire Police Paramedic
Biological– Device goes off….– No one realizes it.
– Casualties disperse– Present days later
– First Responders Medical
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Biological Warfare DiseasesDiagnostic Associations
Agent Association
Anthrax Wide Mediastinum
Plague Hemoptysis*
Smallpox Exanthem
Botulism Flaccid Paralysis*
*when seen in multiple patients on the battlefield
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Biological Warfare DiseasesNon-Specific Febrile Presentations
Tularemia
Brucellosis
Q Fever
VEE
Prodromal Plague
Prodromal Anthrax
Prodromal Smallpox
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Chemical or Biological Warfare?Epidemiologic Clues
Tight Cluster of Casualties
High Infection Rate
Unusual Geography
Localized Geography
Unusual Clinical Presentation
Point Source or Multiple Point Sources
Unusual Munitions
Dead Animals
Lower Attack Rates in Protected
The M8 Alarm System
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Portal Shield
Portal Shield
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BIDS
Medical & Bio-Surveillance
Syndromic– BioSense– ESSENCE
Airborne– BioWatch– Portal Shield– JBAIDS– BIDS
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II. Thou shaltProtect Thyself
Protection Against BW & CW
Physical– MOPP gear
– SERPACWA
Chemical– pre- & post-exposure antibiotics
– pyridostigmine bromide
Immunologic– passive (e.g. Botulinum antitoxin)
– active (e.g. Anthrax & Vaccinia vaccines)
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Improvised Airways Protectionfor Toxin Aerosols
Airways Protection
Ricin (large protein)– Control Animals
– 1 Layer T-shirt
– 1 Layer Cravat
– 2 Layer T-shirt
– 2 Layer Cravat
Saxitoxin (low molecular weight)– Control Animals
– 2 Layer T-shirt
– 2 Layer Cravat
Time to Death
48-72 hr (n=6)
55, 70 hr and 6 days
72 & 72 hr; One Survived
All Survived (n=3)
All Survived (n=3)
6-10 min (n=4)
All Survived (n=4)
All Survived (n=4)
USAMRIID
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BSL-3 Pathogens
Anthrax Plague Tularemia Brucellae Q-Fever Glanders Melioidosis Alphaviruses (VEE, WEE, EEE)
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BSL-4 Pathogens
Filoviridae– Ebola
– Marburg
Arenaviridae– Lassa
– Guanarito
– Junin
– Machupo
– Sabia
Flaviviridae– RSSE & CEE– TBE Complex– Kyasanur Forest– Omsk
Bunyaviridae– CCHF
Orthopoxviruses– Variola
Pediatric MOPP Gear
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III. Thou shaltAssess the Patient(The Primary Survey)
Initial Patient Assessment Airway
– MUSTARD, LEWISITE, PHOSGENE OXIME
Breathing– ANT, PLA, TUL, BOT, SEB, QF, RICIN
– CYANIDE, NERVE, PHOSGENE
Circulation– PLA, VHF
– CYANIDE
Disability- Neuromuscular?
Exposure- Need for Decon?
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IV. Thou shaltDecontaminate as Appropriate
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Decontamination after a Chemical Attack
Materiel:– ? 5.0% Hypochlorite
Personnel– ? 0.5% Hypochlorite– Soap & Water
Microbial EliminationTerminology
Sterilization– elimination of all microbial life
Disinfection– high-level disinfectants
kill all except high levels of endospores
– intermediate-level disinfectants kill tubercle bacilli, vegetative bacteria, viruses
– low-level disinfectants
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Decontamination (Disinfection)after a Biological Attack
Personnel– decon rarely needed
– less relevant than for Chem attack
– soap & water
– use common sense
Materiel– often unnecessary
– less relevant than for Chem attack
– 5.0% bleach more than adequate
– 0.1% bleach kills anthrax spores
V. Thou shaltEstablish a Diagnosis(The Secondary Survey)
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“AMPLE” History
Allergies, Arthropods
Medications, MOS, MOPP Status
Past Illnesses/Immunizations
Last Meal, Food Procurement
Environment– events on battlefield
– travel history
– other unit members
– munitions
Physical Exam
Respiratory
Neuromuscular– central & peripheral
Hematologic/Vascular
Dermatologic
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Obtaining Specimens
CBC, ABG
Nasal Swabs (culture, PCR)
Blood for Bacterial Culture, PCR
Serology
Sputum Bacterial Culture
Toxin Assays (blood, urine)
Throat Swab (viral culture, PCR, ELISA)
Environmental Samples?
VI. Thou shaltRender Prompt Treatment
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Field Expedient TherapyChemical & Biological Casualties
Immediate Pulm– SEB
– Mustard
– Lewisite
– Phosgene
– Cyanide
Immediate Neuro– Nerve Agents
Delayed Pulm– Anthrax
– Plague
– Tularemia
– Q Fever
– SEB, Ricin
– Mustard, Lewisite
– Phosgene
Delayed Neuro– Botulism
– VEE (CNS)
Field Expedient TherapyChemical & Biological Casualties
Specific Therapy Available & Advisable
Immediate Pulm– Cyanide
Immediate Neuro– Nerve Agent
Delayed Pulm– Anthrax
– Plague
– Tularemia
– Q Fever
Delayed Neuro– Botulism
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Field Expedient TherapyChemical & Biological Casualties
Therapy Based on Syndrome Type
Immediate Pulm– Cyanide Kit
Immediate Neuro– NAAK
Delayed Pulm– Doxycycline
Delayed Neuro– Bot Antitoxin
– (Rx at Echelon II)
VII. Thou shaltPractice Good Infection
Control
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Isolation Precautionsin Hospitals
Standard Precautions (UP + BSI)
Transmission-Based Precautions– Airborne Precautions
– Droplet Precautions
– Contact Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Measles
Varicella
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
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Droplet Precautions
Invasive H flu B Disease
Invasive Meningococcal Disease
Drug-Resistant Pneumococcal Disease
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Mycoplasma, GABHS
Adenovirus, Mumps, Rubella, Influenza, Parvovirus B19
Contact Precautions Certain Drug Resistant Pathogens (MRSA, VRE)
C. difficile
Enterics in incontinent host:
– O157:H7, Shigella, Hepatitis A, Rotavirus
RSV, Parainfluenza, Enterovirus
Skin Infections:
– HSV, Impetigo, Lice, Scabies, SSSS, Draining Abscesses, etc
Hemorrhgic Conjunctivitis
VHFs
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Isolation PrecautionsBiowarfare Diseases
Pneumonic Plague– Droplet Precautions
Smallpox– ? Airborne Precautions
– “Strict Quarantine”
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers– Contact Precautions
VIII. Thou shaltAlert the Proper Authorities
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Notifiable DiseasesCDC Data, 2001-2005
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Anthrax 23 2 Botulism 155 118 129 133 135 Brucella 136 125 104 114 120 Plague 2 2 1 3 8 Tularemia 129 90 129 134 154 Q Fever 26 61 71 70 136
JPBDS
Files NBC-1 & NBC-4 Reports Automatically
Designed to replace IBADS & Portal Shield
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IX. Thou shaltConduct an Epidemiological
Investigation
The Epidemiological Sequence
1. Observation
2. Count Cases
3. Relate Cases to Population
4. Make Comparisons
5. Develop the Hypothesis
6. Test the Hypothesis
7. Make Scientific Inferences
8. Conduct Studies
9. Intervene and Evaluate
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Public Health Assetsin the Field
Local/County Health Departments
State Health Departments
Centers for Disease Control
Public Health Veterinarians
Infectious Disease Society of America
X. Thou shaltKnow and Spread the Gospel
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Videotapes and DVDs
Nat’l Tech Info Service1-800-41 TRAIN
CD-ROMs
- Reference
- Interactive Training
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Textbook of Military MedicinePart IWarfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty
MEDICAL ASPECTSOF
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
MEDICAL MANAGEMENTOF CHEMICAL CASUALTIES
HANDBOOK
Chemical Casualty Care Office
Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD21010-5425
September 1995
MEDICAL MANAGEMENTOF BIOLOGICAL
CASUALTIES
HANDBOOK
U.S. Army Medical ResearchInstitute of Infectious Diseases
Fort DetrickFrederick, Maryland
March 1996
MEDICAL MANAGEMENTOF CHEMICAL CASUALTIES
FIELD MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK
Chemical Casualty Care OfficeU.S. Army Medical ResearchInstitute of Chemical Defense
Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010-5425
July 1996
Medical Handbooks
How to Contact Us?
USAMRIID– www.usamriid.army.mil
USAMRICD– www.ccc.apgea.army.mil
AFRRI– www.afrri.usuhs.mil
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24-Hour Emergency Response Numbers
1-888-USARIID– HOT ZONE
– “Bio Incident Line”
1-800-USARIID– HOTTER ZONE
– “Hot Live Talk”
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