Mammary Mammary glands glands surgerysurgery

The mammary glandsThe mammary glandsMGMG – Modified skin glands –female – Modified skin glands –female functionalfunctional

•Glandular tissueGlandular tissue – divided into 2 main halves – divided into 2 main halves•separated by a complete septum.separated by a complete septum.

•The suspensory apparatus and blood and The suspensory apparatus and blood and nerve supply – independent of each other.nerve supply – independent of each other.

Suspensory ligamentSuspensory ligament

Section of mammary glandsSection of mammary glands

Nervous stimulation on udderNervous stimulation on udder

AnatomyAnatomy

So one half can be easily removed in So one half can be easily removed in diseased condition without affecting the diseased condition without affecting the other.other.

Each half---------- Cranial quarterEach half---------- Cranial quarter ---------- Caudal quarter---------- Caudal quarter

Anatomy of mammary glandsAnatomy of mammary glands

2 quarters of each half- independent 2 quarters of each half- independent glandular tissue but common blood and glandular tissue but common blood and nerve supply and lymph drainage.( B.S.-nerve supply and lymph drainage.( B.S.-ext. pudic and perineal)- inguinal nerveext. pudic and perineal)- inguinal nerve

Structure of MGStructure of MG

From outside to From outside to insideinside – teat consist – teat consist of 1.Skin(E,D) of 1.Skin(E,D)

2.Muscular layer-M-2.Muscular layer-M-(outer longitudinal (outer longitudinal and inner circular and inner circular which extends which extends distally –spincter of distally –spincter of the teat canal-S.)the teat canal-S.)

3. fibrous layer- 3. fibrous layer- binding layer for binding layer for muscle with muscle with mucosa.-Cmucosa.-C

4. mucus mem- 4. mucus mem- longitudinal and longitudinal and transverse folds- transverse folds- intersect – form intersect – form pockets or recess-pockets or recess-McMc

Bacteria residesBacteria resides

Structure of MGStructure of MG

At distal- mucosa-rose flower like folds pattern- At distal- mucosa-rose flower like folds pattern- rosette of Furstenberg.----- Rrosette of Furstenberg.----- R

Duct systemDuct system – 2 parts – 2 parts 1.teat sinus/cistern1.teat sinus/cistern 2. streak canal.(pappilary duct) 2. streak canal.(pappilary duct)

Structure of MGStructure of MG Teat cistern – Teat cistern –

separated from gland separated from gland cistern – cistern – annular fold-Aannular fold-A

Ventrally the rostte of Ventrally the rostte of Furstenberg Furstenberg separates teat cistern separates teat cistern from the streak from the streak canal.canal.

Closing mechanismClosing mechanism – – rostte of Furstenberg-rostte of Furstenberg-sphincter muscle- sphincter muscle- prevents milk prevents milk leakage and entry of leakage and entry of microbes.microbes.

Anaesthesia Anaesthesia

Surgery of MG- ring block- 10-12 ml Surgery of MG- ring block- 10-12 ml lignocaine 2%lignocaine 2%

Posterior epidural block.Posterior epidural block.

Spinal anaestheticsSpinal anaesthetics

Supernumery teats Supernumery teats

Supernumery teatsSupernumery teats – teats in between – teats in between normal teatsnormal teats

Removed for – cosmetic- interfere with Removed for – cosmetic- interfere with milking procedure. milking procedure.

- unfit character for breeding - unfit character for breeding 2 elliptical incisions- close with non-2 elliptical incisions- close with non-

absorbable.absorbable.

FUSED TEATS-FUSED TEATS- skin are fused- without skin are fused- without involving teat canal or muscles.involving teat canal or muscles.

Divided surgically and cutaneous wound Divided surgically and cutaneous wound suturedsutured

Teat lacerationTeat laceration Teat lacerationsTeat lacerations Higher in Higher in

goats(pendulous goats(pendulous udder and long udder and long teats)teats)

Etio-Direct injuryEtio-Direct injury Superficial wounds Superficial wounds

– general – general principlesprinciples

Teat lacerationTeat laceration

Large wounds – involving skin Large wounds – involving skin and muscularis but not mucosa. and muscularis but not mucosa. suture suture

Deep lacerations – involve Deep lacerations – involve mucosa, a complete mucosa, a complete longitudinal tearing.longitudinal tearing.

Teat lacerationTeat laceration Ring block – Ring block –

tourniquet – check tourniquet – check haemorhage and milk haemorhage and milk inflow into cistern.inflow into cistern.

Teat siphon inserted – Teat siphon inserted – debridement is debridement is properly doneproperly done

Close the mucosa – Close the mucosa – simple continuous- simple continuous- atraumatic needle.atraumatic needle.

Finally skinFinally skin

Teat lacerationsTeat lacerations

Check leakage to Check leakage to ensure a proper ensure a proper sealing –fistula sealing –fistula may form later.may form later.

Antibiotic Antibiotic preparation into preparation into teat.teat.

Polyethy- catheter Polyethy- catheter – mastitis.– mastitis.

Teat FistulaTeat Fistula

Teat cistern and Teat cistern and teat surface- milk teat surface- milk flows in lactating flows in lactating animals.animals.

Aquired and rarely Aquired and rarely congenital.congenital.

Best treated during Best treated during dry period.dry period.

Teat FistulaTeat Fistula

If very small- mild chemical If very small- mild chemical cauterization.cauterization.

If large- reconstructive surgery. If If large- reconstructive surgery. If inflamed delay the operation since inflamed delay the operation since chance of recurrence.chance of recurrence.

Repair-2 elliptical incisions – Repair-2 elliptical incisions – debridement and undermining- close.debridement and undermining- close.

Papilloma/wartsPapilloma/warts

Papilloma/warts- finger-likePapilloma/warts- finger-like Isolated or multiple projectionsIsolated or multiple projectionsLigate at the base – drops off.-if not Ligate at the base – drops off.-if not

surgical.surgical.

LACTOLITHS:LACTOLITHS:

LACTOLITHS:LACTOLITHS:Teat cistern liths due to mineral Teat cistern liths due to mineral

deposits.deposits.Concretions and rarely as organized Concretions and rarely as organized

calculi.- obstruction to milking. Lodged calculi.- obstruction to milking. Lodged at teat orifice.at teat orifice.

If small removed by teat orifice by If small removed by teat orifice by milking.milking.

Mosquito forceps if large.or use teat Mosquito forceps if large.or use teat bistoury to slit the contracted sphincter.bistoury to slit the contracted sphincter.

PolypPolyp

Polyp:Polyp:Pea sized growth- attached to wall of Pea sized growth- attached to wall of

teat cistern-clamped and removed by teat cistern-clamped and removed by alligator forceps.alligator forceps.

Teat spiderTeat spider:(memberanous obstruction):(memberanous obstruction)

Teat spiderTeat spider::(memberanous (memberanous obstruction)obstruction)

Congenital or Congenital or aquiredaquired

Symptom:Symptom: Obstruction to Obstruction to

milk flowmilk flow

Congenital Congenital Aquired Aquired

Improper Improper developmedevelopment of teatnt of teat

Injury, Injury, tumour or tumour or infectioninfection

Milk pocket Milk pocket usually not usually not presentpresent

presentpresent

Treatment Treatment not not rewardingrewarding

Rewarding Rewarding and and prognosis is prognosis is goodgood

Teat spiderTeat spider:(memberanous :(memberanous obstruction)obstruction)

Milk pocket-fluctuating milk above the Milk pocket-fluctuating milk above the obstruction.obstruction.

In congenital- milk pocket is absent. In congenital- milk pocket is absent. Treatment is not rewarding. If the milk Treatment is not rewarding. If the milk pocket is palpated prognosis is good.pocket is palpated prognosis is good.

Hudson ‘s teat spiral is introduced Hudson ‘s teat spiral is introduced with 3-4 revolutions.with 3-4 revolutions.

Milk also prevents the stricture Milk also prevents the stricture formation.do not milk it completely.formation.do not milk it completely.

ReferenceReference

Reference: RPS Tyagi, Ruminant Reference: RPS Tyagi, Ruminant surgerysurgery

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