mammals
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Mammals
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Class Mammalia•Includes 4000 species
•Most dominant land animals on earth.
•Two identifying characteristics:
•Hair/fur
•Mammary glands which produce milk
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Characteristics of Mammals
• Endothermic• Well-developed brains
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Characteristics of Mammals
• Heart has 4 chambers
• Diaphragm (muscle) aids in breathing
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Characteristics• Mammals have single lower jaw• Most species have 4 different types of
teeth: Incisors, canines, cuspids, and bicuspids
• Various types of teeth for different diets
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Characteristics• Mostly viviparous (live birth)• Females secrete milk from mammary
glands to feed newborn young.
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Distinguishing FeaturesTwo features distinguish them from
other invertebrates: hair and production of milk.
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Order Monotremata
• Oviparous or egg laying mammals
• Only 3 in existence
• Duck-billed platypus and two species of spiny anteaters called echidna.
• Not completely endothermic (their body temperature is lower and fluctuates more than other mammals)
• Mammae without nipples
• Edentulous as adults
• Limbs modified for
swimming or digging
• Australia and New Guinea
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Duck-Billed Platypus
•Greek platys meaning broad and pous meaning foot•Several reptilian characteristics: same opening for reproduction and eliminating waste products, the ability to lay eggs•The world's only venomous furred animal
– Spur on hind foot– Females loose after one year
•Bill contains an electro-receptor system
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Echidna (Spiny Anteater)
• "Echidna" derives from the Latin word for "viper”– Tongue protrudes like a
snake
• Nocturnal
• Terrestrial and burrowing
• Females normally lay only one egg
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Monotremata
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Duck-billed platypus
Spiny anteater
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Infraclass MetatheriaInfraclass Metatheria(Marsupials)(Marsupials)
• Old classification placed all marsupials in a single order
• More recent classifications have recognized the diversity and radiation of Marsupials
• Marsupials now separated into seven orders
• Range, North America, Central America, South America, Australia, New Guinea, adjacent islands 13
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250 species of marsupial species exist in Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, And the Americas• .
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Tasmanian Devil
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Marsupials• Give birth to tiny immature young
that crawl to a pouch on the mothers belly immediately after they are born.– Marsupium- Fold of skin protecting
nipples
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They attach themselves to milk secreting nipples nursing until they are mature enough to survive outside the pouch.
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American Marsupial
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Order Didelphimorphia- Opossum
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• Rat Opossums
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Order DasyuromorphiaOrder Dasyuromorphia• Thylacine • Numbat
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Dasyure
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Order Peramelemorphia- Order Peramelemorphia- BandicootsBandicoots
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Order Notoryctemorphia- Order Notoryctemorphia- Marsupial MolesMarsupial Moles
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Order DiprotodontiaOrder Diprotodontia
Wombats Kangaroos
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Placental Mammals
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Characteristics of Placentals• 95% of all mammals
• Carry unborn young in the uterus until young can survive in the wild.
• Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from mother’s blood to baby’s blood
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Placental Characteristics• The placenta is a
membrane providing nutrients and waste & gas exchange between the mother and developing young
• Gestation period-is the time which mammals develop in mother’s uterus
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Mammals are a diverse group living on land and in water. Some mammals can
fly!
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Malaysian Fruit Bat
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Order Insectivora
• Consists of 400 species• Includes shrews and moles
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Mole
Shrew
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Order Insectivora
• Small animals with high metabolic rate and found in North America, Europe, and Asia.
• Most have long pointed noses that enable them to grub for insects, worms, and invertebrates.
• Live on ground, trees, in water, and underground.
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Order Rodentia• Largest mammalian order having over
2,400 species.• On every continent except for
Antarctica• Includes squirrels, marmots,
chipmunks, gophers, muskrats, mice, rats, and porcupines.
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Chipmunk
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Porcupine
Marmot
Squirrel
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Only two incisors in each jaw, grow as long as rodent lives, and used for gnawing
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Order Lagomorpha• Includes rabbits, hares, and small
mountain mammals called pikas.• Found worldwide • Warrens- families of rabbits
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Hare
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Rabbits vs. Hares• Rabbits are smaller
and slower • Shorter ears and
hind legs with smaller feet
• Solid colored fur• A young rabbit is a
bunny
• Hares are generally larger and faster
• Hares have longer ears, longer hind legs, and larger feet
• Hares have black markings on their fur
• A young hare is called a leveret
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Order LagomorphaDouble row of incisors, large front
teeth backed with two smaller ones, adaptation for herbivorous diet.
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Order Edentata/Xenarthra
• Made up of 30 living species including anteaters, armadillos, and sloths.
• The name edentate means “without teeth”
• Those with teeth have single root with teeth and no enamel
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Anteater
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Edentates have adaptations for insectivorous diets, including a long, sticky tongue and clawed front paws
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Anteater feeding at a Termite mound
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Sloths, on the other hand have continuously growing teeth as an adaptation for grinding plants
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Chiroptera• Made up of over 900 species of bats• Live throughout the world except in
polar environments
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Bat Skeleton
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• A bat’s wing is modified front limb which skin membrane between extremely long finger bones
• Bats use thumbs for climbing, walking, or grasping
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Order Chiroptera
• Most bats are active at night and have a special way to navigate using echolocation (bouncing off high-frequency sound waves)
• Frequency of returning sound waves with the size, distance, and rate of movement of different objects
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Order Chiroptera
• Bats that use echolocation have small eyes and large ears.
• Feed on insects and have teeth specialized for such diets
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• Some feed on fruit and flower nectar and do not use echolocation.
• These bats are sometimes called flying foxes, have large eyes and keen sense of smell.
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Orders Cetacea and Sirenia
• 90 species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises are distributed worldwide.
• Cetaceans have fishlike bodies with forelimbs modified as flippers.
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• Cetaceans divided into two groups which are toothed whales and baleen whales.
• Toothed whales include beaked whales, sperm whales, beluga whales, narwhals, killer whales, dolphins and porpoises.
• Blue whales largest animal in world ~ 100 tons
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• Have over 100 teeth• Prey on fish, squid, seals and
whales
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• Baleen whales lack teeth• Baleen-thin plates of finger like
material for filtering food from water• Shrimp and other small invertebrates
are the prey of the baleen whales.
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The Order Sirenia is made up of four species of manatees and dugongs.
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• Front limbs are flippers for swimming
• Sirenians lack hind legs but have flattened tails.
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Order Carnivora• 250 living species in carnivoria are
distributed worldwide• Most of the species mainly eat meat,
which explains the name.• About 34 species: Canids, felids, bears,
raccoons, minks, sea lions, seals, walruses, and otters
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• Some members of this order such as bears feed extensively on plant material as well as meat, so they are called omnivores.
• Carnivores generally have long canine teeth, strong jaws, clawed toes.
• Highly developed sense of smell and a large braincase
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Suborder Pinnipedia• Pinnipedia are water dwelling
carnivores and have streamlined bodies
• Sea lions (ear flaps), seals (no ear flaps) and walruses (elongated canines)
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Orders Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla
• Ungulates-hoofed mammals• These two classes are herbivores.
– Mostly grazers/browsers
• Ruminants- four chambered stomach• The first three chambers are for
storage (rumen), use cellulase (digestive enzyme) to aid in breakdown of cellulose – “Chewing the cud”
• Regurgitate, chew again, and undergoes double digestion.
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Order Artiodactyla- Ungulates with an even amount
of toes- Pigs, hippos, camels, antelope,
deer, sheep, giraffes, cattle
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Order Perissodactyla
- Ungulates with an odd number of toes
- Horses, rhins, zebras, and tapirs
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Order Proboscidea• Characterized by a boneless nose or
proboscis • Elephants are the largest land dwellers
alive today, weighing more than 6 tons.– African (largest land mammal) and
Indian/Asian species
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It has modified incisors, called tusks, for digging up roots and stripping bark
from branches.
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Order Primates• 200 living species of primates
classified as prosimians. • Including lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys,
gibbons, and great apes
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• Omnivorous diets• Unspecialized teeth• Grasping digits with free-moving limbs• Finger and toenails• A complex brain has enabled anthropoids to
develop behaviors and to live in highly organized social groups.– Ex: Troop- chimpanzee groups
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Order Primates
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